Math:

L.O. 1
Main Points:
• 1. Unit circle

• 2. Six trigonometric functions (without graph the

function)

• 3. Related angles

• 4. Sine law, cos law

• 5. Angle of elevation and angle of depression

• 6. Directed angle (added)

• 7. Positive, negative, and co-terminal angles of

rotation
 Firstly,
What Is Trigonometry?
• Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies
the relationships between the angles and sides of
triangles, particularly right-angled triangles. It has wide
applications in various fields, including physics,
engineering, astronomy, and even in the arts.
• Trigonometry is essential for understanding
phenomena involving periodicity and waves, such as
sound and light waves.
• The word trigonometry means measurement of
triangles.

What is an angle?
In Plane Geometry, a figure which is formed by two rays
or lines that shares a common endpoint is called an
angle. The word “angle” is derived from the Latin word
“angulus”, which means “corner”. The two rays are called
the sides of an angle, and the common endpoint is called
the vertex. The angle that lies in the plane does not have to
be in the Euclidean space. In case if the angles are formed
by the intersection of two planes in the Euclidean or the
other space, the angles are considered dihedral angles. The
angle is represented using the symbol “∠”. The angle
measurement between the two rays can be denoted using
the Greek letter θ, α, β, etc. If the angles are measured from
a line, we can find two different types of angles, such as a
positive angle and a negative angle.

• Positive Angle: If the angle goes in counterclockwise,

then it is called a positive angle.

• Negative Angle: If the angle goes clockwise direction,

then it is called a negative angle. (As shown in figure 1)
• *Note that: The first ray called Initial side of angle, and
the second is called terminal side of angle.

• In the figure(2) below, the angles α , β have the same

initial and terminal side are called Coterminal angles.
 Standerd Position of an angle
In trigonometry an angle is usually drawn in what is called
the "standard position" as shown below.

In this position, the vertex of the angle (B) is on the

origin of the x and y axis. One side of the angle is always
fixed along the positive x-axis that is, going to the right
along the axis in the 3 o'clock direction (line BC). This is
called the initial side of the angle.
The other side of the angle is called the terminal side.

From degree to radian and vice versa

Every π = 1800 so the circle consist of 2π
And to convert the angle from degree to radian we use this
equation:
θ by Degrees × (π/180) = Radians

Example 1: Convert 90 degrees to radians

Solution: Given, 90 degrees is the angle
Angle in radian = Angle in degree x (π/180)
= 90 x (π/180)
= π/2

And to convert from radian to degree we use this equation:

Radians × (180/π) = Degrees

Example 2: Convert π/6 into degrees.

Solution: Using the formula,
π/6 × (180/π) = 180/6 = 30 degrees

Some special angels:

0=0 120 = 2π/3 360 = 2π
30 = π/6 150 = 5π/6
45 = π/4 180 = π/
60 = π/3 210 = 7π/6
90 = π/2 270 = 3π/2

Coterminal Angles
❖ What Are Coterminal Angles?
Coterminal angles are the angles that have the same initial
side and share the terminal sides. These angles occupy the
standard position, though their values are different. They
are on the same sides, in the same quadrant and their
vertices are identical. When the angles are moved
clockwise or anticlockwise the terminal sides coincide at
the same angle. An angle is a measure of the rotation of a
ray about its initial point. The original ray is called the initial
side and the final position of the ray after its rotation is
called the terminal side of that angle.
Consider 45°. Its standard
position is in the first quadrant
because its terminal side is
also present in the first
quadrant. Look at the image
Below.

• On full rotation
anticlockwise, 45° reaches its terminal side again at
405°. 405° coincides with 45° in the first quadrant.
• On full rotation clockwise, 45° reaches its terminal side
again at -315°. -315° coincides with 45° in the first
quadrant.
Thus 405° and -315° are coterminal angles of 45°.

