Q.1 Explain Programming Paradigms.

Programming paradigms are different styles or approaches to writing code and solving
problems. Think of them as different ways of thinking about how to create software. Here are
some common paradigms:

1. Imperative Programming: This is like giving the computer a list of commands to

follow step-by-step. You tell it exactly what to do and how to do it. For example, in
languages like C and Python, you write commands that change the program's state.
2. Declarative Programming: Instead of telling the computer how to do something, you
simply describe what you want. SQL is a good example, where you specify what data
you want from a database without saying how to get it.
3. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): This approach organizes code around
"objects," which are collections of data and functions. For example, in a game, you
might have an object for a character that includes its properties (like health and
strength) and actions (like jumping or attacking). Languages like Java and C++ use
OOP.
4. Functional Programming: In this paradigm, you focus on using functions to solve
problems. It avoids changing data and emphasizes using functions as building blocks.
Haskell is a well-known functional programming language.
5. Logic Programming: Here, you express facts and rules about problems, and the
computer figures out how to solve them. Prolong is an example of a logic
programming language.

Each paradigm has its strengths and weaknesses, and many modern programming languages
support multiple paradigms, allowing developers to choose the best approach for their needs.

Q.2 Is C a Structured Programming Language? Give 10 Features.

Yes, C is considered a structured programming language. Structured programming is a way

of writing code that emphasizes clear control structures and modular design. Here are ten
features of structured programming in C:

1. Modularity: C allows you to break your program into smaller, manageable functions.
Each function can perform a specific task, making it easier to write and maintain
code.
2. Control Structures: C has clear control structures like loops (for, while) and
conditionals (if, switch). This help manages the flow of the program logically.
3. Top-Down Design: You can start with the big picture and break it down into smaller
parts. This makes complex problems easier to solve step-by-step.
4. Data Abstraction: C lets you create complex data types using structures (structs).
This helps group related data together for better organization.
5. Recursion: Functions in C can call themselves, which is useful for solving problems
that can be defined in smaller parts (like calculating factorials).
6. Clear Syntax: The syntax in C is straightforward, making it easier to read and
understand, which helps in maintaining the code.
7. Function Libraries: C provides many built-in functions in its libraries, allowing you
to use common tasks without having to write them from scratch.
8. Scope Rules: C has rules about variable scope (local vs. global), which help manage
where variables can be accessed, reducing errors.
 9. Structured Data Types: C allows arrays and structs, which help organize data
logically, making it easier to handle complex data.
10. Error Handling: C provides mechanisms to handle errors, such as using return
values to indicate success or failure, which helps manage unexpected situations.

Overall, structured programming in C helps make code more organized, easier to understand,
and maintainable.

Q.3 What is Structured Programming? Explain with Advantages and

Drawbacks.

Structured programming is a programming approach that focuses on creating clear and

organized code. It emphasizes using specific control structures, breaking programs into
functions, and following a logical flow.

Advantages of Structured Programming:

1. Improved Readability: Code is easier to read and understand because it is organized

into functions and follows a clear structure.
2. Easier Maintenance: Since code is divided into smaller parts (functions), it's simpler
to make changes without affecting the entire program.
3. Better Debugging: When errors occur, it’s easier to locate and fix them because each
function can be tested separately.
4. Code Reusability: Functions can be reused in different parts of the program or even
in other programs, reducing duplication.
5. Team Collaboration: Multiple developers can work on different functions at the
same time, improving teamwork and project progress.
6. Logical Flow: The use of control structures leads to a clear flow of execution, making
it easier to follow the program's logic.

Drawbacks of Structured Programming:

1. Complexity with Large Programs: As programs grow, managing numerous

functions can become challenging and may lead to complexity.
2. Performance Overhead: Calling functions can add some overhead, which may affect
performance in performance-critical applications.
3. Less Flexibility: In dynamic situations where requirements change frequently, a rigid
structure can be limiting.
4. Requires Discipline: Developers need to follow structured practices, which may not
always happen in practice.

In summary, structured programming enhances code clarity and maintainability but may
introduce challenges in managing complex systems.

Q.4 What is an Algorithm? Give an Example.

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a specific problem.

It’s like a recipe that outlines exactly what to do to achieve a desired outcome.

Characteristics of Algorithms:
 1. Finite Steps: Algorithms must have a clear end point; they cannot run indefinitely.
2. Well-Defined Instructions: Each step must be clear and unambiguous.
3. Input: Algorithms can take inputs, which are the values you start with.
4. Output: They produce an output, which is the result of the algorithm's operations.
5. Effectiveness: The steps should be simple enough to be performed, even by hand.

Example of an Algorithm: Finding the Sum of Two Numbers

1. Start
2. Input the first number, A
3. Input the second number, B
4. Calculate the sum: Sum = A + B
5. Output the sum
6. End

This algorithm provides a clear and logical way to compute the sum of two numbers,
demonstrating how algorithms guide problem-solving.

Q.5 What is a Heuristic Algorithm? Give an Example.

A heuristic algorithm is a problem-solving approach that uses practical methods or shortcuts

to find satisfactory solutions quickly. Heuristics are often used when finding the perfect
solution is too complex or time-consuming.

Characteristics of Heuristic Algorithms:

1. Speed: They offer quicker, often good enough, solutions rather than perfect ones.
2. Simplicity: Heuristics rely on simple rules and educated guesses.
3. Good Enough Solutions: They focus on practical solutions rather than the optimal
ones.

Example of a Heuristic Algorithm: A Search Algorithm* The A* algorithm is often used in

pathfinding, like in video games or GPS navigation. It finds the shortest path from a starting
point to a goal point by evaluating the cost to reach each point and using heuristics to
estimate distances.

Steps:

1. Start with the initial position on the map.

2. Calculate the cost to move to neighbouring points.
3. Choose the point with the lowest total estimated cost (the sum of the cost to reach that
point and the estimated cost to the goal).
4. Repeat this process until reaching the goal.

A* is efficient because it balances exploring promising paths and avoiding unnecessary

detours, making it practical for real-world applications.
Q.6 Could Computers be Used to Solve Problems Step by Step?

Yes, computers can solve problems step by step by executing algorithms that outline a clear
sequence of actions. Each step in an algorithm corresponds to an operation the computer
performs, allowing it to tackle complex problems in a structured way.

