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WHO Model List
of
Essential Medicines
18th list
(April 2013)
(Final Amendments – October 2013)
Status of this document

This is a reprint of the text on the WHO Medicines web site
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html
Essential Medicines 18th edition
WHO Model List
1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
1.1.1 Inhalational medicines
halothane Inhalation.
isoflurane Inhalation.
nitrous oxide Inhalation.
oxygen Inhalation (medicinal gas).
1.1.2 Injectable medicines
ketamine Injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride)/ml in 10‐ml vial.
Injection: 10 mg/ml; 20 mg/ml.

propofol* * Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local
availability and cost.
1.2 Local anaesthetics
Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial.

 bupivacaine Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 0.5% (hydrochloride) in
4‐ml ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution.
Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial.
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in

 lidocaine
2‐ml ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution.
Topical forms: 2% to 4% (hydrochloride).
Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000.

lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride or sulfate) + epinephrine
1:200 000 in vial.
Complementary List
Injection: 30 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.

ephedrine
(For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension).
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 1 mg/ml.
 midazolam Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml [c].

Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg.
morphine Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1‐ml ampoule.
18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013) page - 1

WHO Model List
2. MEDICINES FOR PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg.

acetylsalicylic acid
Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg.
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 ml.

ibuprofen a Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg.
a Not in children less than 3 months.
Suppository: 100 mg.

paracetamol* Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg.
* Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due

to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
2.2 Opioid analgesics
codeine Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate).
Granules (slow‐release; to mix with water): 20 mg ‐

200 mg (morphine sulfate).
Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or

morphine sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
Oral liquid: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or

morphine sulfate)/5 ml.
morphine*
Tablet (slow release): 10 mg‐ 200mg (morphine
hydrochloride or morphine sulfate).
Tablet (immediate release): 10 mg (morphine

sulfate).
*Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and

oxycodone
2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care
amitriptyline Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg; 75 mg
Injection: 50 mg/ml.
cyclizine [c]
Tablet: 50 mg.
Injection: 4 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule (as disodium
phosphate salt).
dexamethasone
Tablet: 2 mg [c]; 4 mg.

WHO Model List
Injection: 5 mg/ml.
diazepam
Rectal solution: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg.
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg.
Capsule: 100 mg.
docusate sodium
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride).
fluoxetine a
a >8 years.
Injection: 5 mg in 1‐ml ampoule.

haloperidol Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml.
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 2mg; 5 mg.
hyoscine butylbromide Injection: 20 mg/ml.
Injection: 400 micrograms/ml; 600 micrograms/ml.

hyoscine hydrobromide [c]
Transdermal patches: 1 mg/72 hours.
lactulose [c] Oral liquid: 3.1‐3.7 g/5 ml.
loperamide Solid oral dosage form: 2 mg.
Injection: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/mL in 2‐mL

ampoule.
metoclopramide
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL
Solid oral form: 10 mg (hydrochloride)
Injection: 1 mg/ml; 5 mg/ml.
midazolam Oral solid dosage form: 7.5 mg; 15 mg.
Oral liquid: 2mg/ml [c]
Injection: 2 mg base/ml in 2‐ml ampoule (as
hydrochloride).
ondansetron [c] a Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 ml.

Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base.
a >1 month.
senna Oral liquid: 7.5 mg/5 ml.

3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS

dexamethasone
phosphate salt).
Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen

epinephrine (adrenaline)
tartrate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate)

hydrocortisone
in vial.

WHO Model List
Oral liquid: 1 mg/ml.
 loratadine * Tablet: 10 mg.
*There maybe a role for sedating antihistamines for

limited indications (EMLc)
Oral liquid: 5 mg/ml [c].

 prednisolone
4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS
4.1 Non-specific
charcoal, activated Powder.
4.2 Specific
Injection: 200 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.

acetylcysteine
Oral liquid: 10% [c]; 20% [c].
atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
methylthioninium chloride
(methylene blue)
Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1‐ml

naloxone
ampoule.
penicillamine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.
potassium ferric hexacyano‐ferrate(II) ‐2H20

Powder for oral administration.
(Prussian blue)
sodium nitrite Injection: 30 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
sodium thiosulfate Injection: 250 mg/ml in 50‐ml ampoule.
Complementary List
deferoxamine Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial.
dimercaprol Injection in oil: 50 mg/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 5 mg/ml (sulfate) in 20‐ml ampoule or 1 g/ml

fomepizole
(base) in 1.5‐ml ampoule.
sodium calcium edetate Injection: 200 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
succimer Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg.
5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
carbamazepine Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 200 mg.
Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg.
Gel or rectal solution: 5 mg/ml in 0.5 ml; 2‐ml; 4‐ml

diazepam
tubes.

WHO Model List
Parenteral formulation: 2 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule;
 lorazepam
4 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.
Injection: 500 mg/ml in 2‐ml ampoule; 500 mg/ml in

10‐ml ampoule.
magnesium sulfate*
* For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and
not for other convulsant disorders.
Injection: 200 mg/ml (sodium).
phenobarbital Oral liquid: 15 mg/5 ml.
Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5‐ml vial (sodium salt).

Oral liquid: 25 mg to 30 mg/5 ml.*
Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg
(sodium salt).
phenytoin
Tablet (chewable): 50 mg.
* The presence of both 25 mg/5 ml and 30 mg/5 ml
strengths on the same market would cause confusion
in prescribing and dispensing and should be
avoided.
Tablet (crushable): 100 mg.

valproic acid (sodium valproate)
Tablet (enteric‐coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium
valproate).
Complementary List
Capsule: 250 mg.

ethosuximide
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics
albendazole Tablet (chewable): 400 mg.
levamisole Tablet: 50 mg; 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
mebendazole Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg.
niclosamide Tablet (chewable): 500 mg.
praziquantel Tablet: 150 mg; 600 mg.
Oral liquid: 50 mg (as embonate or pamoate)/ml.

pyrantel Tablet (chewable): 250 mg (as embonate or
pamoate).
6.1.2 Antifilarials

WHO Model List
albendazole Tablet (chewable): 400 mg.
diethylcarbamazine Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate).
ivermectin Tablet (scored): 3 mg.
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines
praziquantel Tablet: 600 mg.
triclabendazole Tablet: 250 mg.
Complementary List
Capsule: 250 mg.

oxamniquine*
* Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel
treatment fails.
6.2 Antibacterials
6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as trihydrate)/5 ml;

250 mg (as trihydrate)/5 ml [c].
amoxicillin
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (as
trihydrate).
Oral liquid: 125 mg amoxicillin + 31.25 mg

clavulanic acid/5 ml AND 250 mg amoxicillin +
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 62.5 mg clavulanic acid/5 ml [c].
Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as
potassium salt).
Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt) in

ampicillin
vial.
Powder for injection: 900 mg benzylpenicillin

benzathine benzylpenicillin (= 1.2 million IU) in 5‐ml vial [c]; 1.44 g
benzylpenicillin (= 2.4 million IU) in 5‐ml vial.
Powder for injection: 600 mg (= 1 million IU); 3 g (=

benzylpenicillin
5 million IU) (sodium or potassium salt) in vial.
Powder for reconstitution with water: 125 mg/5 ml;

cefalexin [c] 250 mg/5 ml (anhydrous).
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as monohydrate).
Powder for injection: 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial.
 cefazolin* a * For surgical prophylaxis.
a >1 month.
Capsule: 400 mg (as trihydrate).

cefixime* * Only listed for single‐dose treatment of
uncomplicated ano‐genital gonorrhoea.

WHO Model List
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt) in
vial.
ceftriaxone* a * Do not administer with calcium and avoid in
infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
a >41 weeks corrected gestational age.
Capsule: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt).
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium salt) in

 cloxacillin vial.
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as sodium

salt)/5 ml.
Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg (as potassium

phenoxymethylpenicillin salt)/5 ml.
Tablet: 250 mg (as potassium salt).
Powder for injection: 1 g (=1 million IU); 3 g

(=3 million IU) in vial.
* Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as

procaine benzylpenicillin* first‐line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in
settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by
trained health workers in cases where hospital care
is not achievable.
Complementary List
Powder for injection: 250 mg per vial (as sodium salt).

cefotaxime* [c] * 3rd generation cephalosporin of choice for use in
hospitalized neonates.
Powder for injection: 250 mg or 1 g (as pentahydrate)
ceftazidime
in vial.
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as monohydrate) +

250 mg (as sodium salt); 500 mg (as monohydrate) +
500 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
* Only listed for the treatment of life‐threatening hospital‐

imipenem* + cilastatin* based infection due to suspected or proven multidrug‐
resistant infection.
Meropenem is indicated for the treatment of meningitis

and is licensed for use in children over the age of 3
months.
6.2.2 Other antibacterials
Capsule: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous).

azithromycin*
* Only listed for single‐dose treatment of genital
Chlamydia trachomatis and of trachoma.