❖ Coterminal Angles Formula:

The formula to find the coterminal angles of an angle θ
depending upon whether it is in terms
of degrees or radians is:
 • 𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔: 𝜃 ± 360 𝑛
• 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔: 𝜃 ± 2𝜋𝑛
In the above formula, 𝜃 ± 360𝑛, 360𝑛 means a multiple of
360, where 𝑛 is an integer and it denotes the number of
rotations around the coordinate plane.
Thus we can conclude that 45°, -315°, 405°, - 675°, 765° .....
are all coterminal angles. They differ only by a number of
complete circles. We can conclude that "two angles are
said to be coterminal if the difference between the
angles is a multiple of 360° (or 2π, if the angle is in terms
of radians)". Let us learn the concept with the help of the
given example.

Example : Find two coterminal angles of 30°.

Solution:
• The given angle is, θ = 30°
• The formula to find the coterminal angles is, θ ± 360n
• Let us find two coterminal angles.
• For finding one coterminal angle: n = 1 (anticlockwise)
Then the corresponding coterminal angle is,
= 𝜃 + 360𝑛
= 30 + 360 (1)
= 390°
 • Finding another coterminal angle :n = −2 (clockwise)
Then the corresponding coterminal angle is,
= 𝜃 + 360𝑛
= 30 + 360(−2)
= −690°

❖ Positive and Negative Coterminal Angles:

The coterminal angles can be positive or negative. In one

of the above examples, we found that 390° and -690° are the
coterminal angles of 30°
Here,
• 390° is the positive coterminal angle of 30°.
• -690° is the negative coterminal angle of 30°.

𝜽 ± 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒏, where n takes a positive value when the

rotation is anticlockwise and takes a negative value when
the rotation is clockwise. So we decide whether to add or
subtract multiples of 360° (or 2π) to get positive or negative
coterminal angles.

Trigonometry Ratios-Sine, Cosine, Tangent

The trigonometric ratios of a triangle are also called the
trigonometric functions. Sine, cosine, and tangent are 3
important trigonometric functions and are abbreviated as
sin, cos and tan. Let us see how are these ratios or
functions, evaluated in case of a right-angled triangle.
Consider a right-angled triangle, where the longest side is
called the hypotenuse, and the sides opposite to the
hypotenuse are referred to as the adjacent and opposite
sides.
 ❖ Six Important Trigonometric Functions
The six important trigonometric functions (trigonometric
ratios) are calculated using the below formulas and
considering the above figure. It is necessary to get
knowledge about the sides of the right triangle because it
defines the set of important trigonometric functions.

Relationship to sides of a
Functions Abbreviation
right triangle

Sine Function sin Opposite side/ Hypotenuse

Tangent
tan Opposite side / Adjacent side
Function

Cosine
cos Adjacent side / Hypotenuse
Function

Cosecant
cosec Hypotenuse / Opposite side
Function

Secant
sec Hypotenuse / Adjacent side
Function

Cotangent
cot Adjacent side / Opposite side
Function

❖ Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions

The trigonometric function can be described as being even
or odd.
 1. Odd trigonometric functions: A trigonometric function
is said to be an odd function if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and
symmetric with respect to the origin.

2. Even trigonometric functions: A trigonometric

function is said to be an even function, if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
and symmetric to the y-axis.

We know that:
• 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (−𝑥) = – 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥
• 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (−𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥
• 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (−𝑥) = −𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥
• 𝐶𝑠𝑐 (−𝑥) = – 𝐶𝑠𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑆𝑒𝑐 (−𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑥
• 𝐶𝑜𝑡 (−𝑥) = −𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑥
Therefore, cosine and secant are the even trigonometric
functions, whereas sine, tangent, cosecant and cotangent
are the odd trigonometric functions. If we know the even
and odd trigonometric functions, it helps us to simplify the
trigonometric expression when the variable inside the
trigonometric function is negative.
 ❖ Trigonometry Angles
The trigonometry angles which are commonly used in
trigonometry problems are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. The
trigonometric ratios such as sine, cosine and tangent of
these angles are easy to memorize. We will also show the
table where all the ratios and their respective angle’s values
are mentioned. To find these angles we have to draw a right-
angled triangle, in which one of the acute angles will be the
corresponding trigonometry angle. These angles will be
defined with respect to the ratio associated with it.
For example, in a right-angled triangle:
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟/𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

