Annex 1 - Delivery Format - Task 1

Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media
Individual work
Briceño Manuel Montiel Alean

203058_2
1.063.275.664
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería - ECBTI
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2024 16-04
Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words).
1. What is meant by an open propagation medium with respect to

electromagnetic waves?
An open propagation medium refers to an environment in which
electromagnetic waves can circulate without physical limitations, such as cables,
guides, etc. Waves in this type of environment propagate through free space
and air, as opposed to other environments where they are confined to specific
structures. Examples include outer space and atmospheric air.
2. What does the ‘loss tangent’ refer to in the backgrounds in which they
diffuse?
The loss tangent is a measure of how much of the energy of
electromagnetic waves is dissipated as heat when passing through a medium. If
the loss tangent is higher, the material absorbs more energy, resulting in a
higher rate of signal attenuation.
3. How is a medium classified according to the value of its ‘loss tangent’?
Media can be classified according to their loss tangent as follows:
- Dielectric medium: If the loss tangent is low, the medium is a good insulator
and electromagnetic waves propagate with little energy loss.
- Conductive or lossy medium: If the loss tangent is high, the medium has
higher conductive properties and electromagnetic waves experience significant
energy loss during propagation.
Application exercise:
The following 4-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1. Conductivity 𝝈 and Electrical Permittivity 𝜺𝒓 of Some Media.
Select Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
☐ 1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
☐ 2. Sea water 4 80
☐ 3. Air 5.5𝑥10−15 1.0005
☐ 4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
☐ 5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
☐ 6. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
☐ 7. Vacuum 0 1
Note: Select one of the seven media.
My selection is the propagation medium Copper.
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave
E of frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits
of your identification number.
𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20)𝑀𝐻𝑧 = (664 + 20)𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 684 𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 684𝑥106 𝐻𝑧

𝜎 = 5.80𝑥107
εr = 1
Tangent of losses:
𝜎 𝜎
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
5.80𝑥107
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) =
2𝜋 ∙ 684𝑥106 ∙ 1 ∙ 8.8542x10−12
5.80𝑥107
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) =
3.815𝑥10−3
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 1524202591.9522533
Angle of losses:
−1
𝜎 −1
1.52𝑥1010
𝜹 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( )
2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∙ 684𝑥106 ∙ 1 ∙ 8.8542x10−12
= 89.9999999624094º
The result of the inverse tangent of such a large value is approximately
𝜹 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟒°
Note that:
𝜔 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ; 𝜇 = μr ∗ μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ∗ ε𝑜
ε𝑜 = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
𝜇𝑟 = 1
Calculator evidence:
Example:
Equation editor (values and units)
𝜎 4 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = = = 1.30633
2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 688𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜎 ⬚
𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = ⋯
2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 ⬚
Figure 1. Calculator Evidence
Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify and select the behavior
of the chosen medium according to one of the 5 options:
Table 2. Classification of Propagation Media.

Check Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
☐ Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
☐ Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
☐ Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
☐ Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
☐ Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°
Is a Good conductors (Good Conductors) 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) > 10 84 ° < δ < 90°
3. According to the classification obtained in “Step 2” and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the propagation parameters ,  and  of the wave in the chosen
medium:
Table 3. Propagation Parameters in Open Media.
☐ Not ☐ Lost low ☐ Dielectrics with ☐ Good
Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜼 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎
a. Propagation constant 𝛾: 𝜸=
b. Attenuation constant : 𝜶=
c. Phase constant : 𝜷=
d. 𝜼
4. According to the results obtained in step 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.
𝜔 2𝜋 1
𝑉𝑝 = 𝜆= 𝛿𝑝 =
𝛽 𝛽 |𝛼|
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 :
4.30𝑥109
𝑽𝒑 = = 10859.765774301832
3.957𝑥105
b. Wavelength 𝝀:
2∗𝜋
𝝀= = 0.0000158768505
3.957𝑥105
c. Penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 :

