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1.1 Trends Dress for success
GRAMMAR C Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar

meaning to the first sentence using the words in bold. Write
Nominal clauses between two and five words, including the word given.
A Match numbers (1–6) to letters (a–f ) to form 1 Dissatisfaction with clothing and appearance can be a
full sentences. problem for many these days.
1 It should not need pointing out OF
2 The fact that he dresses smartly Many people face dissatisfaction with
3 How can something as simple as having clothing and appearance.
an ironed shirt 2 That uniforms are still widely worn in schools is
4 For many people, dressing smartly means common knowledge.
5 As far as I’m concerned, to look good FACT
6 The clothes you wear should not uniforms are still widely worn in
schools is common knowledge.
a make a positive impression on others?
3 It’s not important what she spends her money on.
b reflects the seriousness with which he treats his position.
HOW
c that you have a duty to protect the
is not important.
company’s reputation.
4 To wear second-hand clothes is not a problem for me.
d influence others’ opinion of you, but they do.
MIND
e is to feel good.
I second-hand clothes.
f little more than making sure their clothes are new
or clean.
PRONUNCIATION
B Write one word in each gap to complete the sentences.
Linking and intrusive /r/
1 I think you’ll like this jacket, and may
A Read the sentences aloud, paying attention to the way
surprise you to learn that it costs less than €40.
you pronounce the underlined sections.
2 We are left with the problem of to
1 My car cost a lot less than I thought it would.
address the complaints about our products.
2 I wore a suit and felt very smart.
3 The fact you are employed on a
full-time contract gives you certain privileges. 3 We’re walking from here to the shops.
4 I regret finding out more about the 4 Get one today! They’re only €5!
company before I went for an interview there. 5 I didn’t plan to buy anything, but I saw a great shirt in
5 The reason I objected to the shop assistant the sales.
that he had a bad attitude. 6 The things in that boutique are expensive.
6 We may never know the reason she 7 And you’re certain you saw that man stealing
did what she did. sports gear?
7 They will be going on holiday in July, but 8 I had no idea I was still wearing my slippers!
they’re going is still undecided.
B Listen to the sentences from Exercise A. Practise saying
8 you do in your own time is your
1.1 the sentences in the same way as the speakers do in
own affair. the recording.
TRENDS 5
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1.2 Trends Trendsetting
GRAMMAR B Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–8) to the

endings (a–h).
Comparatives and superlatives 1 You’re just the best
A Choose the correct options to complete the comments 2 I think we have a great deal
about a blog post.
3 Break for lunch, did you say? That is far
4 For some people, having trendy clothes is
iamthemusicman every bit
2 days ago 5 Even if I worked twice
6 We agreed that pronunciation is easily
I agree with what you say about popular music and originality.
7 A greater than
But we need to remember that musicians and producers need
1
as quickly as / quicker 8 The upgrade to business class more than
than possible. Sometimes, this involves producing unusual, a as many hours, I don’t think I would get the job done
in time.
to 2dramatically / marginally different styles – at least not at
b and away the best idea I’ve heard all day.
first – it is sometimes safer to work within the boundaries of
c and I don’t know what I’d do without you.
the 3later / latest trends.
d more to learn about how our choices are manipulated
Like Comment Share by marketing people.
e the most difficult aspect of learning English.
f as important as practicality – if not more so.
g made up for the delay to my flight.
fitbit46
5 days ago h expected number of people attended the event.
instructor and for such activities, I tend to think volume is a

factor – my rule is the 4louder than / louder the volume, the
faster the workout. I also think we need music with 5a higher /
the highest rate of beats per minute (bpm) than our heartbeat
increased bpm or volume helps with creative work. 6Easily the

most / By far the creative work is done, in my opinion, when
the music is neither too loud nor too quiet, nor too fast nor
too slow.
Like Comment Share
jazz4life
2 weeks ago
I think our musical tastes can be a good indicator of our

personalities. When I was younger, I listened to 7the far
highest / a considerably higher number of hard rock, indie
and metal bands. I associate that with a time when I was
more introverted but perhaps also a lot more creative. Now,
I listen to a 8great / far
creative than I was, but I am a lot more outgoing, sociable and
want to make any generalisations as 9more deeply / deeper

analysis is needed to prove any link.
Like Comment Share
6 TRENDS
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1.2 Trends Trendsetting
VOCABULARY PRONUNCIATION
Experimenting with prefixes Emphatic stress
and suffixes A Listen to these pairs of sentences. Underline one word in
1.2 each sentence that has emphatic stress.
A Choose the correct options to complete the sentences.
1 He’s suggesting one solution, but there are others.
1 Their online vlog became popularish / hyper-influential
when they got millions of subscribers. He’s suggesting one solution, is that the best he can do?
2 Harry’s not very tech-savvy / tech-friendly. In fact, he 2 They told me to work on this project, so that’s what
can barely use a word processor. I’m doing.
3 Is your watch waterprone / waterproof ? If not, I’d take They said the same to me, and that’s what I am doing.
it off before you go in. 3 He suggested that the biggest problem is overseas sales.
4 That video I made was very amateury / amateurish, But you don’t realise that the biggest problem is
but it was my first one and I’ve learnt lots of tricks of overseas sales.
the trade since then. 4 I can do it; the question is whether I want to do it.
5 Ann is so disaster-prone / hyper-disaster! She broke I can do it, too, but I don’t know when.
her phone, TV and tablet all in the same week!
5 Do you think this will be a problem?
6 Be careful because, once you delete something, you
Without question, this will be a problem.
can’t redelete / undelete it and get it back.
7 I like what the program does, but I don’t find it very B Practise saying the sentences in the same way as the
user-friendly / user-savvy – it took me ages just to speakers do in the recording in Exercise A.
learn the basics.
C Decide where to add emphatic stress in these sentences.
8 Look – you were ultra-influential / super-lucky to get
this job, so try to make the best of it. 1 I was determined not to say anything that could get me
in trouble.
B Rewrite the words in bold by adding a prefix or a 2 Contrary to what you said, I do enjoy gardening.
suffix. Make any other necessary changes. More than
one answer is sometimes possible. 3 Bill got the contract and a promotion, so he’s happy.
1 These heat gloves are perfect for handling hot pans D Listen to check your answers to Exercise C.
in the kitchen. 1.3
2 I’m hoping to raise a large amount of money to get

this business up and running.
3 Sara’s sick of reading spam comments about

online articles.
4 He was going to buy a house, but he was forced to

think when he lost his job.
5 I thought his jokes were really cheese.
6 The politician got into trouble because she said

something without realising her microphone had
been muted.
7 Don’t worry; this tablet is idiot. There’s no way you can do

any harm by pressing the wrong button.
8 They would never take a risk on this investment – you know

that they’re always cautious in their business decisions.
TRENDS 7
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1.5 Trends Write a blog post
4 TIPS
FOR A SUCCESSFUL
BLOG POST
A successful blog post needs to be both
search engine-friendly and reader-friendly.
The two go together, and by following these
WRITING tips, you will enhance your online profile
A You are going to read a blog post. Before you read, think and produce more successful blog posts.
about these questions.
1 How does a blog post differ from other kinds of writing? 1
2 What features do you think would make a blog post What exactly is the purpose of your blog? What is
more attractive to readers?
your message? And what action do you want people
3 What can you do to improve the ranking of a blog to take when they’ve finished reading? Think about
or website? these points and make notes.
B Read 4 tips for a successful blog post and match the 2
headings (a–d) to the paragraphs (1–4).
Successful blog posts have a clear target audience
a Structure your posts and their message is tailored accordingly. This means
b Grow your blog posts thinking about what will attract your readers’ attention but
c Think before you write also drawing in the curious browser. This also means
d Know your audience, know yourself working out what your selling point is. Is it your expertise,
your passion for the subject, your taste, style or personal
C MAKING YOUR BLOG POST SUCCESSFUL Read the blog viewpoint? Build on your strengths.
post again and answer the questions.
3
1 What are the keywords (the most frequently repeated
words) in the tips? Successful blog posts are well-organised. Obvious,
2 How will organising your blog post in the way advised
I know, but many posts read as if the writer just wrote
improve search engine-friendliness? the first thing that came into their head. Every post
should have:
3 What else can be done to attract more readers?
4 What ‘call to action’ does the writer use at the end of the post?
• an introduction
• a main body
• a conclusion.
WRITING PRACTICE
Make notes about what you want to put in each
A PREPARE You are going to write a blog post about a section. This is a summary of your post – now you
current trend. Choose from this list, or use your own idea.
can start to fill it in. It is a feature of successful blog
Make notes about your chosen topic.
posts that they give each paragraph an informative
• fashion (clothes) and eye-catching heading using keywords. This is
• a personal item important because the search engine will pick up the
• a new gadget main topics and help to improve your ranking.
• leisure activity 4
• superhero films
To increase both your readership and your position
B PLAN Organise your notes from Exercise A into a plan. on the search engine, add links to previous posts
• Use an appropriate structure for a blog post (including on the same topic, and keep adding posts to your
paragraph headings). website so your audience and the search engine
• Think about who your target audience is. know you’re still there.
• Choose a keyword or phrase for repetition.
For more tips on writing a successful
C WRITE Write your article in 200–300 words. Use your blog post, click on the icon below.
plan to help you.
10 TRENDS Click here

