OOPS

UNIT 5
PART A

1._______________class in JavaFX is the base class for all events?

A) javafx.event.Event B) javafx.event.EventBase C) javafx.event.EventSource

D) javafx.event.BaseEvent

2.Which method is used to handle key events in JavaFX?

A) setOnKeyPressed() B) addKeyListener() C) setOnKeyReleased() D) setOnKeyTyped()

3.The event type is fired when the user clicks the mouse button?

A) MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED B) MouseEvent.MOUSE_PRESSED C)

MouseEvent.MOUSE_RELEASED D) MouseEvent.MOUSE_ENTERED

4.Which control is used to create a selectable checkbox in JavaFX?

A) CheckBox B) RadioButton C) ToggleButton D) Button

5.When using a ScrollPane in JavaFX, what happens if you set scrollPane.setPannable(false);?

A) Disables scrolling through content with the mouse wheel. B) Prevents panning of the

content by clicking and dragging.

C) Locks the scroll position to the top of the content.

D) Disables the scrollbar visibility.

6.What does a ToggleButton represent in JavaFX?

A) A button that toggles between two states B) A button that opens a menu

C) A button that submits a form D) A button that clears a text field

7.Which control is used to display a list of items from which a user can select?

A) ChoiceBox B) ComboBox C) ListView D) ScrollPane

8.The purpose of a ComboBox control _____________

A) To display a drop-down list of items B) To display a fixed set of radio buttons

C) To create a group of checkboxes D) To display a scrollable list

9.Which control provides a scrollable list of options where a single item can be chosen?

A) ChoiceBox B) ListView C) ComboBox D) TextArea

10.Which layout arranges children in a horizontal row?

A) VBox B) FlowPane C) BorderPane D) HBox

11.In JavaFX, how do you create a context menu that appears when the user right-clicks on a node?

A) Use ContextMenu class with setOnContextMenuRequested() B) Use PopupMenu class

with setOnMouseRightClick(). C) Use ContextMenu class with setOnMouseClicked()

D) Use PopupMenu class with setOnContextMenuRequested()

12.Which control in JavaFX is typically used for allowing the user to select multiple options from a
list? A) RadioButton B) ListView C) ChoiceBox D) ComboBox

13.The layout stack children on top of each other?

A) GridPane B) StackPane C) HBox D) VBox

14.What is the purpose of the setOnMouseEntered method in JavaFX?

A) To handle mouse drag events B) To handle mouse clicks

C) To execute code when the mouse pointer enters the boundary of a control

D) To change the style of the control when the mouse exits its boundary

15.What distinguishes a StackPane layout from other JavaFX layouts like HBox and VBox? A) It

allows for precise positioning of nodes within a grid.

B) It arranges nodes in a horizontal or vertical line

C) It stacks nodes directly on top of each other, allowing for overlays D) It arranges

nodes in distinct regions like top, bottom, left, and right

16.Which class is used to create a menu in JavaFX?

A) Menu B) MenuBar C) MenuItem D) MenuPane

17.Which method is used to register an event handler for a JavaFX button?

A) setOnClick() B) addEventHandler() C) setOnAction() D) handleEvent()

18.Which of the following is a correct way to handle a mouse click event on a JavaFX Button?

A) button.setOnMouseClicked(e -> { /* code */ });

B) button.addEventHandler(MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED, e -> { /* code */ });

C) button.setOnAction(e -> { /* code */ });

D) Both A and B

19. How do you add a MenuItem to a Menu?

A) Using getItems().add() B) Using addMenuItem() C) Using add() D) Using addChild()

20.The method is used to set the action for a MenuItem _____________ A)

setOnAction() B) setAction() C) setOnClick() D) addActionListener()

21.What does a ScrollPane control provide?

A) A way to scroll through content B) A way to switch between tabs

C) A way to resize controls D) A way to handle user input

22.How do you add content to a ScrollPane?

A) Using setContent() B) Using addContent() C) Using getChildren().add() D) Using add()

23.The purpose of TextField in JavaFX _____________

A) To display a single-line text input B) To display multiple lines of text

C) To create a text area with scrolling D) To display a label

24.Which control allows for displaying and editing multiple lines of text?

A) TextField B) TextArea C) Label D) Button

25.In a GridPane, which method sets the position of a node?

A) add() B) setPosition() C) setCell() D) addNode()

26.The layout ideal for creating a form with labeled field is _____________

A) GridPane B) HBox C) VBox D) FlowPane

27.What does VBox layout do in JavaFX?

A) Arranges children horizontally B) Arranges children vertically

C) Arranges children in a grid D) Stacks children on top of each other

28.The method used to set the style of a JavaFX control ____________

A) setStyle() B) applyStyle() C) setCss() D) addStyle()

29._____________ class represents a button in JavaFX?

A) Button B) PushButton C) ClickButton D) ActionButton

30.How do you change the text displayed on a Label?

A) Using setText() B) Using changeText() C) Using updateText() D) Using setLabel()

PART B

1.Describe how you would handle mouse events in JavaFX. Provide a java code example that
demonstrates handling both a mouse click and a mouse hover event on a button.
Registering Event Handlers: Use setOnMouseClicked to handle mouse click events, and
setOnMouseEntered and setOnMouseExited to handle hover events.
Event Object: The MouseEvent object passed into the handler methods contains details about the
mouse action.
Modifying Button Appearance/Behavior: You can change the button's appearance or trigger
actions based on the mouse event.
 Using Lambda Expressions: JavaFX allows the use of lambda expressions to succinctly define the
event handler logic.

PROGRAM :
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class MouseEventExample extends Application {

@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
Button button = new Button("Click or Hover Me");
button.setOnMouseClicked((MouseEvent event) -> {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
});
button.setOnMouseEntered((MouseEvent event) -> {
button.setStyle("-fx-background-color: lightgreen");
System.out.println("Mouse entered button area!");
});
button.setOnMouseExited((MouseEvent event) -> {
button.setStyle("-fx-background-color: lightblue");
System.out.println("Mouse exited button area!");
});
StackPane root = new StackPane(button);
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 300, 200);
primaryStage.setTitle("JavaFX Mouse Events Example");
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}}
2.Explain how to create a hierarchical menu structure using Menu and MenuItem in JavaFX. Provide
an example where a Menu contains sub-menus and items.