For instance, consider an algorithm that calculates the factorial of a number (e.g., 5!):

1. Start with the number (5).

2. Multiply it by the next lower number (4), then (3), (2), and finally (1).
3. Output the result.

The computer follows these steps one after the other, ensuring a systematic approach to
solving the problem. By using loops and conditionals, a computer can iterate through steps,
make decisions, and perform calculations as specified by the algorithm.

Q.7 What is Problem Solving? Give Steps.

Problem solving is the process of identifying a challenge and finding a way to overcome it. It
involves critical thinking, analysis, and creativity, often following a structured approach to
ensure thorough exploration of possible solutions.

Steps in Problem Solving:

1. Identify the Problem: Clearly define what the problem is. Understand its nature and
scope. For example, “The website is not loading.”
2. Analyse the Problem: Gather relevant information, identify constraints, and
determine the root cause of the issue. This might involve checking error logs or user
feedback.
3. Generate Potential Solutions: Brainstorm possible solutions without judging them
initially. This could involve thinking of various ways to address the problem.
4. Evaluate and Select the Best Solution: Assess the feasibility and potential impact of
each solution. Choose the most appropriate one based on criteria like cost and
resources.
5. Implement the Solution: Develop a plan to put the chosen solution into action. This
includes assigning tasks and setting timelines.
6. Review and Assess the Outcome: After implementing the solution, evaluate its
effectiveness. Did it solve the problem? What can be improved for the future?

This structured approach helps ensure that problem-solving is thorough, logical, and
effective, leading to successful outcomes.

Q.8 Why Does Problem Solving Require Divide and Conquer? Explain with
an Example.

Divide and Conquer is a powerful problem-solving strategy that breaks down a problem into
smaller, more manageable parts, solves each part individually, and combines their solutions
to address the overall problem.
Advantages of Divide and Conquer:

1. Simplifies Complexity: Breaking a problem into smaller parts makes it easier to

tackle.
2. Encourages Parallelism: Different parts can often be solved at the same time,
speeding up the process.
3. Enhances Clarity: Smaller subproblems can be clearly defined and understood.

Example: Merge Sort Merge Sort is a classic example of the divide and conquer technique:

1. Divide: Split the unsorted array into two halves.

2. Conquer: Recursively sort both halves.
3. Combine: Merge the two sorted halves into a single sorted array.

Process:

• Given an array [38, 27, 43, 3, 9, 82, 10], you would first divide it into [38, 27, 43] and
[3, 9, 82, 10].
• Continue dividing until you have single-element arrays.
• Merge these sorted arrays back together to produce a fully sorted array.

This method efficiently organizes and sorts data, demonstrating how dividing a complex task
into smaller parts can lead to a more efficient solution.

Q.9 Explain with Example:

1. Problem Understanding: This step involves thoroughly grasping the problem's

requirements and constraints. You need to analyse what the problem is asking and
ensure all aspects are considered.

Example: Suppose you need to develop a software application for an online

bookstore. Problem understanding would involve identifying the main functionalities
required (searching for books, managing inventory, processing orders) and
understanding the target users (customers, admins) and their needs.

2. Problem Solving Strategy: This step involves selecting the method or approach to
tackle the problem based on the understanding gained. Different strategies may be
appropriate depending on the problem's nature.

Example: For the online bookstore, a strategy could be to use an iterative

development process (Agile), allowing for ongoing feedback and adjustments based
on user input throughout the development cycle.

3. Goal Planning: Goal planning involves setting clear, achievable objectives for the
project. These goals guide the project’s direction and help measure progress.

Example: In the online bookstore project, goals could include:

o Launch a minimum viable product (MVP) within three months.

o Ensure that the site can handle 100 simultaneous users at launch.
 o Achieve customer satisfaction scores of at least 85% in initial surveys.

Together, these steps ensure a comprehensive approach to problem-solving that leads to well-
defined objectives and a structured method for achieving them.

Q.10 What are Problem Solving Design Tools? Give Examples.

Problem-solving design tools are techniques and frameworks used to organize, visualize, and
develop solutions to problems. These tools help clarify thought processes and structure the
problem-solving workflow. Some common design tools include:

1. Flowcharts: These are diagrams that represent the sequence of steps in a process.
Flowcharts use standard symbols to illustrate processes, decisions, and data flows,
making it easier to visualize complex algorithms.

Example: A flowchart to determine if a number is even:

o Start
o Input Number
o If Number % 2 == 0, output “Even”
o Else, output “Odd”
o End
2. Pseudocode: This is a method for designing algorithms that uses plain language to
outline the steps of a program. Pseudocode is not tied to any specific programming
language and helps in conceptualizing the logic without worrying about syntax.

Example:

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FUNCTION calculateFactorial(n)
IF n == 0 THEN
RETURN 1
ELSE
RETURN n * calculateFactorial(n - 1)
END FUNCTION

3. Unified Modelling Language (UML): UML is a standardized modelling language

that provides a way to visualize the design of a system. It includes various diagram
types, such as class diagrams and sequence diagrams, to represent different aspects of
a system.
4. Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD): These diagrams are used to model the data
structure of a system by showing how entities (objects, concepts) relate to one
another.
5. Decision Trees: These graphical representations help visualize decisions and their
possible consequences, aiding in analysing choices and outcomes.

Using these tools enhances communication, collaboration, and clarity during the problem-
solving process, leading to more effective solutions.

Q.11 Explain an Algorithm? Give an Example.

An algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined steps or instructions that provide a solution
to a specific problem. Algorithms are essential in computer science and programming
because they dictate the logic that computers use to perform tasks.

Characteristics of Algorithms:

1. Finite Steps: An algorithm must always finish after a specific number of steps.
2. Well-Defined: Each step must be clearly and unambiguously defined.
3. Input: Algorithms can take zero or more inputs.
4. Output: They produce one or more outputs.
5. Effectiveness: Steps must be feasible to execute.

Example: Algorithm to Find the Largest of Three Numbers Here’s a simple algorithm to
determine the largest of three numbers:

1. Start
2. Input three numbers: A, B, C
3. If A is greater than B and A is greater than C, then:
o Output A
4. Else if B is greater than A and B is greater than C, then:
o Output B
5. Else:
o Output C
6. End

This algorithm clearly outlines the process of determining the largest number among the three
inputs, demonstrating the structured approach of algorithms to problem-solving.