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Audioscripts Language Hub Advanced Workbook
UNIT 1 about. You don’t need to include some clips from fashion and
a lot of detail – maybe just an beauty vlogs – those are really
Lesson 1.4, Listening, Exercise B image of a person who was in popular, too. My favourite is
1.4 W = Woman M = Man the headlines with some bright Bonella – she has more than
W: Have you watched this year’s colours or special effects. 11 million subscribers.
GenZ Round-up? M: Do you know how to do that? M: That’s amazing! So, what are we
M: No, what’s that? W: Yes, don’t worry. It’s not difficult. waiting for? Let’s get started.
W: It’s a video series that the video I’ve got a program on my W: OK. I’ll go and get my laptop …
site GenZ creates at the end of computer that does it. The trick
every year. It’s got – like – well, is to keep the video moving at UNIT 2
everything that’s happened in the a really fast pace and to use a Lesson 2.4, Listening, Exercise C
previous 12 months. variety of different media. For 2.3 P = Presenter R = Ruth
M: OK. It sounds interesting. Like – a example, we could add in some
P: Architecture is perhaps not the
round-up of the year? animation – clips from superhero
first discipline which springs
W: Exactly. They did the first one films or popular cartoons.
to mind when somebody
in 2012, and that kind of set a M: This is going to be brilliant! mentions ‘art’, but some of
trend. They’ve been doing one What about those little – what the most famous artists in the
every year since. Each year has do you call them – you world – like Michelangelo and
a slightly different title though, know – those photos with funny Raphael – were architects as
for example, 2016 was ‘GenZ text that everyone shares and well as painters. In the modern
Round-up: The Best of 2016’ passes around? world, architects like Frank
and 2017 was ‘GenZ Round-up: W: Memes? Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier
Here’s 2017’. M: Yes, that’s it. command world-wide respect
M: And this year’s? W: You’re right. We definitely have and admiration.
W: Well, here’s the thing. This year’s to include last year’s most Today, we’re going to be looking
was really bad. Everybody hated it popular memes. I know – let’s at the work of Frank Gehry, a
and it got really bad reviews! ask our friends to tell us their Canadian-American architect
M: Why? favourites, and those are the ones whose designs include the Walt
we’ll include. Disney Concert Hall in the USA
W: Lots of viewers said that it
M: Good idea. and the Guggenheim Museum in
didn’t include enough content
Bilbao, Spain. Here to tell us about
creators – you know – the people W: There’s one thing this video really
him is art historian Ruth Butler.
who actually make the site what it needs and that’s influencers.
Good morning, Ruth, thanks for
is. Also it included a lot of celebrity M: What do you mean? joining us.
endorsements and people W: Influencers – they don’t watch
thought that was a bit cheesy. R: Good morning. Thanks for
videos or ‘like’ the content, they inviting me.
M: Hey! I’ve had a brilliant idea! are the content, they set the
Why don’t we make our own P: Frank Gehry has become
trends. I’m talking about GenZ
‘round-up’ video? so famous that he’s almost
personalities and vloggers – like
a household name. He’s
W: Actually, lots of people are Daisy Trekker, for instance.
been referred to by some
doing just that – making their M: What is a vlogger exactly? commentators as a ‘starchitect’.
own videos. W: Oh, come on! You must know Tell us a little bit more about
M: OK. Let’s do it! You’re really media- what a vlogger is. the man.
savvy. What shall we include? M: Well, kind of … R: Yes, Nick. A starchitect is a
W: As a general rule, we should Basically, they record video
W: reference to his kind of – well,
include all the latest trends, the diaries of different things – sports, his ‘star’ status in the world of
most popular videos – the ones playing computer games, testing architecture, but actually, he
that went viral, for instance, and new products or just their doesn’t like that term at all. He’s
everyone watched. ordinary lives. proud of his work and highly
M: Like when that TV presenter M: So they’re like … trendsetters? respected, but he doesn’t like
fell off his chair live on air a few the idea of celebrity status.
W: Exactly. It’s worth including their
years ago? So … Gehry was born in Canada.
videos because everybody loves
W: Exactly! them and then maybe people His family were of Polish origin
M: What else? will watch our video. Generally and his name was originally Frank
W: It’s a good idea to include top speaking, we have to include Goldberg – he changed his name
news stories from the previous stuff that’s relevant. It’s got to be to Gehry while he was studying
year, too. I mean, the really big new – or newish anyway. And at the Southern California School
ones that everybody talked we mustn’t forget to include of Architecture.
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P: Tell us about his early career. Was side to side like two dancers. about you. You’re a kind-hearted
he immediately successful? This is very different from the person, aren’t you? I bet you’re
R: No, not really. Like most great traditional lines and forms of someone who actually helps
artists, he went through difficult previous buildings. other people. You genuinely
times before he made it big. P: Awesome! care about their problems, their
After finishing his studies – he R: During the 80s and 90s, he was situations. Am I right?
also studied city planning at offered commissions throughout S: Well, yes, I …
Harvard University – he worked the world: Prague – as we’ve J: To be honest, there are so many
for a number of different firms seen – Spain, the USA, Germany. visitors this year, but I haven’t
and tried his hand at furniture And his reputation just grew and approached them because
design, as well as renovating his grew from then on really. Arguably I don’t feel that I’ve seen
own home in a way which would his most iconic building is the anyone … who’s, well, who’s
become – well, the style that he’s Guggenheim Museum in Spain genuine. Somebody who feels as
now known for. which you mentioned at the passionately about helping others
P: His signature style, you could say? beginning of the programme, Nick. as I do – as our organisation does.
R: Yes, that’s right. Visitors to this, and other buildings S: What does your organisation
P: Tell us a bit about that. of Gehry, have commented that do exactly?
the space he’s created inside is J: I’m so glad you asked. We
R: Well, his early work was a reaction
more impressive than the objects it work with local communities
against the modernist buildings
was designed to house. in Tanzania – a beautiful
of the 60s and 70s which were
springing up all over the cities P: It does look like – well – like a country … really you’re going to
of America. There was a lot of sculpture in its own right. love it when you go there … We
glass, a lot of sharp angles and R: Exactly. It’s really an architectural work with schools, women’s
forms which reflected advances in landmark – literally groups, youth and community
science, industry and technology and metaphorically. groups. This year, we’re
of the period. Gehry wanted to P: Thank you, Ruth, for this insight building a library in the town
emphasise the human angle, and into the life and work of one of the of Arusha. You can see Mount
of course contextual integrity was world’s greatest living architects. Kilimanjaro from there. Can you
very important to him. R: I just hope it inspires some of your visualise that?
P: I think you’ll have to explain that listeners to read and learn more S: Yes, it sounds amazing.
to our listeners, Ruth. about him, Nick. I think they’ll find J: It’s absolutely stunning! And you
R: Yes, of course. The ‘context’ of a his work fascinating. can be part of our vision, Steven.
building is its location, the other We really need volunteers to
buildings and structures around it, UNIT 3 come out to Tanzania and help
the immediate environment if you Lesson 3.4, Listening, Exercise B with building the library.
like. It was important to Gehry that 3.3 J = Joanna S = Steven R = Rachel S: Um … don’t you need special
his work – his buildings – reflected J: Hi, Steven! Welcome to the World skills – you know – to … um …
their surroundings, the historical Aid Expo. I’m Joanna. build a, well, a building? I’m
or social aspects of where afraid I don’t know much about
S: Hello. Um … how do you know
they were – the context if you bricklaying or concrete or electrics
my name?
will. So … um … back to his or anything.
style … His style is very ‘sculptural’ J: Your name badge?
J: That’s not a problem! Not a
if you like. He uses materials and S: Oh, yes of course. Silly me! Um, problem at all. I just know
forms shapes and structures hi Joanna. that your passion and your
almost in the way a sculptor J: So Steven. I bet you know a commitment are what we need
might. He’s probably best known lot about important social and on this project.
for his use of unusual materials environmental issues, right? You S: Well, I don’t know. What would it
and for the creation of bold and look like a well-educated person. involve exactly?
unconventional shapes through Are you a student?
J: You fly out to Tanzania – we
the use of those materials. S: Yes, I am actually. I must say organise one-week and two-week
P: We’ve got some photos of Gehry’s I didn’t expect this much from trips. You’ll be staying in local
work here in the studio. the Expo, but I was so wrong. It’s accommodation – nothing fancy,
R: Yes, this one is a super example fascinating – all the different stalls, but I’m sure you won’t mind that.
of what I’m talking about. This a lot of information, new ideas … You’ll meet our local co-ordinator
building is known as the Dancing J: Absolutely. It’s probably the most who’ll allocate a work place to
House and it’s in Prague in the important event in the calendar, you. Maybe we’ll even organise
Czech Republic. The building definitely the most interesting! trips to local sights. Sounds a bit
looks almost as if it’s moving from Hey, listen … I just get a feeling too good to be true, doesn’t it?
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S: Erm … it sounds interesting. N: Hello. essentially human – reasoning,

