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Class 10 - Science
Sample Paper - 01 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

i. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.

ii. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is expected to attempt
only one of these questions.
iii. Section A consists of 20 objective-type questions carrying 1 mark each.
iv. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the range of
30 to 50 words.
v. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the
range of 50 to 80 words.
vi. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the
range of 80 to 120 words.
vii. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with sub-parts.

Section A
1. Select from the following compounds which is not a base:
a) Zinc oxide
b) Sodium hydroxide
c) Calcium hydroxide
d) Sodium sulphate
2. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
This reaction can be classified as :
A. Combination reaction
B. Exothermic reaction
C. Endothermic reaction
D. Oxidation reaction

Which of the following is the correct option?

a) C and D
b) A and B
c) A and C
d) A, C and D
3. Baking soda is a mixture of:
a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid
b) Sodium carbonate and tartaric acid
c) Sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid
d) Sodium carbonate and acetic acid

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4. Consider the structures of the three cyclic carbon compounds A, B and C given below and select the correct option from
the following:

a) A and C are isomers of hexane and B is benzene.

b) A is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and B and C are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons.
c) A is cyclohexane and B and C are the isomers of benzene.
d) A is an isomer of hexane, B is benzene and C is an isomer of hexene.
5. Which one of the following metals is malleable and a poor conductor of electricity?
a) Zinc
b) Silver
c) Lead
d) Copper
6. Consider the following compounds:
I. HCl
II. C2H5OH
III. C6H12O6
IV. H2SO4

Which of these compounds do not conduct electricity in solution?

a) III and IV
b) I and IV
c) II and III
d) I and II
7. Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
H H H H

| | | |

i. H - C - C - C - C - H
| | | |
H H H H

H H H

| | |

ii. H - C - C - C - H
| | |
H H - C - H H

iii.

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iv.

a) (iii) and (iv)

b) (ii) and (iv)
c) (i) and (ii)
d) (i) and (iii)
8. In the following diagram, identify the cells through which massive amounts of gaseous exchange takes place for
photosynthesis:

a) I
b) III
c) IV
d) II
9. In an experiment with pea plants, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a pure short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plant
to pure short plants in F2 generation will be
a) 1 : 3
b) 3 : 1
c) 2 : 1
d) 1 : 1
10. Pseudopodia are
a) long, tube-like structures coming out of the mouth.
b) small hair-like structures present on unicellular organisms.
c) false feet developed in some unicellular organisms.
d) suckers which are attached to the walls of the intestines.
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11. A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a
a) either boy or girl
b) girl
c) X- chromosome does not determine the sex of a child
d) boy
12. Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory system?
a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
b) Human heart has five chambers.
c) Both oxygen-rich and oxygen-deficient blood gets mixed in the heart.
d) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.

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13. The correct pattern of magnetic field lines of the field produced by a current carrying circular loop is:

a)

b)

c)

d)

14. Two bulbs of 100 W and 40 W are connected in series. The current through the 100 W bulb is 1 A. The current through
the 40 W bulb will be:
a) 1 A
b) 0.4 A
c) 0.8 A
d) 0.6 A
15. Ozone layer is damaged by
a) Chlorofluorocarbons
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Methane
d) Sulphur dioxide
16. In a given food chain, suppose the amount of energy available at the third trophic level is 50 KJ. What will be the energy
available at the producer level?
a) 5000 KJ
b) 50 KJ
c) 5 KJ
d) 500 KJ
17. Assertion (A): Corrosion of iron is commonly known as rusting.
Reason (R): Corrosion of iron occurs in presence of moist air.

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a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
18. Assertion (A): Stock is the lower part of a plant having the roots.
Reason (R): In grafting, the stock is placed over the scion.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
19. Assertion (A): Electric appliances with metallic body have three connections, whereas an electric bulb has two pin
connections.
Reason (R): Three-pin connections reduce heating of connecting wires.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
20. Assertion (A): Ozone depletion can be reduced by limiting the use of air conditioners and refrigerators.
Reason (R): Air conditioner and refrigerators release chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere that destroy ozone.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Section B
21. Complete the following reactions and name the main product formed in each case:
i. CH3COOH + NaOH → ..... + .....
ii. C2H5OH + O2 → ..... + ......
22. Name the process of reproduction observed in yeast. Design an activity to observe this mode of reproduction in a school
laboratory. Name one more organism which reproduces by this mode.
23. Tabulate three differences between the renal artery and renal vein.