−1
𝑃
𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = sin ( )
𝐻
Similarly,
𝜃 = cos−1 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒/𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟/𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒)

❖ Trigonometry Table
Check the table for common angles which are used to solve
many trigonometric problems involving trigonometric ratios.
Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Sin θ 0 ½ 1/√2 √3/2 1

Cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 ½ 0

Tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 ∞

Cosec θ ∞ 2 √2 2/√3 1

Sec θ 1 2/√3 √2 2 ∞

Cot θ ∞ √3 1 1/√3 0

In the same way, we can find the trigonometric ratio values

for angles beyond 90 degrees, such as 180°, 270° and 360°.

Angle of Elevation
The angle of elevation is the angle between the horizontal
line and the line of sight which is above the horizontal line.
It is formed when an observer looks upwards. Suppose you
are standing at the terrace of a building and looking upwards
at the sky or at the sun or moon. The angle thus formed
between your height from the ground level and the line of
sight formed is called the angle of elevation.

• Angle of Elevation Definition

The angle of elevation in math is "the angle formed
between the horizontal line and the line of sight when an
observer looks upwards is known as an angle of
elevation". It is always at a height that is greater than the
height of the observer. The opposite of the angle of
elevation is the angle of depression which is formed when
an observer looks downwards. It is important to learn about
the angle of elevation and depression while studying heights
and distances in trigonometry. The three general words
associated with the angle of elevation are angles, horizontal
lines, and line of sight.
 • Angle of Elevation Formula
The angle of elevation formula is no different from the
formulae of trigonometric ratios. With the help of the
formulae given below, we can find the angle of elevation
depending on which two sides of the triangle are known. For
example, if we have to find the angle of elevation when the
height of the object from the horizontal line and the length
of the line of sight are known, we can use the sine formula.
Let the observer at 'O' is observing an object that is at 'A'.
Then the horizontal line is OB and the line of sight is OA.
Then the angle formed between OA and OB which is angle
AOB is the angle of elevation.
For example, to calculate the angle of elevation for an
object at the distance of 10 units from the horizontal line
(y=10) and 12 units from the observer w.r.t. the horizontal
line (x=12), we write, 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟎/𝟏𝟐, which can be
reduced to 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝟓/𝟔. Therefore, the value of θ obtained
is 𝒕𝒂𝒏 − 𝟏 (5/6). This is the required angle of elevation.
 • Angle of Elevation Vs Angle of Depression
The angle of elevation and angle of depression are
opposites of each other. In an angle of elevation, the
object is placed above the observer, while in the case of
the angle of depression, it is placed below the observer. If
you are standing at your terrace and looking at the sun, then
the angle of elevation will be formed. On the other hand, if
you will look at the dog standing on the road from your
terrace, then the angle of depression will be formed. In
both cases, we use trigonometry angles to find the heights
and distances. Let us understand the difference between
the angle of elevation and depression from the table given
below.

Angle of Elevation Angle of Depression

It is formed when an It is formed when an

object is placed object is placed below the
above the observer. observer's eye level.

Also known as Also known as

upwards angle. downwards angle.

The horizontal line is The horizontal line is

 Angle of Elevation Angle of Depression

below the object. above the object.

The unit circle

This is a circle which has
➢ Radius is always one unit
➢ Center is always at the origin
➢ Points on the unit circle relate to the
 periodic function
➢ Has a positive and negative angle
➢ The Origen point is (0,0)
➢ And the equation of this circle would be

X2+Y2=1

This means, for any point (x,y)

Equation x + y = Cos θ + Sin θ
We should to know that every point on the
unit circle has an X coordinate equal to
Cos θ and the Y coordinate equal to Sin θ

For example if we have a unit circle with

radius 1 here
Cos 0 = 1 so the point will be (1 , Y) and to
Calculate Y
Sin 0 = 0 so the point in final will be like
(1 , 0)
Okay by this information we should to know

• -1 =< Sin θ =< 1

• -1 =< Cos θ =< 1

Related angles
Related Angles are the pair of angles that are related to
each other. For each pair of related angles, there is a
particular name given to them. These angles are related to
each other based on some specific conditions.