J: Of course, this is a volunteer C: Hi. language and so on – are
project, so obviously you won’t L: Nadia – what’s your view? just one form of intelligence.
be paid. Are human beings really the In fact, in some ways, it’s
S: Oh, of course not. I wouldn’t most intelligent creatures on perhaps meaningless to judge
expect that. the planet? animal intelligence by human
standards. But …
J: What do you say? Are N: As a lecturer in anthropology,
you interested? I would have to answer ‘yes’. C: Well, there you are! It’s a
For many years, scientists and question of different degrees
S: Yes, I’m definitely …
academics have carried out of intelligence. I mean – think
J: That’s fantastic! I bet you’re good about dogs. I was taking my dog
at creative writing, aren’t you? experiments which conclude that
we are indeed the most intelligent out for the walk last week and
When you come home again, I was amazed that while most
we’d love you to write about species on the planet. We can
understand abstract concepts of the people were listening to
your experience. headphones or not talking at all, he
and use an accumulation of
S: Well, I am quite … was picking up on the smells that
knowledge to manipulate our
J: Amazing, I’ll put you down for the environment, and of course other dogs had left. If that’s not
writing! Excellent. Of course, there our use of language is second evidence that dogs have equally
are some expenses. We don’t want to none. But perhaps most complex forms of communication,
local people having to contribute important of all is our ability I don’t know what is. My dog is
to the cost of volunteers’ food. So to reason – to have the kind of very good at communicating his
we ask for a donation from you discussion which we’re having demands to me and getting me to
of £500 for that – that’s per week. right now! do what he wants.
S: Yes, of course. C: But what you’re saying has been N: Well, of course, but that’s
J: And then there are the ‘proved’ historically is actually just a matter of conditioning.
flights – just £980. We arrange an assumption by scientists. Just There’s no comparison though
everything, don’t worry. And because we’ve always believed between the way in which a
we’ve got some really good news something doesn’t necessarily dog communicates basic needs
this year – no administration costs, make it true. I genuinely don’t and the incredibly complex
the organisation is covering that think scientists can be trusted systems of verbal and written
side of things. So nothing to pay on this issue because they quite communication which humans
there. How good is that? simply never question their own have developed over thousands
opinions and assumptions. of years.
S: Have you got an application form?
N: Well, I agree with you on that C: Well, let me give you another
J: Yes, absolutely. If you’d like to
point Charles – of course our example. We know that killer
go over there and speak to the
views and beliefs change over whales have a rich and complex
woman in the green jacket – she’s
time – but nevertheless the language. In fact, I was watching a
our team leader. She’ll give you a
vast body of research proves TV documentary about it just last
form to fill in and you can discuss
that humans are the most night. Dolphins have individual
payment with her.
intelligent species. names based on whistle signals.
S: Thanks so much Joanna. I’ll see
That’s proof that animals can
you in a bit. I’ll come back when C: But Nadia – experiments are a
communicate just as well as
I’ve completed the application. reflection of the people carrying
humans do.
J: Hi, Rachel! Welcome to the World them out. Much of the research
you’re talking about was skewed N: OK, I think you’re confused about
Aid Expo. I’m Joanna.
by those scientists’ existing what I’m saying. But let’s leave
R: Oh hi. Wow … how do you know language aside for the moment.
views of human intelligence and
my name? The way in which we are able to
was designed to support those
accumulate knowledge and use
UNIT 4 views. When people have tried
that knowledge to manipulate
to analyse animal intelligence,
Lesson 4.4, Listening, Exercise B they’ve always focused on a our environment is key. This ability
4.3 L = Leah N = Nadia C = Charles has even allowed us to send
strictly human definition of
L: In today’s Looking further, we’re intelligence. I mean – so what spacecraft to Mars.
asking, ‘Just how clever are human if a squirrel can’t count to ten? C: But that’s precisely my point!
beings?’ To help me answer Squirrels don’t need to be able to Animals don’t want or need to
this, I’ve got two guests in the count to ten! go to Mars! But they also have
studio: Charles Bragg from the N: I agree in part with what you’re incredibly complex systems
London Animal Rights Centre saying, Charles. Some of the which they use on an everyday
and Professor Nadia Abbas. Good qualities which we regard as basis – I mean … humans have
morning to you both. travelled to the moon, but
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have they perfected a system I guess when you have some to ignore the social aspect of
of echolocation such as bats countries introducing laws to online games – after all, for many,
use? No! regulate the length of time young gaming is also a form of social
N: I do agree that some research people can spend playing online media. Many gamers feel a strong
is leading us to question our video games, you know you sense of belonging in their online
assumptions about animal should be paying attention. communities, despite the fact that
intelligence, but this still doesn’t J: But that does seem like a step they will probably never meet in
allow us to conclude that animals too far. Should governments be real life.
are equally intelligent. Let me give calling the shots? J: So you’re saying we need to
you an example. If we compare A: Hmm … for some it does recognise that games fulfil specific
chimps and humans, when it seem like an obvious solution. needs that we all have.
comes to tasks which require Governments could pass A: Yes, well put! Parents and friends
‘social learning’, like watching laws preventing players from of gamers should understand that.
somebody else completing a task participating in online games It’s not about telling someone
and then copying their behaviour, for more than a certain period they can’t do something. They
human toddlers are way ahead of time. Problem solved. But the should encourage gamers to
of chimpanzees. amount of time spent playing replace the positive feelings they
C: Yes, but … games may in fact be a symptom get through gaming with things
L: Charles, Nadia – I think this debate of deeper psychological issues. like physical exercise. And if it’s
could probably go on for hours, We should actually aim to a serious problem, they should
but that’s all we’ve got time for help gamers create personal encourage the gamer to see a
today, so we’re going to have to boundaries and balance around doctor or health professional.
leave it there. gaming rather than banning J: So it seems we can have too
or restricting by law. But more much of a good thing after all!
UNIT 5 importantly, we should treat the Andrea, thanks so much for
underlying causes of a person’s joining us.
Lesson 5.4, Listening, Exercise B
5.3 J = John A = Andrea reliance on such games. A: Thanks for having me John.
J: Surely all this comes down to
J: Today, we’re talking to
psychologist Andrea Preston
parenting, don’t you think? UNIT 6
about the consequences of too A: Well, it depends. Conventional Lesson 6.4, Listening, Exercise B
much time spent gaming and wisdom might say that parents 6.3
Perhaps one of the most
online. And we’re also asking what aren’t being hard enough on this
well-known figures in modern
can be done about it. So Andrea, issue, you know, by setting clear
British history is the explorer,
should we be worried? boundaries with their children.
Robert Falcon Scott. Tragically, he
But there are two things we need
A: Hi John. Well, as worried as we are is not famous for his achievement,
to be clear on. First, the problem
about other forms of compulsive but for his failure. Scott headed
doesn’t just affect younger
behaviour, yes. Spending too an expedition whose goal
gamers. We are talking about
much time playing video games was to reach the South Pole
adults as well. Second, while yes of
is a serious issue for many people. before anyone else. On the
course friends and family can play
Of course there’s a difference 17th of January 1912, Scott, with
a positive role, being stricter and
between someone who enjoys four companions, finally reached
making rules won’t necessarily get
video games and even the more the South Pole, only to discover
to the root of the problem.
avid gamer that spends most that a Norwegian party, led by
of their free time on gaming. J: So what is at the root? Roald Amundsen, had beaten
What we’re talking about here is A: There are two things that I think them to it – by just 34 days.
when gaming gets in the way of often get missed out of the Scott and his men died on their
everyday life. discussion. First of all, we need return journey.
J: Right! With two children at home, to be clear that games tap into
very human desires. We crave Lesson 6.4, Listening, Exercise C
I think I might know what you 6.4
mean. But at what point does it challenges and games are set so From the mid-19th century, a
become a problem? they are never too easy or difficult. number of expeditions had
Games also tap into our desire travelled to Antarctica to try and
A: Well, signs to watch out for are
for rewards. map its extent and find out more
preferring to spend time alone
J: I have to admit that’s what keeps about the wildlife and plantlife of
in front of a screen instead of
me playing my children’s games. this unknown territory. The men
spending time with family and
Usually when they’re not around! who undertook these journeys
friends. In some cases, gaming
A: You’re not alone John. But there’s suffered terrible hardship; illness,
can interfere with everyday tasks
more. It would be a mistake injury, hunger and cold were part
like washing, eating and sleeping.
of their everyday experience.
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Every single item which the nearer than Scott. Advance parties walking. In 2011, he successfully
explorers needed had to be marked almost the entire length of completed the same walk in
transported by ship. Then the the route with flags and frequent honour of his great-grandfather.
provisions had to be carried across food depots which were clearly C: Incredible! I find him a very
the ice. These included tents, marked so that they could not charismatic figure. But he also
sleeping bags, building materials, be missed by the men in the mist uses the power of the media to
food for men and animals, and snow. Scott’s food depots his advantage, doesn’t he?
heating oil, bedding, clothing and were located far less frequently. T: Oh yes. I think it’s partly as a
scientific equipment. Scott’s team frequently lost their result of his relationship with TV
Both Scott and Amundsen set way and often had difficulty networks that his exploits have
out for their final trek to the locating these. The food which reached such a wide audience.
South Pole within a few weeks of Scott provided was not adequate It’s been estimated that 16 million
each other. Amundsen’s journey for his team’s needs. Some of people watched his walk across
went smoothly and his entire the group were suffering from Niagara Falls on live television.
team returned safe and sound ‘scurvy’, a condition caused by
C: You mentioned another great
a month later. In contrast, as we lack of vitamins which slowly but
tightrope artist, Philippe Petit,
have already learnt, Scott and his surely weakens physical strength.
earlier? His accomplishments were
companions were beaten to their Amundsen had taken care to
made into a film, weren’t they?
goal and ultimately lost their lives. provide enough food, including
a specially designed mixture T: That’s right. Man on Wire won
What factors led to these two
which contained vitamins. He the Oscar for best documentary
totally different results?
supplemented this diet with fresh in 2008.
Amundsen’s only goal was to
seal meat. C: It’s quite an obscure thing to
reach the South Pole before
While Scott’s story has become make a documentary about,
anyone else. In contrast, Scott’s
a legend of British history, isn’t it?
expedition was meant to be a
voyage of scientific discovery and Amundsen’s clear thinking, expert T: Well, yes it is. And to be honest,
he put together a large scientific planning, training and experience if the movie hadn’t been made,
team including a zoologist, meant that he succeeded in I don’t think there would have
meteorologist, geologists and his expedition. been so much interest in
biologists. Some experts believe the whole idea of tightrope
that Amundsen’s clear focus on a UNIT 7 walking. The film tells the story
single goal was key to his success. Lesson 7.4, Listening, Exercise B of Petit’s 1974 high-wire walk
7.3 C = Caroline T = Thomas between the Twin Towers of New
Scott planned to use a mixture
York’s World Trade Centre. His
of transport – motor sledges, C: Welcome to Beyond Brave with
incredibly daring – and I might
pony and dog sledges and me Caroline Spencer. Today,
add illegal – achievement was the
‘man-hauling’, in other words, Thomas Bennett is here to talk to
focus of the film.
the men themselves pulling us about tightrope walking. Why
sledges. The first motor sledge has it become such a popular C: What do you mean ‘illegal’?
broke down before they even set topic recently? T: Well, because the stunt was
out, the second fell through the T: Well, what has brought it to so incredibly dangerous.
ice, and the third broke down public attention is the exploits of I mean … the guy was going to
shortly afterwards. The ponies contemporary performers such as walk across a wire just two and
were totally unsuited to the Nik Wallenda and Philippe Petit. a half centimetres wide, across a
climate and the heavy work and distance of nearly 40 metres which
C: Tell us something about these
they all died of cold and hunger. was … wait for it … more than
two extraordinary people.
The dogs were better-suited to 400 metres above the ground.
the conditions, but they were T: You might say that Nik Wallenda If anything had gone wrong,
worked so hard, and fed so little, has tightrope walking in his well – the consequences would
that they too died eventually. By blood. He represents the latest have been utterly dreadful. And
contrast, Amundsen’s expedition generation of a family who New York City didn’t want to
relied entirely on the best Antarctic have been circus performers be associated with the possibly
transportation at the time: dog since the 1700s. It was his tragic result of such an event, so
sledges. He hired experienced great-grandfather, Karl Wallenda, obviously they never gave Petit
dog drivers and made sure his who perfected circus acts permission to carry out the stunt.
dogs were fed properly and including the human pyramid, So the preparations had to be
only travelled for short distances as well as high-wire walking and done in secret – examining the
every day. cycling. He was killed attempting site, installing the equipment, the
to walk between two skyscrapers timings, everything. It was a bit like
Amundsen embarked on his final
in 1978. That’s probably why Nik one of those classic bank heists
trek to the Pole from a point far
has devoted his life to tightrope
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which you see in the movies! He extended stay in space, and this A: Yes, really. We’ve teamed up
and his team had to get up the means they are at an increased with chefs to come up with
two towers in secret, fire a guiding risk of bone fractures once really delicious dishes. We even
rope from one tower to the other they return to Earth, so we’ve have a ‘special occasion’ menu
with a bow and arrow … been looking at ways of dealing for birthdays or when there’s a
C: A bow and arrow?! with that problem. New diet change of crew.
T: That’s right! And then Petit programmes include vitamin D S: That’s amazing! Well, Angela. It’s
crossed – not just once, but and calcium supplements. In been absolutely fascinating to talk
four times – backwards and addition, astronauts follow a to you. Thanks so much.
forwards across the wire programme of resistance training, A: Thank you!
while a crowd of thousands which has been proved to be
gathered below and watched very effective in preventing bone UNIT 9
in terrified astonishment. After density loss.
Lesson 9.4, Listening, Exercise B
he’d completed the feat, he S: What other nutrients are important? 9.3 R = Rob S = Sandy C = Cassie
was arrested by waiting police A: That’s an interesting question,
R: All right, Sandy? What’s up?
officers. The police released him Scott. Another essential nutrient
pretty soon afterwards though. that we’ve been studying is S: Hi Rob. This is my friend Cassie.
C: And there’s been a more recent iron. As I’m sure you and your R: Hi, Cassie. Good to meet you. How
film, hasn’t there? listeners know, iron deficiency are you doing?
T: The 2015 movie The Wire is a in the blood can lead to C: Good, thanks.
biographical drama of the same anaemia – where you don’t have R: So … you just moved
story. It’s thanks to this that enough red blood cells. Some here, Cassie?
younger people are taking a of the symptoms of anaemia are C: No, actually. I’ve lived here
renewed interest. fatigue, dizziness and headaches. for … let me see … for four years.
So we were focusing on making
R: So how come you don’t go to
UNIT 8 sure that our astronauts had
our school?
enough iron in their diet, but
Lesson 8.4, Listening, Exercise B C: I go to a Steiner school.
we’ve come to the surprising
8.3 S = Scott A = Angela S: How cool is that?
conclusion that actually, they end
S: Today, we’re going to be up with an excessive amount of Like – so awesome!
broadcasting live from a space iron in their blood as a result of R: Um … well, I don’t mean to be
training facility in Germany. With living in space for long periods rude or anything, but … why’s
me is scientist and researcher, of time. So we’re looking to that ‘awesome’ exactly?
Angela Schneider. actually reduce the iron content S: Cos it’s you know … it’s really
A: Good morning, Scott. It’s a pleasure in the foods which we provide for unique and stuff. Go on Cassie. Tell
to be able to talk to you and our crews. Rob all about your school.
your listeners. S: So … less of the spinach eh? C: No, it’s OK. You probably don’t
S: So what do you do exactly, Angela? A: That’s right! And as well as these want to hear about it anyway.
A: I’m a nutritionist by training vital scientific aspects, we have R: Yes … no … I mean, course I want
and over the last few years, to make the food palatable to hear about it.
I’ve specialised in research into for the men and women who
C: Well, the … you know …
the effects of a zero-gravity are working in space. In the
philosophy behind the school is
environment on the human past, some astronauts have
that education is about more than
body. Good nutrition is critical complained that the food – in
just passing exams and learning a
for human health and of course the shape of bite-sized cubes,
load of stuff.
this is true for those travelling powders and freeze-dried
S: That’s so true!
in space, too. It’s important foodstuffs – was unappetising
that astronauts have a specially and bland. Today, we offer foods C: So the idea is that you develop
designed diet which gives which are cutting-edge in terms as a, well, a whole person. The
them exactly the right number of the latest scientific research, school is supposed to develop
of calories which they need to but which are also … well, really your artistic and practical skills
do their work and the correct tasty actually. as well as your intellectual ones.
balance of vitamins and nutrients Probably the most important
S: Can you give us some examples of
for optimum performance and thing is imagination. You learn to
what an astronaut might expect
well-being. be a responsible … human being.
to find on the menu here?
S: What problems do astronauts face R: Yeah, right!
A: Um … let me see. Duck breast with
in terms of their physical health? capers, lobster, chocolate cake … S: Be quiet, Rob!
A: Astronauts are known to S: No! Really? C: Yeah, sounds daft I know …
lose bone density during any
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S: No, no. Not at all. Don’t take any S: I think you’re so lucky, Cassie. D: Good morning, Jonathan. Would
notice of Rob. I think it sounds I wish I could go to your school. you like to come on through? Can
fantastic. I mean … at our school I get you anything? Tea? Coffee?
there’s a huge amount of pressure UNIT 10 J: A glass of water would be great,
on us to revise and pass exams. Lesson 10.4, Listening, Exercise B thank you.
R: Hang on. You’re right – there 10.3 J = Jonathan A = Antonia D: Please have a seat. So … you’ve
is a lot of pressure, but J: Hiya. Jonathan. How you doing? just graduated. Tell me more!
I mean – like – I’d be gutted J: Yes, that’s right. I have a degree
A: All right? I’m Antonia. You here for
if I didn’t get the grades I want in environmental science from
the interview?
to go to uni. So, there is a reason the University of East Anglia and
behind the pressure. J: Yep. Been waiting long?
actually have practical experience
S: Yeah, but it’s too much. Even the A: Nah – ’bout five minutes. There’s
from several field trips.
teachers are under pressure. If tea and coffee here. D’you
want something? D: And I see that you worked with
we don’t get good exam grades, the Nature Trust on the Isle of
then they get into a lot of trouble. J: Yeah, I wouldn’t mind a cuppa.
Skye last year. So you’ve worked in
These inspectors come round A: Sorted. Scotland before?
every term and check everything. J: Cheers. J: Yes, that’s correct. I was there for
R: Anyway, tell us some more about A: So … we’re both up for the two months. It was fascinating.
your school. Is it one of those same job? D: And your field trips …
places where you can, you know, J: Yeah. You done anything like one was studying birds in
do anything you want? Muck this before? Northumberland …
about all day? Not go to lessons.
A: No. You? J: Yes, we studied their
C: No, it’s not like that at all. Maybe
J: Well, I’ve studied – conservation natural habitats.
I’m not explaining it well. It’s
I mean, so I’ve done a lot of field D: And you also went to the Forest
more to do with who you are.
trips and stuff. I spent last summer of Dean.
For instance, we’re not in classes
working on the Isle of Skye in J: Yes … to study the breeding
according to our age – everybody
Scotland. But the Orkneys … patterns of the deer that live there.
lumped in together just because
their birthdays happen to be in A: What? I’ve never been to either. D: Well, that’s all good experience.
the same year. We’re grouped I guess you’ve got a better idea of How did you find the physical
according to our interests and what the job will involve – if you side of things? The post requires
stage of development. Each lived in Skye? you to be physically fit – out in all
person is treated differently and J: Well, it’s a commitment. It’s quite weathers – that kind of thing.
you can learn at your own pace cut off. I know you can fly, but J: Oh, I like hard work. I’ve done a lot
and in a way that suits you. it’s expensive and sometimes, of fencing, maintaining paths …
S: Do you have assembly in the the ferries don’t run. That’s that kind of thing.
morning, like we do? my only hesitation … It’s a bit
D: OK. And I see here at the
of an isolated place to live all
C: No, we start the day with group bottom of your form that you’re
year round.
exercises, recitals and songs. very much committed to the
It’s supposed to put you in the A: You can say that again. It bothers environment and nature – you
mood to learn – forget any me a bit, too, if I’m honest. I heard want to preserve it, you say here.
negative thoughts, get in the they have a tendency to cancel
J: Yes, I think a lot of things are
right space to really focus. Then flights and ferries because of bad
endangering so much of the
we have a two-hour lesson which weather. You know I, erm, I’m not
environment – for instance, things
is always based on one topic. sure how I feel about that.
like tourism and industry – and
It’s not like – first, maths, then J: Yeah. You’re right. The job looks it’s happening very quickly. So,
geography, then English like most great though. Everything I love while there is still time, I think we
other schools. doing. But I have no desire to be should carry out research and …
R: So why’s it called ‘Steiner’ anyway? stuck there! hopefully … we will protect the
C: Rudolf Steiner was the founder A: Yes, what a great thing to spend wildlife we have – keep it for
of the whole … philosophy … your time doing. You know … future generations.
the system. He was this Austrian looking on the bright side … D: One last question. What
bloke who lived in … I’m not Lesson 10.4, Listening, Exercise C attracted you to this job
sure … at the beginning of the 10.4 D = Dr Ramsey J = Jonathan in particular?
20th century anyway. Today, there J: I really feel that the job is an ideal
D: Jonathan Wheeler?
are hundreds of Steiner schools all opportunity for me and it involves
over the world. J: Hello Dr Ramsey. How do you do?
everything that I enjoy doing.
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Answer key Language Hub Advanced Workbook
1.1 Dress for success VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY A
1 hyper-influential
A
2 tech-savvy
1 follow 2
casual 3 outfit 4
set 5 sportswear
3 waterproof
6 uniform 7 stands 8 gear 9 oversized 10 baggy
4 amateurish
B 5 disaster-prone
1 wind you up 6 undelete
2 snapped up 7 user-friendly
3 catches your eye 8 super-lucky
4 throwing money down the drain
B
5 make a seamless transition
1 heat-resistant
6 in the long run
2 largish
7 off-the-shelf
3 spammy
8 tailor-made
4 rethink
9 are on a tight budget
5 cheesy
10 for peanuts
6 unmuted
GRAMMAR 7 idiot-proof
8 ultra-/super-/hyper-cautious
A
1 c 2 b 3 a 4 f 5 e 6 d PRONUNCIATION
B A
1 it 1 He’s suggesting one solution, but there are others.
2 how He’s suggesting one solution, is that the best he can do?
3 that 2 They told me to work on this project, so that’s what I’m doing.
4 not They said the same to me, and that’s what I am doing.
5 was 3 He suggested that the biggest problem is overseas sales.
6 why But you don’t realise that the biggest problem is overseas sales.
7 where 4 I can do it; the question is whether I want to do it.
8 What I can do it, too, but I don’t know when.
5 Do you think this will be a problem?
C Without question, this will be a problem.
1 the problem of
2 The fact that C
3 How she spends her money 1 I was determined not to say anything that could get me
4 do not/don’t mind wearing in trouble.
2 Contrary to what you said, I do enjoy gardening.
3 Bill got the contract and a promotion, so he’s happy.
1.2 Trendsetting
GRAMMAR 1.3 Reading
A READING
1 as quickly as
2 dramatically B
3 latest 1 e 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 d
4 louder
C
5 a higher
1 increasing
6 Easily the most
2 friendly
7 a considerably higher
3 rare
8 great
4 unlikely
9 deeper
5 exciting, unusual
B 6 open, outgoing
1 c 2 d 3 b 4 f 5 a 6 e 7 h 8 g
D
1 d 2 f 3 a 4 c 5 e 6 b
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1.4 Listening 3 Are they safe?

