STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

LABORATORY

RECORD OF WORK DONE

Register No. :

Name : __________________________________________
Course : __________________________________________
Semester : __________________________________________
College Name : __________________________________________
__________________________________________
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
LABORATORY

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Register No. :
Name : __________________________________________
Course : __________________________________________
Semester : __________________________________________
College Name : __________________________________________
__________________________________________

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by

the above student in the subject “STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
LABORATORY” during the academic year 20 – 20 .
MARKS
AWARDED

Signature of Staff-incharge Signature of HOD

Submitted for the board practical examination held on ______________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 INDEX
Ex.No. Date Name of Experiment Marks Staff Sign.

1(A) ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

1(B) BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

1(C) VICKER’S HARDNESS TEST

2. TENSILE TEST

3. IMPACT TEST

4. TORSION TEST

5. TEST ON SPRINGS OF CIRCULAR SECTION

Average Marks

1
 Dial

Indentor
Specimen table

Elevating screw Weights

Hand wheel

Loading lever

Rockwell hardness testing machine

OBSERVATION:

Type of Hardness Minor Major Dial to be

Type of Indenter
Specimen Scale Load Load Read
Soft materials:
Steel ball indenter
Mild steel, Brass, B – Scale 10 kgf 100 kgf Red
with 1/16 inch diameter
Copper, Aluminium
Hard materials: Diamond cone indenter
High carbon steel, C – Scale with 120° vertex angle 10 kgf 150 kgf Black
Cast iron and tip radius 0.2mm

2
Ex.No. 1(A) Date:_____________

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

AIM:
To determine Rockwell hardness number for given specimens.

REQUIREMENTS:
1) Rockwell hardness testing machine
2) Emery paper
3) Test specimens
4) Indenters

DESCRIPTION:
The hardness of a material is its resistance to penetration or abrasion. The Rockwell
harness test is the widely used method of hardness testing. The penetrators are very small.
Four sizes of hard balls from 1/16” to 1/2" in diameter and cone shaped diamond indenter
are used. The penetrator chuck is mechanically connected to a dial indicator. It responds
to the vertical motion of the penetrator.

Two types hardness scales are used based on the penetrator and the applied major
load. HRB scale is used for 1/16” ball with 100 kgf load. HRC scale is used for diamond
penetrator with 150 kgf load.

PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the surface of the specimen using emery paper.
2) Based on the type of material of the specimen, select suitable scale, indenter and
major load.
3) Insert the indenter and tighten securely.
4) Place the required weight (major load) on the pan.
5) Place the specimen on the anvil. Lift the anvil by rotating the hand wheel till the small
pointer on the dial reaches red spot. Now the specimen is subjected to the minor load
of 10 kgf.

3
TABULATION:

Minor Major Rockwell

Sl. Material of Trial Hardness Average
Load Load Hardness
No. Specimen No. Scale RHN
( kgf ) ( kgf ) Number
1.
High
1. Carbon 2.
Steel
3.
1.
Mild
2. 2.
Steel
3.
1.
3. Brass 2.
3.
1.
4. Copper 2.
3.
1.
5. Aluminium 2.
3.
1.
6. Plastic 2.
3.

4
 6) Adjust the dial so that the long pointer reads zero on the corresponding scale (B or C).
7) Apply the major load by pressing the loading lever. This load forces the indenter into
the specimen.
8) Keep the major load for specified duration.
9) After the long pointer on the dial reaches a steady position, release the major load by
releasing the loading lever. Keep the minor load still on the specimen.
10) Now, directly read the hardness number on the corresponding scale (B or C) of the
dial indicator.
11) Repeat the test to obtain three different sets of observation for the same specimen.
12) Repeat the above procedure for other specimens by selecting suitable scale, indenter
and major load.