WHO Model List
Capsule: 250 mg.
Oily suspension for injection*: 0.5 g (as sodium

succinate)/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
chloramphenicol * Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic
meningitis in children older than 2 years.
Oral liquid: 150 mg (as palmitate)/5 ml.
Powder for injection: 1 g (sodium succinate) in vial.
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml (anhydrous) [c].

Solution for IV infusion: 2 mg/ml (as hyclate) [c].
 ciprofloxacin*
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
* Square box applies to adults only.
Solid oral dosage form: 500 mg.

clarithromycin* * For use in combination regimens for eradication of
H. Pylori in adults.
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 ml [c]; 50 mg/5 ml

(anhydrous) [c].
doxycycline a Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg [c]; 100 mg (as

hyclate).
a Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening
infections when no alternative exists.
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as lactobionate) in

vial.
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 ml (as stearate or

 erythromycin
estolate or ethyl succinate).
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as stearate or

estolate or ethyl succinate).
 gentamicin Injection: 10 mg; 40 mg (as sulfate)/ml in 2‐ml vial.
Injection: 500 mg in 100‐ml vial.
Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml.

 metronidazole
Suppository: 500 mg; 1 g.
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 ml [c].

nitrofurantoin
Tablet: 100 mg.
spectinomycin Powder for injection: 2 g (as hydrochloride) in vial.

WHO Model List
Injection:
80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule;

80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 ml.
Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg; 800 mg +

160 mg.

trimethoprim a Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg.
a >6 months.
Complementary List
Capsule: 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
clindamycin Injection: 150 mg (as phosphate)/ml.
Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 ml (as palmitate) [c].
vancomycin Powder for injection: 250 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial.
6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines
Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination
therapy is essential to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Colour coded blister packs (MDT blister
packs) containing standard two medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or three medicine (multibacillary
leprosy) combinations for adult and childhood leprosy should be used. MDT blister packs can be supplied
free of charge through WHO.
clofazimine Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg.
dapsone Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg.
rifampicin Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg.
6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines

WHO recommends and endorses the use of fixed‐dose combinations and the development of appropriate
new fixed‐dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non‐refrigerated products and paediatric
dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality.

ethambutol
Tablet: 100 mg to 400 mg (hydrochloride).
ethambutol + isoniazid Tablet: 400 mg + 150 mg.
ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide +

Tablet: 275 mg + 75 mg + 400 mg + 150 mg.
rifampicin
ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin Tablet: 275 mg + 75 mg + 150 mg.
isoniazid Tablet: 100 mg to 300 mg.
Tablet (scored): 50 mg.

WHO Model List
Tablet:
isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin 75 mg + 400 mg + 150 mg.

150 mg + 500 mg + 150 mg (For intermittent use
three times weekly).
Tablet:
75 mg + 150 mg; 150 mg + 300 mg.

isoniazid + rifampicin 60 mg + 60 mg (For intermittent use three times
weekly).
150 mg + 150 mg (For intermittent use three times
weekly).

Tablet: 400 mg.
pyrazinamide
Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg.
Capsule: 150 mg.*

rifabutin * For use only in patients with HIV receiving
protease inhibitors.

rifampicin
Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg.
streptomycin Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
Complementary List
Reserve second‐line drugs for the treatment of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) should
be used in specialized centres adhering to WHO standards for TB control.
Powder for injection: 100 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sulfate)

amikacin
in vial.
capreomycin Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
cycloserine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.

ethionamide*
*Prothionamide may be an alternative.
kanamycin Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
Tablet: 250mg; 500 m; 750 mg.

levofloxacin* * Ofloxacin and moxifloxacin may be alternatives based
on availability and programme considerations.
Granules: 4 g in sachet.
p‐aminosalicylic acid
Tablet: 500 mg.
streptomycin [c] Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial.
6.3 Antifungal medicines

WHO Model List
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial (as sodium
amphotericin B
deoxycholate or liposomal complex).
Vaginal cream: 1%; 10%.
clotrimazole
Vaginal tablet: 100 mg; 500 mg.
Capsule: 50 mg.
 fluconazole Injection: 2 mg/ml in vial.
Capsule: 250 mg.

flucytosine
Infusion: 2.5 g in 250 ml.

griseofulvin
Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg; 250 mg.
Lozenge: 100 000 IU.
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml [c]; 100 000 IU/ml [c].

nystatin
Pessary: 100 000 IU.
Tablet: 100 000 IU; 500 000 IU.
Complementary List
potassium iodide Saturated solution.
6.4 Antiviral medicines
6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines

Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium salt) in
 aciclovir
vial.
Tablet: 200 mg.
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following three classes of
antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of
mother‐to‐child transmission and post‐exposure prophylaxis). WHO emphasizes the importance of using
these products in accordance with global and national guidelines. WHO recommends and endorses the
use of fixed‐dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed‐dose combinations,
including modified dosage forms, non‐refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured
pharmaceutical quality.
Scored tablets can be used in children and therefore can be considered for inclusion in the listing of
tablets, provided adequate quality products are available.
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Oral liquid: 100 mg (as sulfate)/5 ml.

abacavir (ABC)
Tablet: 300 mg (as sulfate).

WHO Model List
Buffered powder for oral liquid: 100 mg; 167 mg;
250 mg packets.
Capsule (unbuffered enteric‐coated): 125 mg;

didanosine (ddI)
200 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg.
Tablet (buffered chewable, dispersible): 25 mg;

50 mg; 100 mg; 150 mg; 200 mg.
Capsule: 200 mg.
Oral liquid: 10 mg/ml.
emtricitabine (FTC)* a * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on

knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance
patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals.
a >3 months.

lamivudine (3TC)
Tablet: 150 mg.
Capsule: 15 mg; 20 mg; 30 mg.

stavudine (d4T)
Powder for oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml.
Tablet: 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate –

tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil).
Capsule: 100 mg; 250 mg.

zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) Solution for IV infusion injection: 10 mg/ml in
20‐ml vial.
Tablet: 300 mg.
6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg.

efavirenz (EFV or EFZ) a
Tablet: 600 mg.
a >3 years or >10 kg weight.
nevirapine (NVP) Tablet: 200 mg.
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after
consideration of international and national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is
recommended for use in combination as a pharmacological booster, and not as an antiretroviral in its own
right. All other protease inhibitors should be used in boosted forms (e.g. with ritonavir).

WHO Model List
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 150 mg; 300 mg (as
atazanavir a sulfate).
a >25 kg.
indinavir (IDV) Solid oral dosage form: 400 mg (as sulfate).
Capsule: 133.3 mg + 33.3 mg.
Oral liquid: 400 mg + 100 mg/5 ml.

lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r)
Tablet (heat stable): 100 mg + 25 mg;
200 mg + 50 mg.
ritonavir Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg.
Tablet (heat stable): 25 mg; 100 mg.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 500 mg (as

saquinavir (SQV) a mesilate).
a >25 kg.
FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS
Tablet: 600 mg + 200 mg + 300 mg (disoproxil

fumarate equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil).
efavirenz + emtricitabine* + tenofovir * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on
Tablet: 200 mg + 300 mg (disoproxil fumarate

equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil).
emtricitabine* + tenofovir * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on
Tablet: 150 mg + 200 mg + 30 mg.

Tablet (dispersible):
lamivudine + nevirapine + stavudine
30 mg + 50 mg + 6 mg [c]; 60 mg + 100 mg + 12 mg
[c].
Tablet: 30 mg + 50 mg + 60 mg [c]; 150 mg + 200 mg

lamivudine + nevirapine + zidovudine
+ 300 mg.
lamivudine + zidovudine Tablet: 30 mg + 60 mg [c]; 150 mg + 300 mg.
6.4.3 Other antivirals
Capsule: 30 mg; 45 mg; 75 mg (as phosphate).
Oral powder: 12 mg/ml.

oseltamivir*
* potentially severe or complicated illness due to
confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in
accordance with WHO treatment guidelines.