Menu Structure: Use the Menu class for top-level and sub-menus, and MenuItem for selectable
items in those menus.

Adding Sub-Menus: A Menu can contain other Menu objects, forming a hierarchical structure.

Action Handling: Each MenuItem can have an event handler associated with it, typically through
setOnAction.
 Adding to MenuBar: To display the menu hierarchy, add the top-level menus to a MenuBar, which
is then placed in the scene.

PROGRAM:

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Menu;

import javafx.scene.control.MenuBar;

import javafx.scene.control.MenuItem;

import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class MenuExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

MenuBar menuBar = new MenuBar();

Menu fileMenu = new Menu("File");

MenuItem newFile = new MenuItem("New");

MenuItem openFile = new MenuItem("Open");

MenuItem saveFile = new MenuItem("Save");

fileMenu.getItems().addAll(newFile, openFile, saveFile);

Menu editMenu = new Menu("Edit");

Menu findMenu = new Menu("Find");

MenuItem findItem = new MenuItem("Find");

MenuItem replaceItem = new MenuItem("Replace");

findMenu.getItems().addAll(findItem, replaceItem);

editMenu.getItems().add(findMenu);

Menu helpMenu = new Menu("Help");

MenuItem aboutItem = new MenuItem("About");

helpMenu.getItems().add(aboutItem);

menuBar.getMenus().addAll(fileMenu, editMenu, helpMenu);

 BorderPane root = new BorderPane();

root.setTop(menuBar);

Scene scene = new Scene(root, 400, 300);

primaryStage.setTitle("JavaFX Menu Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

}}

3.Discuss the functionality of ToggleButton and RadioButton in JavaFX. How can ToggleButton be
used to toggle between two states, and how does RadioButton fit into a group of mutually exclusive
options? Provide code examples.

ToggleButton:

A ToggleButton is a button that can switch between two states: "pressed" (or "selected") and "not
pressed" (or "deselected"). You can use it to toggle between two modes or states, for example,
turning a feature on or off.

It maintains its state after being clicked (pressed/unpressed).

It can be used individually or in a ToggleGroup for grouping.

Example: Toggle between "Start" and "Stop" states.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.control.ToggleButton;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class ToggleButtonExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage stage) {

ToggleButton toggleButton = new ToggleButton("Start");

Label statusLabel = new Label("Status: Stopped");

toggleButton.setOnAction(e -> {

if (toggleButton.isSelected()) {

toggleButton.setText("Stop");

statusLabel.setText("Status: Running");

} else {

toggleButton.setText("Start");

statusLabel.setText("Status: Stopped");

});

VBox root = new VBox(10, toggleButton, statusLabel);

Scene scene = new Scene(root, 300, 150);

stage.setScene(scene);

stage.setTitle("ToggleButton Example");

stage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

RadioButton:

A RadioButton is typically used in a group where only one button in the group can be selected at a
time. This is useful for mutually exclusive options, such as selecting from a list of choices (e.g.,
gender, difficulty levels, etc.).

• Used for a group of choices where only one can be selected at a time.

• They are placed inside a ToggleGroup to ensure mutual exclusivity.

Example: Selecting between "Easy", "Medium", and "Hard" levels.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.control.RadioButton;
import javafx.scene.control.ToggleGroup;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class RadioButtonExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage stage) {

ToggleGroup difficultyGroup = new ToggleGroup();

RadioButton easyButton = new RadioButton("Easy");

easyButton.setToggleGroup(difficultyGroup);

easyButton.setSelected(true); // Default selection

RadioButton mediumButton = new RadioButton("Medium");

mediumButton.setToggleGroup(difficultyGroup);

RadioButton hardButton = new RadioButton("Hard");

hardButton.setToggleGroup(difficultyGroup);

Label selectedLabel = new Label("Selected: Easy");

difficultyGroup.selectedToggleProperty().addListener((obs, oldToggle, newToggle) -> {

RadioButton selectedRadioButton = (RadioButton) newToggle;

selectedLabel.setText("Selected: " + selectedRadioButton.getText());

});

VBox root = new VBox(10, easyButton, mediumButton, hardButton, selectedLabel);

Scene scene = new Scene(root, 300, 150);

stage.setScene(scene);

stage.setTitle("RadioButton Example");

stage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

}
4.What is the difference between ComboBox and ChoiceBox in JavaFX? Provide examples of
scenarios where each would be appropriately used. Include code samples to illustrate.

Example programs:
COMBO BOX:

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.ComboBox;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class ComboBoxExample extends Application {

@Override
public void start(Stage stage) {
ComboBox<String> comboBox = new ComboBox<>();
comboBox.getItems().addAll("New York", "London", "Tokyo", "Paris");
comboBox.setEditable(true); // Allows custom input
Label selectedLabel = new Label("Selected: None");
comboBox.setOnAction(e -> selectedLabel.setText("Selected: " + comboBox.getValue()));
VBox root = new VBox(10, comboBox, selectedLabel);
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 300, 150);
stage.setScene(scene);
stage.setTitle("ComboBox Example");
stage.show();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}
CHOICE BOX:
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.ChoiceBox;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
public class ChoiceBoxExample extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage stage) {
ChoiceBox<String> choiceBox = new ChoiceBox<>();
choiceBox.getItems().addAll("Red", "Green", "Blue");
Label selectedLabel = new Label("Selected: None");
choiceBox.setOnAction(e -> selectedLabel.setText("Selected: " + choiceBox.getValue()));
VBox root = new VBox(10, choiceBox, selectedLabel);
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 300, 150);
stage.setScene(scene);
stage.setTitle("ChoiceBox Example");
stage.show();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}
5.How does the ListView control work in JavaFX? Describe how to populate a ListView with items and
handle item selection events. Include a sample code snippet.
ListView in JavaFX

ListView is a control in JavaFX that allows users to display and select items from a vertical scrollable
list. It is part of the javafx.scene.control package. Items in a ListView can be of any type, and they are
rendered using a default cell renderer unless customized.

Key Features of ListView:

• Supports single or multiple item selection.

• It is scrollable when the list is too long.