Two angles are said to be related if they satisfy certain

criteria. For example, when the transversal cuts the parallel
lines, then there are certain angles that are formed such as
corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, vertical
angles, etc. Thus, these angles are related to each other
with respect to the condition of transversal and parallel
lines.

❖ Types of Related Angles

The five types of related angles are:

• Complementary Angles
• Supplementary Angles
• Adjacent Angles
• Linear Pair
• Vertically Opposite Angles
Let us discuss all these related angles and their
corresponding conditions by which they are related to each
other.

1. Complementary Angles
The pair of angles that results in 90 degrees, when added
together, are called complementary angles. Here, one
angle is the complement of another angle. Hence, the
complementary angles are related to each other by 90
degrees.
In simple words, when the sum of two angles is equal to 90°,
then they are known as complementary angles. The
examples of complementary angles are:
• 30° and 90° (30° angle is the complement of 90°angle)
• 20° and 70° (70°angle is the complement of 70° angle)
• 40° and 50° (40° angle is the complement of 50° angle)

Facts:
• Two acute angles are always complement to each other
(Since, acute angle < 90°)
• Two obtuse angles cannot be complement to each other
(Since, obtuse angle > 90°)
 • Two right angles cannot be complement to each other
(Since right angle = 90°)

2. Supplementary Angles
When the sum of any two angles is equal to 180 degrees,
then such pairs of angles are called supplementary angles.
In this case, one angle is said to be a supplement of the
other. Thus, the supplementary angles are related to each
other by 180 degrees.

The examples of supplementary angles are:

• 60° and 120° (since 60° angle is the supplement of 120°
angle)
 • 100° and 80° (since 100° angle is the supplement of 80°
angle)
• 90° and 90° (since 90° angle is the supplement of
another 90° angle)

Facts:
• Two obtuse angles cannot be supplementary
• Two acute angles cannot be supplementary
• Two right angles are always supplementary to each other

3. Adjacent Angles
Two angles are said to be adjacent angles when they have a
common vertex and a common arm. There shall be no
common interior points between them.
The adjacent angles have common vertex, common arm
but the non-common arms are on either side of the
common arm. See the below figure to understand the
difference between adjacent and non-adjacent angles.
In the above figure, angle 𝒄 and angle 𝒅 are adjacent angles.
Angle 𝒙 and angle 𝒚 are non-adjacent angles
Also, although angle 𝒂 and angle 𝒃 have common vertices,
they are still non-adjacent angles.

4. Linear Pair
We have learned about the adjacent angles in the above
section. Now, if two adjacent angles together form a
straight angle or 180 degree angle, then they are said to be
a linear pair.
The noncommon sides of the linear pair of angles are
opposite rays. Also, the angles in a linear pair are
supplementary to each other. Thus, linear pairs are
related angles.
The examples of linear pair of angles are:
• 60° and 120° (with one arm and vertex common to each
other)
• 100° and 80° (with one arm and vertex common to each
other)
• 90° and 90° (with one arm and vertex common to each
other)

Facts:
• Two acute angles cannot form linear pair (because the
resulting angle will be less than 180 degrees)
• Two obtuse angles cannot form linear pair (because the
resulting angle will be more than 180 degrees)
• Two right angles when combined together with a common
arm and a common vertex, always form a linear pair.

5. Vertically Opposite Angles

When two lines intersect or meet each other at a single
point, then the vertically opposite angles formed are
equal.
To be noted, there are four angles formed when two lines
cut each other at a point. Thus, vertical angles that are
opposite to each other at that point are equal. Therefore,
such angles are related to each other in these terms. See
the figure below, to understand better.
In the above figure, four angles are formed by the
intersection of two lines, such that:

• ∠𝒂 = ∠𝒄
• ∠𝒃 = ∠𝒅

❖ Solved Examples
Q.1: What is the complement of 33°?
Solution: Let the required angle be x
Thus,

• X + 33° = 90° [Complementary angles condition]

• X = 90° – 33°
• X = 57°
Therefore, the complement of 33° is 57°.