WHO Model List
Injection for intravenous administration: 800 mg
and 1 g in 10‐ml phosphate buffer solution.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg.
ribavirin*
* For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers and
in combination with pegylated interferons for the
treatment of Hepatitis C
Complementary List
Vial or prefilled syringe:
180 micrograms (peginterferon alfa‐2a);

pegylated interferon alpha (2a or 2b) *
80 micrograms, 100 micrograms (peginterferon alfa‐2b).
* To be used in combination with ribavirin.
6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines
6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
Tablet: 500 mg (furoate).

diloxanide a
a >25 kg.
Injection: 500 mg in 100‐ml vial.
 metronidazole Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml.
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial (as sodium

amphotericin B
deoxycholate or liposomal complex).
miltefosine Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 50 mg.
paromomycin Solution for intramuscular injection: 750 mg of

paromomycin base (as the sulfate).
Injection: 100 mg/ml, 1 vial = 30 ml or 30%,
sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate equivalent to approximately 8.1% antimony
(pentavalent) in 5‐ml ampoule.
6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines
6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list
currently recommends combinations according to treatment guidelines. WHO recognizes that not all of
the FDCs in the WHO treatment guidelines exist, and encourages their development and rigorous testing.
WHO also encourages development and testing of rectal dosage formulations.
Tablet: 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride).

amodiaquine*
* To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
Oily injection: 80 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.

artemether*
* For use in the management of severe malaria.

WHO Model List
Tablet: 20 mg + 120 mg.
Tablet (dispersible): 20 mg + 120 mg [c].

artemether + lumefantrine*
* Not recommended in the first trimester of
pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
Injection: ampoules, containing 60 mg anhydrous

artesunic acid with a separate ampoule of 5%
sodium bicarbonate solution.
For use in the management of severe malaria.
Rectal dosage form: 50 mg [c]; 200 mg capsules (for
pre‐referral treatment of severe malaria only;
artesunate* patients should be taken to an appropriate health
facility for follow‐up care) [c].
Tablet: 50 mg.
* To be used in combination with either

amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine +
pyrimethamine.
Tablet: 25 mg + 67.5 mg; 50 mg + 135 mg; 100 mg +
270 mg.
artesunate + amodiaquine* * Other combinations that deliver the target doses

required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as
hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be
alternatives.
artesunate + mefloquine Tablet: 25 mg + 55 mg; 100 mg + 220 mg.
Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml.
chloroquine* Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
* For use only for the treatment of P.vivax infection.
Capsule: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate).
doxycycline* Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate).
* For use only in combination with quinine.

mefloquine*
* To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg (as diphosphate).

primaquine* * Only for use to achieve radical cure of P.vivax and
P.ovale infections, given for 14 days.

WHO Model List
Injection: 300 mg quinine hydrochloride/ml in 2‐ml
ampoule.
Tablet: 300 mg (quinine sulfate) or 300 mg (quinine

quinine* bisulfate).
* For use only in the management of severe malaria,

and should be used in combination with
doxycycline.
Tablet: 500 mg + 25 mg.

sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine*
* Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis
Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml.
Tablet: 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).

chloroquine*
* For use only in central American regions, for use
for P.vivax.
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or

doxycycline a hyclate).
a >8 years.

mefloquine a
a >5 kg or >3 months.

proguanil*
* For use only in combination with chloroquine.
6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
pyrimethamine Tablet: 25 mg.
sulfadiazine Tablet: 500 mg.
Injection:
80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule;

sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 ml [c].

Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg [c].
Complementary List
pentamidine Tablet: 200 mg; 300 mg (as isethionate).
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines
6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis
Powder for injection: 200 mg (as isetionate) in vial.

pentamidine* * To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei
gambiense infection.

WHO Model List
Powder for injection: 1 g in vial.
suramin sodium* * To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis
Injection: 200 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 100‐ml

bottle.
eflornithine*
* To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei
gambiense infection.
Injection: 3.6% solution, 5‐ml ampoule (180 mg of
melarsoprol active
compound).
Tablet: 120 mg.
* Only to be used in combination with eflornithine,
nifurtimox*
for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
infection.
Complementary List [c]
melarsoprol Injection: 3.6% solution in 5‐ml ampoule (180 mg of

active compound).
6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis
Tablet: 12.5 mg [c];100 mg.

benznidazole
nifurtimox Tablet: 30 mg; 120 mg; 250 mg.
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack
acetylsalicylic acid Tablet: 300 mg to 500 mg.
ibuprofen [c] Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg.

paracetamol
7.2 For prophylaxis
 propranolol Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg (hydrochloride).
8. ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES

This section will be reviewed and updated shortly. In view of this, no changes were made to this section
during the 19th Expert Committee.
8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines
Complementary List
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.

azathioprine

WHO Model List
Capsule: 25 mg.
ciclosporin Concentrate for injection: 50 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule
for organ transplantation.
8.2 Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines
Complementary List
allopurinol [c] Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg.
asparaginase Powder for injection: 10 000 IU in vial.
bleomycin Powder for injection: 15 mg (as sulfate) in vial.

calcium folinate
Tablet: 15 mg.
Injection: 50 mg/5 ml; 150 mg/15 ml; 450 mg/45 ml; 600
 carboplatin
mg/60 ml.
chlorambucil Tablet: 2 mg.
Powder for injection: 500 mg in vial.

cyclophosphamide
Tablet: 25 mg.
cytarabine Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial.
dacarbazine Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial.
dactinomycin Powder for injection: 500 micrograms in vial.
daunorubicin Powder for injection: 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial.
docetaxel Injection: 20 mg/ml; 40 mg/ml.
Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride) in

doxorubicin
vial.
Capsule: 100 mg.

etoposide
fluorouracil Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 250 mg; 300 mg; 400
hydroxycarbamide
mg; 500 mg; 1 g.
ifosfamide Powder for injection: 1 g vial; 2 g vial.
mercaptopurine Tablet: 50 mg.
Injection: 100 mg/ml in 4‐ml and 10‐ml ampoules.

mesna
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.

methotrexate
Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt).
paclitaxel Powder for injection: 6 mg/ml.
procarbazine Capsule: 50 mg (as hydrochloride).

WHO Model List
thioguanine [c] Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg.
vinblastine Powder for injection: 10 mg (sulfate) in vial.
vincristine Powder for injection: 1 mg; 5 mg (sulfate) in vial.
8.3 Hormones and antihormones
Complementary List

dexamethasone phosphate salt).
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in

hydrocortisone
vial.
Injection: 40 mg/ml (as sodium succinate) in 1‐ml single

dose vial and
methylprednisolone [c]
5‐ml multidose vials; 80 mg/ml (as sodium succinate) in
1‐ml single dose vial.
 prednisolone
tamoxifen Tablet: 10 mg; 20 mg (as citrate).
9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES
Injection: 5 mg (lactate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
 biperiden
Tablet: 2 mg (hydrochloride).
Tablet: 100 mg + 10 mg; 100mg+25mg; 250 mg + 25

levodopa +  carbidopa
mg
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD
10.1 Antianaemia medicines
Oral liquid: equivalent to 25 mg iron (as sulfate)/ml.

ferrous salt
Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron.
Tablet equivalent to 60 mg iron + 400 micrograms

ferrous salt + folic acid folic acid
(Nutritional supplement for use during pregnancy).
folic acid Tablet: 1 mg; 5 mg.
Injection: 1 mg (as acetate, hydrochloride or as

hydroxocobalamin
sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation
Injection: 1000 IU/ml; 5000 IU/ml; 20 000 IU/ml in 1‐

heparin sodium
ml ampoule.
Injection: 1 mg/ml [c]; 10 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.

phytomenadione
Tablet: 10 mg.

WHO Model List
protamine sulfate Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
tranexamic acid Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
 warfarin Tablet: 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium salt).
heparin sodium Injection: 1000 IU/ml; 5000 IU/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.
protamine sulfate Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5‐ml ampoule.
 warfarin Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium salt).