• Can be populated with items of any type, and you can customize the cell rendering if
needed.

How to Populate a ListView:

To populate a ListView, you use an ObservableList, which automatically updates the view when the
underlying data changes. The items in the list can be added, removed, or modified dynamically.

Handling Item Selection:

The ListView control provides a way to respond to selection events. You can use a listener on the
selectedItemProperty() of the ListView's SelectionModel to capture and handle item selection
events.

Example: Populating and Handling Selection Events

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
import javafx.collections.ObservableList;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.control.ListView;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class ListViewExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage stage) {

ObservableList<String> items = FXCollections.observableArrayList(

"Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Grapes", "Pineapple"

);

ListView<String> listView = new ListView<>(items);

Label selectedLabel = new Label("Selected: None");

listView.getSelectionModel().selectedItemProperty().addListener((obs, oldSelection,
newSelection) -> {

if (newSelection != null) {

selectedLabel.setText("Selected: " + newSelection);

});

VBox root = new VBox(10, listView, selectedLabel);

Scene scene = new Scene(root, 300, 200);

stage.setScene(scene);

stage.setTitle("ListView Example");

stage.show(); }

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

}}

Single vs. Multiple Selection:

• By default, ListView allows single selection. If you want to allow multiple selection, you can
use:
listView.getSelectionModel().setSelectionMode(SelectionMode.MULTIPLE);

6.Explain how the HBox layout arranges its children. What are some practical scenarios where an
HBox is preferred over other layouts? Provide a code example.

HBox Layout in JavaFX

HBox is a layout manager in JavaFX that arranges its child nodes (controls or components)
horizontally in a single row. Each child node is placed next to the previous one from left to right,
unless otherwise specified. The size and spacing of the children can be customized using padding,
margins, and spacing properties.

How HBox Arranges Children:

• Horizontal Arrangement: All children are arranged in a single row, from left to right.

• Spacing: You can specify the space between child nodes using the setSpacing(double value)
method.

• Alignment: You can align children within the HBox using the setAlignment(Pos value) method
(e.g., Pos.CENTER, Pos.BOTTOM_LEFT, etc.).

• Sizing: Nodes can be resized dynamically if their size properties (e.g., maxWidth, maxHeight)
allow.

Practical Scenarios for HBox:

An HBox is preferred when you want to lay out components horizontally. This layout is useful in
scenarios like:

• Toolbar: A horizontal arrangement of buttons (e.g., file operations like "Save", "Open",
"Print").

• Form fields: Displaying a label next to a text field or button.

• Navigation bar: A horizontal menu bar with multiple options or tabs.

Example: A Horizontal Toolbar with Buttons

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.geometry.Pos;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Button;

import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class HBoxExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage stage) {

 Button btnSave = new Button("Save");

Button btnOpen = new Button("Open");

Button btnPrint = new Button("Print");

HBox hbox = new HBox(10);

hbox.getChildren().addAll(btnSave, btnOpen, btnPrint);

hbox.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);

Scene scene = new Scene(hbox, 300, 100);

stage.setScene(scene);

stage.setTitle("HBox Example");

stage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

}Practical Scenarios Where HBox is Preferred:

1. Toolbar: As seen in the example above, you might use an HBox to organize toolbar
buttons (e.g., "Save", "Open", "Print") horizontally.
2. Labels and Fields: For aligning a label and its corresponding input field side-by-side
(e.g., "Username" label next to a text field).
3. Navigation Bars: In web applications, horizontal navigation bars (tabs or menu
items) can be laid out with an HBox.

7.Describe the purpose and usage of TextField and TextArea in JavaFX. How would you validate user
input in these controls? Provide example code.

1. TextField:

• Purpose: A TextField is a single-line text input control, typically used for short
input fields like names, email addresses, or passwords.
• Usage: It allows the user to type a single line of text and can be validated for specific
formats or constraints.

2. TextArea:

• Purpose: A TextArea is a multi-line text input control used for longer text input such
as comments, messages, or descriptions.
• Usage: It supports wrapping of text and allows the user to input or display large
amounts of text across multiple lines.
Validating User Input:

• TextField: Input validation often involves checking for specific patterns or limits,
such as ensuring the user enters a valid email address, a number, or a non-empty
value.
• TextArea: Input validation typically involves checking the length of the text or
ensuring it meets certain content guidelines (e.g., not exceeding a maximum character
count).

Example: Validating Input in a TextField and TextArea

In this example, we'll validate that:

1. The TextField is not empty and contains only alphabetic characters (e.g., for a name
field).
2. The TextArea contains at least 10 characters (e.g., for a comment).

EXAMPLE:

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.*;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class TextInputValidationExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage stage) {

TextField nameField = new TextField("Enter your name");

TextArea commentArea = new TextArea("Enter your comment");

Label nameValidationLabel = new Label(), commentValidationLabel = new Label();

Button submitButton = new Button("Submit");

submitButton.setOnAction(e -> {

boolean isValid = true;

if (!nameField.getText().matches("[a-zA-Z]+")) {

nameValidationLabel.setText("Invalid name");

isValid = false;

} else nameValidationLabel.setText("");

if (commentArea.getText().length() < 10) {

 commentValidationLabel.setText("Comment must be at least 10 characters");

isValid = false;

} else commentValidationLabel.setText("");

if (isValid) System.out.println("Form submitted successfully!");

});

VBox root = new VBox(10, nameField, nameValidationLabel, commentArea,

commentValidationLabel, submitButton);

stage.setScene(new Scene(root, 400, 300));

stage.setTitle("Validation Example");

stage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); }

8.Describe the BorderPane layout in JavaFX. What are its five regions, and how would you add nodes
to these regions? Include a sample code snippet.
9.Explain how the ScrollPane control functions in JavaFX. How would you use a ScrollPane to display
content that is larger than the viewable area? Provide a code example.

In JavaFX, a ScrollPane is a container that provides a scrollable view of its content. It allows users to
scroll horizontally and/or vertically when the content inside exceeds the dimensions of the
ScrollPane.
Key points about ScrollPane:
• Scroll Bars: It automatically adds scroll bars when the content is larger than the viewable
area.
• Panning: Users can drag the content around (for touch or mouse drag events).
• Viewport: The area that is visible at any given time is called the viewport.
In JavaFX, a ScrollPane is a container that provides a scrollable view of its content. It
allows users to scroll horizontally and/or vertically when the content inside exceeds the
dimensions of the ScrollPane.