OR

Which is the largest digestive gland in human body? What is its function?
24. A convex lens can form a (i) real, inverted and magnified image as well as (ii) virtual, erect and magnified image of an
object. If the focal length of the lens is 10 cm, what should be the range of the object distance in both cases? Draw ray
diagrams to justify your answer.
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25. How is ozone formed in the higher levels of the atmosphere? Damage to the ozone layer is a cause of concern. Justify
this statement.

OR

List two reasons to show that the existence of decomposers is essential in an ecosystem.
26. Give reasons:

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i. Red colour is selected for danger signals.
ii. The sky appears dark in space.
iii. The time difference between actual sunset and apparent sunset is about 2 minutes.
Section C
27. P, Q and R are 3 elements which undergo chemical reactions according to the following equations:
a. P2O3 + 2Q → Q2O3 + 2P
b. 3RSO4 + 2Q → Q2(SO4)3 + 3R
c. 3RO + 2P → P2O3 + 3R
Answer the following questions:
i. Which element is most reactive?
ii. Which element is least reactive?
iii. State the type of reaction listed above.
28. What is the cause of the inertness of noble gas elements?

OR

Discuss the important properties of ionic compounds.

29. A figure given below shows a diagram of a kidney and its associated structures. The table list the percentage of certain
components found within the structures A and B.

In Structure A
Components Concentration %

Urea 0.03
Glucose 0.10
Amino acids 0.05

Salts 0.75
Proteins 8.00

In Structure B
Components Concentration %
Urea 2.00

Glucose 0.00
Amino acids 0.00
Salts 1.50

Proteins 0.00
i. Using only the information given in the tables, deduce the functions of the kidney.
ii. Explain how the proportions of components present in part B would change if a person is suffering from diabetes
mellitus.

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30. In pea plant, round seed is dominant over the wrinkled. If a cross is carried out between these two plants, give answer to
the following questions.
i. Mention the genes for the traits of parents.
ii. State the trait of F1 hybrids.
iii. Write the ratio of F2 progeny obtained from this cross. What is the name of the cross?
31. "A concave mirror of focal length f can form a magnified, erect as well as an inverted image of an object placed in front
of it." Justify this statement stating the position of object with respect to the mirror in each case for obtaining these
images.
32. a. List the factors on which the resistance of a uniform cylindrical conductor of a given material depends.
b. The resistance of a wire of 0.01 cm radius is 10Ω . If the resistivity of the wire is 50 × 10-8 Ω m, find the length of
this wire.
33. a. Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel and the combination is connected to a battery, an ammeter, a
voltmeter and a key. Draw suitable circuit diagram to show the arrangement of these circuit components along with
the direction of current flowing.
b. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the following network:

Section D
34. i. What is saponification? Differentiate between soaps and detergents on the basis of the following:
1. Their chemical composition
2. Their mechanism in hard water
ii. Explain the formation of micelles between oily dirt and soap molecules. Also draw its diagram.

OR

i. A compound A with a molecular formula of C2H4O2 reacts with a base to give salt and water. Identify A, state its
nature and the name of the functional group it possesses. Write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
ii. When the above stated compound A reacts with another compound B having molecular formula C2H6O in the
presence of an acid, a sweet smelling compound C is formed.
1. Identify B and C.
2. State the role of acid in this reaction.
3. Write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
35. a. Although Amoeba and Leishmania, both show same mode of reproduction, but the process of reproduction is carried
out in different ways.
Identify their mode of reproduction and mention the way it is carried out in the two species.
b. What is regeneration? Explain with the help of a diagram how this process is carried out in Planaria.
c. Name the part of Rhizopus in which spores are formed.
State the condition under which spores grow into a new individual.

OR

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Observe the above figure carefully and answer the following:

i. Which phenomenon does the figure represent?
ii. Which plant hormone is involved?
iii. How this plant hormone brings this movement?
36. A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on the walls of school laboratory by using a lens.
i. Which type of lens should he use and why?
ii. At what distance in terms of focal length F of the lens should he place the candle flame, so as to get
a. a magnified and
b. a diminished image respectively, on the wall?
iii. Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of the image in each case.