10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies
Complementary List
Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial.

deferoxamine* * Deferasirox oral form may be an alternative, depending
on cost and availability.
hydroxycarbamide Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 500 mg; 1 g.
11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES OF HUMAN ORIGIN

11.1 Blood and blood components
WHO recognizes that achieving self‐sufficiency, unless special circumstances preclude it, in the supply of
safe blood components based on voluntary, non‐remunerated blood donation, and the security of that
supply are important national goals to prevent blood shortages and meet the transfusion requirements of
the patient population. All preparations should comply with the WHO requirements.
fresh frozen plasma
platelet concentrates
red blood cells
whole blood
11.2 Plasma-derived medicines
All human plasma derived medicines should comply with the WHO Requirements.
11.2.1 Human immunoglobulins
Complementary List
Intramuscular administration: 16% protein solution.*

Intravenous administration: 5%; 10% protein
solution.**
human normal immunoglobulin Subcutaneous administration: 15%; 16% protein

solution.*
* Indicated for primary immune deficiency.
**Indicated for primary immune deficiency and Kawasaki
disease.
11.2.2 Blood coagulation factors
Complementary List

WHO Model List
 coagulation factor VIII Powder for injection: 500 IU/vial.
 coagulation factor IX Powder for injection: 500 IU/vial, 1000 IU/vial.
11.3 Plasma substitutes

Injectable solution: 6%.
 dextran 70* * Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered
as equivalent.
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES
12.1 Antianginal medicines

 bisoprolol* *  includes metoprolol and carvedilol as
alternatives.
glyceryl trinitrate Tablet (sublingual): 500 micrograms.
 isosorbide dinitrate Tablet (sublingual): 5 mg.
verapamil Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride).
12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines

alternatives.
Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
digoxin Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml.
Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
Injection: 100 micrograms/ml (as acid tartrate or

epinephrine (adrenaline)
hydrochloride) in 10‐ml ampoule.

lidocaine
ampoule.
Injection: 2.5 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2‐ml

verapamil ampoule.
Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride).
Complementary List
Injection: 50 mg/ml in 3‐ml ampoule (hydrochloride).

amiodarone
Tablet (HCI): 100 mg; 200 mg; 400 mg (hydrochloride).
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
 amlodipine Tablet: 5 mg (as maleate, mesylate or besylate).

alternatives.

WHO Model List
 enalapril Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg (as hydrogen maleate).
Powder for injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride) in

ampoule.
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride).
* Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute

hydralazine*
management of severe pregnancy‐induced
hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of
essential hypertension is not recommended in view
of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and
safety of other medicines.

 hydrochlorothiazide
Solid oral dosage form: 12.5 mg; 25 mg.
Tablet: 250 mg.
* Methyldopa is listed for use in the management of

methyldopa* pregnancy‐induced hypertension only. Its use in the
treatment of essential hypertension is not
recommended in view of the availability of more
evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines.
Complementary List
sodium nitroprusside Powder for infusion: 50 mg in ampoule.
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure

 bisoprolol* * includes metoprolol and carvedilol as
alternatives.
Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.
digoxin Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml.
Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
 enalapril Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg (as hydrogen maleate).
 furosemide Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 ml [c].

Tablet: 40 mg.

 hydrochlorothiazide
spironolactone Tablet: 25 mg.
Complementary List
dopamine Injection: 40 mg/ml (hydrochloride) in 5‐ml vial.
12.5 Antithrombotic medicines

WHO Model List
acetylsalicylic acid Tablet: 100 mg.
Complementary List
streptokinase Powder for injection: 1.5 million IU in vial.
12.6 Lipid-lowering agents
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.

 simvastatin*
* For use in high‐risk patients.
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)
13.1 Antifungal medicines
 miconazole Cream or ointment: 2% (nitrate).
selenium sulfide Detergent‐based suspension: 2%.
sodium thiosulfate Solution: 15%.
Cream: 1% or Ointment: 1% terbinafine

terbinafine
hydrochloride.
13.2 Anti-infective medicines
Cream (as mupirocin calcium): 2%.

mupirocin
Ointment: 2%.
potassium permanganate Aqueous solution: 1:10 000.
Cream: 1%.
silver sulfadiazine a
a >2 months.
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
Cream or ointment: 0.1% (as valerate).

 betamethasone a
a Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates.
 calamine Lotion.
 hydrocortisone Cream or ointment: 1% (acetate).
13.4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation
benzoyl peroxide Cream or lotion: 5%.
coal tar Solution: 5%.
fluorouracil Ointment: 5%.
 podophyllum resin Solution: 10% to 25%.
salicylic acid Solution: 5%.
urea Cream or ointment: 5%; 10%.
13.5 Scabicides and pediculicides
Lotion: 25%.
 benzyl benzoate a
a >2 years.

WHO Model List
Cream: 5%.
permethrin
Lotion: 1%.
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
fluorescein Eye drops: 1% (sodium salt).
 tropicamide Eye drops: 0.5%.
14.2 Radiocontrast media
Injection: 140 mg to 420 mg iodine (as sodium or

 amidotrizoate
meglumine salt)/ml in 20‐ml ampoule.
barium sulfate Aqueous suspension.
Injection: 140 mg to 350 mg iodine/ml in 5‐ml; 10‐

 iohexol
ml; 20‐ml ampoules.
Complementary List
barium sulfate [c] Aqueous suspension.
 meglumine iotroxate Solution: 5 g to 8 g iodine in 100 ml to 250 ml.
15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS
15.1 Antiseptics
 chlorhexidine Solution: 5% (digluconate).
 ethanol Solution: 70% (denatured).
 polyvidone iodine Solution: 10% (equivalent to 1% available iodine).
15.2 Disinfectants
 chlorine base compound Powder: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution.
 chloroxylenol Solution: 4.8%.
glutaral Solution: 2%.
16. DIURETICS
amiloride Tablet: 5 mg (hydrochloride).

 furosemide Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 ml [c].
Tablet: 10 mg [c]; 20 mg [c]; 40 mg.
 hydrochlorothiazide Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg.
mannitol Injectable solution: 10%; 20%.
spironolactone Tablet: 25 mg.
 hydrochlorothiazide Tablet (scored): 25 mg.

WHO Model List
mannitol Injectable solution: 10%; 20%.
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml; 10 mg/5 ml; 25 mg/5 ml.

spironolactone
Tablet: 25 mg.
17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES
Age‐appropriate formulations and doses including lipase,

 pancreatic enzymes
protease and amylase.
17.1 Antiulcer medicines
Powder for oral liquid: 20 mg; 40 mg sachets.

 omeprazole
Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.
Injection: 25 mg/ml (as hydrochloride) in 2‐ml
ampoule.
 ranitidine
Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 ml (as hydrochloride).
17.2 Antiemetic medicines

phosphate salt).
dexamethasone Oral liquid: 0.5 mg/5 ml; 2 mg/5 ml.
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1.5 mg;
4 mg.

metoclopramide a
a Not in neonates.
Injection: 2 mg base/ml in 2‐ml ampoule (as

hydrochloride).
Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 ml.
ondansetron a
Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base;
Eq 24 mg base.
a >1 month.
17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines
Retention enema.
 sulfasalazine Suppository: 500 mg.
Tablet: 500 mg.
Complementary List

WHO Model List
Retention enema.
 hydrocortisone Suppository: 25 mg (acetate).

(the  only applies to hydrocortisone retention
enema).
17.4 Laxatives
Tablet: 7.5 mg (sennosides) (or traditional dosage

 senna
forms).
17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea
17.5.1 Oral rehydration
Powder for dilution in 200 ml; 500 ml; 1 L.
glucose: 75 mEq
sodium: 75 mEq or mmol/L
chloride: 65 mEq or mmol/L
potassium: 20 mEq or mmol/L
citrate: 10 mmol/L
osmolarity: 245 mOsm/L
glucose: 13.5 g/L
oral rehydration salts sodium chloride: 2.6 g/L
potassium chloride: 1.5 g/L
trisodium citrate dihydrate+: 2.9 g/L
+ trisodium citrate dihydrate may be replaced by

sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate)
2.5 g/L. However, as the stability of this latter
formulation is very poor under tropical conditions, it
is only recommended when manufactured for
immediate use.
17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea in children

zinc sulfate* * In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an
adjunct to oral rehydration salts.
18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES
18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
fludrocortisone Tablet: 100 micrograms (acetate).
hydrocortisone Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg.

18.2 Androgens
Complementary List
testosterone Injection: 200 mg (enanthate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
18.3 Contraceptives
18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
 ethinylestradiol +  levonorgestrel Tablet: 30 micrograms + 150 micrograms.