EVs are no less safe than other cars. We’re not talking about
LISTENING driverless cars – you’re still in charge. However, if you do have
B an accident, you are safer in an EV as there is little chance of it
2, 3, 6, 7, 9 catching fire.
4 What about performance?
C
EVs are often more roomy than conventional cars because
1 round-up
they have smaller engines. They also provide a smoother
2 reviews
drive than conventional cars. As the market has become
3 (TV) presenter
bigger, EV performance levels have improved greatly. One
4 Special effects
charge can take you between 100 and 200 miles, and as more
5 animation
people buy EVs, there will be more charging stations all over
6 friends
the country.
7 vlogger
8 new/newish/relevant EVs are growing in popularity and are here to stay. They are
clean, safe and cheap to run. What’s not to like?
1.5 Write a blog post For more information about electric vehicles, click on the
link below.
WRITING
A 2.1 The story behind it
Suggested answers
1 format, repetition of keywords/phrases, etc
VOCABULARY
2 layout, pictures, font style, etc A
3 publish relevant content, use keywords, update your content 1 g 2 b 3 c 4 h 5 d 6 a 7 e 8 f
regularly, etc
B
B 1 groundbreaking
1 c 2 d 3 a 4 b 2 overrated
3 pretentious
C 4 hilarious
1 successful, blog, post, blog post 5 unconventional
2 By structuring it well and using headings, the search engine 6 thought-provoking
will pick up on key topics and help improve your ranking. 7 sensational
Also, being reader-friendly, it will attract more readers, 8 tedious
and more readers means more clicks. This also helps to
improve ranking. C
3 Add links and more posts to your website. 1 sensational
4 ‘For more tips …’, ‘click on the icon below’. 2 iconic
3 repetitive
WRITING PRACTICE 4 appalling
C 5 underrated
Model answer 6 acclaimed
4 FAQs about electric vehicles
If you are concerned about the environment and want
GRAMMAR
motoring to be cheaper and safer, then electric vehicles (EVs) A
are the thing for you. As the trend for EVs grows, more and 1 was being prepared
more people are getting interested. Here are answers to four of 2 called
the most frequently asked questions (FAQs). 3 was waiting
1 Are they really eco-friendly? 4 had been damaged
Yes, absolutely. They don’t burn fuel, so there are no emissions. 5 had had
By not using petrol or diesel, they are not adding to the gases 6 were told
that cause air pollution and contribute to global warming. 7 wasn’t I informed
Driving an EV substantially reduces your carbon footprint. 8 had been snowing
2 Are they economical?
Again, yes. Because you’re not paying for petrol to keep your
EV running, you save a lot on fuel. Charging your EV could cost
less than £1, depending on the type of vehicle. EVs are also
cheaper to maintain. EV engines have far fewer parts that can
go wrong than conventional cars, and they are easier to fix.
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B B
So – big day today. Important meeting with some clients so Suggested answers
I had to get to the office early. I got up at five, had a quick 1 architect
cup of coffee and left the house at 5.20. I got half way to the 2 extremely
office when I realised that I had forgotten my phone. Can 3 modern/unconventional
you believe it? I had driven / had been driving for at least
half an hour already, so I really didn’t feel like going back, but D
I had no choice. So, that delayed me by about an hour. And 1 world-wide respect
when I finally got to the office, I was given a message that my 2 celebrity status
boss wanted to see me urgently. I ran to her office. I could see 3 difficult times
through the glass door she was talking to my clients, who 4 surroundings / (immediate) environment / context
had already arrived. Oh no! Luckily, she wasn’t annoyed and my 5 unusual materials
clients were fine. The meeting went well, and by lunchtime, we 6 more impressive
had agreed on everything.
2.5 Write a review
2.2 Creative people WRITING
VOCABULARY B
A a 5 b 1 c 3 d 2 e 4
1 wall 2 canvas 3 start 4 draw 5 fresh 6 bounce
C
7 run 8 state 9 trust 10 immerse
1 c; Organised in such a way as to surprise and delight the
B visitor, the paintings are presented in an unusual fashion.
1 late 2
part 3 thick 4 self 5 highly 6 world 2 b; Monet, born in 1840, continued painting until the
7 open 8 well mid-1920s.
3 a; French Impressionist painter Monet painted Rouen
GRAMMAR Cathedral several times.
A WRITING PRACTICE
1 d 2 e 3 f 4 b 5 a 6 c
C
B Model answer
1 a 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 b The Hayward Gallery, located in the Southbank Centre
in Central London, is world-famous for its exhibitions of
2.3 Reading contemporary art. The current exhibition focuses on the
work of David Shrigley. Best known as a cartoonist, Shrigley
READING demonstrates his talents as a fine artist here.
A There are 240 works on display in this exhibition: cartoons, of
Suggested answers course, but also photographs, some of which could be called
These words are connected to the topic and appear in the absurdist, sculptures and … other things. Well, what would you
text: engineer, bridge, proposal, railway, carriage, survey, call a biscuit nailed to a wall? Also, paintings, animations and an
overground, construction installation of a swarm of insects made out of black metal wire.
C All this would seem to indicate that Shrigley has roots in
1 (Great) Britain/The UK and France surrealism, and some pieces bring Salvador Dali and Rene
2 Eurobridge Magritte to mind. The insects in the installation seem to refer
3 six years (from 1988 to 1994) to the ants that recur in Dali’s paintings and Magritte’s bright
green apple makes an appearance. He also likes to play with
D the relative size of things, with small things made large beyond
1 b 2 b 3 a any possible usefulness, such as a cup of tea.
This is not to say that he is just a follower or imitator. He has
2.4 Listening his own style, with a wacky sense of humour, absurd, surreal
LISTENING and sometimes dark. There are those who don’t consider this
proper art – whatever that is – but jokes can often get you
A closer to the truth than seriousness. If not closer.
Positive: awesome; groundbreaking; iconic; sensational;
thought-provoking Well worth a visit, this exhibition is mischievous and full of
Negative: appalling; pretentious fun, and I bet you will find it hard not to laugh out loud in the
Neither positive nor negative: unconventional hushed atmosphere of the art gallery.
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3.1 Progressive design GRAMMAR

