▪ What is data Visualization ?

i) “Data and information visualization is the practice of designing and creating easy-to-
communicate and easy-to-understand graphic or visual representations of a large amount of
complex quantitative and qualitative data and information with the help of static, dynamic or
interactive visual items.”
▪ Importance of data Visualization
ii) Simplifies Complex Data
iii) Facilitates Quick Decision-Making
iv) Improves Communication
v) Identifies Patterns and Trends
vi) Makes Data Accessible to Non-Experts
• Application of data visualization in computer science
▪ Data Analysis and Machine Learning
❖ Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):
▪ Big Data
❖ Handling Large Datasets
❖ Real-Time Dashboards
▪ Cybersecurity
❖ Threat Detection:
❖ Incident Response:
▪ Algorithms and Computational Theory
❖ Algorithm Performance:
❖ Graph Theory:
▪ Cloud Computing and Network Analysis
❖ Traffic Monitoring and Load Balancing:
▪ Latency and Performance Metrics
• Types of data visualizations :
1. Bar Chart
• Use: Comparing quantities across categories.
• Description: Bars represent data values, with the length or height of each bar proportional to
the value it represents.
• Example: Comparing sales by year and country

2. Line Chart
• Use: Showing trends over time.
• Description: Points representing data values are connected by a line to depict changes over
intervals.
• Example: per year admissions in a school

3. Pie Chart
• Use: Showing parts of a whole.
• Description: A circular chart divided into sectors, where each sector represents a proportion
of the total.
• Example: Percentage of students interested in different games

4. Histogram
• Use: Displaying the distribution of numerical data.
• Description: Similar to a bar chart, but used for continuous data divided into intervals (bins).
• Example: the following histogram shows the number of children visiting a park at different
time intervals
5. Scatter Plot
• Use: Showing the relationship between two variables.
• Description: Points are plotted on a Cartesian plane, with each axis representing a variable.
The scater plot data may or may not have co relation
• Example: the data for the number of birds on a tree at different times of the day does not show
any correlation.

Days of the week and the sales

6. Heatmap
• Use: Visualizing data intensity or
density.
• Description: A grid of cells where
each cell’s color represents a data
value or frequency.
• Example: Smart phone rating
7. Bubble Chart
• Use: Showing the relationship between three variables.
• Description: Similar to a scatter plot, but the size of each point (bubble) represents a third
variable.
• Example:

9. Area Chart
• Use: Showing trends over time, with emphasis on the magnitude of values.
• Description: Similar to a line chart but with the area under the line filled in to emphasize
volume.
• Example: email analysis

10. Tree Map

• Use: Displaying hierarchical data as nested rectangles.
• Description: Each rectangle’s size is proportional to the data value it represents.
• Example: Visualizing a company’s product portfolio based on revenue share.
11. Waterfall Chart
• Use: Showing cumulative effects of sequential positive or negative values.
• Description: Bars show individual increases or decreases, and the final bar shows the
cumulative total.
• Example: income statement

12. Radar Chart (Spider Chart)

• Use: Comparing multiple quantitative variables.
• Description: Displays data in a radial format with multiple axes representing different
variables.
• radar charts are mostly used in competitive analysis and this is an ideal example of the same
• Example: Performance review with criteria like communication, teamwork, and productivity.

13. Gantt Chart

• Use: Project planning and tracking.
• Description: Horizontal bars represent tasks or activities, with the length of each bar
representing its duration.
• Example: Visualizing project timelines or workflow scheduling.

14. Funnel Chart

• Use: Showing the stages in a process and how data flows from one stage to the next.
• Description: A funnel shape that narrows as data progresses through stages.
 • Example: Sales pipeline, customer acquisition process.

17. Word Cloud

• Use: Visualizing the frequency of words in a text dataset.
• Description: Words are sized according to their frequency in the data.
• Example: Analyzing customer feedback or social media posts.

• Principles of effective data visualizations

1) Clarity
2) Simplicity
3) Purposeful
4) Consistency
5) Contextualization
6) Accuracy
7) Visuals Encoding
8) Intuitiveness
9) Interactivity
10) Accessibility
11) Hierarchy
• How to choose the right visualizations for different data types

Chart Type When to Use Data Type

Word Cloud When visualizing the frequency of terms in text data or customer feedback. Categorical (text)
Chart Type When to Use Data Type

Funnel Sequential
When illustrating stages in a process, such as sales or user conversion rates.
Chart (numerical/categorical)
Gantt Chart When managing project timelines and tracking task durations. Temporal (date/time)
Radar Chart When comparing multiple quantitative variables across categories. Multivariate (numerical)
Waterfall When showing cumulative effects of sequential positive or negative values in a
Temporal (numerical)
Chart financial context.
Tree Map When visualizing hierarchical data with proportional sizes representing values. Hierarchical (numerical)
Area Chart When showing trends over time with an emphasis on volume or magnitude. Temporal (numerical)
Bubble
When visualizing relationships between three variables. Multivariate (numerical)
Chart
Heatmap When displaying data density or intensity across two dimensions. Categorical (2D numerical)
Scatter Plot When illustrating relationships or correlations between two continuous variables. Continuous (numerical)
Histogram When showing the distribution of a single continuous variable. Continuous (numerical)
Pie Chart When showing proportions of a whole for a limited number of categories. Categorical (nominal)
Line Chart When displaying trends over time for one or more continuous variables. Temporal (numerical)
Bar Chart When comparing quantities across different categories. Categorical (numerical)