OR

a. With the help of diagram explain Isaac Newton’s experiment that led to the idea that the sunlight is made up of seven
colours.
b. What is atmospheric refraction? List two natural phenomena based on atmospheric refraction.
Section E
37. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Salt of a strong acid and strong base is neutral with a pH value of 7. NaCl common salt is formed by a combination of
hydrochloride and sodium hydroxide solution. This is the salt that is used in food. Some salt is called rock salt, bed of
rock salt was formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. The common salt thus obtained is an important raw material for
various materials of daily use, such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda, washing soda, and bleaching powder.
i. If given acids are phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid, then which acid does not form
an acidic salt? (1)
ii. What is the formula of baking soda? (1)
iii. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine to obtain bleaching powder. (2)
OR
Which salt is used for removing the permanent hardness of water? (2)
38. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Environmental triggers such as light, or gravity will change the directions that plant parts grow in. These directional, or
tropic, movements can be either towards the stimulus or away from it. So, in two different kinds of phototropic
movement, shoots respond by bending towards light while roots respond by bending away from it. How does this help
the plant? Plants show tropism in response to other stimuli as well. The roots of a plant always grow downwards while
the shoots usually grow upwards and away from the earth. This upward and downward growth of shoots and roots,
respectively, in response to the pull of earth or gravity, is, obviously, geotropism. If ‘hydro’ means water and ‘chemo’
refers to chemicals, what would ‘hydrotropism’ and ‘chemotropism’ mean? Can we think of examples of these kinds of
directional growth movements? One example of chemotropism is the growth of pollen tubes towards ovules, about

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which we will learn more when we examine the reproductive processes of living organisms.

i. Where does negative phototropism occur in plants? (1)

ii. Phototropism in shoots is attributed due to which plant hormone? (1)
iii. Tendrils exhibit/ twining of tendrils show which type of tropic movement? (2)
OR
If the stem grows towards sunlight and the root grows just opposite to it, then what type of movement of the stem is
it? (2)
39. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
A magnetic field is described by drawing the magnetic field lines. When a small north magnetic pole is placed in the
magnetic field created by a magnet, it will experience a force. And if the north pole is free, it will move under the
influence of the magnetic field. The path traced by a north magnetic pole free to move under the influence of a magnetic
field is called a magnetic field line.

Since the direction of the magnetic field line is the direction of the force on a north pole, so the magnetic field lines
always begin from the N-pole of a magnet and end on the S-pole of the magnet. Inside the magnet, however, the
direction of magnetic field lines is from the S-pole of the magnet to the N-pole of the magnet. Thus, the magnetic field
lines are closed curves. When a small compass is moved along a magnetic field line, the compass needle always sets
itself along the line tangential to it. So, a line drawn from the south pole of the compass needle to its north pole indicates
the direction of the magnetic field at that point.
i. The figure shows the magnetic field lines in a magnetic field. A, B., and C are three points in this field. At what point
is the magnetic field strength? (1)

ii. Do the magnetic field lines intersect? if not why? (1)

iii. A strong bar magnet is placed vertically above a horizontal wooden board. What would be the magnetic lines of
force? (2)
OR
Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet. (2)

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Class 10 - Science
Sample Paper - 01 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) Zinc oxide
Explanation: Zinc oxide
2. (b) A and B
Explanation: CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
A combination reaction is a reaction where two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single compound.
Calcium oxide combines with water to form calcium hydroxide. Hence, it is a combination reaction.
It is an exothermic reaction as a lot of heat liberate with hissing sound during the reaction.
3. (a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid
Explanation: Baking soda is a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and a mild edible tartaric acid.
4. (a) A and C are isomers of hexane and B is benzene.
Explanation: A and C are isomers of hexane and B is benzene.
5. (c) Lead
Explanation: Lead
6. (c) II and III
Explanation: II and III
7. (c) (i) and (ii)
Explanation: (i) n−butane and (ii) iso−butane are structural isomer of butane.
(iii) and (iv) are cycloalkanes that have different molecular formulas and therefore, these are not isomers of butane.
8. (c) IV
Explanation: IV
9. (d) 1 : 1
Explanation: A cross between (TT) and (tt) would produce progenies with following genotypes-
In F2 generation - selfing of F1 progeny-

Gametes Tt T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt

Pure tall (TT), Mixed tall (Tt) and Short (tt). The ratio of pure tall and pure short plant is 1 : 1.
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10. (c) false feet developed in some unicellular organisms.
Explanation: false feet developed in some unicellular organisms.
11. (b) girl
Explanation: A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a girl child.
12. (d) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.
Explanation:
i. The human circulatory system consists of many systems that are associated with each other.

