LG - Electrical Wirings - Docxbbbbbb

Adama poly technic college
Industrial Electrical/Electronic Control Technology

Level II
Unit of Competence: Install and Terminate electrical wiring
System
Module Title: Installing and terminating electrical wiring
LG Code EIS IEC M07 0322
TTLM Code: EIS IEC TTLM 7 0322V
Lo1.Plan and prepare for electrical installation and connection
of electronic circuits
Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics –
 Plan and prepare for electrical installation and connection of electronic circuits
 Perform installation and termination of wiring system/ electronic circuits
 Inspect and notify completion of work

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon
completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Check wiring systems’ components and material
 Plan and prepare OH&S policies and procedure for installation
 Obtain fitting accessories
 Select an appropriate tools and equipment’s
 Prepare electrical wiring/electronic circuits
 Read and interpret lay out diagram, circuit diagram, wiring diagram
 Determine location of accessories, apparatus and circuits are to be installed
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are being discussed. Ask
you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-checks”. in each information sheets.
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to correct your
work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-checks).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation sheets and LAP Tests if any”. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity.
7. After you accomplish Operation sheets and LAP Tests, ensure you have a formative assessment and get a
satisfactory result;
8. Then proceed to the next learning guide.
Plan and prepare for electrical installation and connection of
electronic circuits
Information Sheet-1
In order to make connection or termination of wires, firstly the specification of materials, tolls and equipments
needed should be checked. The importance of checking specification is that make connection/termination that
meets the standard and also ensures safety.
1,1 Check wiring systems’ components and material
This involves preparing for and receiving the materials according to defined company procedures, and taking
account of all health and safety requirements i.e. prepare your work area in readiness for the receipt ofthe
materials which includes
 Ensuring accessibility for receipt and removal of the materials and ensuring the area is free from
obstructions or potential hazards.
 Checking that materials conform to the relevant specification/s and that sufficient materials are available
for the manufacturing operations being performed.
 Correcting any incorrect documentation, equipment, tools and / or materials within the limits of your
responsibility, otherwise report promptly to the appropriate person.
Receiving and checking incoming materials involves:
1. Working with minimum supervision
2. Preparation of work area for receipt of materials
3. Receiving materials
4. Confirming the status of the materials
5. Resolving problem within the limits of your responsibility
6. Completing any necessary documentation accurately and legibly
7. Working in ways which maintain the safety of yourself and others
Occupational health & safety: is one of the most important aspects of human concern. It is the discipline
concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees, organizations, and others affected by the
work they undertake (such as customers, suppliers, and members of the public).
It aims an adaptation of working environment to workers for the promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations.
Planning task to ensure occupational health and safety:Planning to perform a certain task in a safe manner.
When planning work practices with colleagues it is important to keep the health and safety of workers at the
forefront of issues to be considered. In workplaces where potentially dangerous machinery is operated, or
dangerous situations are encountered, this is not difficult. However, when the potential threat is not so obvious,
the health and safety factors may be overlooked. Poorly designed furniture, inadequate lighting, unstable filing
cabinets or screens, poor ventilation, inappropriate workloads and much more can become OHS issues. When
planning work practices; use the “what if” principle. Try to think of all the things that could go wrong and then
what could reasonably be done to prevent them. You are not expected to eliminate risk entirely; this is not
possible.
1.2CONDUCTOR SPLICES AND TERMINAL CONNECTIONS
Conductor splices and connections are an essential part of any electrical circuit. When conductors join each
other or connect to a load, splices or terminals must be used. Therefore, it is important that they be properly
made. Any electrical circuit is only as good as its weakest link. The basic requirement of any splice or
connection is that it be both mechanically and electrically as sound as the conductor or device with which it is
used. Quality workmanship and materials must be used to ensure lasting electrical contact, physical strength,
and insulation.
Preparing circuits for connection and termination:
 Selecting and checking appropriate materials, tools & equipment needed to perform
termination/connection
 Preparing the circuits so that connection and termination can be taken easily and safely.
TOOLS and MATERIALS USED FOR CONNECTING/TERMINATING WIRES
 Wire stripper/ Electrician Pocket knife
 Combination/Side cutting plier
 Screw driver: Thin blade & Philips head
 Soldering Iron
 Solder Sucker
 Terminating lug
 Solder
 Flux
 Insulating tape
The preferred method of removing insulation is with a wire-stripping tool, if available. A sharp knife may also
be used. Other typical wire strippers in use in the Navy are illustrated in figure
. The hotblade, rotary and bench wire strippers (views A, B and C, respectively) areusuallyfound
inshopswherelargewirebundlesaremade.Whenusinganyoftheseautomaticwirestrippers,
followthemanufacturer'sinstructionsforadjustingthemachine;thisavoidsnacking,cutting, or otherwisedamagingthe
conductors.The hand wire strippers are common hand tools found throughout the Navy. The hand wire strippers
(view D of figure 2-1) are the ones you will most likely be using. Wire strippers vary in size according to wire
size and can be ordered for any size needed.
Hand Wire Stripper
The procedure for stripping wire with the hand wire stripper is as follows (refer to figure 2-2):
1. Insert the wire into the center of the correct cutting slot for the wire size to be stripped. The wiresizes are
listed on the cutting jaws of the hand wire strippers beneath each slot.
2. After inserting the wire into the proper slot, close the handles together as far as they will go.
3. Slowly release the pressure on the handles so as not to allow the cutting blades to make contactwith the
stripped conductor. On some of the newer style hand wire strippers, the cutting jawshave a safety lock that helps
prevent this from happening. Continue to release pressure until thegripper jaws release the stripped wire, and
then remove.
Knife Stripping
A sharp knife may be used to strip the insulation from a conductor. The procedure is much the same as for
sharpening a pencil. The knife should be held at approximately a 60ºangle to the conductor. Useextreme care
when cutting through the insulation to avoid nicking or cutting the conductor. Thisprocedure produces a taper
on the cut insulation as shown in figure 2-3.
General Wire-Stripping Instructions

When stripping wire with any of the tools mentioned, observe the following precautions:
1. Do not attempt to use a hot-blade stripper on wiring with glass braid or asbestos insulation.
These insulators are highly heat resistant.
2. When using the hot-blade stripper, make sure the blades are clean. Clean the blades with a brass wire brush
as necessary.
3. Make sure all stripping blades are sharp and free from nicks, dents, and so forth.
4. When using any type of wire stripper, hold the wire perpendicular to the cutting blades.
5. Make sure the insulation is clean-cut with no frayed or ragged edges; trim if necessary.
6. Make sure all insulation is removed from the stripped area. Some types of wire are supplied with a
transparent layer between the conductor and the primary insulation. If this is present, remove it.
7. When the hand strippers are used to remove lengths of insulation longer than 3/4 inch, the stripping
procedure must be done in two or more operations. The strippers will only strip about3/4 inch at one time.
8. Re-twist strands by hand, if necessary, to restore the natural lay and tightness of the strands.
9. Strip aluminum wires with a knife as described earlier. Aluminum wire should be stripped verycarefully.
Care should be taken not to nick the aluminum wire as the strands break very easilywhen nicked.
Self-Check 1 Written Test
 Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid some
explanations/answers.
1. List elements of receiving and checking incoming materials. (7 points)

2. Write the procedures for stripping wire with the hand wire stripper. (5 points)
3. What is the preferred method of removing insulation? (2 Points)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 7 points Unsatisfactory - below 7 points

You can ask your teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
1.3. OHS policies and procedures
Your Company Name is committed to the goal of providing and maintaining a healthy and safe working
environment, with a view to continuous improvement. This goal is only achievable by adherence to established
objectives striving to exceed all obligations under applicable legislation, and by fostering an enthusiastic
commitment to health, safety and the environment within Your Company Name personnel, contractors and
visitors.
In particular:
 Management, working in cooperation with the Joint Health and Safety Committee, will strive to take all
reasonable steps to reduce workplace hazards to as low as reasonably achievable.
 Supervisors and managers are held accountable for the health and safety of all employees under their
supervision. This includes responsibility for applicable training and instruction, appropriate follow-up
on reported health and safety concerns, and implementation of recommended corrective action. This
accountability is integrated into the performance appraisal system.
 Supervisors, workers and visitors are expected to perform their duties and responsibilities in a safe and
healthful manner, and are accountable for the Health and Safety of themselves and others.
 Your Company Name is committed to providing all necessary training and instruction to ensure that
appropriate work practices are followed on the job, and to promote their use off the job.
 If necessary, Your Company Name will take disciplinary action where individuals fail to work in a
healthy and safe manner, or do not comply with applicable legislation or corporate policies and
procedures.
What can you do to protect yourself and others from electrical hazards?
Employees can prevent shocks and injuries/electrocution from electrical hazards by:
 Following safe work practices