WHO Model List
 ethinylestradiol +  norethisterone Tablet: 35 micrograms + 1 mg.
Tablet: 30 micrograms; 750 micrograms (pack of

levonorgestrel
two); 1.5 mg.
18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives
estradiol cypionate + medroxyprogesterone acetate Injection: 5 mg + 25 mg.
medroxyprogesterone acetate Depot injection: 150 mg/ml in 1‐ml vial.
norethisterone enantate Oily solution: 200 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.
18.3.3 Intrauterine devices
copper‐containing device
18.3.4 Barrier methods
condoms
diaphragms
18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives
Two‐rod levonorgestrel‐releasing implant, each rod

levonorgestrel‐releasing implant
containing 75 mg of levonorgestrel (150 mg total).
18.4 Estrogens
18.5 Insulins and other medicines used for diabetes
Oral solid dosage form: (controlled release tablets)

30 mg; 60 mg;
 gliclazide*
80 mg.
* glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years.
glucagon Injection: 1 mg/ml.
Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10‐ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10‐ml

insulin injection (soluble)
vial.
Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10‐ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10‐ml

intermediate‐acting insulin vial (as compound insulin zinc suspension or
isophane insulin).
metformin Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride).
metformin Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride).

18.6 Ovulation inducers
Complementary List
clomifene Tablet: 50 mg (citrate).
18.7 Progestogens
 medroxyprogesterone acetate Tablet: 5 mg.
18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

WHO Model List
Tablet: 25 micrograms [c]; 50 micrograms;
levothyroxine
100 micrograms (sodium salt).
potassium iodide Tablet: 60 mg.
 propylthiouracil Tablet: 50 mg.
Lugolʹs solution Oral liquid: about 130 mg total iodine/ml.
potassium iodide Tablet: 60 mg.
propylthiouracil Tablet: 50 mg.

19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents
All tuberculins should comply with the WHO Requirements for Tuberculins.
tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) Injection.
19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins
All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO requirements.
anti‐D immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 250 micrograms in single‐dose vial.
antirabies immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 150 IU/ml in vial.
antitetanus immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 500 IU in vial.
Injection.
antivenom immunoglobulin*
* Exact type to be defined locally.
diphtheria antitoxin Injection: 10 000 IU; 20 000 IU in vial.
19.3 Vaccines
Selection of vaccines from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration
of international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities. The list below details the
vaccines for which there is either a recommendation from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on
Immunization (SAGE) (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html) and/or a
WHO position paper (http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html). This
site will be updated as new position papers are published and contains the most recent information and
recommendations.
All vaccines should comply with the WHO Requirements for Biological Substances.
WHO noted the need for vaccines used in children to be polyvalent.
BCG vaccine
cholera vaccine
diphtheria vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
hepatitis A vaccine
hepatitis B vaccine

WHO Model List
influenza vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
measles vaccine
meningococcal meningitis vaccine
mumps vaccine
pertussis vaccine
pneumococcal vaccine
poliomyelitis vaccine
rabies vaccine
rotavirus vaccine
rubella vaccine
tetanus vaccine
typhoid vaccine
varicella vaccine
yellow fever vaccine
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE

INHIBITORS
 atracurium Injection: 10 mg/ml (besylate).
Injection: 500 micrograms in 1‐ml ampoule; 2.5 mg

neostigmine (metilsulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.
Tablet: 15 mg (bromide).
Injection: 50 mg (chloride)/ml in 2‐ml ampoule.

suxamethonium
Powder for injection (chloride), in vial.
 vecuronium [c] Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial.
Complementary List

pyridostigmine
Tablet: 60 mg (bromide).
 vecuronium Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial.
21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
21.1 Anti-infective agents
aciclovir Ointment: 3% W/W.
azithromycin Solution (eye drops): 1.5%.
 gentamicin Solution (eye drops): 0.3% (sulfate).
 ofloxacin Solution (eye drops): 0.3%.

WHO Model List
 tetracycline Eye ointment: 1% (hydrochloride).
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents
 prednisolone Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (sodium phosphate).
21.3 Local anaesthetics
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (hydrochloride).

 tetracaine a
a Not in preterm neonates.
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines
acetazolamide Tablet: 250 mg.
latanoprost Solution (eye drops): latanoprost 50 micrograms/mL
Solution (eye drops): 2%; 4% (hydrochloride or

 pilocarpine
nitrate).
Solution (eye drops): 0.25%; 0.5% (as hydrogen

 timolol
maleate).
21.5 Mydriatics
Solution (eye drops): 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% (sulfate).
* [c] Or homatropine (hydrobromide) or

atropine* a
cyclopentolate (hydrochloride).
a >3 months.
Complementary List
epinephrine (adrenaline) Solution (eye drops): 2% (as hydrochloride).
21.6 Anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Complementary List
bevacizumab Injection: 25 mg/ml.
22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS
22.1 Oxytocics
Injection: 200 micrograms (hydrogen maleate) in 1‐

 ergometrine
ml ampoule.
Tablet: 200 micrograms.*

* For management of incomplete abortion and
miscarriage, and for prevention of postpartum
haemorrhage where oxytocin is not available or
misoprostol cannot be safely used.
Vaginal tablet: 25 micrograms.*
* Only for use for induction of labour where

appropriate facilities are available.
oxytocin Injection: 10 IU in 1‐ml.
Complementary List

WHO Model List
mifepristone* – misoprostol*
Tablet 200 mg – tablet 200 micrograms.
Where permitted under national law and
where culturally acceptable. * Requires close medical supervision.
22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)
nifedipine Immediate‐release capsule: 10 mg.
23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION
Complementary List
intraperitoneal dialysis solution

Parenteral solution.
(of appropriate composition)
24. MEDICINES FOR MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS

24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders

ampoule.
 chlorpromazine
Oral liquid: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml.
Injection: 25 mg (decanoate or enantate) in 1‐ml

 fluphenazine
ampoule.

 haloperidol
Tablet: 2 mg; 5 mg.
risperidone Oral solid dosage form: 0.25 mg to 6mg.
Complementary List

chlorpromazine [c] Oral liquid: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml.
Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (hydrochloride).

haloperidol [c] Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml.
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg.
clozapine Solid oral dosage form: 25 ‐ 200 mg.
24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders
24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders

 amitriptyline Tablet: 25 mg; 75mg. (hydrochloride).
fluoxetine Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride).

WHO Model List
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride).
fluoxetine a
a >8 years.
24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders

carbamazepine Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg.
lithium carbonate Solid oral dosage form: 300 mg.
Tablet (enteric‐coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium

valproic acid (sodium valproate)
valproate).
24.3 Medicines for anxiety disorders

 diazepam Tablet (scored): 2 mg; 5 mg.
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

clomipramine Capsule: 10 mg; 25 mg (hydrochloride).
24.5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

Chewing gum: 2 mg; 4 mg (as polacrilex).
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) Transdermal patch: 5 mg to 30 mg/16 hrs; 7 mg to
21 mg/24 hrs.
Complementary List
Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/ml; 10 mg/ml

(hydrochloride).
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml; 10 mg/5 ml (hydrochloride).

 methadone*
* The square box is added to include buprenorphine. The
medicines should only be used within an established
support programme.
25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Inhalation (aerosol): 50 micrograms (dipropionate)
 beclometasone per dose; 100 micrograms (dipropionate) per dose
(as CFC free forms).
Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms per dose;
 budesonide [c]
200 micrograms per dose.
Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen
epinephrine (adrenaline) tartrate) in
1‐ml ampoule.
ipratropium bromide Inhalation (aerosol): 20 micrograms/metered dose.

WHO Model List
Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per
dose.
Injection: 50 micrograms (as sulfate)/ml in 5‐ml
ampoule.
 salbutamol
Metered dose inhaler (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as
sulfate) per dose.
Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5 mg (as
sulfate)/ml.
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE
DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral
oral rehydration salts See section 17.5.1.
potassium chloride Powder for solution.
26.2 Parenteral
Injectable solution: 5% (isotonic); 10% (hypertonic);

glucose
50% (hypertonic).
Injectable solution: 4% glucose, 0.18% sodium
chloride
(equivalent to Na+ 30 mmol/L, Cl‐ 30 mmol/L).
glucose with sodium chloride Injectable solution: 5% glucose, 0.9% sodium

chloride (equivalent to 150 mmol/L Na+ and
150 mmol/L Cl‐); 5% glucose, 0.45% sodium chloride
(equivalent to 75 mmol/L Na+ and 75 mmol/L
Cl‐) [c].
Solution: 11.2% in 20‐ml ampoule

(equivalent to K+ 1.5 mmol/ml, Cl‐ 1.5 mmol/ml).
potassium chloride Solution for dilution: 7.5% (equivalent to K
1 mmol/ml and Cl 1 mmol/ml) [c]; 15% (equivalent
to K 2 mmol/ml and Cl 2 mmol/ml) [c].
Injectable solution: 0.9% isotonic (equivalent to Na+

sodium chloride
154 mmol/L, Cl‐ 154 mmol/L).
Injectable solution: 1.4% isotonic (equivalent to Na+

167 mmol/L, HCO3‐ 167 mmol/L).
sodium hydrogen carbonate
Solution: 8.4% in 10‐ml ampoule (equivalent to Na+
1000 mmol/L, HCO3‐1000 mmol/L).
 sodium lactate, compound solution Injectable solution.
26.3 Miscellaneous
water for injection 2‐ml; 5‐ml; 10‐ml ampoules.
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS
ascorbic acid Tablet: 50 mg.