RESULT:
The hardness test is conducted on the given specimens. The Rockwell Hardness
Numbers are determined as follows:
1) For High Carbon Steel, 𝑅𝐻𝐶 =_________

2) For Mild Steel, 𝑅𝐻𝐵 =_________

3) For Brass, 𝑅𝐻𝐵 =_________

4) For Copper, 𝑅𝐻𝐵 =_________

5) For Aluminium, 𝑅𝐻𝐵 =_________

6) For Plastic, 𝑅𝐻𝐵 =_________

5
 Screen

Micrometer screw
Thumb screw

Indentor

Hanging pan
for loads
Elevating screw

Hand wheel

Loading handle

Brinell hardness testing machine

Brinell hardness calculation

FORMULA:
2P
Brinell hardness number, B.H.N =
𝝅𝑫 (𝑫 − √𝑫 𝟐 − 𝒅 𝟐
Where, P = Load (kgf)
D = Diameter of ball indentor (mm)
d = Diameter of indentation (mm)

6
Ex.No. 1(B) Date:_____________

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

AIM:
To determine Brinell hardness number for given specimens.

REQUIREMENTS:
1) Brinell hardness testing machine
2) Emery paper
3) Test specimens
4) Indenters

DESCRIPTION:
In this test, a standard hardened steel ball is pressed into the surface of the
specimen by a gradually applied load. The load is maintained on the specimen for a
definite time. This makes impression on the specimen. The size of impression is measured
by a microscope fitted with the machine.

The test is carried out with a hardened steel or carbide ball of 10mm diameter. A
3000 kgf load is used for testing ferrous alloys and alloys of similar hardness. A load of
500 kgf is used for soft materials like brass and its alloys. The time of loading varies from
10 to 30 seconds based on the material of specimen.

A hanging wire carrying the weights is wound on a drum. The loading is applied
by a cam, which is rotated by the drum. The loading and the time duration is controlled
mechanically.

PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the smooth surface of the specimen emery paper.

2) Fix the required ball indenter along with its holder to the thrust member or penetrator.

3) Depending upon the material of the specimen and the indenter diameter, arrange the
designed loads on the weight pan.
7
TABULATION:

Diameter of Brinell
Dia. of Indentation (mm) Average
Sl. Material of Trial Hardness
Indenter BHN
No. Specimen
𝑫 (mm)
No. 𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐 Number
(kgf / m𝒎𝟐 )
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅= (kgf / m𝒎𝟐 )
𝟐
1.
High
1. Carbon 2.
Steel
3.
1.
Mild
2. 2.
Steel
3.
1.
3. Brass 2.
3.
1.
4. Copper 2.
3.
1.
5. Aluminium 2.
3.
1.
6. Plastic 2.
3.

8
 4) Place the standard specimen on the test table.

5) Turn the hand wheel until a sharp display of the surface of the specimen is obtained
on the focusing screen of the measuring device.

6) Apply the load by turning the load lever to the “Load” position and keep the load for
specified duration.

7) Release the load by turning the load lever to the “Unload” position.

8) Now a sharp image of the indentation is seen on the focusing screen.

9) Measure the diameter of the indentation using the scale with micrometer present on
the screen.

10) Turn the screw through 90° and determine the diameter of the indentation once again.
Consider the mean of the two values so determined as the diameter of the indentation.

RESULT:
The Brinell hardness test is conducted on the given specimens. The Brinell Hardness
Numbers are determined as follows:
1) For High Carbon Steel, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =_________ kgf/mm2

2) For Mild Steel, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =_________ kgf/mm2

3) For Brass, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =_________ kgf/mm2

4) For Copper, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =_________ kgf/mm2

5) For Aluminium, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =_________ kgf/mm2

6) For Plastic, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =_________ kgf/mm2

9
 P

Indentor
136° Indentation
Specimen

d2
d
d1
Vicker’s hardness calculation

FORMULA:
𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝑷
Vicker's Hardness Number, 𝑯𝑽 =
𝒅𝟐
Where, P = Load (kgf)
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
𝑑 = Mean length of two diagonals of indentation = (mm)
2

10
Ex.No. 1(C) Date:_____________

VICKER’S HARDNESS TEST

AIM:
To determine Vicker’s hardness number for given specimens.