Q.12 Is a Flowchart a Problem-Solving Design Tool? Give Example.

Yes, a flowchart is a valuable problem-solving design tool that visually represents the steps
and decisions in a process or algorithm. Flowcharts use standardized symbols to convey the
flow of information and the relationships between different parts of a process.

Advantages of Flowcharts:

1. Visualization: They provide a clear graphical representation of processes, making it

easier to understand the flow of information.
2. Communication: Flowcharts are easy to read and share, facilitating communication
among team members.
3. Problem Identification: They help identify bottlenecks or inefficiencies in a process
by illustrating each step.

Example: Flowchart for Checking Even or Odd Number

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Start
|
Input Number
|
 Is Number % 2 == 0?
| |
Yes No
| |
Output "Even" Output "Odd"
| |
End End

This flowchart clearly shows the steps to determine whether a number is even or odd,
illustrating how flowcharts can effectively convey algorithmic processes.

Q.13 Draw a Flowchart to Find the Greatest of Given Two Numbers.

Here’s a simple flowchart for finding the greatest of two numbers:

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Start
|
Input A, B
|
Is A > B?
| |
Yes No
| |
Output A Output B
| |
End End

This flowchart outlines the decision-making process to determine which of the two numbers,
A or B, is greater, illustrating how flowcharts can represent logic visually.

Q.14 Is a Pseudo-code a Problem-Solving Design Tool? Give Example.

Yes, pseudocode is a valuable problem-solving design tool that uses plain language to outline
algorithms without adhering to the strict syntax of a programming language. Pseudocode
allows developers to focus on the logic of the algorithm rather than the specific
implementation details.

Advantages of Pseudocode:

1. Simplicity: It uses natural language constructs, making it accessible to individuals

who may not be familiar with programming syntax.
2. Clarity: Pseudocode emphasizes the logic and flow of the algorithm, improving
understanding.
3. Flexibility: It can easily be adapted or modified, allowing for rapid iteration during
the design phase.

Example: Pseudocode for Finding the Maximum of Two Numbers

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BEGIN
INPUT A
 INPUT B
IF A > B THEN
PRINT A
ELSE
PRINT B
END

This pseudocode clearly outlines the steps needed to find and print the maximum of two
numbers, demonstrating how pseudocode can effectively communicate algorithmic logic.

Q.15 Explain Primitive Data Types in C.

Primitive data types in C are the fundamental data types that represent the basic types of data
a program can work with. They are built into the language and serve as the building blocks
for data manipulation. The main primitive data types in C include:

1. int: Represents integer values, typically using 4 bytes of memory. It can store both
positive and negative whole numbers.

Example: int a = 5;

2. float: Represents single-precision floating-point numbers, typically using 4 bytes of

memory. It is used for storing decimal numbers.

Example: float b = 3.14;

3. double: Represents double-precision floating-point numbers, typically using 8 bytes

of memory. It is used for more precise decimal values compared to float.

Example: double c = 3.14159265359;

4. char: Represents a single character and typically uses 1 byte of memory. It is often
used to store letters, digits, and special characters.

Example: char d = 'A';

5. void: Represents the absence of a type. It is used in functions that do not return a
value.

Example:

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void functionName() {
// no return value
}

Understanding these primitive data types is essential for working with variables and
performing operations in C programming, as they determine how data is stored and
manipulated in memory.
Q.16 Draw a Pseudocode to Find the Greatest of Given Two Numbers.

Here’s a simple pseudocode for finding the greatest of two numbers:

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BEGIN
INPUT A
INPUT B
IF A > B THEN
PRINT "The greatest number is ", A
ELSE
PRINT "The greatest number is ", B
END

This pseudocode clearly outlines the logic for determining and displaying the greatest of the
two input numbers.

Q.17 Draw a Flowchart to Print First 10 Natural Numbers.

Here's a flowchart for printing the first 10 natural numbers:

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Start
|
Set N = 1
|
Is N <= 10?
| |
Yes No
| |
Print N |
| |
N = N + 1|
| |
End End

In this flowchart, we start with N initialized to 1. The flowchart checks if N is less than or
equal to 10. If true, it prints N and increments it by 1, repeating this process until N exceeds
10.

Q.18 Draw Building Blocks of Flowcharts and Explain the Purpose.

Flowcharts consist of several standard symbols, each representing different types of actions
or steps in a process:

1. Oval (Start/End): Represents the beginning and end of a flowchart. It indicates

where the process starts and where it concludes.

Purpose: Clearly define the boundaries of the flowchart.

2. Rectangle (Process): Represents a process or action step where operations take place,
such as calculations or data manipulations.
 Purpose: Illustrate actions performed in the algorithm.

3. Diamond (Decision): Represents a decision point that branches the flow based on a
yes/no question or condition.

Purpose: Show branching in the flow based on conditions.

4. Parallelogram (Input/Output): Represents input (data received) or output (results

displayed). This is where data is entered or results are shown.

Purpose: Indicate where data flows into or out of the system.

5. Arrow (Flow Direction): Indicates the flow of control or the direction in which the
process moves from one step to the next.

Purpose: Guide the reader through the sequence of steps in the process.

These symbols create a visual representation of processes, helping users easily understand the
flow of logic and the relationships between steps.

Q.19 What is Coding in Problem Solving?

Coding in problem solving refers to the process of translating the designed algorithms or
solutions (often represented in pseudocode or flowcharts) into a specific programming
language to create executable software. It involves implementing the logical steps of the
solution using a programming language's syntax and semantics.

Key Aspects of Coding in Problem Solving:

1. Implementation of Logic: Translating the logic defined in the algorithm into code
that a computer can execute. This includes defining variables, control structures, and
functions.
2. Syntax and Semantics: Understanding the specific rules of the programming
language used (e.g., C, Python) to ensure the code runs correctly. This involves using
the correct syntax for defining statements, functions, and data structures.
3. Testing and Debugging: Once the code is written, it must be tested to ensure it works
as intended. Debugging involves identifying and fixing any errors or bugs that occur
during execution.
4. Refactoring: Improving the code's structure and readability without changing its
functionality. This is often done after initial testing to enhance maintainability.
5. Documentation: Writing comments and documentation to explain the code's purpose
and functionality, making it easier for others (or oneself) to understand in the future.

