UID QUESTION BANK FOR 2ND INTERNAL EXAM

UNIT -2
3.Discuss the different Ethnographic observations in development process.
Ethnographic Observation
➢ The early stages of most methodologies include observation of users. Since interface users form a unique
culture, ethnographic methods for observing them in the workplace are becoming increasingly important.
➢ Ethnographers work or home environments to listen and observe carefully, sometimes stepping forward to
ask questions and participate in activities.
➢ Ethnographers, user-interface designers gain insight into individual behavior and the organizational context.
➢ The goal of this observation is to obtain the necessary data to influence interface redesign.
➢ Unfortunately, it is easy to observations, to disrupt normal practice and to overlook important information.
I. Preparation
Understand organization policies and work culture.
Familiarize yourself with the system and its history.
II. Field Study
Establish rapport with managers and users.
Observe or interview users in their workplace, and collect subjective objective quantitative and
qualitative data.
III. Analysis
Compile the collected data in numerical, textual, and multimedia databases.
Quantify data and compile statistics.
IV. Reporting
Consider multiple audiences and goals.
Prepare a report and present the findings.
4. Write short notes on

• Participatory Design

• Scenario Development

• Social Impact Statement for Early Design Review

5. Write about the Legal Issues that affects the implementation or marketing of user
interface design.
When it comes to the implementation and marketing of user interface (UI) design, several
legal issues can arise. These can significantly impact how designs are created, used, and
promoted. Here are some key legal considerations:
Potential Controversies are :
• What material is eligible for copyright?
• Are copyrights or patents more appropriate for user interfaces?
• What constitutes copyright infringement?
• Should user interfaces be copyrighted?
• Evolving public policies related to:
— Privacy
— Liability related to system safety/reliability
— Freedom of speech
Content Moderation and Censorship
• User-generated Content: UIs often incorporate user-generated content, raising
questions about the extent to which companies can moderate or censor this content.
The legal principle of freedom of speech complicates decisions around what content
to allow or remove.

Copyright: UI designs can be protected by copyright if they possess sufficient originality. This
means that any unique visual elements or layout can be copyrighted, which may restrict how
similar designs can be created or marketed.
Data Privacy Regulations: UI designs that collect user data must incorporate features that
comply with these laws. This affects how data is presented, consent mechanisms are
integrated, and user information is stored.
Consumer Protection Laws
• Misleading Information: UI designs that convey misleading information about a
product or service can attract scrutiny under consumer protection laws.
• User Experience vs. User Manipulation: Laws against dark patterns—designs that
trick users into actions they may not intend.
•

E-commerce Regulations
• Refund Policies and User Rights: E-commerce platforms must comply with
regulations regarding refunds and user rights.
• Secure Transactions: Implementing UI elements that ensure secure transactions is
not just best practice; it’s often legally mandated.
Unit-3
6.Explain the variety of expert-review methods in evaluating multiple design.
Expert Reviews
• While informal demos to colleagues or customers can provide some useful feedback, more
formal expert reviews have proven to be effective.
• Expert reviews entail one-half day to one week effort, although a lengthy training period
may sometimes be required to explain the task domain or operational procedures.
• There are a variety of expert review methods to chose from:
▪ Heuristic evaluation- Review UI to determine compliance with a short list of design
heuristics (e.g “The 8 golden rules of UI design”)
▪ Guidelines review - Review UI for conformance with the guidelines document.
Because guidelines documents may contain a thousand items or more, it may take
expert reviewers some time to absorb them and days or weeks to review large
interface.
▪ Consistency inspection - Verify consistency across several UIs, within a UI, or within a
tutorial
▪ Cognitive walkthrough – Experts verify simulate users walking through the interface
to carry out typical tasks. An expert may try the walkthrough privately and explore
the system
▪ Metaphors of human thinking- Experts conduct an inspection that focuses on how
user thinks when interacting with an interface. They consider five aspects of human
thinking
8. Explain any five methods used in the evaluation during active use.

Unit-4
 Chapter-1
17. Give five examples of direct-Manipulation systems. Discuss briefly.
Examples of Direct Manipulation
• A favourite example of direct manipulation is driving an automobile. The scene is directly
visible through the front window and performance of actions such as braking, and steering
has become common knowledge in our culture.
To turn left, for example, the driver simply rotates the steering wheel to the left. The
response is immediate and the scene changes, providing feedback to refine the turn.
• Now imagine how difficult it would be trying to accurately turn car by typing command or
selecting “turn left 30 degrees” from a menu. The graceful interaction in many applications is
due to increasingly elegant application of direct manipulation.
1. Word Processor history and current status

▪ It may be hard for users of word processors to believe, but in the early 1980s,
text editing as done with line-oriented command languages.
▪ Users might see only one line at a time! Typed commands were needed to
move the one-line window up or down, or to make any changes.
▪ Advantages
▪ ➢ Users see a full page of text
▪ ➢ The document is seen as it will appear when printed
▪ ➢ Cursor action is visible
▪ ➢ Labelled icons make frequent actions rapid
▪ ➢ Easily reversible actions

2. The VisiCalc spreadsheet and its descendants

▪ The first electronic spreadsheet, VisiCalc built with an “instantly calculating

electronic worksheet” that permitted computation and immediate display of
result across 254 rows and 63 columns.
▪ Competitors to VisiCalc emerged quickly; but the current leader is Microsoft’s
Excel which provides numerous feature and specialized additions.
▪ The huge number of features are invoked with menus or toolbars, and
extensibility is provided by powerful macro facilities.

3. Office automation history

▪ Designers of early office-automation systems used direct-manipulation

principles. Offered sophisticated text-formatting options, graphics, multiple
fonts, and a high-resolution, cursor-based user interface.
▪ User could move a document icon to printer icon generate a hardcopy printout.
▪ The hardware and software designs supported rapid and continuous graphical
interaction for pull-down menus, window manipulation, editing of graphics and
text, and dragging of icons.
4. Spatial data Management

▪ In geographic applications, it seems natural to give a spatial representation in

the form of a map that provides a familiar model of reality.
▪ Users were seated before a color-graphics display of the world and could zoom
in on the Pacific Ocean to see markers for convoys of military ships. By moving
the Joystick, users caused the screen zooming displayed detailed data such as
ultimately, a full-color picture of the captain.
▪ Later attempts at spatial data management included Information Visualizer,
which was an ensemble of tools for three-dimensional animated, organization
charts.

5. Video games

▪ For many people, the most exciting, well-engineered, and commercially

successful application of the direct-manipulation concepts lies in the world of
video games.
▪ Field of action is visual and compelling
▪ Commands are physical actions whose results are immediately shown on the
screen
▪ No syntax to remember
19.Write short notes on
i) 3D Interfaces

ii) Teleportation
iii)virtual and Augmented Reality.

- Visual display
- Head position sensing
- Hand held manipulation
- Force feedback and handling
- Sound input output