REQUIREMENTS:
1) Vicker’s hardness testing machine
2) Emery paper
3) Test specimens
4) Indenters

DESCRIPTION:
This test is similar to Brinell hardness test. In this test, a polished diamond
indentor with square based pyramid shape is used. The angle between the opposite faces
is 136°. This tool is pressed on the surface of the specimen by gradually applied load.
This makes a pyramid shaped indentation. The size of indentation is measured.

A hanging wire carrying the weights is wound on a drum. The loading is applied
by a cam, which is rotated by the drum. The loading and the time duration is controlled
mechanically.

PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the smooth surface of the specimen emery paper.

2) Fix the required ball indenter along with its holder to the thrust member or penetrator.

3) Depending upon the material of the specimen and the indenter diameter, arrange the
designed loads on the weight pan.

4) Place the standard specimen on the test table.

5) Turn the hand wheel until a sharp display of the surface of the specimen is obtained
on the focusing screen of the measuring device.

11
TABULATION:

Mean Length of Diagonal Vicker’s

of Indentation (mm) Average
Sl. Material of Trial Hardness
HV
No. Specimen No. 𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐 Number
(kgf / m𝒎𝟐 )
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅= HV (kgf / m𝒎𝟐 )
𝟐
1.
High
1. Carbon 2.
Steel
3.
1.
Mild
2. 2.
Steel
3.
1.
3. Brass 2.
3.
1.
4. Copper 2.
3.
1.
5. Aluminium 2.
3.
1.
6. Plastic 2.
3.

12
 6) Apply the load by turning the load lever to the “Load” position and keep the load for
specified duration.

7) Release the load by turning the load lever to the “Unload” position.

8) Now a sharp image of the indentation is seen on the focusing screen.

9) Measure the diagonal of the indentation using the scale with micrometer present on
the screen.

10) Turn the screw through 90° and determine the diagonal of the indentation once again.
Consider the mean of the two values so determined as the diagonal of the indentation.

RESULT:
The Vicker’s hardness test is conducted on the given specimens. The Vicker’s
Hardness Numbers are determined as follows:
1) For High Carbon Steel, 𝐻𝑉 =_________ kgf/mm2

2) For Mild Steel, 𝐻𝑉 =_________ kgf/mm2

3) For Brass, 𝐻𝑉 =_________ kgf/mm2

4) For Copper, 𝐻𝑉 =_________ kgf/mm2

5) For Aluminium, 𝐻𝑉 =_________ kgf/mm2

6) For Plastic, 𝐻𝑉 =_________ kgf/mm2

13
 Upper
cross head
Space for Load indicator
tensile
Middle specimen
cross head
Space for
compression
Lower specimen
cross head

Hydraulic
piston

Control unit

Base

Universal testing machine

Overall Lenght

Grip section Gauge Length

Initial Dia.

Specimen for tensile test

14
Ex.No. 2 Date:_____________

TENSILE TEST ON MATERIALS

AIM:
1) To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity, yield stress, ultimate stress, breaking
stress, percentage of elongation and percentage of reduction in area of given
specimens.
2) To plot stress strain diagrams.

REQUIREMENTS:
1) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2) Extensometer
3) Vernier Caliper
4) Dot Punch
5) Hammer
6) Linear Scale
7) Test Specimens

DESCRIPTION:
Tensile tests are used to determine the mechanical behaviour of materials
under axial tensile load. It is carried out in Universal Testing Machine (UTM).

UTM is used to conduct various tests like tension test, compression test, bending
test, shear test etc. The loading is done hydraulically. Three ranges of loading are
available (i) 0 to 4 tonnes (ii) 0 to 20 tonnes (iii) 0 to 40 tonnes. UTM is equipped with a
provision for getting load – deformation diagram automatically.

The loading unit of UTM consists of lower cross head, middle cross head, upper
cross head and linear scale. Lower and upper cross heads are connected rigidly with each
other and with the hydraulic piston. During loading condition, middle cross head is fixed
and the remaining two cross heads move as one unit. However, during no load condition,
the position of the middle cross head is adjustable.