Effective coding is crucial in problem-solving as it transforms theoretical solutions into

practical applications that can solve real-world problems. It bridges the gap between abstract
concepts and concrete implementations.

Q.20 Describe Problem Solving. What are Types of Problems?

Problem Solving is the process of finding solutions to challenges or issues that arise in
everyday life, work, or specific tasks. It involves understanding the problem, brainstorming
potential solutions, and selecting the best approach to achieve the desired outcome. Effective
problem-solving requires critical thinking, creativity, and logical reasoning skills.

Steps in Problem Solving:

1. Identify the Problem: Recognize that there is a problem that needs to be solved. This
may involve gathering information to understand the issue clearly.
2. Analyze the Problem: Break down the problem into smaller parts to understand its
nature and causes. This helps in identifying the core issues that need to be addressed.
3. Generate Possible Solutions: Brainstorm a list of potential solutions. It’s important
to think creatively and consider various approaches.
4. Evaluate Solutions: Assess the pros and cons of each possible solution. Consider
factors like feasibility, resources needed, and potential outcomes.
5. Select the Best Solution: Choose the solution that best addresses the problem while
considering the available resources and constraints.
6. Implement the Solution: Put the chosen solution into action. This may involve
planning and coordinating efforts with others.
7. Evaluate the Results: After implementation, evaluate the effectiveness of the
solution. Did it solve the problem? What can be learned for future problem-solving?

Types of Problems:

1. Well-Defined Problems: These problems have clear objectives and defined criteria
for success. For example, a math problem that asks you to solve for a variable has
specific steps and a clear answer.
2. Ill-Defined Problems: These lack clear definitions and may have multiple possible
solutions. An example is deciding on the best marketing strategy for a product, which
requires a lot of exploration and understanding.
3. Routine Problems: These are common issues that can be solved using standard
procedures or methods. An example is troubleshooting a printer that won’t print. You
might follow a checklist to identify and fix the issue.
4. Non-Routine Problems: These are unique challenges that require innovative
thinking. An example might be developing a new app to address a specific user need,
where traditional solutions may not apply.
5. Decisional Problems: These involve making choices based on available information
and criteria. For instance, selecting a candidate for a job based on their skills and
experience.
6. Optimization Problems: These focus on finding the best solution among many
possibilities. An example is determining the best route for a delivery truck to
minimize fuel costs while delivering packages.

Q.21 Write a Program to Find the Simple Interest.

Here’s a simple C program that calculates the simple interest based on user input for principal
amount, rate of interest, and time period:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
// Variables to hold the input values
float principal, rate, time, simpleInterest;

// Input values from the user

printf("Enter Principal Amount (INR): ");
scanf("%f", &principal);
printf("Enter Rate of Interest (%%): ");
scanf("%f", &rate);
printf("Enter Time (in years): ");
scanf("%f", &time);

// Calculate Simple Interest using the formula

// Simple Interest = (Principal * Rate * Time) / 100
simpleInterest = (principal * rate * time) / 100;

// Display the result

printf("Simple Interest: INR %.2f\n", simpleInterest);

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully

}

Explanation of the Program:

• The program starts by including the stdio.h header file, which is necessary for input and
output functions.
• It declares four variables: principal, rate, time, and simpleInterest to hold the
respective values.
• The program prompts the user to enter the principal amount, rate of interest, and time in
years, and it reads these inputs using scanf.
• The formula for calculating simple interest is applied:
Simple Interest=(Principal×Rate×Time)100\text{Simple Interest} = \frac{(\text{Principal}
\times \text{Rate} \times \text{Time})}{100}Simple Interest=100(Principal×Rate×Time).
• Finally, the program prints the calculated simple interest.

Q.22 A Banker Holds Currency Notes of INR 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and Paise 10,
25, 50. Demonstrate Use of Data Types in C Programming Language.

In C programming, data types are used to define the type of data a variable can hold. Here’s
an example demonstrating how a banker might handle currency notes and coins using various
data types:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
// Integer type for whole currency notes
int tenRupeeNote = 10;
int twentyRupeeNote = 20;
int fiftyRupeeNote = 50;
int hundredRupeeNote = 100;
int fiveHundredRupeeNote = 500;
 // Float type for coins (paise)
float tenPaise = 0.10; // 10 paise as a fraction of a rupee
float twentyFivePaise = 0.25; // 25 paise
float fiftyPaise = 0.50; // 50 paise

// Display the currency notes and coins

printf("Currency Notes:\n");
printf("INR %d\n", tenRupeeNote);
printf("INR %d\n", twentyRupeeNote);
printf("INR %d\n", fiftyRupeeNote);
printf("INR %d\n", hundredRupeeNote);
printf("INR %d\n", fiveHundredRupeeNote);

printf("\nCoins:\n");
printf("10 Paise: INR %.2f\n", tenPaise);
printf("25 Paise: INR %.2f\n", twentyFivePaise);
printf("50 Paise: INR %.2f\n", fiftyPaise);

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully

}

Explanation:

• This program begins by including the stdio.h library for input and output functions.
• It declares several integer variables to represent the different currency notes available, such
as tenRupeeNote, twentyRupeeNote, etc.
• For the paise (which are fractions of a rupee), the program uses the float data type to
represent values like tenPaise, twentyFivePaise, and fiftyPaise.
• The program then displays the values of the currency notes and coins using printf, which
formats the output for better readability.

Q.23 Draw Flowchart to Check if the Given Number is Even or Odd.

Here’s a flowchart to determine whether a given number is even or odd:

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Start
|
Input Number
|
Is Number % 2 == 0?
| |
Yes No
| |
Output "Even" Output "Odd"
| |
End End

Explanation:

• The flowchart starts with a Start symbol.

• It prompts the user to Input a Number.
• A decision diamond checks if the number modulo 2 equals 0:
o If Yes, it outputs "Even."
o If No, it outputs "Odd."
 • The flowchart ends with an End symbol after each output.

