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Unit 1 Introduction To Microcontroller

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12 views

Unit 1 Introduction To Microcontroller

Uploaded by

Uday Abduljaleel Alhamdany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1 Introduction to Microcontroller

Dr. Lalchand B Patle


Asst. Professor
Dept. of Electronics
MGSM’s ASC College Chopda, Dist: Jalgaon
Introduction
 A microcontroller is an electronic device belonging to the microcomputer family.
 These are fabricated using the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology on
a single chip.
 Microcontroller is also known as “Computer-on-a-Chip”.
 It is named so, because not only the CPU, but RAM, ROM, I/O ports,
Timer/Counter, Serial I/Os all are put together on a single microcontroller chip.
 A microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller
and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they
control.
 A microcontroller is available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,
8bit, 16bit, 32bit, 64bit and 128-bit microcontrollers are available today).
Block Diagram of Microcontroller

ROM/EPROM/ Parallel I/O


CPU RAM EEPROM Port

Timing &
Control Special Functioning Block

Timers and Interrupt


ADC DAC
Counters Control
Memory

 Memory spaces such as RAM, ROM, EPROM or EEPROM


are there to store data and programs.
 For data storage, volatile memory RAM is used while for the
program and operating parameter storage ROM and other
memory spaces are used.
 A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and
ROM (EEPROM, EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing
program source codes.
Timers/counters
 This is the one of the useful function of a microcontroller.
 A microcontroller may have more than one timer and counters.
 The timers and counters provide all timing and counting functions inside the
microcontroller.
 The major operations of this section are performed clock functions,
modulations, pulse generations, frequency measuring, making oscillations,
etc.
 This also can be used for counting external pulses.
 There is a watchdog timer. A watchdog timer is a portion of hardware that
can be used to automatically detect software anomalies/malfunctions and reset
the processor if any occur
Parallel input/output ports

 Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface


various devices such as LCD’S, LED’S, printers, memories,
etc to a microcontroller.
Serial ports

 Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between a


microcontroller and other peripherals like parallel ports.
Interrupt control

 The interrupt control used for providing interrupt (delay) for


a working program.
 The interrupt may be external (activated by using interrupt
pin) or internal (by using interrupt instruction during
programming).
Special functioning block

 Some microcontrollers used only for some special


applications (e.g. space systems and robotics) these
controllers containing additional ports to perform such
special operations.
 This considered as special functioning block.
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

 ADC converters are used for converting the analog signal to


digital form.
 The input signal in this converter should be in analog form
(e.g. sensor output) and the output from this unit is in digital
form.
 The digital output can be used for various digital applications
(e.g. measurement devices).
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

 DAC perform reversal operation of ADC conversion. DAC


converts the digital signal into analog format.
 It usually used for controlling analog devices like DC motors,
various drives, etc.
Advantages of microcontroller

 The main advantages of microcontrollers are given.


 Microcontrollers act as a microcomputer without any external digital parts.
 As the higher integration inside microcontroller reduces cost and size of the
system.
 Usage of a microcontroller is simple, easy to troubleshoot and system
maintaining.
 Most of the pins are programmable by the user for performing different
functions.
 Easily interface additional RAM, ROM, I/O ports.
 Low time required for performing operations.
Disadvantages of Microcontrollers

 Microcontrollers have got more complex architecture than


that of microprocessors.
 Microcontrollers are used for dedicated application only.
 Only perform a limited number of executions simultaneously.
 Mostly used in micro-equipment.
 Cannot interface high power devices directly.
Comparison between microprocessor
and microcontroller
Sr. No. Microprocessors Microcomputer

1 It is only a general purpose computer CPU It is a microcomputer itself

2 Memory, I/O ports, timers, interrupts are not available All are integrated inside the microcontroller chip
inside the chip
3 Systems become bulkier and expensive. Make the system simple, economic and compact

4 Microprocessors have many opcodes for moving the Microcontrollers have one or two opcodes for moving the data.
data from external memory to CPU.

5 Higher accessing time required Low accessing time


6 Very few number of bit handling instructions Many bit handling instructions

7 Very few pins are programmable Most of the pins are programmable
8 Widely Used in modern PC and laptops widely used in small control systems and dedicated
applications
9 E.g. INTEL 8086, INTEL Pentium series etc. E.g. INTEL8051, 89960, PIC16F877 etc.
Applications of microcontroller
 1. Consumer Electronics Products:
 Toys, Cameras, Robots, Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens etc. [any automatic home appliance]
 2. Instrumentation and Process Control:
 Oscilloscopes, Multi-meter, Leakage Current Tester, Data Acquisition and Control etc.
 3. Medical Instruments:
 ECG machine, Electronic Cardiac Monitor, Blood gas analyzer, Blood Glucose Monitor, MRI Machine etc.
 4. Communication:
 Cell Phones, Telephone Sets, Answering Machines etc.
 5. Office Equipment:
 Fax, Printers, etc.
 6. Multimedia Application:
 Mp3 Player, PDAs, optical players, digital camcorders etc.
 7. Automobile:
 Speedometer, Auto-breaking system etc.
 8. Robotics:
 Domestic or household robots, Industrial robots, Medical robots, Service robots, Military robots, Entertainment robots,
Space robots,
Thank You

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