Covalent and Ionic Bonding MYP

What is an Ionic Bond?
The electrostatic force of attraction which holds the two oppositely charged
ions together is called the ionic bond.
A chemical bond is formed between two atoms by the complete transfer of
one or more electrons from one atom to the other as a result of which the
atoms attain their near an inert gas configuration.
There are primarily three ways in which two atoms combine to lose energy
and to become stable. One of the ways is by donating or accepting electrons
to complete their octet configuration. The bond formed by this kind of
combination is known as an ionic bond or electrovalent bond. This kind of
bond is formed when one atom gains electrons while the other atom loses
electrons from its outermost level or orbit.
 An Ionic bond is the bond formed by the complete transfer of valence electron to
attain stability.
 This type of bonding leads to the formation of two oppositely charged ions –
positive ions known as cations and negative ions known as anions.
 The presence of two oppositely charged ions results in a strong attractive force
between them. This force is an ionic or electrovalent bond.
 Ionic bonds form between atoms with large differences in electronegativity
whereas covalent bonds formed between atoms with smaller differences in
electronegativity.
 The compound formed by the electrostatic attraction of positive and negative
ions is called an ionic compound.
 The ionic bonds are the strongest of all the bonds.
 The ionic bond has charge separation, and so they are the most reactive of all
the bonds in the proper medium.
 The ionic bonded molecules have high melting and boiling points.
 The ionic bonded molecules in their aqueous solutions or in the molten state are
good conductors of electricity. This is due to the presence of ions which acts as
charge carriers.
Electronic
Element Reaction Formed ion
config.
Na(11) 2,8,1 Na → Na+ + e– ………………….. Reaction 1 Na+
Ca(20) 2,8,8,2 Ca → Ca2+ + 2e–……………….. Reaction 2 Ca2+
Cl(17) 2,8,7 Cl + e–→ Cl– ………………….……. Reaction 3 Cl–
O(8) 2,6 O + 2e–→ O2-…………………… Reaction 4 O2-
What Is Covalent Bond?

Elements having very high ionization energies are incapable of transferring
electrons, and elements having very low electron affinity cannot take up
electrons. The atoms of such elements tend to share their electrons with the
atoms of other elements or with other atoms of the same element in a way
that both the atoms obtain octet configuration in their respective valence
shells, and thus achieve stability. Such association through sharing of
electron pairs among different or same kinds is known as Covalent Bond.
 Covalent bonding does not result in the formation of new electrons. The bond
only pairs them.
 They are very powerful chemical bonds that exist between atoms.
 A covalent bond normally contains an energy of about ~80 kilocalories per mole
(kcal/mol).
 Covalent bonds rarely break spontaneously after it is formed.
 Covalent bonds are directional, where the atoms that are bonded showcase
specific orientations relative to one another.
 Most compounds having covalent bonds exhibit relatively low melting points and
boiling points.
Compounds formed by covalent bonding don’t conduct electricity due to the lack
of free electrons.
 Covalent compounds are not soluble in water.
 What Is the Octet Rule?

 All atoms except noble gases have less than eight electrons in their
valence shell. In other words, the valence shells of these atoms do not
have stable configurations. Therefore, they combine with each other or
with other atoms to attain stable electronic configurations.
 Therefore,
 “The tendency of atoms of various elements to attain stable
configuration of eight electrons in their valence shells is the
cause of chemical combination”
 and
 “The principle of attaining the maximum of eight electrons in
the valence shell of atoms is called the octet rule.
 Lewis symbols are used to denote the electrons present in the outer
shell of an atom known as the valence electrons. These symbols are
known as Electron Dot Symbols, and the structure of the compound
is known as Lewis Dot Structure.
Covalent bonding can be achieved in two ways:

 Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind, for example, formation of
H2, Cl2, O2, etc.
 Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kinds, for example, formation of
CH4, H2O, NH3, etc.
Ionic Bond vs Covalent Bond
Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bond
Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds
A covalent bond is formed between two similar This type of bond is formed between a
electronegative non-metals metal and non-metal
Bonds formed from covalent bonding have a Ionic bonds have no definite shape
definite shape
Low melting point and boiling point High melting point and boiling point
Low polarity and more flammable High polarity and less flammable
Covalent bonds are in a liquid or gaseous state at At room temperature, ionic bonds have a
room temperature solid state.
Examples: Methane, Hydrochloric acid Examples: Sodium chloride, Sulfuric Acid

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Covalent and Ionic Bonding MYP

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Covalent and Ionic Bonding MYP

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What is an Ionic Bond?

Ca(20) 2,8,8,2 Ca → Ca2+ + 2e–……………….. Reaction 2 Ca2+

Cl(17) 2,8,7 Cl + e–→ Cl– ………………….……. Reaction 3 Cl–

O(8) 2,6 O + 2e–→ O2-…………………… Reaction 4 O2-

What Is Covalent Bond?

 Covalent compounds are not soluble in water.

 What Is the Octet Rule?

Covalent bonding can be achieved in two ways:

Ionic Bond vs Covalent Bond

Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bond

Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds

Examples: Methane, Hydrochloric acid Examples: Sodium chloride, Sulfuric Acid

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