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ii. These systems are arteries, veins, heart, and vessels. There are further two types of vessels which are known as
coronary vessel and portal vessel.
iii. The human circulatory system regulates the flow of blood in the body.
iv. Blood flows from the heart to lungs and then back to heat in a cycle.

13. (c)

Explanation: Magnetic field lines enter from the south pole and exit from the north pole. A circular coil that conducts
current has curved lines, a straight line running through the centre, and concentric circles at the coil's two opposite ends.
14. (a) 1 A
Explanation: In a series connection, the current through each device remains the same. Therefore, the current through
the 40 W bulb will also be 1 A.
15. (a) Chlorofluorocarbons
Explanation: Ozone layer is damaged by CFCs. The decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere has been linked
to synthetic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used as refrigerants and in fire extinguishers.
16. (a) 5000 KJ
Explanation: According to 10% law, the energy available to each successive trophic level is 10% of the previous trophic
level.
Given, the energy available at the third trophic level = 50 KJ
The energy available at second trophic level = 50 KJ × 10 = 500 KJ
Therefore, the energy available at the producer level (first trophic level) = 500 KJ × 10 = 5000 KJ
17. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
18. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Grafting is a method in which the cut stems of two different plants (one with roots and other without
roots) are joined together in such a way that the two stems join and grow as a single plant. Stock is the lower part of a
plant (or tree) having the roots. Scion is the upper part of a plant which may have leaves on it (but no roots).
19. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The metallic body of the electrical appliance is connected to the third pin which is connected to the earth.
This is a safety precaution and avoids eventual electric shock. By doing this the extra charge flowing through the
metallic body is passed to earth and avoid shocks. There is nothing such as reducing the heating of connecting wires by
three-pin connections.
20. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B
21. i. This is a double displacement reaction. Here main product Sodium ethanoate is formed.
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
ii. This is a combustion reaction. Here main product Carbondioxide is formed.
2C2H5OH + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O + Heat + Light
22. The process of reproduction observed in yeast is called budding or budding yeast reproduction. In this process, a
small bud forms on the parent yeast cell, which eventually grows in size and detaches to become a new,
genetically identical yeast cell.

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Activity-
i. Dissolve sugar in water
ii. Add yeast to it and keep it in a warm place
iii. After 2 hours, put a drop of yeast culture on a slide and observe under microscope
Hydra

23. Renal artery Renal vein

The renal artery is thick, muscular and strong possessing The renal vein is thinner and posses a wide lumen with
a narrow lumen with no valves. valves to prevent backflow of blood.

It carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys back to the

It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys.
heart.

Blood flows with high pressure. Blood flows with low pressure.

OR

The Largest digestive gland in human body is liver. Its most important function is to secrete bile juice which does not
contain any enzyme but certain salts. Bile carry out emulsification of fats.
24. A convex lens can form a (i) real, inverted and magnified image as well as (ii) virtual, erect and magnified image of an
object

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25. Ozone is formed in upper atmosphere by the reaction of ultraviolet UV radiations on oxygen O2 molecule. The damage
to ozone layer is a cause of concern to us as due to its damage more ultraviolet rays reach the earth's surface causing
various health hazards.

OR

Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi which helps in the breakdown of organic matter or biomass of dead plants and
animals into simple inorganic raw materials and replenish the environment are termed as decomposers. Their existence is
thus, essential in an ecosystem because
i. They help in the natural replenishment of soil.
ii. They help in keeping the environment clean as they reduce environmental pollution.
26. i. Danger signals are red in color because it is scattered the least by air molecules. The effect of scattering is inversely
related to the fourth power of the wavelength of a color. Since the color red has the highest wavelength of all the
colors we can see it scattered the least. So, red light is used as a danger signal as it is able to travel the longest
distance through the fog, rain, etc.
ii. In outer space, the sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut because there is no atmosphere containing air in
outer space to scatter sunlight. Since there is no scattered light to reach our eyes in outer space, the sky appears to
be dark there.
iii. Due to atmospheric refraction, the sun is visible two minutes after the actual sunset. Thus, the time difference
between the actual sunset and apparent sunset is 2 minutes.
Section C

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27. i. Q is the most reactive metal out of P, R and Q as it has replaced both P and R from their compounds.
ii. R is the least reactive element as it has been displaced by both P and Q.
iii. The type of reaction is Displacement reaction.
28. The inertness or reluctance of the members of the noble gas family is linked with their structure. The first member
helium (He) has two electrons in the only shell which is the K-shell. The atoms of all other members have eight electrons
in their outermost shell, also called valence shell. The electronic configuration of the members of the family are as
follows:

Noble gas Atomic Electronic No. of electrons

Symbol
element No. (Z) Configuration in outermost shell

Helium He 2 2 2

Neon Ne 10 2, 8 8

Argon Ar 18 2, 8, 8 8

Krypton Kr 36 2, 8, 18, 8 8

Xenon Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 8

Radon Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 8

This is the maximum number of electrons which the atoms of these elements can have in their outermost shell. They
have, therefore, no tendency to either lose or gain one or more electrons. In other words, these atoms are fully satisfied.
The members of the family are called inert gases or noble gases.

OR

Important properties of ionic compounds.

The important properties of the ionic or electrovalent compounds are given below:
i. Ionic compounds consist of ions. The ionic compounds consist of positive ions or cations and negative ions or
anions. These ions are attracted towards each other by force of attraction called electrostatic force of attraction.
ii. Ionic compounds are crystalline solids. The ionic compounds exist as solids. These solids are in the form of crystals.
The crystals are formed by the combination of a large number of cations and anions. For example, sodium chloride is
made up by Na+ and Cl- ions. The arrangement of ions in the crystals is called crystal lattice. The crystal lattice is
different for different ionic compounds. The arrangement of Na+ and Cl- ions in the crystal lattice of NaCl is as
shown.

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iii. Ionic compound have high melting and boiling points. We know that the ionic compounds are solids in which a large
number of cations and anions are closely packed in space. If these compounds are to melt or boil, the ions are to be
separated from each other. For the separation of ions, energy is needed.
Therefore, ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
iv. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state. In ionic compounds, the current is to be carried by the
movement of cations and anions. As these are closely packed in the crystalline solids, their movement is almost nil.
Since the ions are not in a position to move, the ionic compounds conduct electricity.
v. Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state or in solution. When heated the ionic compounds melt. Similarly,
when added to a solvent like water, they dissolve. In molten state or in solution, the cations and anions are free to
move. Because of the movement of the ions, these compounds conduct electricity.
vi. Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water. When an ionic compound is added to water, the force which binds
the ions with one another becomes weak. Therefore, these oppositely charged ions get separated and dissolve in
water.
vii. Ionic compounds have high densities.
viii. Ionic compounds are hard and brittle.
ix. Ionic compounds undergo ionic reactions which are quick and proceed to completion.
29. i. The urea content is higher in structure B, whereas the concentration of useful components such as glucose is low.
This shows that the kidney performs the function of filtration. It filters out useful substances, e.g. glucose, amino
acids into the blood, while throwing out nitrogenous waste, e.g. urea and urine.
ii. There would be glucose in B as without insulin, blood glucose would not be converted to glycogen for storage. The
kidney attempts to reduce the blood glucose level by excreting it in urine.The glucose in digested food is absorbed by
the intestinal cells into the bloodstream, and is carried by blood to all the cells in the body. However, glucose cannot
enter the cells alone. It needs assistance from insulin to penetrate the cell walls
30. i. RR for homozygous pure round. And rr for homozygous pure wrinkle pea plant.
ii. Rr (hybrid) - heterozygous. All are round since round is dominant over wrinkled.
iii. 3:1 (phenotypic ratio), 1:2:1 (genotypic ratio) The name of this cross is monohybrid cross.
31. When an object is placed between Focus and Pole of concave mirror, the image formed is virtual, magnified, erect and
behind the mirror.when an object is placed between Curvature and Focus of concave mirror, the image formed is real,
magnified, inverted at the same side of mirror.
32. a. (i) Length of the conductor (l)
(ii) Area of cross-section of the conductor (A)
b. Radius of wire, r = 0.01 cm = 0.01 × 10-2 m
Resistance, R = 10 Ω
Resistivity, ρ = 50 × 10-8 Ω m
2
l l Rπr
R = ρ = ρ ⇒ l =
A πr
2 ρ
2
−2
10Ω×22×(0⋅01×10 ) m
l =
−8
7×50×10 Ωm

=
22
m = 0.629 m = 0.628 m = 0.62 m
35

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33. i.

ii.