15
OBSERVATION:
1) Material of the specimen : MILD STEEL

2) Original gauge length of the specimen, 𝑙 = ___________ mm

3) Original diameter of the specimen, 𝑑 = __________ mm

4) Gauge length of specimen after fracture, 𝑙𝑜 = __________mm

5) Diameter at the neck after fracture, 𝑑𝑜 = __________ mm

6) Load at yield point, 𝑃𝑦 = _________ N

7) Ultimate load, 𝑃𝑢 = _________ N

8) Breaking load, 𝑃𝑏 = ____________ N

TABULATION:

Extensometer Stress Young’s Modulus

Tensile Load, P Reading, 𝜹𝒍 Strain
Sl. 𝑷 𝒇
𝒇= 𝜹𝒍 𝑬=
No. 𝑨 𝒆= 𝒆
𝒍
(kgf) (N) (Div.) (mm) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

16
 The control unit of UTM consists of ON and OFF switches, load indicating dial
with live and dummy needles, switches to position the middle cross head and a graph
plotter. It is also equipped with extensometer, which is used to measure the elongation of
the test specimen over certain length.

PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the diameter of the given specimen with the help of vernier caliper.
2) Mark a suitable gauge length (say 200 mm) in the test specimen using dot punch and
hammer.
3) Fix the specimen in-between the upper and middle cross heads using the gripping
devices.
4) Fix the extensometer in its position over the gauge points. Adjust the extensometer
and the linear scale to read zero initially.
5) Select proper range of loading (say 0 to 40 tonnes).
6) Switch on the machine. Apply the axial tensile load on the specimen gradually.
Record the extensometer readings at a constant load increment (say 400 kg.)
7) At a particular stage, the live needle of the load indicating dial will kickback. Also
the extensometer dial needle will moves rapidly at constant load. It indicates the yield
point. Record the yield point load and remove extensometer.
8) Continue the axial loading.
9) At one stage, the live needle begins to return, leaving the dummy needle there itself.
Note down the load at that point as the ultimate load.
10) Note down the load at the point of failure of the specimen. It indicates breaking load.
11) Now switch off the machine and remove the failed specimen.
12) Measure the final gauge length and final diameter at the neck of the specimen.
13) Calculate stress, strain and Young’s modulus for each observed loads. Determine the
average value of Young’s modulus. Also calculate yield stress, ultimate stress,
breaking stress, percentage of elongation and percentage of reduction in area.
14) Draw a graph between stress (Y-Axis) and strain (X-Axis). From the graph, for a
chosen stress, read the corresponding strain. Determine the average value of Young’s
modulus.

17
OBSERVATION:
1) Material of the specimen : CAST IRON

2) Original gauge length of the specimen, 𝑙 = ___________ mm

3) Original diameter of the specimen, 𝑑 = __________ mm

4) Gauge length of specimen after fracture, 𝑙𝑜 = __________mm

5) Diameter at the neck after fracture, 𝑑𝑜 = __________ mm

6) Load at yield point, 𝑃𝑦 = _________ N

7) Ultimate load, 𝑃𝑢 = _________ N

8) Breaking load, 𝑃𝑏 = ____________ N

TABULATION:

Extensometer Stress Young’s Modulus

Tensile Load, P Reading, 𝜹𝒍 Strain
Sl. 𝑷 𝒇
𝒇= 𝜹𝒍 𝑬=
No. 𝑨 𝒆= 𝒆
𝒍
(kgf) (N) (Div.) (mm) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

18
OBSERVATION:
1) Material of the specimen : ALUMINIUM

2) Original gauge length of the specimen, 𝑙 = ___________ mm

3) Original diameter of the specimen, 𝑑 = __________ mm

4) Gauge length of specimen after fracture, 𝑙𝑜 = __________mm

5) Diameter at the neck after fracture, 𝑑𝑜 = __________ mm

6) Load at yield point, 𝑃𝑦 = _________ N

7) Ultimate load, 𝑃𝑢 = _________ N

8) Breaking load, 𝑃𝑏 = ____________ N

TABULATION:

Extensometer Stress Young’s Modulus

Tensile Load, P Reading, 𝜹𝒍 Strain
Sl. 𝑷 𝒇
𝒇= 𝜹𝒍 𝑬=
No. 𝑨 𝒆= 𝒆
𝒍
(kgf) (N) (Div.) (mm) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

19
OBSERVATION:
1) Material of the specimen : BRASS

2) Original gauge length of the specimen, 𝑙 = ___________ mm

3) Original diameter of the specimen, 𝑑 = __________ mm

4) Gauge length of specimen after fracture, 𝑙𝑜 = __________mm

5) Diameter at the neck after fracture, 𝑑𝑜 = __________ mm

6) Load at yield point, 𝑃𝑦 = _________ N

7) Ultimate load, 𝑃𝑢 = _________ N

8) Breaking load, 𝑃𝑏 = ____________ N

TABULATION:

Extensometer Stress Young’s Modulus

Tensile Load, P Reading, 𝜹𝒍 Strain
Sl. 𝑷 𝒇
𝒇= 𝜹𝒍 𝑬=
No. 𝑨 𝒆= 𝒆
𝒍
(kgf) (N) (Div.) (mm) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐) (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

20
MODEL CALCULATION:
𝜋
1) Original area of cross section, 𝐴 = × 𝑑2
4

𝜋
2) Area at the neck after fracture, 𝐴 = × 𝑑𝑜2
4

𝑃
3) Stress, 𝑓 =
𝐴

𝛿
4) Strain, 𝑒 =
𝑙

𝑓
5) Youngs's modulus, 𝐸 =
𝑒

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑦

6) Yield stress, 𝑓𝑦 = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑢
7) Ultimate stress, 𝑓𝑢 = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑏
8) Breaking stress, 𝑓𝑏 = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

𝑙𝑜 − 𝑙
9) Percentage of elongation = × 100
𝑙

𝐴 − 𝐴𝑜
10) Percentage reduction in area = × 100
𝐴

21
22
SAMPLE GRAPH:
E

C D
B
A Stress
Youngs's modulus, 𝑬 =
Strain

A - Proportional limit
Stress, p

Stress B - Elastic limit

C - Upper yield point
D - Lower yield point
Strain E - Ulitmate point
F - Breaking point
Strain, ε
Strain-strain diagram of mild steel

RESULT:
The tensile test is conducted on the given specimens and the stress – strain diagrams
are plotted. The following values are obtained:
Young’s Yield Ultimate Breaking Percentage Percentage
Material Modulus Stress Stress Stress Elongation reduction
in area
(N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 ) (%)
(%)
Mild Steel

Cast Iron

Aluminium

Copper

23
 Pointer
Pendulum
Scale

Striking edge
Specimen

Anvil

Impact testing machine

Direction
of blow All Dimensions are in mm
Striking edge
Anvil Specimen
28

22

10 × 10 × 55
2

Direction
40 mm
75

45°

Vice of blow
10
Cross section
at notch
Specimen 8
10 10 × 10 × 75 Top view Cross section
Front view at notch

Specimen for Izod Test Specimen for Charpy Test

24
Ex.No. 3 Date:_____________

IMPACT TEST
AIM:
To find the impact strength of given specimen using Izod test and Charpy test.

REQUIREMENTS:
1) Impact Testing Machine
2) Vernier Caliper
3) Test Specimens

DESCRIPTION:
Impact test determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture.
This absorbed energy is a measure of a toughness. A pendulum type impact type machine
is used for conducting notched bar impact test. The machine consists of a pendulum with
an angle of swing of 160°, specimen holder, striking edge, lock lever, pendulum releaser,
pendulum brake and a calibrated dial to measure the impact energy.

1) Izod impact test

In this test, a specimen of size 10mm × 10mm × 75 mm is used. A 45° notch with
2mm deep is cut on the specimen. The specimen should be placed vertically as a cantilever
with the shorter end projecting above the holder. The V-notch should be in the tension
side so that the blow of strike is facing the notch.