Q.2: What is the supplement of angle equal to 105°?

Solution: Let the required angle be x.
So,

• X + 105° = 180° [Supplementary angles condition]

• X = 180° – 105°
 • X =75°
Therefore, 75° and 105° are supplementary angles.

Reference Angles – Coordinates

What is a Reference Angle?
A reference angle is the smallest acute angle that the
terminal arm of the angle makes with the x-axis when drawn
on a coordinate plane. Regardless of the location of the
terminal side, the reference angle measures the closest
distance of that side from the x-axis.
The reference angle is used for simplifying the calculations
related to trigonometric functions with different angles.
Their value is always between 0 and 90° when measured in
degrees or 0 and π/2 when measured in radians. A reference
angle always uses an x-axis as its frame of reference.
Looking at the picture above, every angle is measured from
the positive part of the x-axis to its terminal side by traveling
in a counterclockwise direction.

Reference Angles and Trigonometric Functions

The two axes, x, and y divide the plane into four quadrants,
named I, II, III, and IV. The numbering starts from the upper
right one, the first quadrant, where both coordinates are
positive as we continue to move in the anticlockwise
direction.
Normally, the four trigonometric functions: sine, cosine,
tangent, and cotangent give the same value for an angle and
its reference angle. The only thing that varies is the sign.
Follow the mnemonic rule: ‘Add Sugar To Coffee’ or
‘All Students Take Calculus’ to remember when these
functions have positive values.
▪ ‘A’ for all: In the first quadrant, all functions have
positive value
▪ ‘S’ for sine: In the second quadrant, only the sine
function has positive value
▪ ‘T’ for tangent: In the third quadrant, tangent and
cotangent have positive values
 ▪ ‘C’ for cosine: In the fourth quadrant, only the cosine
function has positive value.

• Formulas
How to Find a Reference Angle
We can find reference angles depending on which quadrant
the terminal side of the angle is located in either degrees or
radians. There are four possible cases:

1) When Calculated in Degrees

Case 1: (For Angles between 0° to 90°) – When the terminal
side is on the first quadrant, the reference angle is the same
as the given angle. So, if the given angle is 45°, then its
reference angle is also 45°.
Hence,
Reference Angle = Given Angle
Case 2: (For Angles between 90° to 180°) – When the
terminal side is on the second quadrant, the reference angle
is 180° minus our given angle. So, if the given angle is 105°,
then its reference angle is (180° – 105° = 75°).
Hence,
Reference Angle = 180° – Given Angle
Case 3: (For Angles between 180° to 270°) – When the
terminal side is on the third quadrant, the reference angle is
the given angle minus 180°. So, if the given angle is 200°,
then its reference angle is (200° – 180° = 20°).
Hence,
Reference Angle = Given Angle – 180°
Case 4: (For Angles between 270° to 360°) – When the
terminal side is on the fourth quadrant, the reference angle
is 360° minus our given angle. So, if the given angle is 310°,
then its reference angle is (360° – 310° = 50°).
Hence,
Reference Angle = 360° – Given Angle

2) When Calculated in Radians

When calculated in radians: 180° = π, 360° = 2π, 270 = 2π/2,
and 90° = π/2
Thus, the formulas become:
Case 1: (For Angles between 0° to 90°) – First quadrant
Reference Angle = Given Angle
Case 2: (For Angles between 90° to 180°) – Second quadrant
Reference Angle = π – Given Angle
Case 3: (For Angles between 180° to 270°) – Third quadrant
Reference Angle = Given Angle – π
Case 4: (For Angles between 270° to 360°) – Fourth quadrant
Reference Angle = 2 π – Given Angle
Given below is a table showing the values of reference
angles in radians and degrees in the four coordinate planes.
Assume that the original angle is
Quadrant Reference Reference
Angle (in Angle (in
radians) degrees)

I θ θ

II π–θ 180° – θ

III θ–π θ – 180°

IV 2π – θ 360° – θ