Q.24 Explain the Following:

i. Flowchart

A flowchart is a diagram that represents a process or algorithm using symbols connected by

arrows to show the flow of control. Flowcharts help visualize complex processes and make it
easier to understand the sequence of actions.

ii. Algorithm

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem. It consists of a

finite sequence of well-defined instructions to achieve a specific goal. Algorithms are
fundamental in programming and can be expressed in natural language, pseudocode, or
programming languages.

iii. Heuristic Algorithm

A heuristic algorithm is a practical approach to solving problems that may not have a
guaranteed solution or where finding an exact solution is computationally intensive.
Heuristics provide approximate solutions through educated guesses or rules of thumb, making
them useful in complex situations like optimization and search problems.

iv. Pseudocode

Pseudocode is a way of representing an algorithm using informal, high-level language that

resembles programming languages but is easier to read. It allows programmers to outline
their thoughts without worrying about specific syntax. Pseudocode is useful for planning
before actual coding.

Q.25 Could a Computer be Used to Solve Problems Step by Step?

Yes, computers are particularly well-suited for solving problems step by step because they
can execute instructions precisely and quickly. When given a clear set of instructions (like an
algorithm), a computer can process information, perform calculations, and follow logical
steps to arrive at a solution. This makes them valuable for tasks ranging from simple
calculations to complex simulations.

Q.26 Explain Different Ways to Print the Following Data: int, long, float,
double, character.

In C, different data types can be printed using specific format specifiers in the printf
function. Here’s how to print various data types:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
 int intValue = 10;
long longValue = 1000000;
float floatValue = 3.14f;
double doubleValue = 3.141592653589793;
char charValue = 'A';

printf("Integer: %d\n", intValue); // %d for int

printf("Long: %ld\n", longValue); // %ld for long
printf("Float: %.2f\n", floatValue); // %.2f for float (2
decimal places)
printf("Double: %.10lf\n", doubleValue); // %.10lf for double (10
decimal places)
printf("Character: %c\n", charValue); // %c for char

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully

}

Explanation:

• %d is used for printing integers.

• %ld is for long integers.
• %.2f formats float values to two decimal places.
• %.10lf is used for double values, showing ten decimal places.
• %c is used for printing characters.

Q.27 Explain with Example Abstract Data Types in C Programming

Language?

An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a data type defined by a set of operations that can be
performed on it, rather than by its concrete implementation. In C, ADTs are usually
implemented using structures and function pointers.

Example: Stack ADT

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define MAX 10

typedef struct {
int items[MAX];
int top;
} Stack;

// Function to create a stack

Stack* createStack() {
Stack* stack = (Stack*)malloc(sizeof(Stack));
stack->top = -1;
return stack;
}

// Function to check if the stack is full

int isFull(Stack* stack) {
return stack->top == MAX - 1;
}
// Function to check if the stack is empty
int isEmpty(Stack* stack) {
return stack->top == -1;
}

// Function to push an item to the stack

void push(Stack* stack, int item) {
if (isFull(stack)) {
printf("Stack Overflow!\n");
} else {
stack->items[++stack->top] = item;
printf("Pushed %d to stack.\n", item);
}
}

// Function to pop an item from the stack

int pop(Stack* stack) {
if (isEmpty(stack)) {
printf("Stack Underflow!\n");
return -1; // Return -1 if the stack is empty
} else {
return stack->items[stack->top--];
}
}

// Main function to demonstrate the stack ADT

int main() {
Stack* stack = createStack();

push(stack, 10);
push(stack, 20);
printf("Popped: %d\n", pop(stack));
printf("Popped: %d\n", pop(stack));
printf("Popped: %d\n", pop(stack)); // Trying to pop from an empty
stack

free(stack); // Free the allocated memory

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully
}

Explanation:

• In this example, we define a Stack structure that holds an array of items and a top index.
• The stack is managed through functions that define the operations (push, pop, isFull,
isEmpty) without exposing the internal structure.
• This encapsulation allows users to interact with the stack without needing to know how it is
implemented.

Q.28 Draw a Flowchart to Find the Area of a Rectangle

Here’s a flowchart to calculate the area of a rectangle:

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Start
|
Input Length
 |
Input Width
|
Area = Length * Width
|
Output Area
|
End

Explanation:

• The flowchart begins with Start.

• It prompts for Length and Width.
• It calculates the Area using the formula Area=Length×Width\text{Area} = \text{Length}
\times \text{Width}Area=Length×Width.
• Finally, it outputs the area and ends the flowchart.

Q.29 Why Heuristic Algorithms Provide Better Performance

Heuristic algorithms often provide better performance in solving complex problems because
they focus on finding a satisfactory solution rather than an optimal one. Here are a few
reasons why they are effective:

1. Speed: Heuristics can arrive at a solution faster than exact algorithms, especially in
large search spaces where evaluating every possibility would be computationally
expensive.
2. Simplicity: They are usually simpler to implement and understand compared to
complex algorithms, making them accessible for various applications.
3. Flexibility: Heuristic algorithms can be adapted to various problems, allowing them
to be applied across different fields such as optimization, scheduling, and AI.
4. Practical Solutions: In real-world scenarios, finding a perfect solution might be
impractical. Heuristics help provide "good enough" solutions that meet acceptable
criteria without exhaustive searching.

Q.30 Explain Symbols of Flowcharts, Give Example.

Flowcharts use standardized symbols to represent different types of actions or steps in a

process. Here are some common symbols:

1. Oval (Start/End): Represents the beginning and end of the flowchart.

o Example: The flowchart starts with an oval labelled "Start."
2. Rectangle (Process): Represents a process or action step, like calculations or
operations.
o Example: A rectangle may contain the statement "Calculate Area = Length * Width."
3. Diamond (Decision): Represents a decision point that requires a yes/no answer.
o Example: A diamond might ask, "Is Width > 0?" with arrows for Yes and No.
4. Parallelogram (Input/Output): Represents input (data received) or output (results
displayed).
o Example: A parallelogram could say "Input Length."
5. Arrow (Flow Direction): Indicates the flow of control from one step to another.
o Example: Arrows connect the Start symbol to the Input symbols and onward.
These symbols help create a clear visual representation of processes, making it easier for
people to understand the sequence of actions.

Q.31 Describe the Steps Used to Solve a Problem through Computer.

1. Define the Problem: Clearly articulate the issue that needs to be solved.
2. Analyse Requirements: Identify what information is needed and the resources
available for solving the problem.
3. Design the Algorithm: Create a step-by-step procedure (algorithm) that outlines how
to approach the solution.
4. Implement the Code: Translate the algorithm into a programming language (like C)
to create a software program.
5. Test the Program: Run the program with sample inputs to check if it produces the
correct outputs. Debug any issues that arise.
6. Evaluate the Solution: Assess whether the program solves the problem effectively
and meets the defined requirements.
7. Documentation: Write documentation to explain how the program works, including
instructions for users and notes for future reference.
8. Iterate as Necessary: Based on feedback or new requirements, modify the program
to improve its functionality or address any remaining issues.