 Understanding electric shock and electro caution
 Recognizing potential hazards around work involving electricity
 Following OHS requirements
 Maintaining clearances around panels
 Using proper protective devices
 Eliminating access to exposed energized parts Using proper PPE
 Using proper lockout/tag out procedures
 Maintaining proper clearance from overhead lines
 Following proper procedures for confined space/enclosed space/underground electrical work
 Following manufacturer’s instructions
When you have to do maintenance work on a machine, take these four steps to protect yourself and your
coworkers from injury:
1. De-energize the machine. Positively disconnect it from the power source. If there is more than one
source of power, disconnect them all.
2. Lock out the disconnect switches. You must be given a lock and key for each disconnect before you
begin working on the machine
3. Tag the disconnect switches. Get tags or accident prevention signs from your supervisor.
4. Test the machine to make sure it won’t start and Keep the key with you
Each worker who works on the machine must lock out and tag the power disconnect. Never assume that the
machine you are working on has been disconnected and Locked out unless you have done it yourself. Also
remember that the current ratings off use and circuit breakers are at 15 to 30amperes for most residences. These
safeguards cannot protect you against shocks. High voltage transmission and distribution lines carry a lot of
electricity and if accidently touched it can be fatal. Since farm and construction workers use equipment that can
reach high, these employees must be trained on the hazard supposed by high voltage overhead lines. Each year,
workers who accidentally make contact with high voltage power lines are either killed or become permanently
disabled. Electrically powered equipment is used daily by most workers. Power tools, metal and woodworking
machines, restaurant equipment, computers and many other types of electrical equipment are found in the
workplace. Failure to use the equipment correctly can create hazards to employees. Generally, there are
instructions from the manufacturers on the use and maintenance of each piece of equipment. Workers need to
follow the instructions while using and
 Replace broken 3-prong plugs and make sure the third prong is properly grounded.
 Never use extension cords as permanent wiring.
 Do not plug several power cords into one outlet.
 Do not disconnect power supplies by pulling or jerking the cords from the outlets.
 Always use the correct size fuse or breaker.
 Be aware that unusually warm or hot outlets may be a sign that unsafe wiring conditions exists.
 Use proper PPE for the electrical job.
 Always use ladders made of wood or other non-conductive materials when
Working with or near electricity or power lines
1.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is anything used or worn by a person to minimize risk to the person’s
health or safety and includes a wide range of clothing and safety equipment. PPE includes boots (safety shoes,
face masks, hard hats (helmet), ear plugs, respirators, gloves, safety harnesses and high visibility clothing.
Fig1-1 Types of PPE
 SAFETY SHOES
Some safety shoes are designed to limit damage to your toes from falling objects. A steel plate is placed in the
toe area of such shoes so that your toes are not crushed if an object impacts there. Other safety shoes are
designed for use where danger from sparking could cause an explosion. Such danger is minimized by
elimination of all metallic nails and eyelets and by the use of soles that do not cause static electricity.
 GOGGLES
Proper eye protection is of the utmost importance for all personnel. Eye protection is necessary because of
hazards posed by infrared and ultraviolet radiation, or by flying objects such as sparks, globules of molten
metal, or chipped concrete and wood. These hazards are ever-present during welding, cutting, soldering,
chipping, grinding, and a variety of other operations. It is IMPERATIVE for you to use eye protection
devices, such as helmets, face shields, and goggles (fig. 1-1), during eye-hazard operations.
Appropriate use of goggles will limit eye hazards. Some goggles have plastic lenses that resist shattering
upon impact. Others are designed to limit harmful infrared and ultraviolet radiation from arcs or flames by
use of appropriate filter lenses. Remember, eye damage can be excruciatingly painful. PROTECT YOUR
EYES.
 GLOVES
Use gloves ((fig. 1-1) whenever you are required to handle rough, scaly, or splintery objects. Special flameproof
gloves are designed for gas and electric-arc welding to limit danger and damage from sparks and other hot
flying objects Personnel in the electrical fields are usually required to wear insulating rubber gloves. Be sure to
follow all regulations prescribed for the use of gloves. Gloves must not be worn around rotating machinery
unless sharp or rough material is being handled. If such is the case, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE
EXERCISED to prevent the gloves from being caught in the machinery.
 SAFETY BELTS AND STRAPS

The safety strap and body belt shown in figure 1-1 are what might be called your extra hands when you work
aloft. The body belt, strapped around your waist, contains various pockets for small tools. The safety strap is a
leather or neoprene-impregnated nylon belt with a tongue-type buckle at each end. While you are climbing you
will have the safety strap hanging by both ends from the left ring (called a D-ring because of its shape) on the
body belt. When you are at working position, you unsnap one end of the safety strap, pass it around the
supporting structure so there is no danger of its slipping (at least 18 inches from the top of the part on which it is
fastened), and hook it to the right D-ring on the body belt.
The safety strap must be placed around a part of the structure that is of sufficient strength to sustain an Abs
weight and his or her equipment, and must rest flat against the surface without twists or turns. It must not be
placed around any part of a structure that is being removed. Before placing your weight on the strap, determine
VISUALLY that the snap and D-ring are properly engaged. Do not rely on the click of the snap-tongue as an
indication that the fastening is secure. The body belt and safety strap require inspection before use. Look for
loose or broken rivets; cracks, cuts, nicks, tears or wear in leather; broken or otherwise defective buckles, such
as enlarged tongue-holes, defects in safety-belt snap hooks and body belt D-rings. If you discover any of these
or other defects, turn in your equipment and replace it. Perform maintenance periodically according to
applicable procedures. Remember that leather and nylon belts are treated in different manners.
When can PPE be used?

PPE is one of the least effective ways of controlling risks to work health and safety and should only be used:
• when there are no other practical control measures available (as a last resort)
• as an interim measure until a more effective way of controlling the risk can be used, or
• to supplement higher level control measures (as a back-up).
What standard of PPE is required?

PPE used at a workplace must be:
• selected to minimize risk to work health and safety
• suitable for the nature of the work and any hazard associated with the work
• a suitable size and fit and reasonably comfortable for the person wearing it
• maintained, repaired or replaced so it continues to minimize the worker’s health and safety risk, and
• used or worn by the worker, so far as is reasonably practicable.
How do I choose the right PPE for the job?

Selection processes for choosing the right PPE must involve consultation with workers and their representatives
and should also include:
• a detailed evaluation of the risk and performance requirements for the PPE
• compatibility of PPE items where more than one type of PPE is required (for example ear muffs with a hard
hat)
• Consultation with the supplier to ensure PPE is suitable for the work and workplace conditions, and
preference for PPE that complies with the relevant Ethiopian Standard or equivalent standard.
Self-check: 1 Written test

Name………………………………………………. Date……………………………………
Direction I. Say true or false for the following questions

1. Supervisors and managers are held accountable for the health and safety of all employees under their
supervision.
2. selected to minimize risk to work health and safety is one of standard of PPE required
Direction II. Choose best answer
1. Employees can prevent shocks and injuries/electrocution from electrical hazards by:
A. Following safe work practices
B. Maintaining clearances around panels
C. Using proper protective devices
D. All
2. Which one of the following is the first requirement to do maintenance work on a machine to protect
yourself and your coworkers from injury:
A. De-energize the machine.
B. Lock out the disconnect switches.
C. Tag the disconnect switches.
D. Test the machine to make sure it won’t start and Keep the key with you
3. ……. Is a type of personal protective device which used to protect Eye from hazards posed by infrared
and ultraviolet radiation, or from flying objects such as sparks.
A. GLOVES C. Safety shoes
B. GOGGLE D. All
Level II
System
Lo1. Perform installation and termination of wiring system/
electronic circuits
Read and interpret lay out diagram, circuit diagram, wiring
Information Sheet diagram
Types of electrical diagram
 Schematic diagram
 Pictorial diagram
 Wiring diagram
 Layout diagram
For detail information refer / Learning guide#2 information sheet


 Install wiring system
 Terminate and connecting accessories
 Advise/inform the specified time to customer
 Follow correct sequence of operation
 Respond unplanned events or conditions
16. Then proceed to the next learning guide.
Information Sheet 2 Perform installation and termination of wiring system/ electronic circuits
1.1, splicing & joining of wires

TYPES OF SPLICES
There are six commonly used types of splices. Each has advantages and disadvantages for use. Eachsplice will
be discussed in the following section.
Western Union Splice
The Western Union splice joins small, solid conductors. Figure 2.1 shows the steps in making a
Western Union splices.
Figure 2.2 Western Union splice.

1. Prepare the wires for splicing. Enough insulation is removed to make the splice. The conductoris cleaned.
2. Bring the wires to a crossed position and make a long twist or bend in each wire.
3. Wrap one end of the wire and then the other end four or five times around the straight portion ofeach wire.
4. Press the ends of the wires down as close as possible to the straight portion of the wire. Thisprevents the
sharp ends from puncturing the tape covering that is wrapped over the splice. Thevarious types of tape and their
uses are discussed later in this chapter.
Staggering Splices
Joining small multi conductor cables often presents a problem. Each conductor must be spliced andtaped. If the
splices are directly opposite each other, the overall size of the joint becomes large and bulky.
A smoother and less bulky joint can be made by staggering the splices.
Figure 2.3 shows how a two-conductor cable is joined to a similar size cable by using a WesternUnion splice
and by staggering the splices. Care should be taken to ensure that a short wire from one side
of the cable is spliced to a long wire, from the other side of the cable. The sharp ends are then clampedfirmly
down on the conductor. The figure shows a Western Union splice, but other types of splices work
just as well.
Figure 2.3 Staggering splices.
Rattail Joint
A splice that is used in a junction box and for connecting branch circuits is the rattail joint (figure 2.4
Figure 2.4 Rattail joint.