WHO Model List
calcium Tablet: 500 mg (elemental).
Oral liquid: 400 IU/ml.

cholecalciferol* [c] Solid oral dosage form: 400 IU; 1000 IU.
* Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
Oral liquid: 250 micrograms/ml (10 000 IU/ml).
 ergocalciferol
Solid oral dosage form: 1.25 mg (50 000 IU).
Capsule: 200 mg.
iodine Iodized oil: 1 ml (480 mg iodine); 0.5 ml (240 mg

iodine) in ampoule (oral or injectable); 0.57 ml (308
mg iodine) in dispenser bottle.
 nicotinamide Tablet: 50 mg.
pyridoxine Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride).
Capsule: 50 000 IU; 100 000 IU; 200 000 IU (as

palmitate).
Oral oily solution: 100 000 IU (as palmitate)/ml in
multidose dispenser.
retinol
Tablet (sugar‐coated): 10 000 IU (as palmitate).
Water‐miscible injection: 100 000 IU (as palmitate)
in
2‐ml ampoule.
riboflavin Tablet: 5 mg.
sodium fluoride In any appropriate topical formulation.
thiamine Tablet: 50 mg (hydrochloride).
Complementary List
calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.
28. EAR, NOSE AND THROAT MEDICINES IN CHILDREN [c]

acetic acid Topical: 2%, in alcohol.
 budesonide Nasal spray: 100 micrograms per dose.
 ciprofloxacin Topical: 0.3% drops (as hydrochloride).
Nasal spray: 0.05%.

 xylometazoline a
a Not in children less than 3 months.
29. SPECIFIC MEDICINES FOR NEONATAL CARE

29.1 Medicines administered to the neonate [c]
Injection: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine

base/ml).
caffeine citrate
Oral liquid: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine
base/ml).

WHO Model List
Solution or gel: 7.1% (digluconate) delivering 4%
Chlorhexidine
chlorhexidine (for umbilical cord care) [c].
Complementary List
 ibuprofen Solution for injection: 5 mg/ml.
Solution for injection:

 prostaglandin E Prostaglandin E1: 0.5 mg/ml in alcohol.
Prostaglandin E 2: 1 mg/ml.
Suspension for intratracheal instillation: 25 mg/ml
surfactant
or 80 mg/ml. (checking with INN – Secretariat )
29.2 Medicines administered to the mother
Injection: 4 mg/ml dexamethasone phosphate (as

dexamethasone
disodium salt)
30. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF JOINTS

30.1 Medicines used to treat gout
allopurinol Tablet: 100 mg.
30.2 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)
chloroquine Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
Complementary List
azathioprine Tablet: 50 mg.
hydroxychloroquine [c] Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg (as sulfate).
methotrexate Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt).
penicillamine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.
sulfasalazine Tablet: 500 mg.
30.3 Juvenile joint diseases
Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg.

acetylsalicylic acid* (acute or chronic use)
* For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis,
Kawasaki disease.

WHO Model List
Table 1: Medicines with age or weight restrictions
atazanavir >25 kg
atropine >3 months
benzyl benzoate >2 years
betamethasone topical preparations Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates
cefazolin >1 month
ceftriaxone >41 weeks corrected gestational age
diloxanide >25 kg
doxycycline >8 years (except for serious infections e.g. cholera)
efavirenz >3 years or >10 kg
emtricitabine >3 months
fluoxetine >8 years
ibuprofen >3 months (except IV form for patent ductus arteriosus)
mefloquine >5 kg or >3 months
metoclopramide Not in neonates
ondansetron >1 month
saquinavir >25 kg
silver sulfadiazine >2 months
tetracaine Not in preterm neonates
trimethoprim >6 months
xylometazoline >3 months

WHO Model List
Annex 1: Explanation of dosage forms
A. Principal dosage forms used in EML - Oral administration
Term Definition
Refers to tablets or capsules or other solid dosage forms such as ʹmeltsʹ

that are immediate‐release preparations. It implies that there is no
difference in clinical efficacy or safety between the available dosage
forms, and countries should therefore choose the form(s) to be listed
Solid oral dosage form depending on quality and availability.
The term ʹsolid oral dosage formʹ is never intended to allow any type of
modified‐release tablet.
Refers to:
 uncoated or coated (film‐coated or sugar‐coated) tablets that are

intended to be swallowed whole;
 unscored and scored*;
 tablets that are intended to be chewed before being swallowed;
Tablets  tablets that are intended to be dispersed or dissolved in water or
another suitable liquid before being swallowed;
 tablets that are intended to be crushed before being swallowed.
The term ʹtabletʹ without qualification is never intended to allow any

type of modified‐release tablet.
Refers to a specific type of tablet:

chewable ‐ tablets that are intended to be chewed before being
swallowed;
dispersible ‐ tablets that are intended to be dispersed in water or
another suitable liquid before being swallowed;
soluble ‐ tablets that are intended to be dissolved in water or another
suitable liquid before being swallowed;
crushable ‐ tablets that are intended to be crushed before being
swallowed;
scored ‐ tablets bearing a break mark or marks where sub‐division is
Tablets (qualified)
intended in order to provide doses of less than one tablet;
sublingual ‐ tablets that are intended to be placed beneath the tongue.
The term ʹtabletʹ is always qualified with an additional term (in

parentheses) in entries where one of the following types of tablet is
intended: gastro‐resistant (such tablets may sometimes be described as
enteric‐coated or as delayed‐release), prolonged‐release or another
modified‐release form.
* Scored tablets may be divided for ease of swallowing, provided dose is a whole number of tablets.
WHO Model List
Term Definition
Refers to hard or soft capsules.
Capsules The term ʹcapsuleʹ without qualification is never intended to allow any
type of modified‐release capsule.
The term ʹcapsuleʹ with qualification refers to gastro‐resistant (such

capsules may sometimes be described as enteric‐coated or as delayed‐
Capsules (qualified)
release), prolonged‐release or another modified‐release form.
Preparations that are issued to patient as granules to be swallowed

without further preparation, to be chewed, or to be taken in or with
water or another suitable liquid.
Granules
The term ʹgranulesʹ without further qualification is never intended to
allow any type of modified‐release granules.
Preparations that are issued to patient as powder (usually as single‐

Oral powder dose) to be taken in or with water or another suitable liquid.
Liquid preparations intended to be swallowed i.e. oral solutions,

suspensions, emulsions and oral drops, including those constituted from
powders or granules, but not those preparations intended for oromucosal
administration e.g. gargles and mouthwashes.
Oral liquids presented as powders or granules may offer benefits in the

Oral liquid
form of better stability and lower transport costs. If more than one type
of oral liquid is available on the same market (e.g. solution, suspension,
granules for reconstitution), they may be interchanged and in such cases
should be bioequivalent. It is preferable that oral liquids do not contain
sugar and that solutions for children do not contain alcohol.
B. Principal dosage forms used in EMLc - Parenteral administration
Term Definition
Injection Refers to solutions, suspensions and emulsions including those
constituted from powders or concentrated solutions.
Injection (qualified) Route of administration is indicated in parentheses where relevant.
Injection (oily) The term injection is qualified by (oily) in relevant entries.
Intravenous infusion Refers to solutions and emulsions including those constituted from
powders or concentrated solutions.

WHO Model List
C. Other dosage forms
Mode of Term to be used

administration
To the eye Eye drops, eye ointments.
Topical For liquids: lotions, paints.
For semi‐solids: cream, ointment.
Rectal Suppositories, gel or solution.
Vaginal Pessaries or vaginal tablets.
Inhalation Powder for inhalation, pressurized inhalation, nebulizer.