2) Charpy impact test

This test is similar to the Izod impact test. In this test, a specimen of size 10mm ×
10mm × 55 mm is used. A 45° notch with 2mm deep is cut on the midspan of the
specimen. The specimen should be placed horizontally as simply supported beam. The
V-notch should be in the compression side so that the blow of strike is opposite to the
notch.

25
OBSERVATION:
1) Area of cross section of the specimen at the notch:

For Izod test, 𝑨 = ______________________ 𝐦𝐦𝟐

For Charpy test, 𝑨 = ______________________ 𝐦𝐦𝟐

2) Frictional loss, 𝑼𝒇 = _____________ N-m

TABULATION:

1) Izod Impact Test

Energy Absorbed Specific

Observed
Sl. Material of 𝑼 = 𝑼𝒐 − 𝑼𝒇 Impact Strength
Reading
No. Specimen
𝑼𝒐 (N-m) 𝑼
N-m N-mm (𝑵/𝒎𝒎)
𝑨
1. Mild Steel
2. Cast Iron
3. Aluminium
4. Brass

2) Charpy Impact Test

Energy Absorbed Specific

Observed
Sl. Material of 𝑼 = 𝑼𝒐 − 𝑼𝒇 Impact Strength
Reading
No. Specimen
𝑼𝒐 (N-m) 𝑼
N-m N-mm (𝑵/𝒎𝒎)
𝑨
1. Mild Steel
2. Cast Iron
3. Aluminium
4. Brass

FORMULA:
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝑼
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝑨

26
PROCEDURE:
1) Prepare the specimens as per the standard dimensions.
2) Depending upon the type of test, fix the corresponding striking edge to the hammer.
3) Find the frictional loss (𝑼𝒇 ).
Raise the pendulum to its highest position and lock it using lock lever.
Set the dial to read the stored energy (usually 30 Nm) of the pendulum.
Press the lock lever first and then the pendulum releaser to release the
pendulum.
Stop the oscillations of the pendulum using pendulum brake.
Record the reading on the dial which indicates the frictional loss directly.
4) Fix the specimen in its holder.
For Izod Test: The specimen should be placed vertically as a cantilever with
the shorter end projecting above the holder. The V-notch should be in the
tension side so that the blow of strike is facing the notch.
For Charpy Test: The specimen should be placed horizontally as simply
supported beam. The V-notch should be in the compression side so that the
blow of strike is opposite to the notch.
5) Raise the pendulum to its highest position and lock it using lock lever.
6) Set the dial to read the stored energy of the pendulum.
7) Release the pendulum by pressing down the lock lever first and then the pendulum
releaser to strike the specimen.
8) Stop the oscillations of the pendulum using pendulum brake.
9) Record the reading on the dial (𝑼𝒐 ).

RESULT:
The impact test is conducted on the given specimen. The impact strength of the given
specimens are obtained as follows:
Impact strength (N/mm)
Material of specimen
Using Izod test Using Charpy test
Mild Steel
Cast Iron
Aluminium
Brass

27
 Drive unit Display
Fixed grip
Rotating grip Movable support
with load cell
Specimen

Clamp
levers

Base Guide rails

Torsion testing machine

OBSERVATION:
Material of Diameter Radius Length
specimen 𝒅 (mm) 𝑹 (mm) 𝒍 (mm)
Mild Steel
Cast Iron
Aluminium
Brass

𝑻 𝒇𝒔 𝑪𝜽
FORMULA: Torsion equation = =
𝑱 𝒓 𝒍

MODEL CALCULATION:
𝜋 4
Polar moment of inertia, 𝐽 = 𝑑
32

𝑇
Shear stress, 𝑓𝑠 = ×𝑟
𝐽

𝑇 ×𝑙
Modulus of rigidity, 𝐶 =
𝐽 ×𝜃

28
Ex.No. 4 Date:_____________

TORSION TEST
AIM:
To determine the shear stress and modulus of rigidity of the given specimens using
torsion testing machine.