Q.32 To Verify a Given Number is ODD, Develop a Logic for This Problem
Solving, Present Using Pseudocode.

Here’s a simple logic in pseudocode to check if a given number is odd:

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BEGIN
INPUT number
IF number MOD 2 != 0 THEN
PRINT "The number is ODD"
ELSE
PRINT "The number is EVEN"
END

Explanation:

• The pseudocode begins with an INPUT statement to receive a number.

• It checks if the number modulo 2 is not equal to 0. If true, it prints that the number is odd;
otherwise, it prints that it is even.

Q.33 What are Literals? Illustrate Using Example to Display it Using

Appropriate Command.

Literals are fixed values that are directly used in code. They represent constant values of a
specific data type.

Examples of Literals:

• Integer literal: 10
 • Floating-point literal: 3.14
• Character literal: 'A'
• String literal: "Hello, World!"

Here’s how to display these literals using C:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
// Displaying different types of literals
printf("Integer Literal: %d\n", 10);
printf("Floating-point Literal: %.2f\n", 3.14);
printf("Character Literal: %c\n", 'A');
printf("String Literal: %s\n", "Hello, World!");

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully

}

Q.34 Write an Algorithm to Find the Square of a Given Number.

Here’s a simple algorithm to find the square of a given number:

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BEGIN
INPUT number
square = number * number
PRINT "The square of", number, "is", square
END

Explanation:

• The algorithm starts by taking a number as input.

• It calculates the square by multiplying the number by itself.
• Finally, it prints the result.

Q.35 Assign Data Types to the Following Literals: 11, 50.55, ‘K’, “ABC” and
How to Display These Literals Using C.

Data Types Assignment:

• 11: Integer (int)

• 50.55: Float (float)
• 'K': Character (char)
• "ABC": String (char array)

Here’s how to display these literals in C:

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#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int intValue = 11; // Integer
float floatValue = 50.55; // Float
char charValue = 'K'; // Character
char stringValue[] = "ABC"; // String

printf("Integer: %d\n", intValue);

printf("Float: %.2f\n", floatValue);
printf("Character: %c\n", charValue);
printf("String: %s\n", stringValue);

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully

}

Q.36 Solve Problem to Identify the Greater Number Using Appropriate

Operator in C to Draw Flow-Chart.

To identify the greater number between two numbers using C, we can use the following logic
and then create a flowchart.

C Program:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num1, num2;

printf("Enter two numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

if (num1 > num2) {

printf("%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2);
} else {
printf("%d is greater than %d\n", num2, num1);
}

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully

}

Flowchart:

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Start
|
Input num1, num2
|
Is num1 > num2?
| |
Yes No
| |
Output "num1 is greater" Output "num2 is greater"
| |
End End

Explanation:
 • The program prompts the user to enter two numbers and compares them using an if
statement.
• The flowchart visually represents the decision-making process to determine which number is
greater.

Q.37 Explain Following:

1. void: In C, void is used as a data type to indicate that a function does not return a
value. For example, void functionName() { /* ... */ } signifies that
functionName does not return anything.
2. ==: The == operator is a comparison operator that checks if two values are equal. For
example, if (a == b) evaluates to true if a is equal to b.
3. &&: The logical AND operator (&&) is used to combine two Boolean expressions and
returns true only if both expressions are true. For instance, if (a > 0 && b > 0)
checks if both a and b are positive.
4. ||: The logical OR operator (||) is used to combine two Boolean expressions and
returns true if at least one of the expressions is true. For example, if (a > 0 || b >
0) checks if either a or b is positive.
5. ? (Ternary Operator): The ternary operator is a shorthand for an if-else statement.
It takes the form condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false. For example,
result = (a > b) ? a : b; assigns the greater of a and b to result.
6. enum: An enum (enumeration) is a user-defined data type that consists of a set of
named integer constants. For example, enum Days { Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu,
Fri, Sat }; creates a set of named values representing days of the week.
7. if: The if statement allows conditional execution of a block of code. For example, if
(condition) { /* code to execute */ } executes the code only if the condition
is true.
8. case: The case keyword is used in switch statements to define multiple conditions
based on a single variable. Each case represents a possible value for that variable.
9. while: The while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified
condition is true. For example, while (condition) { /* code to execute */ }
continues until the condition becomes false.
10. do: The do loop executes a block of code at least once and then continues to execute it
while a specified condition is true. It is structured as do { /* code to execute */
} while (condition);.

Q.38 Write a Program to Find the Area of a Circle.

Here’s a simple C program to calculate the area of a circle:

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#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14159 // Define the constant for Pi

int main() {
float radius, area;

// Input radius from the user

printf("Enter the radius of the circle: ");
scanf("%f", &radius);
 // Calculate the area
area = PI * radius * radius;

// Output the result

printf("Area of the circle: %.2f\n", area);

return 0; // Indicate that the program ended successfully

}

Explanation:

• The program includes the stdio.h library for input and output.
• It defines a constant PI for the value of π.
• The user is prompted to enter the radius of the circle.
• The area is calculated using the formula Area=π×radius2\text{Area} = \pi \times
\text{radius}^2Area=π×radius2.
• Finally, the result is displayed.

Q.39 Which Keywords are Used to Write Loops and Conditions? Give
Example.

In C, the following keywords are used for writing loops and conditions:

1. if: Used for conditional statements.

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if (a > b) {
printf("a is greater than b\n");
}

2. else: Used to define an alternative block of code if the if condition is false.

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if (a > b) {
printf("a is greater than b\n");
} else {
printf("b is greater than or equal to a\n");
}

3. while: Used to create a loop that executes as long as a specified condition is true.

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while (count < 10) {
printf("%d\n", count);
count++;
}

4. do: Used to create a loop that executes at least once and then continues based on a
condition.

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do {
printf("%d\n", count);
count++;
} while (count < 10);

5. for: Used to create a loop that repeats a block of code a specific number of times.

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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}

6. switch: Used for multi-way branching based on the value of a variable.