Wiring that is installed in buildings is usually placed inside long lengths of steel or aluminum pipe called a
conduit. Whenever branch or multiple circuits are needed, junction boxes are used to join the conduit.
To create a rattail joint, first strip the insulation off the ends of the conductors to be joined. You then twist the
wires to form the rattail effect. This type of splice will not stand much stress.
Fixture Joint
The fixture joint is used to connect a small-diameter wire, such as in a lighting fixture, to a larger diameter wire
used in a branch circuit. Like the rattail joint, the fixture joint will not stand much strain.
Figure 2.5 shows the steps in making a fixture joint. The first step is to remove the insulation and clean the
wires to be joined. After the wires are prepared, the fixture wire is wrapped a few times around the branch wire.
The end of the branch wire is then bent over the completed turns. The remainder of the bare fixture wire is then
wrapped over the bent branch wire. Soldering and taping completes the job.
Figure 2.5 Fixture joint.
Knotted Tap Joint
All the splices discussed up to this point are known as butted splices. Each was made by joining the free ends of
the conductors together. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to join a branch conductor to continuous wire
called the main wire. Such a junction is called a tap joint.
The main wire, to which the branch wire is to be tapped, has about 1 inch of insulation removed. The
branch wire is stripped of about 3 inches of insulation. The knotted tap is shown in figure 2.6.
Figure 2.6 Knotted tap joint.
The branch wire is laid behind the main wire. About three-fourths of the bare portion of the branch wire extends
above the main wire. The branch wire is brought under the main wire, around itself, and then over the main wire
to form a knot. The branch wire is then wrapped around the main conductor in short, tight turns; and the end is
trimmed off.
The knotted tap is used where the splice is subject to strain or slippage. When there is no strain, the knot may be
eliminated.
Wire Nut and Split Bolt Splices
The wire nut is a device commonly used to replace the rattail joint splice.
The wire nut is housed in plastic insulating material. To use the wire nut, place the two stripped conductors into
the wire nut and twist the nut. In so doing, this will form a s
1.2. Termination
Cable Termination
There is a variety of termination methods for cable. The termination method utilized depends basically on the
system installed, type of cable used and type of connector; Using the proper termination method allows for good
mechanical and electrical integrity. No matter what type of termination you will be performing, the most
important thing isto use the proper tools and materials for the type of termination. For example, a crimp using
pliers will work, but using a crimp tool and the proper die designed for your typeof cable and connector is
better. Using the proper solder type and the right temperature for solder type connections will ensure a lasting
connection. We will review four basic termination techniques. This is just to provide some general guidelines.
The termination method may vary somewhat based on system requirements and connector manufacture design
methods.
Termination Types
Solder Type
A solder type connection allows for a strong, solid mechanical and electrical connection. Clean the connection
well. For electrical circuits you must use a rosin type flux to clean all connections. Do not use acid flux that is
commonly used for plumbing installation. The acid based flux will cause corrosion and inherently cause
intermittent problems with the electrical signal. The choice of solder is also important. Using a solder
standard60/40 formula will meet the majority of your soldering needs. However, lead-free and high-grade silver
solder is available for special applications. Also, use a soldering iron of the proper wattage. If the soldering iron
is not hot enough, you may not be able heat the connection enough to get a good solder joint. This may cause
what is known as a “cold" solder joint and can cause intermittent problems like opens to occur. However, if the
soldering iron is too hot, you can cause damage to the components of the system near the connection. This can
also cause the insulation to possibly melt causing the bare primaries to make contact with each other resulting in
a short.
Crimp Type
A crimp type connection allows for quick and simple installation while still maintaining a mechanical and
electrical connection fairly close to a solder type termination. Solid or stranded wire can be used in this type of
termination. Some of the key points to remember for a good clean connection are as follows:
1. Make sure you use the proper size connector for the type of cable you are using.
2. Make sure all of your cuts and stripping are clean.
3. Avoid nicks as much as possible.
4. Use the proper crimp tool; don’t try to improvise with pliers, etc.
The most common crimp method involves two crimps, one on the insulation for stronger mechanical connection
and one on the conductor or shield for a good electrical connection. A crimp tool is designed specifically for
this type of termination for the type of connector you are using. This allows for good connections both
mechanical and electrical.
1.3. Soldering method & technique
Soldering
The following information will aid you in learning basic soldering skills. It should enable you to solder wires to
electrical connectors, splices, and terminal lugs that we have discussed earlier in the chapter. Special skills and
schooling are required for the soldering techniques used in printed circuitboards and micro-miniature
component repair.
Soldering process
Cleanliness is essential for efficient, effective soldering. Solder will not adhere to dirty, greasy, or oxidized
surfaces. Heated metals tend to oxidize rapidly. This is the reason the oxides, scale, and dirt must be removed
by chemical or mechanical means. Grease or oil films can be removed with a suitable solvent. Connections to
be soldered should be cleaned just prior to the actual soldering operation .Items to be soldered should normally
be "tinned" before making a mechanical connection. Tinning isthe coating of the material to be soldered with a
light coat of solder. When the surface has been properly cleaned, a thin, even coating of flux should be placed
over the surface to be tinned. This will prevent oxidation while the part is being heated to soldering temperature.
Rosin-core solder is usually preferred in electrical work. However, a separate rosin flux may be used instead.
Separate rosin flux is frequently used when wires in cable fabrication are tinned.
Soldering the joint
 Clean the iron tip on the damp sponge.
 Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron. This helps to transfer the heat to the joint.
 Touch both parts to be soldered
 Wire and pin.
 Feed the solder in from the opposite side. It will melt and quickly flow around the joint.
 Remove the solder before the iron.
 It should take about three seconds to heat, melt
1.4. Insulating
An insulator on the other hand is a material which does not allow an electric current to flow. Rubber and most
plastics are insulators.
Insulation materials
Wires and cables (conductors) are insulated and protected by a variety of materials (insulators) each one having
its own particular properties. The type of material used will be determined by the designer who will take into
account the environment in which a control panel or installation is expected to operate as well as the application
of individual wires within the panel. As part of the insulating function, a material may have to withstand
without failing:
Follow correct sequence of operation
1.5 Size of Conductors
The minimum nominal cross-sectional area of conductor shall be:
a)1.0mm2 for cables and insulated copper conductors for power and lighting circuits;
b) 10.0mm2 for bare copper conductors for power circuits;
c) 16.0mm2 for bare aluminum conductors for power circuits
d) 0.5mm2 for flexible cables of copper conductors for extra low voltage.
Neutral Conductors
For a poly-phase circuits in which imbalance may occur in normal service, the neutral conductor shall have a
cross-sectional area adequate to carry the maximum connected load between the neutral and anyone
ungrounded conductor. In a discharge lighting circuit, the neutral conductors shall have a cross-sectional area
not less than that of the· phase conductor(s).
 Perform installation and termination of wiring system/ electronic
Information Sheet-3 circuits
1.1. Electronic circuits

 DC Circuit
An electrical circuit is a combination of two or more electrical components which are interconnected by
conducting paths. The components may be active or inactive or both. This is a very basic definition of electrical
circuit.
There are two types of electricity - direct current and alternating current, i.e, DC and AC. The circuit that deals
with direct current or DC, is referred as DC circuit and the circuit that deals with alternating current or AC, is
generally referred as AC Circuit. The components of the electrical DC circuit are mainly resistive, where as
components of the AC circuit may be reactive as well as resistive. Any electrical circuit can be categorized into
three different groups - series, parallel and series parallel. So for example, in the case of DC, the circuits can
also be divided into three groups, such as series DC circuit, parallel DC circuit and series and parallel circuit.
 Series DC Circuit
When all the resistive components of a DC circuit are connected end to end to form a single path for flowing
current, then the circuit is referred as series DC circuit. The manner of connecting components end to end is
known as series connection. Suppose we have n number of resistors R1, R2, R3............Rn and they are connected
in end to end manner, means they are series connected. If this series combination is connected across a voltage
source, the current starts flowing through that single path. As the resistors are connected in end to end manner,
the current first enters in to R1, then this same current comes in R2, then R3 and at last it reaches Rn from which
the current enters into the negative terminals of the voltage source. In this way, the same current circulates
through every resistor connected in series. Hence, it can be concluded that in a series DC circuit, the same
current flows through all parts of the electrical circuit.
Again according to Ohm’s law, the voltage drop across a resistor is the product of its electrical resistance and
the current flow through it. Here, current through every resistor is the same; hence the voltage drop across each
resistor's proportional to its electrical resistance value. If the resistances of the resistors are not equal then the
voltage drop across them would also not be equal. Thus, every resistor has its individual voltage drop in a series
DC circuit.
Electrical DC Series Circuit with Three Resistors
The flow of current is shown here by a moving point. This is just a conceptual representation.
An Example of Series DC Circuit
Suppose three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series across a voltage source of V (quantified as volts)
as shown in the figure. Let current I (quantified as Ampere) flow through the series circuit. Now according to
Ohm’s law, Voltage drop across resistor R1, V1 = IR1 Voltage drop across resistor R2, V2 = IR2 Voltage drop
across resistor R3, V3 = IR3 Voltage drop across whole series DC circuit, V = Voltage drop across resistor R1 +
voltage drop across resistor R2 + voltage drop across resistor R3
According to Ohm’s law, the electrical resistance of an electrical circuit is given by V ⁄ I and that is R.
Therefore,
So, effective resistance of the series DC circuit is R = R1 + R2 + R3. From the above expression it can be
concluded, that when a number of resistors are connected in series, the equivalent >resistance of the series
combination is the arithmetic sum of their individual resistances. From the above discussion, the following
points come out:
1. When a number of electrical components are connected in series, the same current flows through all the
components of the circuit.
2. The applied voltage across a series circuit is equal to the sum total of voltage drops across each
component.
3. The voltage drop across individual components is directly proportional to its resistance value.
 Parallel DC Circuit
When two or more electrical components are connected in a way that one end of each component is connected
to a common point and the other end is connected to another common point, then the electrical components are
said to be connected in parallel, and such an electrical DC circuit is referred as a parallel DC circuit. In this
circuit every component will have the same voltage drop across them, and it will be exactly equal to the voltage
which occurs between the two common points where the components are connected. Also in a parallel DC
circuit, the current has several parallel paths through these parallel connected components, so the circuit current
will be divided into as many paths as the number of components.
Here, in this electrical circuit, the voltage drop across each component is equal. Again as per Ohm’s law,
voltage drop across any resistive component is equal to the product of its electrical resistance and current
through it. As the voltage drop across every component connected in parallel is the same, the current through
them is inversely proportional to its resistance value.
Electrical DC Parallel Circuit with Three Resistors
Fig1. DC Parallel Circuit

The flow of current is shown here by a moving point. This is just a conceptual representation.
An Example of Parallel DC Circuit
Suppose three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel across a voltage source of V (volt) as shown in
the figure. Let I (Ampere) be the total circuit current which is divided into currentI 1, I2 and I3 flowing through
R1, R2 and R3 respectively. Now according to Ohm’s law: Voltage drop across resistor R1, V = I1.R1 Voltage
drop across resistor R2, V = I2.R2 Voltage drop across resistor R3, V = I3.R3 Voltage drop across whole parallel
DC circuit, V = Voltage drop across resistor R1 = voltage drop across resistor R2 = voltage drop across resistor
R3
Thus when a number of resistors are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is given
by the arithmetic sum of the reciprocals of their individual resistances. From the above discussion of parallel
DC circuit, we can come to the following conclusion:
1. Voltage drops are the same across all the components connected in parallel.
2. Current through individual components connected in parallel, is inversely proportional to their
resistances.
3. Total circuit current is the arithmetic sum of the currents passing through individual components
connected in parallel.
4. The reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the resistances of
individual components connected in parallel.
Series and Parallel Circuit
So far we have discussed series DC circuit and parallel DC circuit separately, but in practice, the electrical
circuit is generally a combination of both series circuits and parallel circuits. Such combined series and parallel
circuits can be solved by proper application of Ohm’s law and the rules for series and parallel circuits to the
various parts of the complex circuit.
Series and Parallel Circuit
Fig2. Series and Parallel Circuit
 AC Circuits
Alternating current
Direct current (DC) circuits involve current flowing in one direction. In alternating current (AC) circuits,
instead of a constant voltage supplied by a battery, the voltage oscillates in a sine wave pattern, varying with
time as:
In a household circuit, the frequency is 60 Hz. The angular frequency is related to the frequency, f, by:
Vo represents the maximum voltage, which in a household circuit in North America is about 170 volts. We talk
of a household voltage of 120 volts, though; this number is a kind of average value of the voltage. The
particular averaging method used is something called root mean square (square the voltage to make everything
positive, find the average, take the square root), or rms. Voltages and currents for AC circuits are generally
expressed as rms values. For a sine wave, the relationship between the peak and the rms average is:
rms value = 0.707 peak value
Resistance in an AC circuit
Fig3. Resistance in an AC circuit
The relationship V = IR applies for resistors in an AC circuit, so
In AC circuits we'll talk a lot about the phase of the current relative to the voltage. In a circuit which only
involves resistors, the current and voltage are in phase with each other, which means that the peak voltage is
reached at the same instant as peak current. In circuits which have capacitors and inductors (coils) the phase
relationships will be quite different.
 Capacitance in an AC circuit
\Fig4. Capacitance in an AC circuit
Consider now a circuit which has only a capacitor and an AC power source (such as a wall outlet). A capacitor
is a device for storing charging. It turns out that there is a 90° phase difference between the current and voltage,
with the current reaching its peak 90° (1/4 cycle) before the voltage reaches its peak. Put another way, the
current leads the voltage by 90° in a purely capacitive circuit.
To understand why this is, we should review some of the relevant equations, including: relationship between
voltage and charge for a capacitor: CV = Q
The AC power supply produces an oscillating voltage. We should follow the circuit through one cycle of the
voltage to figure out what happens to the current.
Step 1 - At point a (see diagram) the voltage is zero and the capacitor is uncharged. Initially, the voltage
increases quickly. The voltage across the capacitor matches the power supply voltage, so the current is large to
build up charge on the capacitor plates. The closer the voltage gets to its peak, the slower it changes, meaning
less current has to flow. When the voltage reaches a peak at point b, the capacitor is fully charged and the
current is momentarily zero.
Step 2 - After reaching a peak, the voltage starts dropping. The capacitor must discharge now, so the current
reverses direction. When the voltage passes through zero at point c, it's changing quite rapidly; to match this
voltage the current must be large and negative.
Step 3 - Between point’s c and d, the voltage is negative. Charge builds up again on the capacitor plates, but the
polarity is opposite to what it was in step one. Again the current is negative, and as the voltage reaches its
negative peak at point d the current drops to zero.
Step 4 - After point d, the voltage heads toward zero and the capacitor must discharge. When the voltage
reaches zero it's gone through a full cycle so it's back to point a again to repeat the cycle.
The larger the capacitance of the capacitor, the more charge has to flow to build up a particular voltage on the
plates, and the higher the current will be. The higher the frequency of the voltage, the shorter the time available
to change the voltage, so the larger the current has to be. The current, then, increases as the capacitance
increases and as the frequency increases.
Usually this is thought of in terms of the effective resistance of the capacitor, which is known as the capacitive
reactance, measured in ohms. There is an inverse relationship between current and resistance, so the capacitive
reactance is inversely proportional to the capacitance and the frequency:
A capacitor in an AC circuit exhibits a kind of resistance called capacitive reactance, measured in ohms. This
depends on the frequency of the AC voltage, and is given by:
We can use this like a resistance (because, really, it is a resistance) in an equation of the form V = IR to get the
voltage across the capacitor:
Note that V and I are generally the rms values of the voltage and current.
 Inductance in an AC circuit
Fig5. Inductance in an AC circuit