REQUIREMENTS:
1) Torsion Testing Machine
2) Vernier Caliper
3) Scale
4) Test Specimens

DESCRIPTION:
A torsion testing machine is a mechanical device used to measure the mechanical
properties of materials under torsional stress. Torsional stress occurs when a material is
subjected to a twisting force. Torsion test is used to measure various mechanical
properties of materials, including their modulus of rigidity, shear stress, and shear strain.

Torsion testing machine consists of the following main components:

1) Drive unit: It includes the following.
Motor: The geared motor provides the torque required to twist the specimen. It
can be hydraulic, electric, or pneumatic.
Angular displacement sensor: It measures the angle of twist in the specimen
using rotary encoders or potentiometers.
Control panel: The control panel includes the switches and controls required to
set the test parameters such as the torque level, rotation speed, and test duration.
It also displays the real-time torque values and angular displacement.
2) Gripping system: This system securely holds the specimen in place and allows it
to rotate freely without slipping. It ensures that force is applied uniformly along the
length of the specimen.
3) Load cell: It measures the applied torque. It converts the torque into an electrical
signal, which is then displayed on the control panel. The load cell is placed in a
movable support. This support can be moved on the guide rails and clamped using
clamp levers.

29
TABULATION: Material : MILD STEEL

Sl. Angle of Twist, 𝜽 Torque, T Shear Stress Modulus of Rigidity

No. Degree Radians ( kgf-cm ) ( N-mm ) 𝒇𝒔 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎 )𝟐 𝑪 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

𝜋
1 Degree = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 ; 1 kgf-cm = 100 N-mm
180

30
TABULATION: Material : CAST IRON

Sl. Angle of Twist, 𝜽 Torque, T Shear Stress Modulus of Rigidity

No. Degree Radians ( kgf-cm ) ( N-mm ) 𝒇𝒔 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑪 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

𝜋
1 Degree = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 ; 1 kgf-cm = 100 N-mm
180

31
TABULATION: Material : ALUMINIUM

Sl. Angle of Twist, 𝜽 Torque, T Shear Stress Modulus of Rigidity

No. Degree Radians ( kgf-cm ) ( N-mm ) 𝒇𝒔 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑪 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

𝜋
1 Degree = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 ; 1 kgf-cm = 100 N-mm
180

32
TABULATION: Material : BRASS

Sl. Angle of Twist, 𝜽 Torque, T Shear Stress Modulus of Rigidity

No. Degree Radians ( kgf-cm ) ( N-mm ) 𝒇𝒔 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑪 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

𝜋
1 Degree = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 ; 1 kgf-cm = 100 N-mm
180

33
34
PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the diameter and length of the specimen by using vernier caliper.
2) Place the two enlarged ends of the specimen inside the two end blocks and place
the whole assembly in the specimen holder.
3) Adjust the circular scale and the torque scale to read zero.
4) Apply the torque gradually by operating the machine manually.
o o
5) Record the torque scale readings at regular intervals of 1 twist up to 10 and at
o o
every 2 intervals up to 30 .
6) Now, connect the machine to an electric motor. Note down the torque scale readings
o o
at 60 and afterwards at an interval of 60 up to the failure of the specimen.
7) Record the angle of twist and torque at the instant of failure.
8) Draw a graph between Torque (Y-Axis) in N-mm and Angle of twist (X-Axis) in
degrees.

GRAPH:
Torque (N-mm)

Angle of twist (Degree)

RESULT:
The torsion test is conducted on the given specimens. The following values are
obtained:
Material of Shear stress induced Modulus of rigidity
specimen 𝒇𝒔 (N/m𝐦𝟐 ) 𝑪 (N/m𝐦𝟐 )
Mild Steel
Cast Iron
Aluminium
Brass

35
 Upper
cross head

Test spring

Middle cross
head (Fixed)

Space for
compression
spring

Lower
cross head
Load
indicator

Spring testing machine

OBSERVATION:
Open Closed
Details of spring
coiled coiled

Number of coils (turns), 𝑛

External diameter of the spring, 𝐷1 (mm)

Internal diameter of the spring, 𝐷2 (mm)

𝐷1 + 𝐷2
Mean diameter of the coil of the spring, 𝐷 = (mm)
2
𝐷
Mean radius of the coil of the spring, 𝑅 = (mm)
2
𝐷1 − 𝐷2
Diameter of the spring wire, 𝑑 =
2

36
Ex.No. 5 Date:_____________
TEST ON SPRINGS OF CIRCULAR SECTION
AIM:
To determine the modulus of rigidity, strain energy and stiffness of the given helical
spring.