Key points about ScrollPane:

• Scroll Bars: It automatically adds scroll bars when the content is larger than the
viewable area.
• Panning: Users can drag the content around (for touch or mouse drag events).
• Viewport: The area that is visible at any given time is called the viewport.

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
public class ScrollPaneExample extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
ImageView imageView = new ImageView(new Image("https://example.com/large-image.jpg"));
ScrollPane scrollPane = new ScrollPane();
scrollPane.setContent(imageView);
scrollPane.setPannable(true); // Allows dragging to scroll
Scene scene = new Scene(scrollPane, 400, 300);
primaryStage.setTitle("ScrollPane Example");
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
}

10.How does the StackPane layout work? Discuss its use cases and provide an example of
how to ovIn JavaFX, a ScrollPane is a container that provides a scrollable view of its
content. It allows users to scroll horizontally and/or vertically when the content inside
exceeds the dimensions of the ScrollPane.

• Scroll Bars: It automatically adds scroll bars when the content is larger than the
viewable area.
• Panning: Users can drag the content around (for touch or mouse drag events).
• Viewport: The area that is visible at any given time is called the viewport.

Example:
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class ScrollPaneExample extends Application {

@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
ImageView imageView = new ImageView(new
Image("https://example.com/large-image.jpg"));
ScrollPane scrollPane = new ScrollPane();
scrollPane.setContent(imageView);
scrollPane.setPannable(true);
Scene scene = new Scene(scrollPane, 400, 300);
primaryStage.setTitle("ScrollPane Example");
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}

Use Cases:

• Overlaying Elements: Stack images, buttons, labels, or shapes on top of each other,
such as placing a play button on top of an image.
• Centering Content: You can easily center any node (e.g., text, buttons) within its
container.
• Layered UI Elements: Create visual effects by layering different components (e.g.,
background image with overlaid controls).

Example: Overlaying Nodes Using StackPane

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
public class StackPaneExample extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
ImageView imageView = new ImageView(new
Image("https://example.com/background.jpg"));
imageView.setFitWidth(400);
imageView.setFitHeight(300);
Label label = new Label("Overlay Text");
label.setStyle("-fx-font-size: 24px; -fx-text-fill: white;");
Button button = new Button("Click Me");
StackPane stackPane = new StackPane();
stackPane.getChildren().addAll(imageView, label, button);
 StackPane.setAlignment(button, javafx.geometry.Pos.BOTTOM_CENTER);
Scene scene = new Scene(stackPane, 400, 300);
primaryStage.setTitle("StackPane Example");
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args) }}
11.Describe the basic structure of a menu in JavaFX. How do you create a Menu, add MenuItem
instances to it, and add this Menu to a MenuBar? Include a java code example.

In JavaFX, menus are created using the MenuBar and Menu classes. A MenuBar is the top-
level component that holds multiple Menu objects, and each Menu can contain several
MenuItem instances (e.g., commands, options).

Basic Structure of a Menu in JavaFX:

1. MenuBar: The top-level container for menus.

2. Menu: Represents a single menu inside the MenuBar.
3. MenuItem: Represents a clickable item inside a Menu.
4. Submenus: A Menu can also be a submenu by adding it as a child to another `Menu

12.How would you handle action events for MenuItem instances in JavaFX? Provide an example of
how to set up event handling for menu actions.

In JavaFX, action events for MenuItem instances can be handled using event handlers. Each
MenuItem can register an EventHandler<ActionEvent> that specifies what should happen when the
item is clicked.

Steps to Handle Action Events:

1. Create MenuItem instances.

2. Set an action event handler for each MenuItem using the setOnAction() method.

3. Inside the event handler, define the action to be performed when the menu item is selected.

Example:

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Alert;

import javafx.scene.control.Alert.AlertType;

import javafx.scene.control.Menu;

import javafx.scene.control.MenuBar;
import javafx.scene.control.MenuItem;

import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class MenuActionExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

MenuBar menuBar = new MenuBar();

Menu fileMenu = new Menu("File");

MenuItem newFile = new MenuItem("New");

MenuItem openFile = new MenuItem("Open");

MenuItem saveFile = new MenuItem("Save");

MenuItem exitFile = new MenuItem("Exit");

newFile.setOnAction(e -> showAlert("New File", "Create a new file."));

openFile.setOnAction(e -> showAlert("Open File", "Open an existing file."));

saveFile.setOnAction(e -> showAlert("Save File", "Save the current file."));

exitFile.setOnAction(e -> {

primaryStage.close();

});

fileMenu.getItems().addAll(newFile, openFile, saveFile, exitFile);

menuBar.getMenus().add(fileMenu);

BorderPane root = new BorderPane();

root.setTop(menuBar); // Place MenuBar at the top of the window

Scene scene = new Scene(root, 400, 300);

primaryStage.setTitle("Menu Action Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

private void showAlert(String title, String message) {

Alert alert = new Alert(AlertType.INFORMATION);

alert.setTitle(title);
 alert.setHeaderText(null);

alert.setContentText(message);

alert.showAndWait();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

PART C

1.Compare and contrast the usage of CheckBox, RadioButton, and ToggleButton in JavaFX. Discuss
scenarios where each control type is most appropriate, and provide detailed examples of how to
implement and manage these controls programmatically.

Detailed Use Cases and Implementation Examples

1. CheckBox Example

Scenario: A settings dialog where users can select multiple features they want to enable.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.CheckBox;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class CheckBoxExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

CheckBox feature1 = new CheckBox("Enable Feature 1");

CheckBox feature2 = new CheckBox("Enable Feature 2");

CheckBox feature3 = new CheckBox("Enable Feature 3");

Label selectedFeatures = new Label("Selected: None");

feature1.setOnAction(e -> updateLabel(selectedFeatures, feature1, feature2, feature3));

feature2.setOnAction(e -> updateLabel(selectedFeatures, feature1, feature2, feature3));

feature3.setOnAction(e -> updateLabel(selectedFeatures, feature1, feature2, feature3));

VBox vbox = new VBox(feature1, feature2, feature3, selectedFeatures);

Scene scene = new Scene(vbox, 250, 100);

primaryStage.setTitle("CheckBox Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

private void updateLabel(Label label, CheckBox... checkboxes) {

StringBuilder selected = new StringBuilder("Selected: ");

for (CheckBox cb : checkboxes) {

if (cb.isSelected()) {

selected.append(cb.getText()).append(" ");
 }

label.setText(selected.toString().trim());

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

Explanation:

• Use Case: Allows users to select multiple independent features.

