OLYMPIC 10 (2019 CT)

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE (40 PTS)

I. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5PTS): Choose the best options to complete the following
sentences.
1. happy in the new school, he missed his old friends.
A. Usually B. Although C. Being D. Even
2. we leave at 3:00, we should get there by 5:30.
A. Assuming B. Having assumed C. To assume D. Assumed
3. I am sorry to keep you waiting. I hope you long.
A. are not waiting B. don’t wait C. haven’t waited D. haven’t been waiting
4. It's about time you the balcony. It's covered in leaves and dust.
A. cleaned B. had cleaned C. to be cleaned D. to have cleaned
5. Don't be silly! That possibly be David Beckham!
A. mustn't B. shouldn't C. won't D. can't
6. –“I locked myself out of my apartment. I didn't know what to do.”
–“You your roommate.”
A. could have called B. may have called C. would have called D. must have called
7. –“Did the principal of the school answer you yet?”
–“No, but I hear from him by 5pm, I’ll let you know.”
A. might B. could C. would D. should
8. help me make this decision. I’m just so unsure of which direction to take for my future.
A. I’d sooner you will B. I wish you will C. If only you could D. I’d rather you
9. we have enough money, where would you like to travel this summer?
A. So that B. Provided that C. Despite the fact that D. Unless
10. Twenty people were arrested during the demonstration, of four were charged with obstruction.
A. who B. whom C. which D. them
II. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS (5 PTS) Choose the best options to complete the
following sentences.
11. She was very appreciative all the support she got from her friends.
A. of B. for C. on D. with
12. Her latest novel is coming in paperback soon.
A. across B. off C. out D. about
13. As you’ve arrived late, you’ll have to the time you have lost.
A. make up to B. do up to C. do up for D. make up for
14. Mary is jealous her sister because she is much more popular.
A. on B. of C. for D. with
15. Your skirt needs taking ; it's too large.
A. up B. on C. over D. in
16. Can you make the meaning of this passage?
A. out B. for C. up D. into
17. He’s such a hard man to as he’s always flitting from one site to another.
A. pin in B. lock in C. narrow down D. nail down
18. Don't be put by his manner. He always acts that way.
A. on B. away C. off D. down
19. His proposal met total opposition from the committee.
A. about B. by C. for D. with
20. You ought to stand your little brother when the others tease him.
A. over with B. by for C. about with D. up for

III. VOCABULARY (10 PTS): Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
21. It is possible to out of the pension scheme if you do not wish to participate.
A. back B. charge C. opt D. break
22. She always gets what she wants because she knows how to__________the rules.
A. circumvent B. desert C. slack D. elicit
23. Anthropologists have spent years studying the social system of this .
A. breed B. caste C. tribe D. sect
24. I tried to catch the mouse, but it was too .
A. intentional B. obsolete C. uncommon D. elusive
25. I have no appetite and I am lethargic. I've been feeling under for ages.
A. pair B. stress C. par D. threat
26. Peter does everything himself because he doesn’t like to control.
A. extinguish B. relinquish C. vanish D. elicit
27. I don't know how I can up the courage to tell him the awful news.
A. pick B. pluck C. store D. set
28. I need to study more for the test. I don’t have a very good of the material.
A. abstract B. grasp C. hint D. gist
29. The weekend is over, so tomorrow morning it's back to the .
A. grind B. labour C. drudgery D. toil
30. We could hear the monkey long before we reached their cage.
A. chatting B. chattering C. prattling D. babbling
31. Bob is so short-tempered; he should try to his anger.
A. monitor B curb C temper D stunt
32. The police the woods looking for the lost child.
A. scoured B. integrated C. traced D. encountered
33. Don't mention work to Ray, as it's a sore with him at the moment.
A. finger B. point C. place D. nail
34. The couple under the umbrella to keep dry.
A. enclosed B. muffled C. huddled D. augmented
35. A long, green snake through the grass and disappeared.
A. strutted B. slunk C. slithered D. scampered
36. This schedule isn’t final. It’s only .
A. tentative B. sporadic C. contemporary D. subsequent
37. My new pullover to half its previous size when I washed it.
A. shrank B. reduced C. diminished D. dwindled
38. The new accounting system all my work useless.
A. transformed B. rendered C. transposed D. converted
39. Martin just loves to his teeth into a really challenging crossword.
A. grind B. get C. put D. sink
40. The doctor said that sweets should be eaten in .
A. compulsion B. restriction C. moderation D. qualification