REQUIREMENTS:
1) Spring Testing Machine
2) Vernier Caliper
3) Open and closed coiled helical springs

DESCRIPTION:
The spring testing machine has two uprights fixed to a rigid base and three
crossheads. The upper and lower crossheads are rigidly attached to the uprights. The
middle cross head is made to move on finely finished gunmetal bearings over the uprights.
The spring can be loaded using mechanical, hydraulic, electric or electronic devices.
The spring for tension test is held on hooks between the upper and middle cross heads.
The spring for compression test is placed on collar between the middle and lower
crossheads.
A loading handle and a load indicating dial are provided on the base of the machine.
An attachment with a fine adjustment device is provided to fix the dial gauge for
measuring extensions of the spring. In some machines, one fixed upright is graduated to
show the deflections or tension of the springs for direct readings. A thimble with on arrow
mark is provided to accurately note the readings.

PROCEDURE:
Tension Test (Test on close coiled spring)
1) Fix the close coiled helical spring to the hooks between the upper and the middle
crossheads.
2) Fix the dial gauge and adjust it to read zero on the dial.
3) Load the spring by operating the loading handle.
4) Note the corresponding deflection from the dial gauge.
5) Gradually increase the load and note the dial gauge reading.
6) Continue the observation while unloading the spring.
37
 TABULATION: CLOSED COILED HELICAL SPRING (TENSION TEST)

Sl. Load, 𝑾 Deflection, 𝜹 (𝒎𝒎) Modulus of Rigidity Strain Energy Stiffness

𝟐
No. ( kg ) (N) Loading Unloading Average 𝑪 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎 ) 𝑼 (𝑵-𝒎𝒎) 𝑺 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎)

38
MODEL CALCULATION:
3
1) Modulus of rigidity, 𝐶 = 64 𝑊 𝑅 𝑛
𝛿 𝑑4
𝑊
2) Strain energy, 𝑈 = ×𝛿
2
𝑊
3) Stiffness, 𝑆 =
𝛿
 TABULATION: OPEN COILED HELICAL SPRING (COMPRESSION TEST)

Sl. Load, 𝑾 Deflection, 𝜹 (𝒎𝒎) Modulus of Rigidity Strain Energy Stiffness

𝟐
No. ( kg ) (N) Loading Unloading Average 𝑪 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎 ) 𝑼 (𝑵-𝒎𝒎) 𝑺 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎)

39
MODEL CALCULATION:
3
1) Modulus of rigidity, 𝐶 = 64 𝑊 𝑅 𝑛
𝛿 𝑑4
𝑊
2) Strain energy, 𝑈 = ×𝛿
2
𝑊
3) Stiffness, 𝑆 =
𝛿
40
Compression Test (Test on open coiled spring)
1) Fix the spring on the bearing collars between the middle and lower crossheads.
2) Adjust the dial gauge to read zero on the dial.
3) Load the spring and note the corresponding deflection in the same way as for the
tension spring.
GRAPH:
Draw a graph between Load (Y-Axis) in KN and Deflection (X-Axis) in mm.

Load (KN)

Deflection (mm)

RESULT:
A test is conducted on the given helical spring. The following values are obtained:

Open Closed
Properties of spring
coiled coiled
Modulus of rigidity of the spring material, 𝐶 (N/mm2 )
Strain energy stored in the spring, 𝑈 (N- mm)
Stiffness of the spring, 𝑆 (N/mm)

41
 Prepared & Compiled by
N. IYANARAPPAN, M.E., M.I.S.T.E.
!