• Behavior: Each checkbox updates a label to show which features are selected.

2. RadioButton Example

Scenario: A survey where users must choose one answer from a set of options.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.control.RadioButton;

import javafx.scene.control.ToggleGroup;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class RadioButtonExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

RadioButton option1 = new RadioButton("Option A");

RadioButton option2 = new RadioButton("Option B");

RadioButton option3 = new RadioButton("Option C");

ToggleGroup group = new ToggleGroup();

option1.setToggleGroup(group);

option2.setToggleGroup(group);
 option3.setToggleGroup(group);

Label selectedOption = new Label("Selected: None");

group.selectedToggleProperty().addListener((observable, oldToggle, newToggle) -> {

if (newToggle != null) {

selectedOption.setText("Selected: " + ((RadioButton) newToggle).getText());

});

VBox vbox = new VBox(option1, option2, option3, selectedOption);

Scene scene = new Scene(vbox, 250, 100);

primaryStage.setTitle("RadioButton Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

Explanation:

• Use Case: Ensures that users can select only one option.

• Behavior: Updates a label with the currently selected option.

3. ToggleButton Example

Scenario: A drawing application where users can toggle a tool on or off.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.control.ToggleButton;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class ToggleButtonExample extends Application {

 @Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

ToggleButton pencilButton = new ToggleButton("Pencil Tool");

Label stateLabel = new Label("Tool: Off");

pencilButton.setOnAction(e -> {

if (pencilButton.isSelected()) {

stateLabel.setText("Tool: On");

} else {

stateLabel.setText("Tool: Off");

});

VBox vbox = new VBox(pencilButton, stateLabel);

Scene scene = new Scene(vbox, 200, 100);

primaryStage.setTitle("ToggleButton Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

2.Explain the lifecycle of a mouse event in JavaFX, from event triggering to event handling. Include
descriptions of mouse event types and how to differentiate between them in a JavaFX application.

Mouse events are a crucial part of user interaction, allowing applications to respond to various
mouse actions like clicks, movements, and wheel rotations. The lifecycle of a mouse event involves
several stages, from event triggering to event handling. Below is a detailed explanation of this
lifecycle, including descriptions of mouse event types and differentiation techniques.

Lifecycle of a Mouse Event in JavaFX

1. Event Triggering:

o Mouse events are triggered by user actions with the mouse, such as clicking,
moving, or scrolling.
 o Common mouse actions include:

▪ Mouse Click: Pressing and releasing a mouse button.

▪ Mouse Press: Pressing a mouse button down.

▪ Mouse Release: Releasing a mouse button.

▪ Mouse Move: Moving the mouse within the application window.

▪ Mouse Enter: The mouse cursor enters a node's area.

▪ Mouse Exit: The mouse cursor exits a node's area.

▪ Mouse Drag: Moving the mouse while a button is pressed.

▪ Mouse Wheel Scroll: Rotating the mouse wheel.

2. Event Generation:

o Once a mouse action occurs, the JavaFX framework generates a corresponding

MouseEvent object.

o This object contains information about the event, such as the event type, the mouse
button pressed, and the mouse cursor's position.

3. Event Dispatching:

o The generated MouseEvent is dispatched to the scene graph, where it travels

through the nodes from the source (the node that triggered the event) to its root
(the top-level container).

o During this phase, the event can be captured and handled by various nodes,
depending on the order of the nodes and event handlers attached.

4. Event Handling:

o Each node in the scene graph can have event handlers attached to it to respond to
specific mouse events.

o Event handlers can be added using methods like setOnMouseClicked(),

setOnMousePressed(), etc.

o When the event reaches a node with an appropriate handler, that handler is invoked,
and the event is processed.

5. Event Propagation:

o After the event is handled by a node, it can either be consumed or propagated

further.

o If the event is consumed (using the consume() method), it will not be passed to
other nodes. If it is not consumed, it can continue propagating to other nodes
(bubbling up or capturing down the scene graph).

6. Post-Event Handling:
 o After the event has been processed, the system may perform additional actions
based on the result of the handling.

o This could involve updating the UI, responding to the user, or performing other
business logic.

EG:

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class MouseEventExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

Label label = new Label("Mouse Event Example");

// Set event handlers for different mouse events

label.setOnMouseClicked(e -> {

System.out.println("Mouse Clicked at (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")");

});

label.setOnMousePressed(e -> {

System.out.println("Mouse Pressed at (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")");

});

label.setOnMouseReleased(e -> {

System.out.println("Mouse Released at (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")");

 });

label.setOnMouseEntered(e -> {

System.out.println("Mouse Entered the label");

});

label.setOnMouseExited(e -> {

System.out.println("Mouse Exited the label");

});

// Layout

StackPane root = new StackPane(label);

Scene scene = new Scene(root, 400, 300);

primaryStage.setTitle("Mouse Event Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

3.Describe the functionalities and differences between ListView, ComboBox, and ChoiceBox in
JavaFX. How would you populate each control with data, handle user interactions, and customize
their appearance? Provide code examples to demonstrate these concepts.