An inductor is simply a coil of wire (often wrapped around a piece of ferromagnet). If we now look at a circuit
composed only of an inductor and an AC power source, we will again find that there is a 90° phase difference
between the voltage and the current in the inductor. This time; however, the current lags the voltage by 90°, so
it reaches its peak 1/4 cycle after the voltage peaks.
The reason for this has to do with the law of induction:
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the circuit above gives:

As the voltage from the power source increases from zero, the voltage on the inductor matches it. With the
capacitor, the voltage came from the charge stored on the capacitor plates (or, equivalently, from the electric
field between the plates). With the inductor, the voltage comes from changing the flux through the coil, or,
equivalently, changing the current through the coil, which changes the magnetic field in the coil.
To produce a large positive voltage, a large increase in current is required. When the voltage passes through
zero, the current should stop changing just for an instant. When the voltage is large and negative, the current
should be decreasing quickly. These conditions can all be satisfied by having the current vary like a negative
cosine wave, when the voltage follows a sine wave.
How does the current through the inductor depend on the frequency and the inductance? If the frequency is
raised, there is less time to change the voltage. If the time interval is reduced, the change in current is also
reduced, so the current is lower. The current is also reduced if the inductance is increased.
As with the capacitor, this is usually put in terms of the effective resistance of the inductor. This effective
resistance is known as the inductive reactance. This is given by:
Where L is the inductance of the coil (this depends on the geometry of the coil and whether it’s got a
ferromagnetic core). The unit of inductance is the henry.
As with capacitive reactance, the voltage across the inductor is given by:
Fig6. RLC circuit

Consider what happens when resistors, capacitors, and inductors are combined in one circuit. If all three
components are present, the circuit is known as an RLC circuit (or LRC). If only two components are present,
it's either an RC circuit, an RL circuit, or an LC circuit.
The overall resistance to the flow of current in an RLC circuit is known as the impedance, symbolized by Z.
The impedance is found by combining the resistance, the capacitive reactance, and the inductive reactance.
Unlike a simple series circuit with resistors, however, where the resistances are directly added, in an RLC
circuit the resistance and reactance are added as vectors.
This is because of the phase relationships. In a circuit with just a resistor, voltage and current are in phase. With
only a capacitor, current is 90° ahead of the voltage and with just an inductor the reverse is true, the voltage
leads the current by 90°. When all three components are combined into one circuit, there has to be some
compromise.
To figure out the overall effective resistance, as well as to determine the phase between the voltage and current,
the impedance is calculated like this. The resistance R is drawn along the +x-axis of an x-y coordinate system.
The inductive reactance is at 90° to this, and is drawn along the +y-axis. The capacitive reactance is also at 90°
to the resistance, and is 180° different from the inductive reactance, so it's drawn along the -y-axis. The
impedance, Z, is the sum of these vectors, and is given by:
The current and voltage in an RLC circuit are related by V = IZ. The phase relationship between the current and
voltage can be found from the vector diagram: its the angle between the impedance, Z, and the resistance, R.
The angle can be found from:
If the angle is positive, the voltage leads the current by that angle. If the angle is negative, the voltage lags the
currents.
The power dissipated in an RLC circuit is given by:
Note that all of this power is lost in the resistor; the capacitor and inductor alternately store energy in electric
and magnetic fields and then give that energy back to the circuit.
 Types of Electrical Loads
An electrical loads a device or an electrical component that consumes electrical energy and convert; it into
another form of energy. Electric lamps, air conditioners, motors, resistors etc. are some of the examples of
electrical loads. They can be classified according to various different factors. Some popular classifications of
electrical loads are as follows.
Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive
Electrical loads can be classified according to their nature as Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and combinations
of these.
Resistive Load
 Two common examples of resistive loads are incandescent lamps and electric heaters.
 Resistive loads consume electrical power in such a manner that the current wave remains in phase with
the voltage wave. That means, power factor for a resistive load is unity.
Capacitive Load
 A capacitive load causes the current wave to lead the voltage wave. Thus, power factor of a capacitive
load is leading.
 Examples of capacitive loads are: capacitor banks, buried cables, capacitors used in various circuits such
as motor starters etc.
Inductive Load
 An inductive load causes the current wave to lag the voltage wave. Thus, power factor of an inductive
load is lagging.
where all accessories and items of electrical equipment are to be fitted. It is important to install all equipment in the
correct position. If a socket or switch is not placed where it should be it could end up hidden behind a cupboard or
radiator. When marking out, the position of accessories, equipment and cable drops are drawn on to the wall with a
pencil or chalk.
Information Sheet 4 Installing Wiring system
1Single way switch

Below is a simple step by step tutorial with schematic and wiring diagram which shows how to wire a light
switch to control the bulb/lamp from single place with the help of one way or single way switch?
Requirements:
Single Way Switch (SPST = Single Pole Single Through) x 1 No
Lamp (Light Bulb) x 1 No
Short pieces of cables x 3 No
This is just like a series circuit i.e. all the components are connected in series. Just connect the Neutral wire
directly to the light bulb and then connect the light bulb to the switch through middle wire. And then connect
the live wire to the switch as shown in fig below. Fig given below shows the basic connection of light switch
and their position i.e. when the switch is OFF, the circuit acts like an open circuit and the bulb won’t glow. To
switch on the bulb, switch S1 must be closed to complete the circuit and glow the light bulb.
Also note that home wire colors may vary according to different areas. In addition, always use and connect the
earth wire (direct naked wire to switches, and electrical appliances from earth link in the distribution board to
reduce the risk of electric shock and hazard) which is not shown in the figures above.
The required is to controlling one lamp from one positions by using one way switch controlling one lamp from
one location by using single pole single though (SPTS) switch. As we see fig 1.2 the switch is used to on/off the
lamp, if the switch is ON the lamp is ON and also if the switch is OFF the lamp gets OFF.
The phase line should be connect first with switch.
Fig 1.2
In the fig 1.3 required is to controlling two lamp from one positions by using one way switch controlling two
lamp from one location by using single pole single though (SPTS) switch. As we see fig 1.3 the switch is used
to on/off the lamps, if the switch is ON the lamps is ON and also if the switch is OFF the lamps gets OFF.
1.2 Two way light switch
In installing, we will show you how to make 2-way switching connection. A 2-way switching connection means
you can control an electrical equipment like bulb by two switches placed at different places, generally used in
the staircase. Two way switch can be operated from any of the switch independently, means whatever be the
position of other switch(ON/OFF), you can control the light with other switch.
Fig 1.3
In the fig 1.4 required is to controlling

one lamp from two positions by using two way switch controlling one lamp from two location by using two
way switch. As we see fig 1.4 the switch 1 and switch 2 independently is used to on/off the lamp.
Fig 1.4
Required Components
Two 2-way switches, Bulb, AC supply, connecting wire

As you see in the Schematic Diagram of 2 way switch circuit below, you will find that the phase/live is
connected with the common of the first 2-way switch. PIN1 & PIN2 of the first switch is connected with the
PIN1 & PIN2 of second switch respectively. One end of the bulb is connected with the Common Terminal of
second switch and other end of the Bulb is connected with Neutral line of AC power supply.
Note: In 2-wire control method when switches are in opposite state the light will be inn OFF state as shown in
circuit below:
1.3Controlling a light with three or more switches

For more than two switches, one or more 4-way switches are added between the 3-way switches. A 4-way
switch has two positions. In the first position, the contacts are connected straight through, so that the switch has
no effect. In position two, the switch cross connects the contacts on the left with the contacts on the right, in an
"X" connection.
Information Sheet 5 Responding Unplanned events or conditions
5.1 Responding unplanned events or conditions
It is essential that the unconditioned events observed in the following aspects:
 demonstrate knowledge of the Entertainment and Events Technology equipment and associated
disconnection, storage and cleaning requirements
 determine work requirements and plan and organize work to fulfill such requirements
 identify, select and use tools, equipment and material to complete tasks to specifications
 disconnect equipment and cables safely and in accordance with specifications
 handle material and equipment safely
 identify and report problems promptly and handle them as directed
 prepare equipment and storage site
 complete cleaning and storage related tasks in accordance with health and safety procedures
 Perform inspection and quality checks - interpret and apply technical information to work activities
 demonstrate compliance with Occupational Health and Safety regulations applicable to workplace
operations
 show compliance with organizational quality procedures and processes within the context of
disconnecting, cleaning and storing Entertainment and Events Technology equipment
 Interactively communicate with others to ensure safe and effective operations
In the fig 1.5 required is to controlling one lamp from three positions by using two way switch and
intermediate switch controlling one lamp from three location . The switch 1 , switch 2 and switch 3
independently is used to on/off the lamp.
Switch 1and switch 3 are two way switch and switch 2 is intermediate switch.
Fig 1.5
Name ……………………………………………… Date……………………………….
Direction I true or false
1. The phase line should be connect with switch before lamp

2. Lamp is connect next to switch
3. Two way switch is used to control a lamp from two position.
4. Single way switch is used to control lamp more than two position.
Say true if the sentence is correct and say false if the statement is incorrect
1. Interactively communicate with others to ensure safe and effective operations is available if unplanned
condition is happen
2. Perform inspection is available to responding unplanned events.