Hence, the equivalent Resistance of above network is 15Ω

Section D
34. i. Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid in acidic or essential
conditions.
Soap Detergent

Chemical Soaps are sodium salts of long chain detergents are sodium salts of alkyl benzene
composition fatty acids sulphonic acids.

mechanism in hard
Soaps form scum in hard water. Detergents do not form any scum.
water
ii. Soap molecule has two ends, the charged end that gets attracted towards water is called hydrophilic and the long
carbon chain that repels water is called hydrophobic end. When soap is dissolved in water, the carbon chain i.e,
hydrophobic end gets attracted towards the oil, dirt and grease. The hydrophilic end which is attracted by water
molecules points outwards thus, the micelle formation takes place.
The tail entangles dirt, oil or grease, if required the agitation is done. Lot of rinsing is done with water so that water
molecules attract charged end and carries the soap molecules with to it attached to it and clean the clothes, utensils,
etc.

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OR

i. Since acid and base react to form salt and water, compound A will naturally be acidic due to the presence of a
carboxylic acid group.
Chemical equation for acid and base reaction:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
HX + MOH → MX + HOH
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
Thus, Compound A is CH3COOH as it is acidic in nature containing a carboxyl(COOH) functional group.
ii. In a process known as Fischer esterification, carboxylic acids combine with alcohols to create esters. An acid catalyst
is required, and alcohol serves as a reaction solvent.
I. Compound B is Ethanol and compound C is Ethyl acetate.
II. HCl act as catalyst in this reaction.
III. A sweet-smelling compound formed by reacting acetic acid with ethanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid is
ethyl acetate. Chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:
+
H

CH3 − C − OH + HOC2 H5 −
−→ CH3 − C − OC2 H5
|| ||
O O

Ethyl acetate

35. a. Mode of asexual reproduction in Amoeba and Leishmania is Binary Fission.

In Amoeba, during division splitting of the two cells can take place in any plane.
In Leishmania, binary fission occurs in a definite orientation about the whip like structures present at one end of the
cell.
b. Regeneration is a process in which an organism is broken/ cut into pieces, these pieces may grow into separate
individuals
Diagram:

c. Spores are formed in Sporangia.

Spores grow into a new individual under moist conditions.

OR

i. The figure represents the phenomenon of phototropism i.e., response of plants to light.
ii. The plant hormone auxin is invoved in the phenomenon of phototropism.
iii. Plants show their growth towards light and this movement is caused by the action of auxin hormone. Auxin is
synthesised by the meristematic tissue which is present at the tip of shoot, roots etc. In the above figure the plant
bends towards the light. Auxin hormone is synthesised in the tip of the stem and moves towards the side of the plant
not receiving light. Due to more auxin hormone in the region of the plant that does not receive light they grew faster
than the part that receives light. So the stem bents towards the direction of light.

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36. i. He should use a convex lens as real images are formed by a convex lens, when objects are placed between the focus
and infinity .
ii.
a. For magnified image candle should be placed between focus (F) and centre of curvature (2F) of lens.
b. To get diminished image candle should be placed beyond centre of curvature (2F) of lens.
iii.
a. For magnified image,(object between F and 2F).

b. For diminished image,(object beyond 2F ).

OR

a. Issac Newton was the first to use a glass prism to obtain the spectrum of white light. He tried to split various colours
of the spectrum of white light by using another similar prism, he could not get any more colours. Thus he proved that
sunlight is made of seven colours.

b. Atmospheric Refraction: It is the refraction of light by the earth’s atmospheric layers having varying refractive
indices.
Two natural phenomena:
i. Twinkling of stars,
ii. Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset
Section E
37. i. Carbonic acid does not form an acidic salt.
ii. Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the
formula NaHCO3.
iii. Ca(OH)2 treatment with chlorine to obtain bleaching powder.
OR
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⟶ CaOCl2 + H2O
Washing soda is used for removing the permanent hardness of the water.
38. i. In plants, negative phototropism occurs in roots.
ii. Phototropism in shoots is attributed due to auxin in plants.

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iii. Tendrils exhibit/ twining of tendrils show thigmotropism movement.
OR
Positive phototropic movement.
39. i. No two magnetic field lines are found to cross each other. If two field lines crossed each other, it would mean that at
the point of intersection, the compass needle would point in two directions at the same time, which is not possible.
ii. The magnetic field and hence the magnetic line of force exist in all the planes all around the magnet.
iii. The magnetic lines of force are uniform and strong at point C and they diverge as they move towards points A and B
and the distance between the lines increases. Eventually, the strength of the magnetic field is strong where the lines
are closer and they weaken as the closeness decreases i.e., at point C.
OR

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