In JavaFX, ListView, ComboBox, and ChoiceBox are all controls that allow users to select items from a
list. However, they serve different purposes and have unique functionalities. This discussion will
cover their functionalities, differences, data population, user interaction handling, and
customization, accompanied by code examples.
1. ListView Example

Scenario: A user interface for selecting multiple fruits.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.collections.FXCollections;

import javafx.collections.ObservableList;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Button;

import javafx.scene.control.ListView;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class ListViewExample extends Application {

 @Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

ObservableList<String> fruits = FXCollections.observableArrayList("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry",

"Date", "Fig", "Grape");

ListView<String> listView = new ListView<>(fruits);

listView.getSelectionModel().setSelectionMode(javafx.scene.control.SelectionMode.MULTIPLE);

Button button = new Button("Show Selected Fruits");

button.setOnAction(e -> {

ObservableList<String> selectedItems = listView.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItems();

System.out.println("Selected Fruits: " + selectedItems);

});

VBox vbox = new VBox(listView, button);

Scene scene = new Scene(vbox, 300, 250);

primaryStage.setTitle("ListView Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

2. ComboBox Example

Scenario: A user interface for selecting a country from a drop-down list.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.collections.FXCollections;

import javafx.collections.ObservableList;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.ComboBox;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class ComboBoxExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

ObservableList<String> countries = FXCollections.observableArrayList("USA", "Canada", "UK",

"Australia", "Germany");

ComboBox<String> comboBox = new ComboBox<>(countries);

comboBox.setPromptText("Select a Country");

Label selectedLabel = new Label("Selected Country: None");

comboBox.setOnAction(e -> {

String selectedCountry = comboBox.getValue();

selectedLabel.setText("Selected Country: " + selectedCountry);

});

VBox vbox = new VBox(comboBox, selectedLabel);

Scene scene = new Scene(vbox, 300, 150);

primaryStage.setTitle("ComboBox Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

3. ChoiceBox Example

Scenario: A user interface for selecting a status from a predefined list.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.collections.FXCollections;

import javafx.collections.ObservableList;

import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.ChoiceBox;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage

public class ChoiceBoxExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

ObservableList<String> statuses = FXCollections.observableArrayList("Active", "Inactive",

"Pending");

ChoiceBox<String> choiceBox = new ChoiceBox<>(statuses);

choiceBox.setValue("Select Status");

Label selectedLabel = new Label("Selected Status: None");

choiceBox.setOnAction(e -> {

String selectedStatus = choiceBox.getValue();

selectedLabel.setText("Selected Status: " + selectedStatus);

});

VBox vbox = new VBox(choiceBox, selectedLabel);

Scene scene = new Scene(vbox, 300, 150);

primaryStage.setTitle("ChoiceBox Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

4.Explain how to validate user input in JavaFX controls such as TextField and TextArea. Discuss
different validation techniques, including input restrictions, error handling, and user feedback
mechanisms. Provide a comprehensive implementation example.

Validating user input in JavaFX controls like TextField and TextArea is essential to ensure that the data
entered by users meets specific criteria. Effective validation enhances user experience by providing
immediate feedback on the correctness of the input. Below are various techniques for validating user
input, including input restrictions, error handling, and user feedback mechanisms, followed by a
comprehensive implementation example.
Techniques for Validating User Input
1. Input Restrictions:
o Character Limit: Restrict the number of characters that can be entered in a TextField
or TextArea.
o Regular Expressions: Use regex patterns to enforce specific formats (e.g., email,
phone numbers).
o Numeric Validation: Allow only numeric input in TextField using TextFormatter.
2. Error Handling:
o Highlight Errors: Change the background color of the control or display error
messages to indicate invalid input.
o Tooltips: Show tooltips that provide guidance on what the user should enter.
3. User Feedback Mechanisms:
o Status Labels: Display a label that updates to inform users whether the input is valid
or invalid.
o Disabling Buttons: Disable the submit button until all inputs are valid.
o Immediate Feedback: Validate input in real-time as the user types or after focus loss.
Comprehensive Implementation Example
This example demonstrates how to validate user input in a JavaFX application with a TextField for
entering an email address and a TextArea for entering comments. The application provides input
restrictions, error handling, and user feedback mechanisms.

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.*;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
public class InputValidationExample extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
TextField emailField = new TextField();
emailField.setPromptText("Enter your email");
TextArea commentArea = new TextArea();
commentArea.setPromptText("Enter your comments");
Label emailErrorLabel = new Label();
Label commentErrorLabel = new Label();
Button submitButton = new Button("Submit");
submitButton.setDisable(true); // Initially disabled
emailField.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
if (!isValidEmail(newValue)) {
emailErrorLabel.setText("Invalid email format!");
emailField.setStyle("-fx-border-color: red;");
submitButton.setDisable(true);
} else {
 emailErrorLabel.setText("");
emailField.setStyle("");
validateForm(emailField, commentArea, submitButton);
}
});
commentArea.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
if (newValue.length() > 250) {
commentErrorLabel.setText("Comment too long! (max 250 characters)");
commentArea.setStyle("-fx-border-color: red;");
submitButton.setDisable(true);
} else {
commentErrorLabel.setText("");
commentArea.setStyle("");
validateForm(emailField, commentArea, submitButton);
}
});
VBox layout = new VBox(10);
layout.setPadding(new Insets(15));
layout.getChildren().addAll(emailField, emailErrorLabel, commentArea, commentErrorLabel,
submitButton);
Scene scene = new Scene(layout, 400, 300);
primaryStage.setTitle("Input Validation Example");
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
private boolean isValidEmail(String email) {
return email.matches("^[A-Za-z0-9+_.-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+$");
}
private void validateForm(TextField emailField, TextArea commentArea, Button submitButton) {
if (isValidEmail(emailField.getText()) && commentArea.getText().length() <= 250) {
submitButton.setDisable(false);
} else {
submitButton.setDisable(true);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}
Explanation :
1. User Interface Controls:
o A TextField for email input.
o A TextArea for comments.
o Two Labels for displaying error messages related to the email and comment input.
 o A Button for submission, initially disabled until all inputs are valid.
2. Email Validation:
o A listener on the emailField checks if the input matches a basic regex pattern for
emails.
o If invalid, the corresponding error message is shown, the text field is highlighted in
red, and the submit button is disabled.
3. Comment Validation:
o The TextArea checks the length of the input and restricts it to a maximum of 250
characters.
o Similar to email validation, error messages are displayed, and the submit button is
disabled when the input is invalid.
4. Form Validation:
o The validateForm method is called to check if both inputs are valid. If they are, the
submit button is enabled.

5.Explain the structure and hierarchy of menus in JavaFX, including Menu, MenuBar, and MenuItem.
How do you create a multi-level menu system with sub-menus and handle user interactions using
event handling? Provide detailed code examples to illustrate the implementation of a hierarchical
menu structure.