Establish an approval procedure for diagnosis and testing
Information Sheet 6
1 How to Create an Approval Process and Workflow
In any organization, work often needs to be formally approved before it can begin. Budgets, creative projects,
marketing initiatives, invoices, and many other work items all move through a series of approvals before they
are considered either ready for kickoff or complete. Many organizations create specific approval processes or
workflows that dictate how work should be approved (or rejected) every time to save time and ensure
standardization.
2 What Is an Approval Process?
An approval process is the method an organization uses to approve anything from documents, invoices, budgets,
and purchase orders, to a new process that a company wants to institute. Implementing an approval process can
standardize an organization’s internal processes, and also save time by creating a dependable, repeatable
system. Approval processes are a type of workflow, which is any sequence of work from initiation to
completion, that you can create to ensure work is approved the same way every time.
Creating an approval process can simply mean defining the procedures that you will follow to approve work.
3 Elements of an Approval Process

While each approval process will differ based on its purpose or the organization’s specific requirements, there
are some general tasks that you will likely include when designing your own. These include:
 Submission: An approval process usually begins with someone submitting something. You’ll need to
create a submission portal where users go to submit their work.
 Assign Approvers: you’ll need to identify the person or people who have the final say. If your process
has multiple approval levels, define who will approve which aspects of work at each level.
 Set Permission Levels: Define the level of authority each user should have. Most systems have features
to delineate among viewer, editor, and administrator permissions, so you can control who edits, rejects,
or approves submissions.
 Set Due Dates: As with any project, it’s important to set deadlines to keep your workflows moving and
prevent work backlogs.
 Record/Log: Having a record of every step in the approval process is one of its greatest benefits for
increasing transparency and ensuring consistency. If you plan on using an automated solution, look for a
program that offers the following capabilities:
 View User History: See who has made changes, to what, and when.
 Lock Record: This will make the record uneditable, so that no user can change the log of actions.
 Edit Record: In some cases, you might want the record to be kept editable - for instance, if you made a
mistake or need to keep certain information private from other parties. While we’re on the topic of
automated workflows, it’s important to note that some programs also offer additional functionality that
can create a more customized feel, or help disrupt some of the inflexibility that can come with
automation. Some of these functions include:
 Task Lists: It can be helpful to build task assignment into the approval process, allowing each employee
to clearly see their responsibilities, and informing management of resource allocation. Many of these
elements will be present in the approval process you design, regardless of the specific project or type or
organization. In the next section, we’ll discuss the software programs that allow you to build approval
processes and workflows, and additional features to consider.
Name …………………………………………………. Date………………………….
Say true if the sentence is correct and say false if the statement is incorrect
1. Approval processes are a type of workflow, which is any sequence of work from initiation to
completion, that you can create to ensure work is approved.
2. Record/Log means an approval process usually begins with someone submitting something.
3. In any organization, work often needs to be formally approved before it can begin.
Note: Satisfactory rating – 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

Matching
Direction Match the following <A> column with the given <B> column
A B
1. Single way switch A. operated from any of the switch independently

2. Two way switch B. over current protective device
3. Intermediate switch C. Single Pole Single Through
4. Circuit breaker D. output device
5. Lamp E. have two input and two output terminal

Level II
System
Lo3. Inspect and notify completion of work


 Inspecting installed apparatus
 Notifying work completion
 Testing completed termination / connections of wiring
Responding unplanned events or conditions
24. Then proceed to the next learning guide
25.
Inspection of installed apparatus

Information Sheet-1

1. Inspection of installed apparatus
Step 1 - before you start inspecting switch off the power and unplug the equipment. Never open the casing of
the equipment. If you suspect there is a fault inside the casing you should seek help from someone appropriately
qualified.
Step 2 - the electrical cable Run the cable slowly through your hands and feel for any lumps, cuts or rough
areas. At the same time inspect all round the cable whilst working down it a little section at a time. Watch
out for any areas that are discoloured, this might indicate an area of damage. Be particularly vigilant with
any part of the cable that may be prone to having equipment sat on it or that may be habitually curved or
twisted. These are sections that are likely to become damaged.
If any part of the outer insulation of the cable is breached, or if you have reason to believe that thewires
within it may be damaged, refer immediately to Step 5.
Fig 1
Begin your inspection of the plug by looking at the point where the cable enters it. The outer
insulation of the cable should be tightly gripped by the plug cable grip and none of the thinner
internal wires should be visible from the outside of the plug.
The plug casing Next look at the plug itself. The casing should not be cracked, chipped or damaged. There
should be no bent pins. If the plug is not permanently bonded to the cable you should be able to open the casing
using a small screwdriver. Again look closely at the point where the cable enters the plug through the cable
grip, this time examining it from the inside of the plug. As before, the outer cable should be securely gripped
and the thinner inner cables should emerge from the outer only beyond this point.
The wires within the plug Next examine each of the individual thinner cables. It is not necessary to unwire the
plug to do this. Make sure that the BROWN wire (RED in older equipment) is connected to the LIVE terminal
(usually labelled L), that the BLUE wire (BLACK in older equipment) is connected to the NEUTRAL terminal
(usually labelled N) and that the GREEN and YELLOW wire is connected to the EARTH terminal (often
labelled E, this is at the top of the plug). Ensure that there are no damaged parts on any of the cables and make
sure that there is no excess cable that may snag or be trapped when the plug is re-assembled. If any of the
smaller cables are too long you may see rub or pinch marks on the outer insulating surface. You should check
the point where the inner wires are connected to the plug terminals and ensure that there is not an excessive
amount of bare wire exposed. Ideally the insulating outer should cover the inner conducting wire entirely and no
conducting wire should be visible. In practice this is often difficult to achieve and it may be necessary to have a
gap of about one millimetre of conductor showing between the insulating material and the terminal.
Fig 2
Finally check the connections at each terminal. Ensure that the conducting wire is securely housed and that
no stray wires are sticking out. Make sure that the terminal screws are securely tightened.
What if there are only two wires inside the plug?
Remember that some appliances have a cable that contains only two wires (e.g. some desk lamps). If you
see only two wires when you open the plug take a close look at the end of the cable where these wires
emerge. Make sure that there isn't a third wire that has been cut off. You should also check that the two
wires are connected correctly. This means that the BROWN (RED in older equipment) wire should be
connected to the LIVE terminal and the BLUE (BLACK in older equipment) wire to the NEUTRAL just
as they are when three wires are present. In this case the only wire that should be missing is the GREEN
and YELLOW connection to the EARTH terminal.
Fig 3
Step 4 - the fuse Any plug that is designed to make a connection between a piece of equipment and a
mains socket should be fitted with a cartridge fuse. In the case of sealed plugs this fuse is located in a
compartment that can be opened from outside the plug. This compartment is located on the face of the plug
from which the pins protrude. In unsealed plugs the fuse is located inside the body of the plug and is
connected to the LIVE terminal next to the BROWN wire. When you open an unsealed plug to inspect the
cables and connections the fuse should be readily visib
Fig 4
If you know the energy usage then the correct fuse rating can be calculated using the table below
'Wattage' of Equipment = Fuse Rating
'Wattage' of Equipment Fuse Rating
Up to 600 Watts 3 Amps
Between 600 Watts and 1000 Watts (1KW) 5 Amps
Between 1KW and 3KW (3000 Watts) 13 Amps
Step 5 - Putting the equipment back into service
No faults observed
If you have found no faults it is now a simple matter to reassemble the plug. Before putting the
equipment back into use you should label the plug to show that an inspection has been carried
out.This label should give details of the date of inspection and who carried out the inspection.
Proprietary labels may be purchased, but it is perfectly acceptable to use self-adhesive labels so
long as they remain attached to the plug until the next inspection.
If you found one or more faults:
If you found any of the following simple faults you are likely to be competent to correct the by
yourself:
• Incorrect fuse
• Missing fuse
• Connections inside the plug are loose
• Outer cable is not gripped tightly by the cable grip.
After a little practice most people are able to rewire a plug if they have the correct equipment. If you do
not have the correct equipment to do this job, or if you feel it is beyond your ability you should seek
assistance. If the cable is damaged you should not attempt to repair this and should seek assistance.If you
have identified faults during the inspection that cannot be immediately fixed then the equipment should be
taken out of service until the necessary repairs can be undertaken. This can be achieved by removing it to
a secure storage area. If this is not possible the plug should be removed to prevent use. In all cases the
equipment should be labelled to indicate that it should not be used.
Step 6 - Keeping recordsThe department should keep a record of all of the equipment inspected.
This record should include a description of the equipment, dates of each inspection and
information about who carried out the inspection. You may also find it useful to record the size of
fuse the equipment should have in its plug and to keep a record of any major faults and the steps
taken to repair these.
Self-check 1 Written test
Name ………………………………………………. Date………………………………..
Direction Say true or false for the following question
1. If you start inspecting switch ON the power of the equipment

2. Recording should include a description of the equipment, dates of each inspection and
information about who carried out the inspection.
3. Connections inside the plug loose and Missing are c a n corrected by yourself:
4. If you have reason to believe that the wires within it may be damaged, refer to Putting the
equipment back into service
Note: Satisfactory rating - 5 points Unsatisfactory – 5 below
Testing completed termination / connections of wiring

Information Sheet-2
2.1 Functional test of installed apparatus

2.1.1 Initial Testing of an Installation
Before a utility will connect an installation to its supply network, strict pre-commissioning electrical tests and
visual inspections by the authority, or by its appointed agent, must be satisfied. These tests are made according
to local (governmental and/or institutional) regulations, which may differ slightly from one country to another.
The principles of all such regulations however, are common, and are based on the observance of rigorous safety
rules in the design and realization of the installation. IEC 60364-6-61 and related standards included in this
guide are based on an international consensus for such tests, intended to cover all the safety measures and
approved installation practices normally required for residential, commercial and (the majority of) industrial
buildings. Many industries however have additional regulations related to a particular product (petroleum, coal,
natural gas, etc.). Such additional requirements are beyond the scope of this guide. The pre-commissioning
electrical tests and visual-inspection checks for installations in buildings include, typically, all of the following:
 Insulation tests of all cable and wiring conductors of the fixed installation, between phases and between
phases and earth
 Continuity and conductivity tests of protective, equipotential and earth-bonding conductors
 Resistance tests of earthing electrodes with respect to remote earth
 Verification of the proper operation of the interlocks, if any
 Check of allowable number of socket-outlets per circuit
 Cross-sectional-area check of all conductors for adequacy at the short-circuit levels prevailing, taking
account of the associated protective devices, materials and installation conditions (in air, conduit, etc.)
 Verification that all exposed- and extraneous metallic parts are properly earthed (where appropriate)
 Check of clearance distances in bathrooms, etc.
2.1.2 Periodic Check Testing of an Installation