1
𝜹𝒑 = = 0.0000025268792
|3.957𝑥105 |
5. Using the following equation, calculate 𝛿(𝑓) for some values of frequency 𝒇
given in Table 5 (Calculator must be in DEGREE mode). Identify and explain
how the medium behaves as the frequency increases. use the medium chosen
in this activity. Plot the data using Excel or other.
𝝈
𝜹°(𝒇) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝛆𝐫 𝛆𝒐
Table 4. Losses Angle / Media Behavior
Media: Cooper σ=5.8*10^7 S/m εo=8.8542x10^-12 C^2/Nm^2 εr=1
𝒇(𝑯𝒛) 𝜹°(𝒇) Media behavior
1 90° δ = 90° Perfect conductors
1 ∗ 103 90° δ = 90° Perfect conductors
1 ∗ 106 90° δ = 90° Perfect conductors
1 ∗ 109 89.99° 84°< δ < 90° Good conductors
1 ∗ 1012 89.99° 84°< δ < 90° Good conductors
Losses Angle vs Frecuency
90.002
90 90 90
90
89.998
Losses Angle (º)
89.996
89.994
89.992
89.99 89.99
89.99
89.988
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 100000010000000
100000000 1E+09 1E+10 1E+11 1E+12
f(Hz)
Behaviour of the medium with increasing frequency:

• Low frequency (𝟏 𝑯𝒛 𝒕𝒐 𝟏 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛):
- The loss angle δ remains at 90°.
- This indicates that the medium behaves as a perfect conductor, which
means that dissipation losses are negligible and the electric field does
not penetrate the conductor.
• Intermediate frequency (1∙𝟏𝟎𝟗 Hz):
- The loss angle decreases slightly to 89. 99°, which signals that copper
is still a good conductor, but starts to show some small losses due to
dissipation of energy in the form of heat.
- The behaviour changes from a perfect conductor to a good conductor.
• High frequency (1∙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 Hz):
- The loss angle remains at 89.99º.
- The medium remains a good conductor, although the losses increase
slightly with frequency. At these frequencies, the electric fields
penetrate the material a bit more, but it still behaves efficiently as a
conductor.
As frequency increases, copper behaves as a perfect conductor at low

frequencies, and as higher frequencies are reached, the medium shows good
conductor behaviour, where losses remain small but more noticeable than at
lower frequencies.
REFERENCES
Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Electromagnetic waves in free

space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An
Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp.
49-
60). https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
Jain, S. (2018). Electromagnetic waves. CO-RE of Electrical

Engineering. University Science Press. Laxmi Publications. (pp. 104-
107). https://research-ebsco-
com.bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/linkprocessor/plink?id=f58b7b28-a44e-
359d-b8e8-b5c8069a4de8
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent. VIO [Virtual Information

Object]. http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139
Leyton, O., & Comas, C. (2023). Electromagnetic waves concepts. VIO

[Virtual Information
Object]. https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/56566
Leyton, O., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic

waves in open media. VIO [Virtual Information
Object]. https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439

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Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Briceño Manuel Montiel Alean

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

1. What is meant by an open propagation medium with respect to

𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20)𝑀𝐻𝑧 = (664 + 20)𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 684 𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 684𝑥106 𝐻𝑧

The result of the inverse tangent of such a large value is approximately

Figure 1. Calculator Evidence

Attention, for the calculations:

Table 2. Classification of Propagation Media.

Is a Good conductors (Good Conductors) 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) > 10 84 ° < δ < 90°

3. According to the classification obtained in “Step 2” and using Table 3 shown

c. Penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 :

Behaviour of the medium with increasing frequency:

As frequency increases, copper behaves as a perfect conductor at low

Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Electromagnetic waves in free

Jain, S. (2018). Electromagnetic waves. CO-RE of Electrical

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent. VIO [Virtual Information

Leyton, O., & Comas, C. (2023). Electromagnetic waves concepts. VIO

Leyton, O., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic

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