VOCABULARY A
1 Not only was Jake was a good businessman, but he was also
A
a kind person.
1 emissions
2 No sooner had we arrived than when it started to rain.
2 carbon-neutral
3 By no means is this is over.
3 offset
4 Under no circumstances must you must disturb me.
4 sustainable
5 Not once did they say said thank you.
5 over-exploitation
6 No way am I am ever going back there!
6 depletion
7 Only after I insisted did/would they replace replaced they
7 biodegradable
the broken phone.
8 renewable
8 Not since I was a child have I have felt so excited.
B B
1 visualise 1 Never/Not
2 deepen 2 sooner
3 empty 3 only
4 purify 4 do/would
5 enable 5 after/when
6 simplify 6 neither/nor
7 broadens 7 no
8 strengthen
VOCABULARY
GRAMMAR A
A 1 do
1 b 2 e 3 d 4 a 5 c 2 seen
3 perpetuating
B 4 seize
1 d 2 a 3 f 4 g 5 b 6 h 7 e 8 c 5 set
6 achieve
PRONUNCIATION
7 made
A 8 bring
1 C 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 B 6 C
B
3.2 Better … or worse? 1
2
made
perpetuate
PRONUNCIATION 3 displayed
A and B 4 make
1 If you rewrite (verb) the essay without the extracts (noun), 5 brought
I suspect (verb) your mark will increase (verb) because it 6 seize
has a lot of positive attributes (noun). 7 take
2 Ignoring his protests (noun), the judge rejected (verb) his 8 set
appeal because his conduct (noun) had been so poor, but
he was transferred (verb) to an open prison and he was 3.3 Reading
permitted (verb) to have access to a computer.
3 We asked the singer what he attributed (verb) his success
READING
to, and he said that he had progressed (verb) in the C
business because he hadn’t given up, even when he had Communications
been publicly insulted (verb) in the press. Benefits: everyday ease of keeping in touch, long-term effects
4 I didn’t like these computers at first, but now I’m a on business
convert (noun) and I plan to do some research (noun) Costs: loss of mental skills (e.g. memorisation), loss of practical
to find out if I can upgrade (verb) my own at a skills (such as mental arithmetic), may interfere with the whole
reasonable price. learning process
5 The island doesn’t have many exports (noun) and they Medicine
import (verb) a lot of goods, so the prices are much higher Benefits: seeing a doctor online, remote operations, improved
after transport (noun) costs have been added. healthcare, more effective drugs, longevity, early retirement (as
6 Reports conflict (verb) as to whether the conflict (noun) an advantage)
was started by ticket holders or the security guards. Costs: the cost of research and the price of new medicines, the
knock-on effects of increased longevity (money for pensions,
care for older people) and the effect on the job market
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Industry What is important is that the upgrade will improve our

Benefits: people no longer have to do boring jobs, efficiency, efficiency and allow us to expand our business. Although it is
economic growth and the benefits it brings (e.g. social and expensive to install, because we are centrally located and other
engineering projects) businesses nearby already have fibre optics, it will be easier and
Costs: traditional skills are being lost, loss of jobs cheaper for us. I have attached a breakdown of the costs so
you can see how much we have to reduce costs in other areas
3.4 Listening and for how long.
It would be a shame to see all your talent and skill frustrated
LISTENING
by out-of-date technology. We have laid solid foundations and
B have a loyal client base, and I believe we are strong enough to
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 face this issue. We’re in this together.
C You are all bright, hard-working and adventurous people,
1 leading question otherwise you wouldn’t be here. So let’s take the next step to
2 exaggeration making our business grow even stronger in the future.
4 leading question Best regards,
5 exaggeration Sam
7 personalisation
exaggeration
8
10 leading question 4.1 Brain training
VOCABULARY
D
A
1 F (He didn’t expect as much but has been impressed.)
1 d 2 e 3 a 4 c 5 b 6 b 7 c
2 F (She says she hasn’t spoken to many people this year.)
3 F (He will help to build a library.) B
4 T 1 crossroads 2 backwards 3 wasted 4 tempered
5 T 5 defenceless 6 shed 7 cool 8 attack
6 F (He says he doesn’t expect to be paid.)
7 F (He won’t have to pay administration costs.) GRAMMAR
8 T A
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 a 7 b 8 a
3.5 Write a persuasive email B
WRITING 1 were you to
A 2 Should you see
1 (probably) the college principal / head teacher 3 had I done
2 the teaching staff 4 Suppose you were
3 to persuade them to support his proposal of introducing 5 Had they realised
interactive whiteboards to the classrooms / to ask them to 6 Ask anyone and
reply stating their support
B 4.2 Thinking and thought

a 4 b 2 c 1; 5 d 3 e 4 VOCABULARY
WRITING PRACTICE A
1 conducted; experiments
C 2 demonstrates; norms
Model answer 3 speculate
Dear All, 4 participants; conclude
I know how hard you have all worked to make a success of 5 hypothesise
this start-up business. We have acquired an impressive client 6 findings
base for such a small and new business and it looks as if we’re
going to keep growing. However, looking ahead, I can see B
we might have some problems in the future with inadequate 1 troubleshoot
internet connectivity. 2 eureka
We all have an equal interest in the company and what I am 3 common
about to propose may mean a cut in salary for all of us in the 4 eccentric
short term, but if we get fibre optic cables installed now, we 5 absent
will be winners in the long run. Rapid connectivity is essential 6 curious
in our business and fibre optic cables, as you know, provide a 7 overthink
higher bandwidth than what we have now and can transmit 8 wishful
data over longer distances.
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GRAMMAR WRITING PRACTICE