In many countries, all industrial and commercial-building installations, together with installations in buildings
used for public gatherings, must be re-tested periodically by authorized agents.
2.1.3 Testing of the Wiring Installation The test to be performed before a new installation or an addition to an
existing installation is connected to the supply mains are as follows.
1) Testing insulation resistance between the wiring and the earth with all fuses and lamps in and all
switches 'ON'.
2) The insulation resistance between the conductors with all lamps out and all switches 'ON'.
3) Testing of polarity of non-linked pole switches.
4) Testing of earth continuity path.
5) Testing of earth resistance
1. Testing of Insulation Resistance Between the Wiring and Earth:- The resistance offered to leakage from
conductors to earth is known as insulation resistance between the wiring and the earth. The values of
insulation resistance are so high that they are measured in Mega-ohms.
The aim of this test is to know weather the wires or cables used in the wiring system are sufficiently
insulated to avoid leakage of current. The instrument used to test the insulation resistance is known as
Megger.
Before making an insulation resistance ensures that: -
i. Main switch is in off position

ii. Main fuse is taken out
iii. All other fuses are in position
iv. All the switches are in 'on' position
v. All the lamps are in their position or the holders are short-circuited and
vi. Line and neutral terminals are shorted on the insulation resistance.
The measured resistance should not be less than 50 mega-ohms divided by the number of outlets.
2. Testing the Insulation Resistance between Conductors :- The objective of this test is to ensure that the
insulation is sound between the conductors so that there may not be an appreciable leakage between them.
In this case::-
i. The loop at the main switch is removed.

ii. All the lamps and metallic connections between the two wires of the insulation are removed from the
holders.
Reset of all things remaining the same i.e. the main switch off, main fuse with drawn, all other fuses in their
positions and all single pole switches in 'on' position, the terminals of the Megger are connected to the two poles
or lines of the installation and insulation resistance is measured between two conductors (line and neutral
conductors).
3. Testing Polarity of Single Pole Switches:- It is necessary that single pole switches should always be placed
in positive side or live side so that by making switch off the lamp can be made quite dead. The reason of it is
that if the switch is provided on neutral wire, then lamp holder or the fan as well as part of wiring will remain a
live, even when the single pole switch is in open position, which may lead to accidents.
To ensure that all switches are placed in phase or live conductors and not in neutral conductor, this test is
performed. The instrument used to test polarity of single pole switches is neon tube tester (Pocket neon testing
tube) or test lamp.
4. Testing of Earth Continuity Path:- For safely all the metallic pieces or covering such as conduits, metal
covers of switches, etc. must be solidly connected to earth otherwise on the damage of insulation, the leakage
current will start giving serve shock to the person touching it.
For earth continuity test, main switches should be opened, main fuse withdrawn, all other switches in on
position and lamps in their respective holders. One end of the earth continuity tester is connected to an
independent earth and the other end is connected to the wiring say to a switch or conduit. The pointer will
indicate the earth resistance, which should not exceed the value of one ohm. Higher than this value shows that
the conduit or switch has not been properly earthed.
5. Testing of Earth Resistance:- The determination of résistance between the earthing plate and the
surrounding ground in distribution system is of utmost important. This measurement is done by potential fall
method.
Fig.5 Testing of Earth Electrode resistance
The resistance area of an earth electrode is the area of soil around the electrode within which a voltage gradient
measurable with commercial instrument exists. In fig. 1, E is the earth electrode under test, A is an auxiliary
earth electrode positioned so that two resistance areas do not overlap. B is a second auxiliary electrode placed
half way between E and A.
An alternating current is passed through the earth path from E to A and the voltage drop between E and B is
measured.
Voltage drop between E and B V
The earth resis tan ce R= =
Current throuhg earth path I
To ensure that the resistance area do not overlap, the auxiliary electrode B is moved to positions B 1 and B2
respectively. If resistance values determined are of approximately the same magnitude in all the three cases, the
mean of the readings can be taken as the earth resistance of the earth electrode. Otherwise the auxiliary
electrode A must be driven in at a point further away from E and the above test repeated until a group of these
readings is obtained which are in good agreement.
Inspection of Internal Wiring Installation
Internal wiring should be inspected once a year and the following points should be checked while carrying out
inspection of the wiring installation.
1. Service Connections:- In case of overhead line, check and ensure that

i. The lines are terminated a sufficient distance away from the building
ii. The fuse wire of correct rating is provided on the phase line
iii. The lead-in-wires are of size sufficient to carry the full load current
2. Main Switch Board:- In case of ,main switch board please check up and ensure that
i. The voltage available is correct
ii. The main switch is provided close to the point of commencement of supply
iii. The fuse of correct size is provided on the live pole
iv. The phase and neutral wires are clearly marked for identification
v. Caution notice in English or other local language is placed.
3. Miscellaneous:- The points to be checked are
i. No branch circuit feeds more than the breaker can feed
ii. The single pole switches are provided on the live conductor
iii. The metallic frames of all power equipment are earthed by the independent earth conductors
Fault-Tracing in Circuits and Equipment
The types of fault which may occur in an electrical circuit fall into four general groups:
1. Open – circuit fault ( loss of continuity)

2. Earth fault ( low resistance between live conductor and earthed metalwork )
3. Short- circuit fault ( low resistance between phase and neutral conductors)
4. High- value series – resistance fault ( bad joint or loose connection in conduction path)
These fault types occur in lighting and power circuits, appliances, apparatus and electric motors; variations
do, occur with the type of electrical equipment. Before any fault can be found and rectified it is necessary
for the electrician to adopt a method or system based on a sound knowledge of circuitry and electrical
theory, and on experience. The electrician detailed to repair a fault circuit is in many ways like a doctor who
makes his diagnosis on the basis of the symptoms revealed through a visual inspection or a test using the
correct instruments . Haphazard tests carried out at random seldom lead to success in the quick location of
faults. The investigation must always be based on an intelligent assessment of the fault and its probable
causes, judged from its effects. In many instances, faults arise from installations or circuits which do not in
some way or other comply with the requirements of the IEE regulations, or else are used in such a manner
that the abuse results in a fault. Most faults are easily located by following up reports such as There was a
flash at the lamp; The wires got red hot; The lamp goes dim when it is switched on; or ‘The bedroom light
will come on only when the bathroom switch is ON ; By careful questioning, these reports will enable the
electrician to locate the fault quickly and restore the circuit to normal operation again. The following are
some common installation defects and omissions which eventually lead to faults’;
Fault-tracing in circuits and equipment
1. The provision of double –pole fusing on two wire systems with one pole permanently earthed. This
frequently occurs with final circuit distribution boards when the main and /or sub main control
equipment is single pole and solid neutral.
2. Fuse protection not related to the current rating of cables to be protected . This is very often due to the
equipment manufactures fitting the fuse- carriers with a fuse – element of maximum rating for the fuse-
units in the equipment.
3. Connecting boxes for sheathed- wiring systems placed in inaccessible positions in roof voids and
beneath floors, indiscriminate bunching of too may cables using screw- on or inadequate connections .
4. Insufficient protection provided for sheathed wiring, e.g. to switch positions and on joints in roof voids.
5. Incorrect use of materials, not resistant against corrosion, in damp situations (e.g. enameled conduit and
accessories and plain – steel fixing screws).
6. Inadequate or complete omission of segregation between cables and /or connections, hosed within a
common enclosure, supplying systems for extra- low voltage; or telecommunication and power and /or
lighting operating at a voltage excess if extra- low voltage.
7. Insufficient attention given to cleaning ends of conduit and/or providing bushings omission of bushings
to prevent abrasion of cables at tapped entries, particularly at switch positions.
8. Insufficient precautions taken against the entry of water to duct and /or trunking systems particularly
where installed within the floor.
9. Incorrect use of PVC insulated and /or sheathed cables and flexible cords instead of heat-resistant type,
for connections to immersion heaters, heaters, thermal- storage block heaters , etc.
10. Incorrect use of braided and twisted flexible cords for bathroom pendant fittings and similar situations
subject to damp or condensation .
11. The incorrect use of accessories, apparatus or appliances inappropriate for operating conditions of the
situation in which they are required to functions
12. Installation of cables of insufficient capacity to carry the starting current of motors. Causing excessive volt
drop.
13. Incorrect rating of fuse-element to give protection to the cables supplying the motor.
Open-circuit faults
The instrument used to locate this type of faults is the continuity . The usual effect of this fault is that the
apparatus or lamp in the circuit will not operate. The fault can be ( a) a break in a wire; (b) a very loose or
disconnected terminal or joint connection; (c) a blown fuse; (d) a faulty switchblade contact. The fuse
should always be easily inspected. The cartridge type can be tested for continuity of the fuse-element. If
the fuse has operated, the reason why it has done so must be found out . It is not enough to repair or replace
the fuse and leave it at that . A broken wire or a disconnection will show on the continuity tester as an
extremely high resistance in the khoum or me gohm ranges. Before each wire in the faulty circuit is tested
in turn (live feed, switch- wire and neutral) all mechanical connections should be inspected ( lamp holders ,
junction box, plug or the metal sheeting of convenient return when testing the continuity of very long
conductors . In an all insulated wiring system, other healthy conductor can be used as returns for testing
purposes making sure that the aright al connections are restored once the fault has been found .
Earth faults An earth fault between alive conductor and earthed metalwork will have the same effect as a
direct short – circuit : the circuit fuse will blow . To trace the fault . it is necessary to isolate the live
conductor from the neutral by removing all lamps etc, and placing all switches in the ON position . An
isolation- resistant ( IR) tester is used to trace this fault circuits should be subdivided as far as is possible to
finally locate the position of the fault . The reading obtained on the instrument used will be in the low-
ohms range. An earth fault on the neutral conductor seldom shows up except by an IR –to earth test on the
neutral conductor in most instances this type of fault does not affect the operation of the circuit or the
devices or equipment connected to it . However, it is important to rectify any such fault found, otherwise if
it is ignored it may cause a shock and fire hazard .
Short – circuit fault On testing the insulation resistance between the live and neutral conductors with an IR
tester, the reading will show itself in the low ohms range .again, subdivision of the installation at the
distribution board , and subdivision of the faulty circuit is the only way to locate and confirm the position
of the faults . Short circuits can occur as the result of damaged insulation bare wire in junction boxes and
fittings , or by a conductor becoming loose from terminals and moving so as to come into contact with a
conductor of opposite polarity. The result of short circuit is a blown fuse , though if there is a sufficiently
current can flow to blow the circuit fuse ) the result will be over heating of the conductors and sparking or
arcing at the point of contact . The test involves the removal of all lamps and appliances from
the faulty circuit, open all switches, and carry out an IR test between the live and neutral conductors . If
the reading obtained is satisfactory , close each circuit switch in turn until the faulty conductor, a switch
wire, is located. If a low or near-zero reading is obtained on the first test, the circuit will have to be
disconnected at convenient points until the faulty wire is isolated .
High- value series –resistance faults This type of fault is most difficult to trace as it usually means that a
connection, joint or termination has become loose . the effect of this is invariably dim lights; or motor
going very slowly and heating up : in new installations the demises of the lamps may well be caused by a
wrong connection in junction box resulting in two or more lamps being connected in series .
Main faults in new wiring Faults in new wiring are generally the of careless or inadvertent wrong connections
which will either blow a fuse , cause lamps to operate dimly as above, not work at all or work only when
another circuit switch is placed on the ON position . If a lamp lights only when another switch in the same
final circuit is ON this indicates that the live feed to the faulty lamp has been looped from the switch – wire
side of the previous circuit switch instead of from the live- feed side . The fact that overloading a circuit
will blow a fuse should not be overlooked .
Faults in fluorescent –lamp circuits The following tables summaries the faults , effects and the remedies
associated with fluorescent –lamp circuits.
Faults in motors and circuits Table 28-4 sum arises briefly the faults . effects and remedies associated with
motors and their associated circuitry and control gear. Because the voltage of low – and extra- low voltage
circuits is relatively small, small, a poor or dirty contact will immediately prevent bells and similar devices
from operating . These faults are thus most difficult to trace, and it is often a matter of systematic checking
for continuity ( zero or near –zero) readings . The prevention of faults in ELV circuits is more often than
not a matter of regular periodic maintenance attention ( cleaning contacts, tightening connections, etc ) than
anything else .
Fault –finding in fluorescent lamp fittings
N item Test to be applied