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switch (day) {
case 1:
printf("Monday\n");
break;
case 2:
printf("Tuesday\n");
break;
// Additional cases...
default:
printf("Invalid day\n");
}

Q.40 What Tools are Used to Convert A.B.C. Program to ABC.EXE?

To convert a C program (e.g., ABC.c) to an executable file (e.g., ABC.exe), you typically use
a C compiler. Here are some commonly used tools:

1. GCC (GNU Compiler Collection): A popular open-source compiler for C and C++
programming. Command: gcc ABC.c -o ABC.exe
2. Clang: A compiler that is part of the LLVM project, often used for its performance
and modern architecture.
3. Microsoft Visual C++: A commercial IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
that includes a compiler for Windows development.
4. Turbo C/C++: An older IDE and compiler, popular in educational settings for
learning C/C++.
5. Code::Blocks: An open-source IDE that supports multiple compilers and provides a
user-friendly interface.

Q.41 List Names of Compiler Tools Used Either Online or Offline.

Here are some online and offline compiler tools you can use for C programming:

Online Compilers:

1. Repl.it: An online IDE that supports multiple languages, including C.

2. JDoodle: An online compiler that allows you to write and run C code instantly.
 3. Online DB: An online debugger and compiler for C and other languages.
4. Ideone: An online compiler and debugging tool for various programming languages.
5. CodeChef IDE: An online compiler that is part of the Code Chef platform.

Offline Compilers:

1. GCC (GNU Compiler Collection): A widely used compiler for various platforms.
2. Microsoft Visual Studio: An integrated development environment with built-in support for
C/C++.
3. Dev-C++: A lightweight IDE for C/C++ programming that includes the MinGW compiler.
4. Code::Blocks: An open-source IDE that can work with different compilers.
5. Turbo C++: An older but commonly used IDE for C/C++ programming.

Q.42 Flowchart for Function F: X → Y

Let X={1,2,3,4}X = \{1, 2, 3, 4\}X={1,2,3,4} and the corresponding image Y={1,4,9,16}Y =

\{1, 4, 9, 16\}Y={1,4,9,16}. This means that for each element in XXX, the output YYY is the
square of that element.

Flowchart

Here’s how the flowchart would look:

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Start
|
Input x
|
v
Is x == 1?
| |
Yes No
| |
Output Is x == 2?
1 | |
Yes No
| |
Output Is x == 3?
4 | |
Yes No
| |
Output Is x == 4?
9 |
Yes
|
Output
16
|
End
Explanation

1. Start: The process begins.

2. Input x: The user provides an input value from the set XXX.
3. Decision Points: The flowchart has decision points where it checks the value of xxx:
 o
If x=1x = 1x=1, output 12=11^2 = 112=1.
o
If x=2x = 2x=2, output 22=42^2 = 422=4.
o
If x=3x = 3x=3, output 32=93^2 = 932=9.
o
If x=4x = 4x=4, output 42=164^2 = 1642=16.
4. Output: The corresponding squared value from the set YYY is displayed based on the input
xxx.
5. End: The process concludes.

Q.43 Flowchart for Sum of Elements

Given X={x0,x1,x2,…,x9}X = \{x_0, x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_9\}X={x0,x1,x2,…,x9} and

Y=ΣxiY = \Sigma x_iY=Σxi (the sum of elements).

Flowchart
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Start
|
Initialize Sum = 0
|
For i = 0 to 9
|
v
Input x[i]
|
Sum = Sum + x[i]
|
v
End Loop
|
Output Sum
|
End
Explanation

1. Start: The flow begins.

2. Initialize Sum: A variable called Sum is set to 0 to hold the total.
3. For Loop: A loop runs from 0 to 9, indicating each index in set XXX.
4. Input x[i]: For each iteration, input a value for x[i]x[i]x[i].
5. Sum Calculation: Each input value is added to Sum.
6. End Loop: Once all elements are processed, the loop ends.
7. Output: The total sum is displayed.
8. End: The process concludes.

Q.44 Flowchart for Modulus Condition

Let X={x0,x1,…,x9}X = \{x_0, x_1, \ldots, x_9\}X={x0,x1,…,x9} where X⊂YX \subset

YX⊂Y such that the modulus of XXX with 2 is zero.

Flowchart
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Start
|
 For i = 0 to 9
|
v
Input x[i]
|
Is x[i] MOD 2 == 0?
| |
Yes No
| |
Output x[i] |
| |
End Loop |
| |
Output No |
End |
|
End
Explanation

1. Start: The process begins.

2. For Loop: The loop runs from 0 to 9.
3. Input x[i]: Input each element of XXX.
4. Check Modulus: For each x[i]x[i]x[i], check if it is even (i.e., x[i] MOD 2 == 0).
5. Output Even Elements: If true, the even number is output.
6. End Loop: The loop completes after checking all elements.
7. Output No: If no even numbers are found, display a message indicating so.
8. End: The process concludes.

Q.45 Keywords and Operators for Modulus Condition

When checking if elements in a set are even, certain keywords and operators are used in C
programming:

• Keywords: if, for, printf, int

• Operators: % (modulus operator), == (equality operator), ; (statement terminator)

Example Code:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x[10], i;

// Input elements
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("Enter x[%d]: ", i);
scanf("%d", &x[i]);
}

printf("Even numbers in X are: ");

for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if(x[i] % 2 == 0) { // Check if x[i] is even
printf("%d ", x[i]);
}
 }
return 0;
}

Q.46 Defining Sets X and Y

Let X={x0,x1,x2,…,x9}X = \{x_0, x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_9\}X={x0,x1,x2,…,x9} and

Y={y0,y1,y2,…,y9}Y = \{y_0, y_1, y_2, \ldots, y_9\}Y={y0,y1,y2,…,y9} where XXX is a
set of integers and YYY is a set of positive real numbers.

• Keywords: int for integers in XXX and float for real numbers in YYY.
• Collectively: They are called "sets".

Example Code:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int X[10]; // Array of integers
float Y[10]; // Array of floats (real numbers)

// Example: Initialize X and Y

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
X[i] = i; // Fill X with integers 0 to 9
Y[i] = i + 0.5; // Fill Y with positive real numbers
}
return 0;
}

Q.47 Flowchart for Conditional Display

Let X={x0}X = \{x_0\}X={x0} and Y={y0}Y = \{y_0\}Y={y0}. If both XXX and YYY are
TRUE, then display ZZZ.