A C
1 h 2 d 3 f 4 b 5 e 6 a 7 c 8 g Model answer
Introduction
B
This report describes a study that investigated whether a
1 had
combined programme of healthy eating, exercise and brain
2 could
training could have an effect on cognitive function in older
3 have
people. Experts agree that what is good for the heart, such as
4 only
regular exercise and a healthy diet, is good for the brain.
5 wishes
6 ought Methods
7 was/were One thousand participants aged between 60 and 70 took part in
8 should this two-year-long study. All participants were tested for cognitive
function, weight and blood pressure at the start of the study and
PRONUNCIATION again at 6, 12 and 24 months. Participants were then randomly
A split into two groups. The control groups received regular advice
1 A 2 B 3 A 4 B 5 A 6 B
only. The intervention group received an intensive programme
which comprised of diet, exercise and cognitive training.
Results
4.3 Reading The study found that overall the scores in tests measuring
READING cognitive function in the intervention group were 25% higher
C than the scores in the control group. In tests for executive
1 A 2 B 3 A 4 A 5 B 6 B function – the brain’s ability to plan, organise, solve problems
and make decisions – the intervention group scored 83%
higher than the control group. It should be pointed out,
4.4 Listening however, that as with previous studies, the intervention group
LISTENING showed no improvement in memory.
B Discussion
Yes, all of them were mentioned. The researchers believe that the fact that 12% of the participants
dropped out of the trial does not affect the results. They say
C their findings indicate that intervention is effective in treating
1 Nadia 2 Charles 3 Nadia 4 Charles 5 Charles the problems associated with ageing and brain function. This
6 Nadia research replicates the findings of the original study.
D Conclusion
1 B 2 A 3 A It can be concluded that a combined programme of diet,
planned exercise as well as ‘brain training’ is effective in
improving age-related cognitive function.
4.5 Write a report
WRITING 5.1 21st century games
B GRAMMAR
a 3 Results
A
b 5 Conclusion
1 get 5 get
c 2 Methods
2 being 6 being
d 1 Introduction
3 to go 7 congratulated
e 4 Discussion
4 to be 8 got
C
B
Introduction: ‘The study suggests that …,’
1 am/’m always (being/getting) asked
Discussion: ‘the study suggests that’; ‘lifestyle changes might
2 had/’d been invited / was/got invited
delay decline by several years’
3 had been chosen / was/got chosen
Conclusion: ‘we strongly believe that in …’; ‘… a change in
4 was being developed / had been developed
lifestyle involving aerobic exercise and a healthy diet may
5 to be done
improve cognitive function’
6 going to be made to
7 is/gets/was/got broken
PRONUNCIATION
A
1 Contract? What contract? 4 Seriously?
2 Really? 5 Are you joking?
3 No way! Again? 6 Yeah, right!
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VOCABULARY C
1 b 2 c 3 f 4 d 5 a 6 e
A
1 g 5 f D
2 b 6 c Suggested answers
3 d 7 h 1 to illustrate the idea of how good it feels to win
4 a 8 e 2 teaching life skills such as cooperation and fair play
3 competency: the desire to feel in control/successfully deal
B
with situations; desire for independence/making our own
1 outsmarted
choices; relatedness: feeling important to others
2 outplayed
4 competitiveness
3 outweigh
5 ‘total absorption’ – you are so focused you can’t be distracted
4 outrun
5 outdone
6 outnumber 5.4 Listening
LISTENING
5.2 Serious gaming B
VOCABULARY 1, 4, 5
A C
1 alleged 1 b
2 acknowledge 2 a
3 asserted 3 a
4 implied
doubt
5
6 conclude 5.5 Write a formal report
WRITING
B
1 tap A
2 nuts Suggested answers
1 Sports Unlimited
3 coax
2 to investigate how games can improve motivation/efficiency
4 spur
5 inclined in the workplace and recommend an app
3 GetFit
6 act
7 steer B
GRAMMAR Suggested answers
a Higher levels of motivation were observed in both staff and
A customers, … / Higher levels of motivation in both staff and
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 b 8 b customers were observed, …
b All activities (that are) performed by staff are recorded on an
B
app on their smartphones and (then) turned into points.
1 been reported (that)
c … it was decided that an investigation should be conducted …
2 is known
d It should be mentioned, however, that an app such as the
3 is understood to be
one used by GetFit, …
4 is believed to be
e Incentives for those doing work such as cleaning have also
5 is rumoured to be
been introduced. / Incentives have also been introduced for
C those doing work such as cleaning.
1 The exam is understood to have been postponed. 1 c
2 Computer simulations are known to be extremely useful. 2 b
3 Our maths professor is thought to be writing a book about 3 a
Game Theory. 4 e
4 Everybody is expected to vote for the favourite. 5 d
5 The other player was alleged to have cheated.
5.3 Reading
READING
B
backgammon; conkers; video games; Cluedo
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WRITING PRACTICE 4 against

5 back
C
6 out
Model answer
7 up
Using games to attract customers to company exhibition 8 from
space at the trade fair
Background GRAMMAR
At a meeting of managerial staff to discuss the forthcoming A
trade fair in Germany, it was decided to investigate the 1 can’t
effectiveness of using games in attracting more potential 2 might
clients to the company’s exhibition space. This report 3 likely
summarises the research and offers some recommendations. 4 may have decided
Traditional games 5 have
While they are still used by many companies at trade fairs to 6 possibility
attract customers, traditional games are not regarded as being 7 must
as interesting or exciting as digital games or virtual reality. 8 may well
However, they should not be rejected altogether. For example,
B
a large container filled with tennis balls was used by one
1 may well have
company as a guessing game, with a prize for the person who
2 extremely probable/likely that
guessed the correct number of balls. People are still drawn to
3 must have left
contests such as this.
4 might have forgotten
Reality and virtual reality 5 a distinct possibility
Games and contests in which potential clients are invited to 6 can’t have been
use our own sports equipment are another possibility (see
recommendations). There might be some difficulty with regard
to space, which is limited and expensive. Most people are 6.2 Inquisitive minds
attracted to virtual reality games, especially sports, and this GRAMMAR
would be a good way of promoting our products.
A
Recommendations 1 reading
As golfing equipment is the company’s best-selling range, 2 to spread
it is recommended that efforts be concentrated on that. It 3 to maintain
would be easy to set up an indoor putting green and hold a 4 to do
contest with participants using the company’s equipment. 5 telling
It is also recommended that a driving range simulator be
installed – many business people are keen golfers. This might B
prove to be expensive but will undoubtedly attract additional 1 c 2 d 3 e 4 a 5 b 6 f
visitors to the exhibition space. As far as traditional games
C
are concerned, the idea of the container filled with tennis
1 b 2 a
balls could be transformed into a large glass jar filled with
own-brand golf balls, with an attractive prize for the winner. VOCABULARY
Customer numbers would significantly increase by putting
these recommendations into practice. A
1 quiet
2 By
6.1 Challenging journeys 3 take
VOCABULARY 4 greet
5 away
A
6 order
1 uncharted
7 tidy
2 impenetrable
8 tear
3 globetrotters
4 embarked B
5 heart 1 and wide
6 provisions 2 to-riches
7 long-haul 3 and soul
8 beaten 4 after time
5 to back
B
6 but surely
1 off
7 by side
2 for
8 or-/and-death
3 round
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6.3 Reading WRITING PRACTICE

READING C
Model answer
C
Travel broadens the mind, they say, and I believe this to be
1 Because of the success and recognition his trip to Sumatra
generally true. Some people are apprehensive about finding
had brought him
themselves in unfamiliar places, but life is supposed to be an
2 Being taken prisoner and lack of supplies (falling ill only
adventure. Three of the many benefits of travel are learning
happened after he had decided to turn back)
about the world, reaching a better understanding of your own
3 He was either very optimistic and determined or he wanted
country and teaching you about yourself.
to hide his misfortunes.
4 They also disappeared. First, travel can teach you more about the world than any book,
because you are experiencing the culture of another country
first-hand. Engaging with the local people, you learn about
6.4 Listening their history and traditions, habits, food and even the way
LISTENING they think.
B Second, it forces you to make comparisons – how your own
Suggested answers culture differs from the one you are visiting. You will notice the
1 (Robert Falcon) Scott and (Roald) Amundsen cultural differences and see what makes your home country
2 to (be the first to) reach the South Pole unique. In short, having travelled, you will see your own
3 January 1912 and 1911: the speaker says that Amundsen country with new eyes.
reached the South Pole 34 days earlier Finally, you can learn a lot about yourself by travelling. You will
4 Amundsen reached the South Pole first; Scott and his men learn how you cope with unfamiliar situations, how you react
died on the return journey to strange habits and customs. You will also learn about how
much you are able to tolerate. Travelling will also test your
C
language and social skills. You will return home a different
Historical background
person if you have fully immersed yourself in the experience
Goals
of travelling.
Route planning
Food and nutrition In summary, travelling is a whole education in itself. The
Transport benefits gained from travel and experiencing other countries
first-hand – greater knowledge of the world and how people
D do things differently (or the same), a new perspective on
Suggested answers your own country and the self-knowledge gained – are
1 to map the area and study it immeasurable. In addition, you will have memories to treasure
2 It was very hard – illness, injury, hunger and cold. for a lifetime.
3 tents, sleeping bags, building materials, food, fuel, bedding,
clothing, scientific equipment
4 Scott – to study the area and to reach the South Pole;
7.1 Beyond the limits
Amundsen – only to reach the South Pole GRAMMAR
5 motor sledges, pony and dog sledges, man-hauling A
6 the motor sledges didn’t work, the ponies died, he didn’t 1 wasn’t 2 that/which 3 it 4 it’s 5 to 6 who/that
know how to handle the dogs 7 when 8 that/when
7 carefully, using flags and clearly marked food depots
8 he didn’t allow enough calories per man; he didn’t include B
any vitamins in the diet Suggested answers
1 It was to raise money for charity that I applied to run
6.5 Write an expository essay the race.