O
1 Supply and fuse Check supply voltage at input to fitting. Check polarity of incoming supply
and ensure frame is earthed. If fuse has blown, suspect circuit or
component and find the fault before replacing fuse.
2 Lamp Check lamp in a good fitting and if proved faulty replace with a new lamp.
Remember, Never try a new Lamp in a fitting which has faulty components
circuit.
3 Circuit Examine wiring inside the fitting and if possible check against the wiring
diagram check insulation resistance between the circuit and the metal
frame of the fitting. The resistance should be above 2 megohms . If an earth
fault is found . trance the cause and replace the component.
4 ballast chokes Examine for signs of overheating . if possible check continuity of windings
and insulation resistance compare the impedance or inductance against a
good replica.
5 Examine
Capacitors
for leakage Examine for leakage or damage. If possible check the capacitance and check
that discharge resistor has value between ¼ -1 megaohm . the insulation
resistance between case and terminals should be above 2 megaohms .
6 Check
Sartre
operation
switchesof s Check operation of starter in another good circuit and , if found faulty, fit a new
replacement.
7 Ambient Remember that normal fluorescent fittings may overheat if the surrounding
conditions temperature is above 30-15oC . Lamp starting may
be difficult with some types of circuit if the
temperature is below 5 oC .
Date: march 2022

Author: electro technology
Visual Inspection
The quality of visual inspection is dependent on the experience and knowledge of the person carrying out the
inspection. Visual inspection should lead testing with instruments and must of course be prior to the installation
being made live. It may be necessary to inspect some parts of an installation during the construction phase as these
parts may be concealed later. A checklist for a Domestic Installation might read as follows:
Fixed Wiring
1. Correct type.
2. Correct voltage rating.
3. Correct current rating.
4. Correct color coding.
5. Permitted volt-drop not exceeded.
6. Protected against mechanical damage and abrasion (scrap).
7. Non-sheathed cables protected by enclosure in conduit, duct or trunking.
8. Not exposed to direct sunlight or, if so exposed, of a suitable type.
9. Correctly selected and installed for use on exterior walls etc.
10. Internal radii of bends.
11. Correctly supported.
Flexible Cables and Cords

1. Correct type.
2. Correct voltage rating.
3. Correct current rating.
4. Correct color coding.
5. Selected for resistance to damage by heat.
6. Cable coupler used for joints.
7. Final connections to fixed apparatus as short as possible.
Terminations
1. All terminations enclosed.
2. Conductors doubled back where possible.
3. All strands securely clamped in terminals.
Date: march 2022

4. No damage to conductor.
5. Proper terminal used.
6. Braid / sheath cut back to identify core color and provide flexibility at the termination.
7. Braid / sheath not removed outside of enclosure.
8. Bare protective conductors sleeved green/yellow.
9. Insulation not clamped in terminal.
10. No mechanical damage on terminations, loose available
11. Terminations accessible for inspection, except as otherwise permitted.
12. Tightened sufficiently, mechanically and electrically sound.
13. Enclosure cover fitted properly.
Lighting Switches
1. Adequate current rating.
2. Readily accessible.
3. Installed at correct height, e.g. centered at 1100 mm.
4. Labeled to indicate purpose, where this is not obvious.
5. Single-pole switches connected only in phase conductors.
6. Earthing of exposed metalwork, e.g. metal switch plate.
7. Protective conductor terminated in an earthing terminal.
8. Not installed in the incorrect zone in a shower or bathroom.
Ceiling Roses
1. Fixed in position.
2. Protective conductor connected to earthing terminal.
3. Phase terminal shrouded to prevent accidental contact.
4. Switch wires identified as live (phase ) conductors.
5. Suitable for the weight suspended.
Trunking
1. Constructed of non-combustible insulating material.
2. Securely fixed and adequately protected against mechanical damage.
3. Covers securely fixed.
Date: march 2022

4. Holes surrounding trunking made good to prevent spread of fire.
Protection
1. Distribution board correct and mounted in suitable location.
2. Earth Electrode connection accessible and correct.
3. Main switch fuse or MCB fitted.
4. Socket circuits protected by an RCD (Residual Current Device). ( some exceptions )
5. Immersion heater circuit protected by an RCD.
6. Shower circuit protected by an RCD.
7. Box or other enclosure securely fixed.
8. Flush box, level with wall surface to ensure non-combustible enclosure.
9. No damage to cables by sharp edges, screw heads etc.
Socket Outlets
1. Correct type.
2. 30cm to 40cm above the floor or working surface except in shower or bathroom.
3. Correct polarity.
4. Earthing tail from metal box, to earthing terminal of socket outlet.
Joint Boxes
1. Fixed in position.
2. Accessible for inspection.
3. Protected against mechanical damage.
4. Protective conductors correctly connected.
Testing
On completion of the visual inspection the following tests must be completed where applicable: They must be
carried out in the following order.
Tests before connection of the installation to the supply:

1. Continuity of all protective conductors.
Date: march 2022

2. Continuity of ring final circuit conductors.
3. Insulation Resistance of the electrical installation.
4. Protection by separation of circuits.
5. Polarity test.
6. Electrical strength test.
Tests after connection of the installation to the supply

1. Automatic disconnection of supply including earthing and bonding.
2. Functional tests.
If the installation should fail any test, the fault must be rectified before any further testing is done. That test and
any preceding tests that may have been affected by the fault should now be repeated. If all is satisfactory continue
with testing as above.
Continuity of Protective Conductors

This test is to ensure that:
 All protective conductors and bonding conductors are electrically sound and correctly connected and
continuous throughout their length. (Remember that this includes the Main Protective Conductor and the
Earthing Conductor).
 All equipment and accessories are properly connected to the protective conductor where required.
 All bonding connections and clamps are making good electrical contact.
Fig 6
Date: march 2022

Protective conductor resistance equals Meter reading minus Test lead resistance
Note: When carrying out this test it is essential to be aware that parallel paths can exist through extraneous
conductive parts. If this is the case the conductor under test should be disconnected from its terminal and
any other conductor.
Test of Main Equipotential Bonding on a Domestic System

with Metallic Incoming Services
Fig 7
Test of Main Equipotential Bonding on a Domestic System
with Non-Metallic Incoming Services
Date: march 2022

Fig 8
Test of Bathroom Equipotential Bonding System
Date: march 2022

Fig 9
Date: march 2022

Test of Kitchen Equipotential Bonding System
Fig 10
Continuity of Ring Final Circuit Conductors
This test is to verify that ring final circuits are:
1. Correctly wired and connected.
2. Continuous throughout. ( Step 1 )
3. Their conductors are not interconnected or bridged. ( Step 2 )
Test Instrument Required

A low reading DC Ohmmeter capable of passing a minimum test current of 200 mA. There are two steps involved
in completing this test.
Method
Disconnect the phase, neutral and earth conductors from their terminals in the distribution board. Separate them
from each other. Measure the resistance of each of the three loops individually and record the readings taken. The
Date: march 2022

phase and neutral readings should be equal. The protective conductor may have a different cross-sectional area to
that of the phase and neutral.
Test of Continuity of Ring Final Circuit Conductors
Insulation Resistance
Fig 11
This test is to ensure that there are no short circuits between live conductors or between live conductors and earth,
and that there is no deterioration in insulation resistance caused by damage or dampness.
A direct voltage is applied, to test insulation resistance as the capacitive current quickly falls to zero so that it has
no effect on the measurement. A high voltage is used because this will often break down poor insulation or surface
Date: march 2022

leakage paths. In other words the high voltage may show up insulation weaknesses which would not be noticed at
lower voltage levels. An insulation resistance tester measures the applied voltage and the resulting leakage current
flow. The resistance displayed, is obtained by an internal calculation based on Ohm’s Law.
As the effective capacitance of the system charges up, the leakage current reduces. A steady insulation resistance
reading indicates that the cables are fully charged, and that the capacitive component of the test current has fallen
to zero. If a wiring system is wet and / or dirty, the surface leakage component of test current will be high, giving
a low insulation resistance reading. Insulation resistances are all effectively connected in parallel. The total
insulation resistance will therefore be lower than that of each individual circuit. In a large electrical installation, the
total insulation resistance may be lower than that of a smaller installation.
Warning:
Ensure that circuits are not live before commencing testing. Never turn the function dial whilst the test button is
depressed. This may damage the instrument. Never touch the circuit under test during insulation resistance testing.
Before testing always check the following:-
 The “battery low” indicator is not showing.
 There is no visual damage to the tester or test leads.
 Check the continuity of the test leads.
To check the continuity of the test leads:

Select the continuity function- and the lowest resistance range. Short the test leads together.
 The reading should be almost Zero Ohms.
 An over-range OR indication will mean that the leads are faulty or the instrument fuse is blown.
Select the required test voltage (250 V, 500 V or 1000 V ) by rotating the function dial.
Note: - The test voltage used for low voltage installations is 500 Volts.
Pre Test Procedures and Observations
1. The installation must be disconnected from the supply.
Date: march 2022

2. The Main Protective Conductor must be disconnected from the supply neutral.
3. All fuses are intact and all MCBs and switches are closed.
4. All current using equipment including lamps, pilot lights, bell transformers, smoke alarm
units, timers etc. are disconnected or otherwise excluded from the test between live
conductors.
5. Note:- Where disconnection or removal of these items is impractical the control switches
should be in the off position. Items left in circuit will cause false low readings.
6. Any equipment containing electronic circuitry must be disconnected or switched off in order
to prevent damage by the high test voltage
Insulation Resistance between All Live Conductors and the Protective Conductor
Method
Connect all live and neutral conductors together at the distribution board and test between them and the
protective conductor. The reading obtained should be 1 MΩ or greater.
An infinitely high resistance reading would be ideal.

