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 The variability of life on Earth is called Biodiversity.
Biodiversity takes
into account all the living organisms present on Earth.
 A number of factors like pollution, erosion, evolution, urbanization,
industrialization, population, and depletion lead to the loss of
biodiversity.
 Loss of biodiversity is very harmful to the ecosystem as it indicates
either loss of species, or reduction of species in a natural habitat, or
both of them on a global level.
 It affects the ecosystem having impacts on the food chain. It affects
agriculture and weakens the resistance to natural disasters like floods,
drought, etc.
 As the mankind is totally dependent on the nature, a threat to
biodiversity poses a threat to humankind.
 For economic and various life support reasons, it is very important to
protect and preserve biodiversity.
 Biodiversity conservation plays an important role in the quality of life of
all living organisms.
 The protection and management of biodiversity in obtaining
sustainable development of resources are called Biodiversity
conservation.
 Protection, restoration, and management of biodiversity in order to
derive sustainable benefits for present and future generations, Or, it
can also be defined as, the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems
in a defined area.
 There are three major objectives of Biodiversity conservation:
a) Preservation of the diversity of species.
b) Sustainability of species and ecosystem.
c) Maintaining life-supporting and essential ecological processes
 Biodiversity Conservation Methods
a) In-situ Conservation
 In Situ Conservation refers to the preservation and protection of
the species in their natural habitat. (Conservation of genetic
resources in natural populations of plant or animal species)
 In situ conservation involves the management of biodiversity in
the same area where it is found.
Advantages
 It preserves species as well as their natural habitat.

 It ensures protection to a large number of populations.
 It is economic and a convenient method of conservation
 It doesn’t require species to adjust to a new habitat.
 Natural ecosystem is protected and maintained.
Exp-Biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biodiversity

hotspots, gene sanctuary, and sacred groves.
b) Ex-situ Conservation
 Ex Situ Conservation means conservation of life outside their
natural habitat or place of occurrence.
 It is the method in which part of the population or the entire
endangered species is taken from its natural habitat which is
threatened and breeding and maintaining of these species take
place in artificial ecosystems(zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens).
 The living environments are altered in these conservation sites,
so there are fewer survival struggles like scarcity of food, water,
or space.( competition among species for food or survival is low)
Advantages
 Essential life-sustaining conditions like climate, food availability,

veterinary care can be altered and are under human control.
 Artificial breeding methods can be introduced leading to successful
breeding and creating many more offspring of the species.
 The species can be protected from poaching and population
management can be efficiently done.
 Gene techniques can be applied to increase the population of the
species and they can again be reintroduced into the wild.
Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation
 Conservation of all food varieties, timber plants, livestock, microbes,

and agricultural animals
 Identification and conservation of all the economically important
organisms
 Preservation of unique ecosystems should be done.
 Efficient utilization of resources should be done.
 Prevention of poaching and hunting of wild animals
 Development of the reserves and protected areas
 Reduction in the levels of pollutants in environment
 Prohibition of deforestation
 Strict environmental laws
 Conservation of useful and endangered species of plants and
animals.
Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international treaty aimed

at promoting sustainable development by
 Conservation of Biological Diversity: This objective focuses on

preserving the variety of life on Earth, which includes the diversity of
ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. The goal is to maintain
and enhance biological diversity for the benefit of current and future
generations.
 Sustainable Use of Its Components: This objective aims to ensure
that the use of biological resources (such as plants, animals, and
microorganisms) is done in a way that does not lead to their long-term
decline. It promotes practices that allow for the sustainable harvest
and management of these resources, ensuring they remain available
for future generations.
 Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising from the
Utilization of Genetic Resources: This objective seeks to ensure
that the benefits derived from genetic resources (such as
pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, and biotechnological
innovations) are shared fairly and equitably with the countries and
communities that provide these resources. This includes benefits such
as financial profits, technology transfer, and capacity building.
The CBD was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and
entered into force on December 29, 1993.
The Convention has two protocols, both of which take into account the needs
of, and commit to cooperating with, developing countries and “in particular”
those of LDCs and other groups of countries such as SIDS and Parties with
Economies in transition:
1. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Generic Resources and the Fair

and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization.
2. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity (governs the movements of living modified
organisms – LMOs – resulting from modern biotechnology from one
country to another). Capacity-building, financial resources and access
to and transfer of technology and Parties commit to cooperating in the
development and/or strengthening of human resources and
institutional capacities in biosafety.

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 The variability of life on Earth is called Biodiversity.

 It preserves species as well as their natural habitat.

Exp-Biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biodiversity

 Essential life-sustaining conditions like climate, food availability,

Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation

 Conservation of all food varieties, timber plants, livestock, microbes,

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international treaty aimed

 Conservation of Biological Diversity: This objective focuses on

1. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Generic Resources and the Fair

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