2 It’s the psychological not the physical challenge that’s a
WRITING problem for me!
B 3 It’s only now that I’ve been running for five days that I’ve
1 c 2 e 3 a 4 b 5 d noticed the pain in my legs.
4 It was my sister who persuaded me to enter the race.
C 5 It wasn’t a marathon that I ran – it was an ultramarathon!
1 a 2 c 3 d 4 e 5 b
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C GRAMMAR
Suggested answers
A
1 It was the landscape paintings that they really wanted to see.
1 What that happened was I got confused.
2 It was him who/that was to blame for breaking the window,
2 Why crashed the computer crashed I have no idea!
not her.
3 Pets are easy – all they all need is food, water and
3 It was the part at the end that Steven didn’t understand.
some attention.
4 It’s you (that) I’m talking to!
What That Lara likes about summer is being able to sleep on
4
5 It’s the cost that bothers me.
the balcony.
6 It was because Eliza was scared that she said ‘no’.
5 All you You all need is a snack and some good company.
7 It’s (only) when/after something’s gone that you really
That’s what What’s that Simon can’t stand about this
6
appreciate it.
job – the silly rules!
8 It was only when I got back that I realised how dangerous it
7 What That we ended up doing was taking the train.
was. / It wasn’t until I got back that I realised how dangerous
8 I didn’t have my phone on me so what I did I do was ask a
it was.
colleague to borrow hers.
VOCABULARY B
A 1 What they did in the end was turn back.
1 disgusted 2 All we need is a map.
2 resilient 3 What I can’t stand is sleeping in a tent.
3 superior 4 What Rex loves is playing with his ball in the garden.
4 humble 5 All they needed was a drink of water.
5 devastated 6 What you need is a holiday.
6 courageous 7 What Tanya wanted more than anything was to be
a ballerina.
B
8 All she’s asking for is a short break.
1 courageous
2 humble C
3 devastated 1 What she loves most about
4 frustrated/grumpy 2 All (that) she wants is a
5 indifferent 3 what he did was phone
6 superior 4 What I can’t stand about/stand when
7 grumpy 5 What I’ve realised is
8 hysterical 6 All my sister remembers
PRONUNCIATION PRONUNCIATION
A A
1 falling 1 The film was quite amazing, actually – we loved it!
2 rising 2 I don’t want any old doctor – I want the one I always see.
3 rising 3 The questions they asked me were quite ridiculous!
4 Any questions you have will be answered at the end, OK?
4 falling
5 Well, you don’t tell your password to just anybody.
5 falling 6 Let’s go – anywhere’s better than here!
6 rising 7 The test was quite hard but he thinks he passed.
8 ‘Which film do you want to watch?’ ‘Oh, any one. You choose.’
7.2 Extreme jobs
VOCABULARY 7.3 Reading
A READING
1 land 2 sick 3 competition 4 pressure 5 application B
6 conditions Suggested answers
1 drowning
B
2 It is the greatest sensual experience.
1 immensely
3 that it is a life spent travelling and having fun in exotic places
2 utterly
4 only if you are in the top rank and have sponsorships
3 altogether
and endorsements
4 noticeably
5 relatively C
6 remarkably 1 It 6 Many
7 outright 2 you 7 that
8 radically 3 such incidents 8 those who
9 practically 4 Which 9 it’s
10 somewhat 5 one 10 that
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D I have a lifesaving qualification from Australia and since

1 surfing; C coming to this country have acquired an RLSS qualification.
2 the reader/people in general; E In fact, I achieved the highest grade of my intake. I have
3 shark attacks; A worked poolside at a spa here for three years, and my duties
4 dangers/riptides; A included liaising with customer care and sometimes helping
5 a wave; A with front-of-house duties. Although I am no longer part of the
6 surfers; E Australian 4x4 medley relay team, I have kept up my training
7 surfing big waves/catching a wave as tall as a tower block; A regime and remain as strong a swimmer as ever.
8 non-surfers/onlookers; E I look forward to your response.
9 the lifestyle; A Best regards,
10 prize money; A Bruce MacNamara
7.4 Listening 8.1 Health and wellness

LISTENING VOCABULARY
B A
1 circus 1 sore 5 sprained
2 1978 2 rash 6 fractured
3 16 million 3 rate 7 pulled
4 documentary 4 pressure 8 dislocate
5 New York
6 40 B
7 in secret 1 fractured
8 bow and arrow 2 pulled
3 inflamed
C 4 rate
1 b 5 sore
2 c 6 sprained
3 c 7 rash
4 a 8 blood
7.5 Write a cover letter GRAMMAR

A
WRITING
1 into
B 2 in
2 climbing ability; skill in the use and maintenance of power 3 to
tools; working at height; calmness in tense situations; ability 4 To/With
to follow instructions and to work well with others 5 with/in
6 to
C
7 of/about
Suggested answers
8 among/of
1 led/managed
2 tasked with collecting B
3 managed 1 the person whose fitness business is now worth millions
4 oversaw/coordinated/organised 2 the person (who) I trust more than anyone
5 I (also) developed 3 whereby it is impossible for me to get a virus
4 a training injury from which you might never recover
WRITING PRACTICE
5 people for whom exercise is not a priority
C 6 into whose pockets the profits all go, is very satisfied
Model answer
Dear Mr Scholes,
I am writing to apply for the post of Lifeguard Team Leader at
8.2 Sport and wellness
Ocean Resorts. VOCABULARY
You will see from my CV (attached) that I have four years’ A
experience as a beach lifeguard in Australia, where I headed 1 gut feeling
a team of 20 lifeguards and coordinated sea and air rescue 2 gave him food for thought
services when necessary. I have rescued swimmers from 3 got cold feet
shark attacks on several occasions, so am able to work under 4 give it his best shot
pressure. During that time, I trained as a paramedic and have a 5 out of his depth
good knowledge of first aid. 6 throwing in the towel
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B C
1 fizzy Suggested answers
2 Crunchy/Crisp 1 Interestingly; Admittedly
3 sour 2 supposedly; allegedly
4 mild 3 positive attitude: There’s no doubt
5 appetising neutral attitude: It is also thought to
6 creamy/cheesy sceptical attitude: it seems
7 tangy; acidic 4 colloquial asides: I don’t know about you
8 bland tag questions: Sounds rather scientific, doesn’t it?
9 soggy rhetorical questions: Black cheese … anyone?
PRONUNCIATION
A
8.4 Listening
1 isn’t really my cup of tea LISTENING
2 made a meal of it C
3 keep an eye out 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a
4 with a pinch of salt
5 head and shoulders above D
6 moving the goalposts 1 right amount of calories; vitamins; nutrients;
vitamin D; supplements
GRAMMAR 2 bone fractures
A 3 resistance training
1 more 4 excessive
2 either 5 duck breast; capers; lobster; chocolate cake
3 Most people
4
5
some
others
8.5 Write a summary
6 very few WRITING
7 of B
8 little Suggested answers
1 ‘overtraining syndrome’; symptoms; physiological;
B
psychological
1 When you’re doing a serious hike, you can’t drink too much
2 Summary a misses the point and is irrelevant.
of water – in fact, most people don’t drink enough.
Summary b is the best because it includes the key points,
2 There were two vegan options, but I didn’t fancy either both
phrased clearly in the writer’s own words and without
of them.
changing the original meaning.
3 Those They who followed the diet reported an average loss
Summary c repeats language from the text almost word
of three kilos in the first week.
for word.
4 You have too much sugar and salt in your diet – it’s best if
you cut back on both neither. C
5 There are only a / only very few restaurants that serve good Suggested answers
vegetarian food in this city. 1 increased heart rate; weight loss; excessive thirst
6 You drink a lot of coffee, and I think you’d sleep better if you 2 the negative physical effects of overtraining
drank less of. 3 The physical symptoms of overtraining to look out for are
7 These are your books – mine my are still over there where I loss of both weight and muscle, inability to put on muscle
left them. and constant thirst. Further symptoms include an increase
8 Jamie only needs six hours sleep a night, but I can never in heart rate, fluctuations in blood pressure, injury and
seem to get enough of. susceptibility to infections.
8.3 Reading WRITING PRACTICE

READING C
A Model answer
Charcoal – c Physical symptoms of overtraining syndrome include loss
Ketogenic – a of both weight and muscle, inability to put on muscle and
Cauliflower – d constant thirst. Psychological symptoms include a lack of
Vegan – b readiness for training, sleeping problems and tiredness, changes
in mood and a loss of confidence. Overtraining syndrome can
B be treated by identifying symptoms, seeking medical help and
1 the keto diet adopting a varied training regime with periods of rest.
2 the vegan diet
3 the charcoal diet
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9.1 Language and behaviour C