Test of Insulation Resistance between all Live Conductors and the Protective Conductor
Date: march 2022

Fig 12
N.B. Do not forget to remove the temporary link.
When testing two way or two way and intermediate lighting circuits, it is essential that both of the two way
switches are switched over and the test repeated at each stage. This is to ensure that all strappers and switch wire
are included in the test.
Date: march 2022

Fig 13
Insulation Resistance between Live Conductors
Method
Test between phase and neutral conductors. The reading obtained should be 1 MΩ or greater. An infinitely high
resistance reading would be ideal.
Test for Insulation Resistance between Live Conductors
Date: march 2022

Fig 14
Polarity
This test is carried out to ensure that:

 Polarity at the main supply point is correct.
 The phase conductor is connected to fuses, single pole circuit breakers and switches.
 Incoming supply is connected to back contact of screw in type fuses.
 The phase conductor is connected to the center contact of ES type lamp holders.
 All wiring is correctly connected at socket outlets and other similar accessories.
The continuity of the protective conductor has already been verified. This test can be completed in basically the
same manner. Ensure that all appliances, lamps etc are unplugged or otherwise removed. With the circuit MCB in
the “off” position, connect one end of the long trailing lead to the outgoing terminal of the circuit MCB. Using the
other end in conjunction with the test meter leads, take readings from the phase terminal of all the points around
the circuit e.g. switches, luminaries, sockets etc. Continuity (approx. resistance of conductor involved ) at each
outlet ensures that polarity is correct.
Date: march 2022

If the supply is disconnected from the installation the long trailing lead may be connected to the phase busbar and
the MCB should then be left in the “on” position.
Test of Polarity of Socket Circuits
Fig 15
Test of Polarity of Lighting Circuits

This test must be done with the supply disconnected and may be carried out as follows:
Remove circuit FUSE or open MCB. Remove all lamps from relevant circuit. Connect one end of the long trailing
lead to the outgoing terminal of the circuit MCB. Using the other end in conjunction with the test meter leads, take
readings from the phase terminal at all the points around the circuit e.g. switches and ES lampholders. Continuity
(approx. resistance of conductor involved) at each point ensures that polarity is correct.
If the supply is disconnected from the installation the long trailing lead may be connected to the phase busbar and
the MCB should then be left in the “on” position.
Date: march 2022

Fig 16
Note:
The circuit switch must be operated when checking polarity of ES lamp holder.
Hazards Associated with Live Testing

1. The circuit under test should be isolated prior to connecting any test equipment and then made live in order
to conduct the test.
2. It is essential that all leads and crocodile clips are in good condition.
3. Care must be taken to ensure that leads do not short to each other or to earth.
Date: march 2022

Name ……………………………………………. Date……………………………………..
Say true or false

1. Continuity test of all protective conductors must before connection of the installation to the supply
2. In Pre Test Procedures and Observations the installation must be disconnected from the supply.
3. Care must be taken to ensure that leads do short to each other to test battery cell
4. The instrument used to test the insulation resistance is known as Megger.
Matching
A B
1. Open – circuit fault A. low resistance between phase and neutral conductors
2. Earth fault B. loss of continuity
3. Short- circuit fault C. low resistance b/n live conductor and earthed metalwork
Information Sheet-3 Notification of completion work
Date: march 2022

Verification and Certification
New electrical installations and extensions to existing installations must be inspected and tested. This is done to
ensure that all electrical equipment has been correctly selected, installed and interconnected. Two categories of
tests must be carried out on an installation. One test is carried out prior to the installation being made live for the
first time, and the other when the installation is live. Both tests must be carried out by competent persons using
prescribed test equipment. They also must be carried out in a particular sequence. The results of the tests are
recorded and a copy given to the installation owner.
How to notify work all notifiable work must be notified using one of the three routes
Route 1: Direct notification through Local Authority Building ControlThe homeowner must contact
Building Control directly to ensure that a Building Control Officer visits the installation and issues a
compliance certificate. The cost for this can vary depending on area.
Route 2: Self-certification through a recognized scheme
Route 3: Certification by a registered Third Party In the latest Approved Document, a provision has been
made for an alternative route for installers who are not registered competent persons (Route 2) and wish to
appoint a registered third-party certifier to inspect and test the work as necessary. Note that there is no
process as yet to facilitate this route for building regulations notification.
The notification process: The core principle of EBCS is to keep the additional paperwork and hassle that you
have to endure to an absolute minimum. To this end, we have implemented a system whereby all the
responsibility of notifying the homeowner and the relevant Local Authority of the installation is handled by
us – all you need to do is inform us once you have completed the installation. We do not require you to
submit the BS7671 test results and certificates to us.
Who needs to be notified? It is a legal requirement that each notifiable installation carried out by a registered
contractor needs to be notified to three separate bodies:
• The relevant self-certifying scheme
• The relevant Local Authority
Date: march 2022

• The householder
 Testing completed termination / connections of wiring
Name ………………………………………..………….. Date………………..

Direction 1 Say true or false
1. New electrical installations and extensions to existing installations must be inspected and tested.
2. Tests must be carried out by competent persons using prescribed test equipment.
Direction 2 Blank space
1. How to notify work

a. …………………………………
b. …………………………………
c. …………………………………
Date: march 2022

LAP Test Practical Demonstration
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, workshop, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 8 hours.
Task 1: identify the required material and equipment for electrical tests.
Task2: construct DC parallel and series circuit
Task3: measure voltage and current in DC circuit.
Task 4: tests voltage, current, resistance, continuity in DC and AC circuit.
Operation sheet 1 Terminating/ connecting electrical wiring/electronic circuits
PURPOSE: it is used to connect or splice electrical wire/ conductors together.

CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS FOR THE OPERATIONS: Workshop equipped with the require tool
and material separate containers provided.
EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS:
Supplies & Materials Tools & Instruments Equipment
Soldering lead Flat nose pliers Soldering gun
Cables Cable knife Goggles
Date: march 2022

Wires Screw drivers Gloves
insulating materials Insulation remover Multi-tester
Soldering lead Flat nose pliers
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare the wires for splicing.
2. Enough insulation is removed to make the splice.
3. Bring the wires to a crossed position and make a long twist or bend in each wire.
4. Wrap one end of the wire and then the other end four or five times around the straight portion of each wire.
5. Press the ends of the wires down as close as possible to the straight portion of the wire.
6. wrapped over the splice Western Union Splice
PRECAUTIONS: Some rubber tapes are made for special applications. These types are semiconducting and will
pass electrical current, which presents a shock hazard. These types of tape are packaged similar to the latex rubber
tape. Care should be taken to insulate splices only with latex rubber insulating tape.
QUALITY CRITERIA: All these tasks should be performed using correctly according to the given procedure.
Western Union Spliceshould have to attractive and functional.
LAP Test Practical Demonstration
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, workshop, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 8 hours.
Task 1: identify the required material and equipment for terminate/connect electrical wire.
Task2: practice Staggering Splices, Fixture Joint, Rattail Joint and Knotted Tap Joint
Task3: solder each type of splice.
Date: march 2022

Task 4: apply insulate for splice.
Date: march 2022

REFERENCE
1. CED ENGINEERING.COM continuing Education and Development, Wiring Techniques.
2. "Fuse Element Fatigue" (PDF). Cooper Busman. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
3. A. Wright, P.G. Newber (Jan 1, 2004). Electric Fuses, 3rd Edition. IET. pp. 124–125.
4. Robert Friedel and Paul Israel, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention, Rutgers University
Press, New Brunswick New Jersey USA,1986 ISBN 0-8135-1118-6 pp.65-66
5. "1920-1929 Stotz miniature circuit breaker and domestic appliances", ABB, 2006-01-09, accessed 4 July
2011
6. Flurscheim, Charles H., ed. (1982). "Chapter 1". Power Circuit Breaker Theory and Design (Second ed.).
IET. ISBN 0-906048-70-2.
Date: march 2022


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Adama poly technic college

Industrial Electrical/Electronic Control Technology

 Perform installation and termination of wiring system/ electronic circuits

 Inspect and notify completion of work

General Wire-Stripping Instructions

Self-Check 1 Written Test

1. List elements of receiving and checking incoming materials. (7 points)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 7 points Unsatisfactory - below 7 points

1.3. OHS policies and procedures

 Following safe work practices

Working with or near electricity or power lines

1.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 SAFETY BELTS AND STRAPS

When can PPE be used?

What standard of PPE is required?

How do I choose the right PPE for the job?

Self-check: 1 Written test

Direction I. Say true or false for the following questions

Direction II. Choose best answer

Types of electrical diagram

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #

 Perform installation and termination of wiring system/ electronic circuits

 Inspect and notify completion of work

1.1, splicing & joining of wires

Figure 2.2 Western Union splice.

Figure 2.4 Rattail joint.

Figure 2.6 Knotted tap joint.

The minimum nominal cross-sectional area of conductor shall be:

b) 10.0mm2 for bare copper conductors for power circuits;

c) 16.0mm2 for bare aluminum conductors for power circuits

 Perform installation and termination of wiring system/ electronic

Information Sheet-3 circuits

1.1. Electronic circuits

Electrical DC Parallel Circuit with Three Resistors

Fig1. DC Parallel Circuit

Series and Parallel Circuit

Fig2. Series and Parallel Circuit

Fig3. Resistance in an AC circuit

The relationship V = IR applies for resistors in an AC circuit, so

Fig5. Inductance in an AC circuit

Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the circuit above gives:

Fig6. RLC circuit

 Types of Electrical Loads

Information Sheet 4 Installing Wiring system

1Single way switch

Single Way Switch (SPST = Single Pole Single Through) x 1 No

Lamp (Light Bulb) x 1 No

Short pieces of cables x 3 No

The phase line should be connect first with switch.

In the fig 1.4 required is to controlling

Two 2-way switches, Bulb, AC supply, connecting wire

1.3Controlling a light with three or more switches

5.1 Responding unplanned events or conditions

It is essential that the unconditioned events observed in the following aspects:

Name ……………………………………………… Date……………………………….

Direction I true or false

1. The phase line should be connect with switch before lamp

Note: Satisfactory rating - 2 points Unsatisfactory - below 2 points

1 How to Create an Approval Process and Workflow