In JavaFX, menus are structured hierarchically, allowing for a clean and organized way to present
options to users. The primary components of this hierarchy include MenuBar, Menu, and MenuItem,
which work together to create an intuitive navigation system within an application. Below is an
explanation of each component's structure and functionality, followed by an example of creating a
multi-level menu system with event handling.

Structure and Hierarchy of Menus

1. MenuBar:

o The MenuBar is the top-level container for menus. It serves as a horizontal bar that
typically sits at the top of the application window.

o It can contain multiple Menu objects, which can be displayed when the user clicks on
the menu bar items.

2. Menu:

o A Menu is a single dropdown list that contains one or more MenuItem objects. It can
also contain submenus (nested Menu objects).

o Menus can have titles and can be set to show different types of items like
checkboxes, radio buttons, or standard action items.

3. MenuItem:

o A MenuItem represents a single option within a Menu. It can be a simple item that
performs an action when clicked, or it can be more complex, such as a
CheckMenuItem or a RadioMenuItem.
 o Menu items can be disabled, selected, or checked to indicate their state to the user.

Creating a Multi-Level Menu System

To create a multi-level menu system in JavaFX, you can nest Menu objects within other Menu
objects. The following example demonstrates how to build a hierarchical menu structure, including
sub-menus and how to handle user interactions with event handling.

Code Example

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.*;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class MenuExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

MenuBar menuBar = new MenuBar();

Menu fileMenu = new Menu("File");

Menu editMenu = new Menu("Edit");

Menu helpMenu = new Menu("Help");

MenuItem newFile = new MenuItem("New");

MenuItem openFile = new MenuItem("Open");

MenuItem saveFile = new MenuItem("Save");

MenuItem exit = new MenuItem("Exit");

MenuItem cut = new MenuItem("Cut");

MenuItem copy = new MenuItem("Copy");

MenuItem paste = new MenuItem("Paste");

Menu aboutMenu = new Menu("About");

MenuItem aboutApp = new MenuItem("About Application");

MenuItem aboutDeveloper = new MenuItem("About Developer");

newFile.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("New File created!"));

openFile.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("File Opened!"));

saveFile.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("File Saved!"));

 exit.setOnAction(e -> System.exit(0));

cut.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("Cut action performed!"));

copy.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("Copy action performed!"));

paste.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("Paste action performed!"));

aboutApp.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("This is a sample application."));

aboutDeveloper.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("Developed by OpenAI"));

fileMenu.getItems().addAll(newFile, openFile, saveFile, new SeparatorMenuItem(), exit);

editMenu.getItems().addAll(cut, copy, paste);

aboutMenu.getItems().addAll(aboutApp, aboutDeveloper);

helpMenu.getItems().add(aboutMenu);

menuBar.getMenus().addAll(fileMenu, editMenu, helpMenu);

VBox layout = new VBox(menuBar);

Scene scene = new Scene(layout, 400, 300);

primaryStage.setTitle("Multi-Level Menu Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

6.Explain the concept of constraints in the GridPane layout of JavaFX. How do you define and apply
row and column constraints to manage layout alignment and spacing? Provide a step-by-step
example demonstrating the use of constraints to organize UI elements within a GridPane.

In JavaFX, the GridPane layout is a flexible and powerful way to arrange UI elements in a grid of rows
and columns. It allows for precise control over the positioning and alignment of child nodes through
the use of constraints. Constraints in a GridPane define how rows and columns behave in terms of
size, spacing, and alignment.

Concept of Constraints in GridPane

1. Row Constraints:

o Row constraints are applied to manage the height and alignment of rows in the grid.
 o You can set a fixed height, percentage height, or a proportion of the available space
for each row.

o Additionally, you can specify the alignment of content within the row.

2. Column Constraints:

o Column constraints are used to manage the width and alignment of columns.

o Similar to rows, you can define a fixed width, percentage width, or proportion of the
available space for each column.

o Column constraints also allow you to specify alignment for the content in the
column.

How to Define and Apply Constraints

To define and apply constraints in a GridPane, you typically use the ColumnConstraints and
RowConstraints classes. Here's how to do it step-by-step:

1. Create a GridPane: Instantiate a GridPane object.

2. Define Row and Column Constraints: Create instances of RowConstraints and

ColumnConstraints.

3. Set Properties: Define properties such as prefHeight, prefWidth, minHeight, minWidth, and
alignment for each constraint.

4. Apply Constraints to GridPane: Add the defined constraints to the GridPane using
getRowConstraints() and getColumnConstraints() methods.

5. Add UI Elements: Place your UI elements into the GridPane using the add() method,
specifying their row and column positions.

PROGRAM:

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.geometry.Insets;

import javafx.geometry.Pos;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Button;

import javafx.scene.control.Label;

import javafx.scene.control.TextField;

import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;

import javafx.scene.layout.RowConstraints;

import javafx.scene.layout.ColumnConstraints;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class GridPaneExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

GridPane gridPane = new GridPane();

gridPane.setPadding(new Insets(10));

gridPane.setVgap(10); // Vertical gap between rows

gridPane.setHgap(10); // Horizontal gap between columns

RowConstraints row1 = new RowConstraints();

row1.setPrefHeight(40); // Preferred height for the first row

row1.setMinHeight(30); // Minimum height for the first row

row1.setMaxHeight(60); // Maximum height for the first row

row1.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER); // Align content to the center

RowConstraints row2 = new RowConstraints();

row2.setPrefHeight(40);

row2.setMinHeight(30);

row2.setMaxHeight(60);

row2.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER_LEFT); // Align content to the left

gridPane.getRowConstraints().addAll(row1, row2);

ColumnConstraints col1 = new ColumnConstraints();

col1.setPrefWidth(100); // Preferred width for the first column

col1.setMinWidth(50); // Minimum width for the first column

col1.setMaxWidth(150); // Maximum width for the first column

col1.setHalignment(javafx.geometry.HPos.RIGHT); // Align content to the right

ColumnConstraints col2 = new ColumnConstraints();

col2.setPrefWidth(200); // Preferred width for the second column

col2.setMinWidth(100); // Minimum width for the second column

col2.setMaxWidth(300); // Maximum width for the second column

col2.setHalignment(javafx.geometry.HPos.LEFT);

gridPane.getColumnConstraints().addAll(col1, col2);

gridPane.add(new Label("Name:"), 0, 0); // Column 0, Row 0

gridPane.add(new TextField(), 1, 0); // Column 1, Row 0

 gridPane.add(new Label("Email:"), 0, 1); // Column 0, Row 1

gridPane.add(new TextField(), 1, 1); // Column 1, Row 1

gridPane.add(new Button("Submit"), 1, 2); // Column 1, Row 2

Scene scene = new Scene(gridPane, 400, 200);

primaryStage.setTitle("GridPane Example with Constraints");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

7.Discuss the nesting of layouts in JavaFX. Provide a comprehensive example where you combine
multiple layout types (e.g., BorderPane with nested VBox and GridPane) to create a complex user
interface. Explain the rationale behind your layout decisions and how each nested layout contributes
to the overall design.