WHO Model List
Index
abacavir (ABC) .......................................................... 11 calamine ..................................................................... 23
acetazolamide ............................................................ 30 calcium ....................................................................... 34
acetic acid ................................................................... 34 calcium folinate ........................................................... 18
acetylcysteine .............................................................. 4 calcium gluconate................................................. 4, 34
acetylsalicylic acid .................................... 2, 17, 23, 35 capreomycin ................................................................ 10
aciclovir ................................................................ 11, 29 carbamazepine ...................................................... 4, 32
albendazole .............................................................. 5, 6 carboplatin ................................................................... 18
allopurinol ............................................................. 18, 35 cefalexin ....................................................................... 6
amidotrizoate ............................................................ 24 cefazolin ....................................................................... 6
amikacin ....................................................................... 10 cefixime ........................................................................ 6
amiloride .................................................................... 24 cefotaxime ...................................................................... 7
amiodarone .................................................................. 21 ceftazidime ..................................................................... 7
amitriptyline .......................................................... 2, 31 ceftriaxone ................................................................... 7
amlodipine ................................................................. 21 charcoal, activated ...................................................... 4
amodiaquine .............................................................. 14 chlorambucil ................................................................ 18
amoxicillin ................................................................... 6 chloramphenicol ......................................................... 8
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid..................................... 6 chlorhexidine ............................................................ 24
amphotericin B .................................................... 11, 14 chlorine base compound ......................................... 24
ampicillin ..................................................................... 6 chloroquine.................................................... 15, 16, 35
anti‐D immunoglobulin (human) .......................... 28 chloroxylenol............................................................. 24
antitetanus immunoglobulin (human) ................. 28 chlorpromazine......................................................... 31
antivenom immunoglobulin................................... 28 chlorpromazine ............................................................ 31
artemether .................................................................. 14 cholecalciferol ........................................................... 34
artemether + lumefantrine ...................................... 15 cholera vaccine.......................................................... 28
artesunate ................................................................... 15 ciclosporin ................................................................... 18
artesunate + amodiaquine ....................................... 15 ciprofloxacin .......................................................... 8, 34
artesunate + mefloquine .......................................... 15 clarithromycin............................................................. 8
ascorbic acid .............................................................. 33 clindamycin ................................................................... 9
asparaginase ................................................................ 18 clofazimine .................................................................. 9
atazanavir................................................................... 13 clomifene ...................................................................... 27
atracurium ................................................................. 29 clomipramine ............................................................ 32
atropine .............................................................. 1, 4, 30 clotrimazole ............................................................... 11
azathioprine ........................................................... 17, 35 cloxacillin ..................................................................... 7
azithromycin ......................................................... 7, 29 clozapine ...................................................................... 31
barium sulfate ........................................................... 24 coagulation factor IX................................................... 21
BCG vaccine............................................................... 28 coagulation factor VIII ................................................ 21
beclometasone ........................................................... 32 coal tar ........................................................................ 23
benzathine benzylpenicillin ...................................... 6 codeine ......................................................................... 2
benznidazole ............................................................. 17 condoms ..................................................................... 27
benzoyl peroxide ...................................................... 23 copper‐containing device........................................ 27
benzyl benzoate ........................................................ 23 cyclizine ....................................................................... 2
benzylpenicillin........................................................... 6 cyclophosphamide ........................................................ 18
betamethasone .......................................................... 23 cycloserine ................................................................... 10
bevacizumab ................................................................ 30 cytarabine .................................................................... 18
biperiden .................................................................... 19 dacarbazine .................................................................. 18
bisoprolol ............................................................. 21, 22 dactinomycin ............................................................... 18
bleomycin ..................................................................... 18 dapsone ........................................................................ 9
budesonide .......................................................... 32, 34 daunorubicin ............................................................... 18
bupivacaine ................................................................. 1 deferoxamine............................................................ 4, 20
caffeine citrate ........................................................... 34 dexamethasone ..................................... 2, 3, 19, 25, 35

WHO Model List
dextran 70................................................................... 21 gentamicin ............................................................. 8, 29
diaphragms ................................................................ 27 gliclazide .................................................................... 27
diazepam ............................................................ 3, 4, 32 glucagon..................................................................... 27
didanosine (ddI) ....................................................... 12 glucose........................................................................ 33
diethylcarbamazine .................................................... 6 glucose with sodium chloride ................................ 33
digoxin .................................................................. 21, 22 glutaral ....................................................................... 24
diloxanide .................................................................. 14 glyceryl trinitrate ...................................................... 21
dimercaprol .................................................................... 4 griseofulvin ............................................................... 11
diphtheria antitoxin ................................................. 28 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine ................... 28
diphtheria vaccine .................................................... 28 haloperidol ............................................................ 3, 31
docetaxel ...................................................................... 18 halothane ..................................................................... 1
docusate sodium ......................................................... 3 heparin sodium................................................... 19, 20
dopamine...................................................................... 22 hepatitis A vaccine ................................................... 28
doxorubicin .................................................................. 18 hepatitis B vaccine .................................................... 28
doxycycline ...................................................... 8, 15, 16 human normal immunoglobulin................................. 20
efavirenz (EFV or EFZ) ............................................ 12 hydralazine ................................................................ 22
efavirenz + emtricitabine + tenofovir .................... 13 hydrochlorothiazide .......................................... 22, 24
eflornithine ................................................................ 17 hydrocortisone .......................................... 3, 19, 23, 26
emtricitabine (FTC) .................................................. 12 hydroxocobalamin ................................................... 19
emtricitabine + tenofovir ......................................... 13 hydroxycarbamide ................................................. 18, 20
enalapril ..................................................................... 22 hydroxychloroquine..................................................... 35
ephedrine........................................................................ 1 hyoscine butylbromide.............................................. 3
epinephrine (adrenaline) .........................3, 21, 30, 32 hyoscine hydrobromide ............................................ 3
ergocalciferol ............................................................. 34 ibuprofen ......................................................... 2, 17, 35
ergometrine ............................................................... 30 ifosfamide ..................................................................... 18
erythromycin ............................................................... 8 imipenem + cilastatin .................................................... 7
estradiol cypionate + medroxyprogesterone indinavir (IDV) ......................................................... 13
acetate ..................................................................... 27 influenza vaccine ...................................................... 29
ethambutol ................................................................... 9 insulin injection (soluble) ........................................ 27
ethambutol + isoniazid .............................................. 9 intermediate‐acting insulin .................................... 27
ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + intraperitoneal dialysis solution ................................. 31
rifampicin ................................................................. 9 iodine .......................................................................... 34
ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin ....................... 9 iohexol ........................................................................ 24
ethanol ........................................................................ 24 ipratropium bromide ............................................... 32
ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel ........................... 26 isoflurane ..................................................................... 1
ethinylestradiol + norethisterone ........................... 27 isoniazid ....................................................................... 9
ethionamide.................................................................. 10 isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin ................. 10
ethosuximide .................................................................. 5 isoniazid + rifampicin .............................................. 10
etoposide....................................................................... 18 isosorbide dinitrate .................................................. 21
ferrous salt ................................................................. 19 ivermectin .................................................................... 6
ferrous salt + folic acid ............................................. 19 Japanese encephalitis vaccine ................................ 29
fluconazole ................................................................. 11 kanamycin ................................................................... 10
flucytosine.................................................................. 11 ketamine....................................................................... 1
fludrocortisone .......................................................... 26 lactulose ....................................................................... 3
fluorescein .................................................................. 24 lamivudine (3TC) ..................................................... 12
fluorouracil ............................................................ 18, 23 lamivudine + nevirapine + stavudine ................... 13
fluoxetine ......................................................... 3, 31, 32 lamivudine + nevirapine + zidovudine ................ 13
fluphenazine .............................................................. 31 lamivudine + zidovudine ........................................ 13
folic acid ..................................................................... 19 latanoprost) ............................................................... 30
fomepizole ...................................................................... 4 levamisole .................................................................... 5
fresh frozen plasma .................................................. 20 levodopa + carbidopa .............................................. 19
furosemide ........................................................... 22, 24 levofloxacin .................................................................. 10