1 most
VOCABULARY 2 The / That
A 3 one
1 chuffed 4 of
2 whingeing 5 their
3 bloke; dude 6 that
4 dodgy; nicked
5 telly; like; wheels 9.2 Animal behaviour
B VOCABULARY
1 shambles 2 crashed 3 could do with 4 set her back A
5 grand 6 quid 7 skint 8 sorted 1 c 2 f 3 h 4 b 5 g 6 d 7 a 8 e
PRONUNCIATION B
1 gazing 2 fidgeting 3 shrugged 4 shook 5 blinked
A
6 beckoned 7 pointed 8 raised
1 I feel kind of strange – like I’ve been here before
or something. GRAMMAR
2 We have to give a talk, or a speech, or something like that.
3 I have to do some jobs – shopping, cleaning and so on.
A
4 You know, I think that, in some way or another, he must
1 Having got/woken up early
be involved. 2 Despite not knowing
5 So, in a sense, this is the easiest job in the world!
3 Done properly, the job
6 What do you take me for – some sort of fool?
4 Not being practical, reading the
7 Don’t give me excuses like you overslept or whatever.
5 Having just bought a new
8 My course covers health and safety issues, stuff like that.
6 Given the right
GRAMMAR B
1 They were feeling (Feeling) threatened, the animals
A instinctively hid behind the wall.
1 Those students who haven’t completed the assignment 2 Having Had never / Never having never been on a plane
should stay behind at the end of the lecture. before, I was both excited and nervous.
2 Both of the solutions he suggested sounded a little like 3 If you / you are successful in your application, you will be
a desperate attempt to please the boss. notified by email.
3 He invested all the money he’d saved up into some crazy Having grown Grown up in the USA, Marvin has always
4
get-rich-quick scheme and lost everything. spoken English well.
4 The thing that annoys Pierre most is the way young people 5 Been (Being) exhausted and short of money, Carrie cut short
don’t seem to care about language. her trip to Bolivia.
5 Three of the 20 people present were first-time attendees. 6 Before starting started work in insurance, Lionel was a
6 The idea that simply punishing children teaches them factory worker.
to behave has fallen out of favour with many modern 7 Despite not/never having I hadn’t been there before, I soon
educationalists. found my way around.
7 Do you know a good place to eat that would suit a group of 8 While suffering badly from flu, Angela was visited by a
hungry teenagers? couple of close friends visited Angela every day.
8 Sometimes it seems to me that almost everyone I know is
hooked on some computer game or other. C
1 b 2 c 3 c 4 b 5 a 6 b
B
1 I spend almost all my free time almost doing sport.
2 The belief that what you can change things is all you need
9.3 Reading
in order to make a difference. READING
3 The person (who/that) where I spoke to didn’t seem to have C
a clue what was happening. 1 T
4 I need a place to stay for staying for a few days. 2 F (They were told this, but the experiment was to see if their
5 Both of / of the ideas seem a little hard to put into practice. behaviour was influenced by the words they had processed.)
6 The woman who / who is sitting next to Claire is Frances. 3 F (They were timed from the moment they finished the task
7 Very few of / of the people in this country have to see how quickly they interrupted, if at all.)
travelled abroad. 4 T
8 The interviewer was impressed by the fact (that) how I knew 5 F (The opposite appears to be true – we make major life
so much about their company. choices based on similarities of the names of people and
things to our own name.)
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D WRITING PRACTICE
Suggested answers
C
1 to see how long the students would wait before interrupting
Model answer
and to see if students who had been exposed to the ‘rude’
Our research attempted to answer the questions of whether
words interrupted sooner
the use of slang had increased among the general population
2 As predicted, students who had been given the ‘rude’ words
in recent years. This proved difficult at first; there is no reliable
interrupted sooner than the others.
source of data on the frequency of the use of slang words from
3 Bargh himself was reluctant to conclude that exposure
before 1970 with which to compare our findings. Nonetheless,
to certain types of words makes us behave in that way
we are confident our results relatively accurately reflect the
(because it was a very small sample).
current situation.
There is no doubt that we have been exposed to more informal
9.4 Listening language and slang since the introduction of the internet
LISTENING and social media, on television and in films, too. However,
C our research shows that this is not reflected in the workplace:
1 F (‘I’ve lived here for … four years.’) the average person is not using or exposed to slang more
2 T frequently in his/her professional life. In our most recent survey,
3 F (Rob says, ‘I’d be gutted if I didn’t get the grades I want to a larger proportion of the subjects were women; previous
go to uni. … there is a reason behind the pressure.’) surveys were heavily weighted in favour of men. It is clear from
4 T the results that women today on average use slang as much as,
5 T but not more than, men.
6 F (The Steiner school has a ‘holistic’ approach to learning and Our research also found that the most frequently used slang
doesn’t divide it into specific subject areas.) expressions have remained much the same for the past
20 years, with newer terms and expressions not yet replacing
D the older words and phrases in popularity. We suggest that
3 I’ve lived here for [let me see] … for four years.
such data be collected periodically to see how the use of
4 Because it’s [you know] … it’s really unique [and stuff ].
individual slang terms changes over time.
5 Is it [one of ] those places where you can, [you know], do
anything you want? In conclusion, our data do not show that the use of slang
has increased.
9.5 Write a conclusion to an 10.1 Urban problems

academic report VOCABULARY
WRITING A
B 1 designated
a 3 b 2 c 1 d 4 2 habitats; endangered
3 architectural; heritage
C 4 ruins; settlement
1 c 2 b 3 e 4 a/d 5 d/a 5 preserve; funds; refurbish
D B
Colon (Students underline any two of the following) 1 urge 2 desire 3 responsibility 4 obligation 5 failure
‘… individual responsibility is ignored: normal values and the 6 refusal 7 tendency 8 reminder
ability to reason are abandoned.’
‘… convergence theorists argue that individuals in a crowd PRONUNCIATION
do not lose personal identity: personal beliefs and values are B
communicated …’ 1 up
‘… our research revealed that … in a crowd: crowd catalysts 2 down
such as police presence …’ 3 down
Semi-colon 4 up
‘… most of the research so far stems from disciplines such as 5 down
psychology and sociology; there has been little recent research 6 down
into crowd behaviour at large outdoor events.’ 7 up
‘They fail to demonstrate why some crowds … behave 8 up
differently; nor do they examine the difference between …’
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GRAMMAR 10.3 Reading

A READING
1 h 2 c 3 i 4 b 5 j 6 a 7 g 8 f 9 e 10 d
A
B traffic congestion and the related problem of air pollution
1 despite it being
B
2 any case, I have
Suggested answers
3 namely Australia and China
4 owing to the bad weather
Problems Solutions Criticism
5 whereas the return journey seemed
6 As a matter of fact UK Health Workplace Job losses,
problems parking fee strain on public
improve public transport
10.2 How to change the world transport,
VOCABULARY electric cars
A Paris Premature Anti-pollution Few people
1 b 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 a 6 c 7 b 8 c deaths stickers, fines if buy the stickers,
no sticker, car people taxed off
B manufacturers the road
1 passionate make
2 effective non-polluting cars
3 personal Freiburg Pedestrianised
4 persuasive city centre, cheap
5 apathetic and efficient
6 community public transport,
prioritise walking,
GRAMMAR cycling and
A public transport,
1 Some people think we can change the world but I don’t incentives for
think we can change the world. people who don’t
2 If you get the opportunity to go, you should take the
use cars, good
urban planning
opportunity to go.
3 A lot of people struggle with course fees and I wish they
didn’t struggle with course fees. 10.4 Listening
4 They should target governments and they should target
LISTENING
large companies.
5 We’re going to have food and we’re going to have music. B
6 You asked me if I thought we could make a difference and Suggested answers
the answer is yes I do think we can make a difference. 1 a job interview
7 I know a lot of people who are pessimistic about the future, 2 living in an isolated place
but I’m not pessimistic about the future. 3 the job
8 Are you joining us for pizza? Do you have any preference
C
as to what we order?
1 environmental science
B 2 East
1 do it / do so 3 two
2 he does 4 (natural) habitats
3 I do 5 deer
4 do that/it 6 paths
5 so 7 preserve
6 do so/that 8 endangering
7 hope not 9 research
8 do that
95
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D WRITING PRACTICE
1 When speaking to Dr Ramsey, Jonathan says ‘Hello Dr Ramsey.
C
How do you do?’
Model answer
2 When speaking to Dr Ramsey, Jonathan says ‘A glass of water
More and more shopping malls are being built in or near
would be great, thank you.’
towns and cities all over the world. While some argue that they
3 When speaking to Dr Ramsey, Jonathan says ‘I have a
provide a more convenient and fun shopping ‘experience’,
degree in environmental science from the University of East
I would argue that they create a negative impact on local
Anglia and actually have practical experience from several
communities which outweighs their convenience.
field trips.’
Perhaps the greatest negative impact of shopping malls is felt
4 When speaking to Dr Ramsey, Jonathan says ‘I really feel
by local businesses who, being unable to compete, can lose
that the job is an ideal opportunity for me and it involves
up to 90% of their business. The community as a whole loses
everything that I enjoy doing.’
out, because local businesses play an important role in creating
community identity.
10.5 Write a persuasive essay Shopping malls also have a huge carbon footprint; shopping
WRITING centres in the UK are estimated to create 12 million tonnes of
B waste each year, including packaging and food waste. They
Suggested answers also waste energy through excessive lighting, day and night,
1 Tourism has a largely negative impact. and heat loss through constantly opening doors.
2 environmental damage; disrespect for local cultures, Supporters of shopping mall developments claim that people
traditions and behaviours; lack of benefit for local workers benefit from the lower prices at malls, somewhere to park,
and business the convenience of being able to do all their shopping under
3 Yes. Understanding different cultures; money and job creation one roof and the fact that malls also provide all kinds of leisure
activities, turning shopping into a fun day out for all the family.
C Yet the concentration of so much in one place brings its own
1 Paragraph 4
problems, such as increased traffic, pollution, overcrowding
2 Counter-argument: that mass tourism brings economic
and noise.
benefits – more money and more jobs. Rebuttal: the jobs are
seasonal, low-skilled and insecure; most of the money goes In summary, the negative effects of shopping malls on local
to large foreign companies, not the local economy. communities outweigh any advantages. They destroy local
Yes, the rebuttal directly answers the counter-argument. businesses and community identity, create an enormous
3 Counter-argument: ‘There is an argument that …’ amount of waste and have a negative impact on the
Rebuttal: ‘While this is true up to a point, …’ environment. These are all reasons enough, I believe, to
encourage people to shop locally.
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www.frenglish.

GRAMMAR C Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar

GRAMMAR B Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–8) to the

instructor and for such activities, I tend to think volume is a

increased bpm or volume helps with creative work. 6Easily the

Like Comment Share

I think our musical tastes can be a good indicator of our

want to make any generalisations as 9more deeply / deeper

Like Comment Share

2 I’m hoping to raise a large amount of money to get

3 Sara’s sick of reading spam comments about

4 He was going to buy a house, but he was forced to

5 I thought his jokes were really cheese.

6 The politician got into trouble because she said

7 Don’t worry; this tablet is idiot. There’s no way you can do

8 They would never take a risk on this investment – you know

10 TRENDS Click here

S: Erm … it sounds interesting. N: Hello. essentially human – reasoning,

1.1 Dress for success VOCABULARY

1.4 Listening 3 Are they safe?

3.1 Progressive design GRAMMAR

Industry What is important is that the upgrade will improve our

B 4.2 Thinking and thought

GRAMMAR WRITING PRACTICE

WRITING PRACTICE 4 against

6.3 Reading WRITING PRACTICE

6.5 Write an expository essay the race.

D I have a lifesaving qualification from Australia and since

7.4 Listening 8.1 Health and wellness

7.5 Write a cover letter GRAMMAR

8.3 Reading WRITING PRACTICE

9.1 Language and behaviour C

9.5 Write a conclusion to an 10.1 Urban problems

GRAMMAR 10.3 Reading

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