Flowchart
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Start
|
Is X TRUE?
| |
Yes No
| |
Is Y TRUE? |
| No
Yes |
| |
Output Z |
| |
End |
|
End
Explanation

1. Start: The process begins.

2. Check X: Check if XXX is TRUE.
3. Check Y: If XXX is TRUE, check if YYY is also TRUE.
4. Output Z: If both are TRUE, display ZZZ.
5. End: The process concludes.

Q.48 Explanation of Function Operations

Let X={1010}bX = \{1010\}_bX={1010}b, and define the function fff such that
Y=f(X)={0101}bY = f(X) = \{0101\}_bY=f(X)={0101}b and Z=f(X)={0100}bZ = f(X) =
\{0100\}_bZ=f(X)={0100}b.

Explanation in C:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int X = 0b1010; // Binary representation
int Y = ~X; // NOT operation
int Z = X & 0b0100; // AND operation with another binary

printf("Y (NOT X): %04b\n", Y); // Output Y

printf("Z (X AND 0100): %04b\n", Z); // Output Z
return 0;
}

Q.49 Defining Data Sets X, Y, Z, K

Let X={x0}∈I+X = \{x_0\} \in \mathbb{I}^+X={x0}∈I+, Y={y0}∈R+Y = \{y_0\} \in

\mathbb{R}^+Y={y0}∈R+, and Z={z0}Z = \{z_0\}Z={z0} as a character data type.

• Keywords:
o int for XXX
o float for YYY
o char for ZZZ
o struct or union can be used to define KKK.

Example Code:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int X = 5; // Positive integer
float Y = 3.14; // Positive real number
char Z = 'A'; // Character data type

printf("Value of X: %d\n", X);

printf("Value of Y: %.2f\n", Y);
 printf("Character Z: %c\n", Z);
return 0;
}

Q.50 Displaying Function F: X → Y

For F:X→YF: X \to YF:X→Y where X={1,2,3,4}X = \{1, 2, 3, 4\}X={1,2,3,4} and

Y={1,4,9,16}Y = \{1, 4, 9, 16\}Y={1,4,9,16}:

Example Code:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x;
printf("Enter a value from X (1, 2, 3, 4): ");
scanf("%d", &x);

switch(x) {
case 1: printf("Output: 1\n"); break;
case 2: printf("Output: 4\n"); break;
case 3: printf("Output: 9\n"); break;
case 4: printf("Output: 16\n"); break;
default: printf("Invalid input\n");
}
return 0;
}

Q.51 Displaying Function F: X → Y

For F:X→YF: X \to YF:X→Y where X={1,2,3,4}X = \{1, 2, 3, 4\}X={1,2,3,4} and

Y={3,6,9,12}Y = \{3, 6, 9, 12\}Y={3,6,9,12}:

Example Code:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x;
printf("Enter a value from X (1, 2, 3, 4): ");
scanf("%d", &x);

int result;
switch(x) {
case 1: result = 3; break;
case 2: result = 6; break;
case 3: result = 9; break;
case 4: result = 12; break;
default: printf("Invalid input\n"); return 0;
}
printf("Output: %d\n", result);
return 0;
}
Q.52 Displaying Function F: X → Y

For F:X→YF: X \to YF:X→Y where X={2,4,8}X = \{2, 4, 8\}X={2,4,8} and Y={0}Y =
\{0\}Y={0}:

Example Code:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x;
printf("Enter a value from X (2, 4, 8): ");
scanf("%d", &x);

if (x == 2 || x == 4 || x == 8) {
printf("Output: 0\n");
} else {
printf("Invalid input\n");
}
return 0;
}

Q.53 Displaying Function F: X → Y

For F:X→YF: X \to YF:X→Y where X={2,4,8,10,12,15}X = \{2, 4, 8, 10, 12,

15\}X={2,4,8,10,12,15} and Y={2,4,8,0xA,0xC,0xF}Y = \{2, 4, 8, 0xA, 0xC,
0xF\}Y={2,4,8,0xA,0xC,0xF}:

Example Code:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x;
printf("Enter a value from X (2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 15): ");
scanf("%d", &x);

switch(x) {
case 2: printf("Output: 2\n"); break;
case 4: printf("Output: 4\n"); break;
case 8: printf("Output: 8\n"); break;
case 10: printf("Output: 10 (0xA)\n"); break;
case 12: printf("Output: 12 (0xC)\n"); break;
case 15: printf("Output: 15 (0xF)\n"); break;
default: printf("Invalid input\n");
}
return 0;
}

Q.54 Ethical and Unethical Naming of Literals

When naming variables (literals) in C:

 • Ethical Naming: Use meaningful names that describe the variable’s purpose, such as
studentCount, totalSum.
• Unethical Naming: Use ambiguous or misleading names, such as x, temp, or single letters,
without context.

Example Code to Display Value and Address:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x0 = 5; // Ethical naming
printf("Value of x0: %d\n", x0); // Display value
printf("Address of x0: %p\n", &x0); // Display address
return 0;
}

Q.55 Illustrating C Code with Symbols

Using the symbols {+,==,?,;,//,/∗,∗/}\{+, ==, ?, ; , //, /*, */\}{+,==,?,;,//,/∗,∗/}:

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 5, b = 10;

// Check if a is equal to b
if (a == b) {
printf("a is equal to b\n");
} else {
printf("a is not equal to b\n");
}

// Ternary operator
int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // Find max
printf("Maximum is: %d\n", max);

return 0; // End of program

}

Q.56 Analysis of Function Composition

Let Y=f(g(x))Y = f(g(x))Y=f(g(x)) where g(x)g(x)g(x) executes and returns to fff.

Analysis

1. g(x): This function multiplies the input xxx by 1.

2. f(g(x)): This function takes the output of g(x)g(x)g(x) and displays it multiplied by 1.
3. Time Complexity: Each function takes one unit of time to compute. Thus, for each input xxx,
the total time is the sum of the time taken by ggg and fff.

Example Code:
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#include <stdio.h>

float g(float x) {
return x * 1; // Simply returns x
}

void f(float value) {

printf("Result: %.2f\n", value * 1); // Displaying the value
}

int main() {
float x1 = 1.0, x2 = 1.0/3.0;

// Processing
f(g(x1));
f(g(x2));

return 0;
}