WHO Model List
levonorgestrel ............................................................ 27 ondansetron........................................................... 3, 25
levonorgestrel‐releasing implant ........................... 27 oral rehydration salts ......................................... 26, 33
levothyroxine ............................................................ 28 oseltamivir ................................................................. 13
lidocaine ................................................................. 1, 21 oxamniquine .................................................................. 6
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) ...................... 1 oxygen .......................................................................... 1
lithium carbonate...................................................... 32 oxytocin ...................................................................... 30
loperamide ................................................................... 3 paclitaxel...................................................................... 18
lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r)................................... 13 p‐aminosalicylic acid ................................................... 10
loratadine ..................................................................... 4 pancreatic enzymes ..................................................... 25
lorazepam .................................................................... 5 paracetamol ........................................................... 2, 17
Lugolʹs solution ........................................................... 28 paromomycin ............................................................ 14
magnesium sulfate ..................................................... 5 pegylated interferon alpha 2a...................................... 14
mannitol ............................................................... 24, 25 penicillamine ......................................................... 4, 35
measles vaccine ......................................................... 29 pentamidine ................................................................. 16
mebendazole ............................................................... 5 permethrin ................................................................. 24
medroxyprogesterone acetate ................................ 27 pertussis vaccine....................................................... 29
mefloquine ........................................................... 15, 16 phenobarbital .............................................................. 5
meglumine iotroxate .................................................... 24 phenoxymethylpenicillin .......................................... 7
melarsoprol ................................................................ 17 phenytoin ..................................................................... 5
meningococcal meningitis vaccine ........................ 29 phytomenadione ...................................................... 19
mercaptopurine............................................................ 18 pilocarpine ................................................................. 30
mesna ........................................................................... 18 platelet concentrates ................................................ 20
metformin .................................................................. 27 pneumococcal vaccine ............................................. 29
methadone .................................................................... 32 podophyllum resin................................................... 23
methotrexate .......................................................... 18, 35 poliomyelitis vaccine ............................................... 29
methyldopa................................................................ 22 polyvidone iodine .................................................... 24
methylprednisolone ..................................................... 19 potassium chloride ................................................... 33
methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) ....... 4 potassium ferric hexacyano‐ferrate(II) ‐2H20
metoclopramide ........................................................ 25 (Prussian blue) ........................................................ 4
metronidazole ....................................................... 8, 14 potassium iodide .................................................... 11, 28
miconazole ................................................................. 23 potassium permanganate........................................ 23
midazolam ............................................................... 1, 3 praziquantel ............................................................ 5, 6
mifepristone ................................................................. 31 prednisolone.................................................... 4, 19, 30
miltefosine ................................................................. 14 primaquine ................................................................ 15
misoprostol .......................................................... 30, 31 procaine benzylpenicillin .......................................... 7
morphine .................................................................. 1, 2 procarbazine ................................................................ 18
mumps vaccine ......................................................... 29 proguanil ................................................................... 16
mupirocin................................................................... 23 propofol........................................................................ 1
naloxone ....................................................................... 4 propranolol ................................................................ 17
neostigmine ............................................................... 29 propylthiouracil ........................................................ 28
nevirapine (NVP)...................................................... 12 prostaglandin E ........................................................... 35
niclosamide .................................................................. 5 protamine sulfate ..................................................... 20
nicotinamide .............................................................. 34 pyrantel ........................................................................ 5
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)..................... 32 pyrazinamide ............................................................ 10
nifedipine ................................................................... 31 pyridostigmine ............................................................ 29
nifurtimox .................................................................. 17 pyridoxine ................................................................. 34
nitrofurantoin .............................................................. 8 pyrimethamine ......................................................... 16
nitrous oxide................................................................ 1 quinine ....................................................................... 16
norethisterone enantate ........................................... 27 rabies immunoglobulin ........................................... 28
nystatin ....................................................................... 11 rabies vaccine ............................................................ 29
ofloxacin ..................................................................... 29 ranitidine.................................................................... 25
omeprazole ................................................................ 25 red blood cells ........................................................... 20

WHO Model List
retinol.......................................................................... 34 sulfasalazine ........................................................ 25, 35
ribavirin ...................................................................... 14 suramin sodium........................................................ 17
riboflavin .................................................................... 34 surfactant .................................................................... 35
rifabutin ...................................................................... 10 suxamethonium ........................................................ 29
rifampicin ............................................................... 9, 10 tamoxifen ..................................................................... 19
risperidone ................................................................. 31 tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ................................ 12
ritonavir...................................................................... 13 terbinafine.................................................................. 23
rotavirus vaccine....................................................... 29 testosterone .................................................................. 26
rubella vaccine .......................................................... 29 tetanus vaccine.......................................................... 29
salbutamol ................................................................. 33 tetracaine.................................................................... 30
salicylic acid............................................................... 23 tetracycline ................................................................ 30
saquinavir (SQV) ...................................................... 13 thiamine ..................................................................... 34
selenium sulfide ........................................................ 23 thioguanine.................................................................. 19
senna ....................................................................... 3, 26 timolol ........................................................................ 30
silver sulfadiazine..................................................... 23 tranexamic acid ......................................................... 20
simvastatin ................................................................. 23 triclabendazole............................................................ 6
sodium calcium edetate ................................................. 4 trimethoprim ............................................................... 9
sodium chloride ........................................................ 33 tropicamide ............................................................... 24
sodium fluoride ........................................................ 34 tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) ..... 28
sodium hydrogen carbonate ................................... 33 typhoid vaccine ........................................................ 29
sodium lactate ........................................................... 33 urea ............................................................................. 23
sodium nitrite .............................................................. 4 valproic acid (sodium valproate) ...................... 5, 32
sodium nitroprusside................................................... 22 vancomycin ................................................................... 9
sodium stibogluconate or varicella vaccine ....................................................... 29
meglumine antimoniate ...................................... 14 vecuronium ............................................................... 29
sodium thiosulfate ................................................ 4, 23 verapamil ................................................................... 21
spectinomycin ............................................................. 8 vinblastine ................................................................... 19
spironolactone ............................................... 22, 24, 25 vincristine.................................................................... 19
stavudine (d4T) ......................................................... 12 warfarin...................................................................... 20
streptokinase ................................................................ 23 water for injection .................................................... 33
streptomycin .............................................................. 10 whole blood ............................................................... 20
succimer ......................................................................... 4 xylometazoline.......................................................... 34
sulfadiazine ............................................................... 16 yellow fever vaccine ................................................ 29
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine................................. 16 zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) ...................................... 12
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim ..................... 9, 16 zinc sulfate ................................................................. 26

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WHO Model List

Status of this document

1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen

1.1.1 Inhalational medicines

nitrous oxide Inhalation.

oxygen Inhalation (medicinal gas).

1.1.2 Injectable medicines

ketamine Injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride)/ml in 10‐ml vial.

Injection: 10 mg/ml; 20 mg/ml.

1.2 Local anaesthetics

Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial.

Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial.

Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in

Topical forms: 2% to 4% (hydrochloride).

Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000.

Injection: 30 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 1‐ml ampoule.

1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.

 midazolam Oral liquid: 2 mg/ml [c].

morphine Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1‐ml ampoule.

18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013) page - 1

Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg.

Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 ml.

Oral liquid: 125 mg/5 ml.

Suppository: 100 mg.

* Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due

2.2 Opioid analgesics

codeine Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate).

Granules (slow‐release; to mix with water): 20 mg ‐

Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or

Oral liquid: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or

Tablet (immediate release): 10 mg (morphine

*Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and

2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

amitriptyline Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg; 75 mg

Tablet: 2 mg [c]; 4 mg.

18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013) page - 2

Injection: 5 mg in 1‐ml ampoule.

hyoscine butylbromide Injection: 20 mg/ml.

Injection: 400 micrograms/ml; 600 micrograms/ml.

lactulose [c] Oral liquid: 3.1‐3.7 g/5 ml.

loperamide Solid oral dosage form: 2 mg.

Injection: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/mL in 2‐mL

ondansetron [c] a Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 ml.

senna Oral liquid: 7.5 mg/5 ml.

Injection: 4 mg/ml in 1‐ml ampoule (as disodium

Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen

Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate)

18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013) page - 3

*There maybe a role for sedating antihistamines for

Oral liquid: 5 mg/ml [c].

4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS

charcoal, activated Powder.

Injection: 200 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.

atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1‐ml ampoule.

calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.

Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1‐ml

penicillamine Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg.

potassium ferric hexacyano‐ferrate(II) ‐2H20

sodium nitrite Injection: 30 mg/ml in 10‐ml ampoule.