Nesting layouts in JavaFX is a powerful way to create complex user interfaces by combining different
layout managers to achieve the desired organization and responsiveness of UI elements. Each layout
type has its strengths and is suited for specific use cases, allowing developers to design flexible
interfaces.

Common Layout Types in JavaFX

1. BorderPane:

o A layout that arranges nodes in five regions: top, bottom, left, right, and center. It's
ideal for applications that have a main content area and additional controls or
menus at the edges.

2. VBox:

o A vertical box layout that stacks children vertically in a single column. It is useful for
organizing related controls or content together.

3. HBox:

o A horizontal box layout that arranges children in a single row. It’s beneficial for
placing elements side by side.

4. GridPane:
 o A grid layout that organizes nodes in rows and columns, allowing for precise control
over alignment and spacing. It's effective for forms or any situation where elements
need to be aligned in a tabular format.

Rationale Behind Layout Decisions

• Using BorderPane: The primary structure of the application is managed by BorderPane,

which allows for a clear separation of main content and supplementary areas.

• Nested VBox: The VBox within the center of the BorderPane is used to stack related controls
vertically, such as a title and input fields, making it easy to maintain vertical alignment.

• Nested GridPane: A GridPane is used to organize form elements in a table-like manner,

providing a structured layout that is easy to understand and interact with.

• Flexibility and Responsiveness: Nesting layouts allows for better control over how
components resize and reposition when the window is resized or when additional
components are added.

Comprehensive Example

Below is a JavaFX example that combines a BorderPane with nested VBox and GridPane layouts to
create a complex user interface. This example simulates a simple user registration form with
additional controls for submission and information display.

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.geometry.Insets;

import javafx.geometry.Pos;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.*;

import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;

import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class NestedLayoutsExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

BorderPane borderPane = new BorderPane();

VBox vBox = new VBox(10);

vBox.setPadding(new Insets(10));
 vBox.setAlignment(Pos.TOP_CENTER);

Label titleLabel = new Label("User Registration");

titleLabel.setStyle("-fx-font-size: 24px; -fx-font-weight: bold;");

GridPane gridPane = new GridPane();

gridPane.setPadding(new Insets(10));

gridPane.setVgap(8);

gridPane.setHgap(10);

gridPane.add(new Label("Username:"), 0, 0);

TextField usernameField = new TextField();

gridPane.add(usernameField, 1, 0);

gridPane.add(new Label("Password:"), 0, 1);

PasswordField passwordField = new PasswordField();

gridPane.add(passwordField, 1, 1);

gridPane.add(new Label("Email:"), 0, 2);

TextField emailField = new TextField();

gridPane.add(emailField, 1, 2);

gridPane.add(new Label("Phone:"), 0, 3);

TextField phoneField = new TextField();

gridPane.add(phoneField, 1, 3);

vBox.getChildren().addAll(titleLabel, gridPane);

Button submitButton = new Button("Submit");

submitButton.setOnAction(e -> {

Alert alert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.INFORMATION);

alert.setTitle("Registration Successful");

alert.setHeaderText(null);

alert.setContentText("User registered successfully!");

alert.showAndWait();

});

vBox.getChildren().add(submitButton);

Label statusLabel = new Label("Please fill in the details.");

 BorderPane.setAlignment(statusLabel, Pos.CENTER);

borderPane.setBottom(statusLabel);

borderPane.setPadding(new Insets(10));

borderPane.setCenter(vBox);

Scene scene = new Scene(borderPane, 400, 300);

primaryStage.setTitle("Nested Layouts Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

8.Compare and contrast the HBox, VBox, BorderPane, StackPane, GridPane, and FlowPane layouts in
JavaFX. For each layout, discuss their primary use cases, advantages, and scenarios where they
would be preferred over other layouts. Provide detailed examples of implementing each layout type
in a practical application.
1. HBox Example

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.geometry.Insets;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Button;

import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class HBoxExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

HBox hBox = new HBox(10); // 10 pixels spacing

hBox.setPadding(new Insets(10));

Button button1 = new Button("Button 1");

Button button2 = new Button("Button 2");

Button button3 = new Button("Button 3");

 hBox.getChildren().addAll(button1, button2, button3);

Scene scene = new Scene(hBox, 300, 100);

primaryStage.setTitle("HBox Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

2. VBox Example

import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.geometry.Insets;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Button;

import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class VBoxExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

VBox vBox = new VBox(10); // 10 pixels spacing

vBox.setPadding(new Insets(10));

Button button1 = new Button("Button 1");

Button button2 = new Button("Button 2");

Button button3 = new Button("Button 3");

vBox.getChildren().addAll(button1, button2, button3);

Scene scene = new Scene(vBox, 200, 200);

primaryStage.setTitle("VBox Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();
 }

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

3.
4. StackPane Example
import javafx.application.Application;

import javafx.scene.Scene;

import javafx.scene.control.Button;

import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;

import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class StackPaneExample extends Application {

@Override

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

StackPane stackPane = new StackPane();

Button button1 = new Button("Button 1");

Button button2 = new Button("Button 2");

stackPane.getChildren().addAll(button1, button2); // Button 2 will be on top of Button 1

Scene scene = new Scene(stackPane, 200, 100);

primaryStage.setTitle("StackPane Example");

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

primaryStage.show();

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);

5.