IV. GUIDED CLOZE (10 PTS): Read the texts below and decide which answer best fits
each space.
Passage A:
The case of food storage in tin cans illustrates how an invention can be successful even when it (41) a
new problem for the one it solves. In 1810, Peter Durand (42) tremendous progress in food preservation
with his invention of the tin can. The cans were ideal for transporting food and for (43)
spoilage for extended periods. But consumers of canned food had to (44) _ their own ingenuity to
open the solidly constructed cans, which sometimes outweighed the foodstuffs inside. Durand’s solution
hadcreated a new problem, (45) opening the cans. In the early days, the (46) most favored was the
brute force of a hammer and chisel. In 1858, Ezra Warner designed a crude and somewhat (47) _
can opener. Finally (48) _ 1930, the safe design that underlies today’s common kitchen utensils
had been invented. From the (49) of their introduction,
however, the problem of opening the cans(50) not detract from their
wide acceptance as a solution to the problem of food preservation.
41. A. substitutes B. becomes C. causes D. is
42. A. provided B. invented C. made D. discovered
43. A. storing B. preserving C. keeping D. preventing
44. A. create B. know C. use D. make
45. A. easily B. especially C. hardly D. namely
46. A. consumer’s B. method C. can D. food
47. A. called B. dangerous C. safer D. sophisticated
48. A. in B. beyond C. prior D. by
49. A. latest B. way C. time D. first
50. A. did B. does C. could D. will

Passage B:
Two eyes help us to see in three dimensions; and two ears allow us to hear in stereo. If recent research
findings are (51) , two nostrils function in (52) the same way. In the olfactory system, each
nostril conveys to the brain a slightly different olfactory (53) upon smelling an odor. What
is perceived in combination is (54) _ used by the brain to get a precise (55) _ of
what the odor is. The slight difference (56) the olfactory images seems to occur (57) _ the air flows
at a different rate through each nostril, one of (58) has a low flow-rate and the other a high one. Odors that
dissolve slowly have their maximum effect in the (59) _ that has a slow movement of air.
Conversely, those that dissolve quickly have their (60) effect when the air stream is moving rapidly.
Thus, air drawn into the nose will give different responses in each nostril. Not yet well understood is
howthe brain processes the disparate olfactory images as a single recognizable aroma. Future studies will be
needed to completely explain this phenomenon.
51. A. incorrect B. reported C. accurate D. similar
52. A. so B. as C. much D. such
53. A. process B. image C. where D. once
54. A. which B. earlier C. strongly D. then
55. A. meaning B. measurement C. location D. sense
56. A. in B. about C. to D. when
57. A. before B. then C. however D. because
58. A. those B. which C. each D. such
59. A. nostril B. chemical C. flow D. other
60. A. personal B. strongest C. negative D. slowest

V. READING COMPREHENSION (10 PTS): Read the texts below and choose the best answer to
each question.
Passage A
Recently, researchers conducted a survey to investigate what motivates young adults to exercise. The study
might shed light on why so few college students exercise and why many stop their exercise workouts after
they graduate. Researchers analyzed responses from 937 randomly selected college students at a leading
U.S. university. What the research team found was that 39% of the male students and 26% of the female
students exercised at least three days a week for 20 minutes at a time. These exercise patterns were fairly
similar to those in surveys at other universities. The survey also revealed some critical factors which motivate
college students to exercise.
Men who exercised regularly reported that their friends provided considerable support for them to do so.
Those who exercised only occasionally had moderate support from their friends, while those who did not
exercise at all had little or no support from friends. For women, however, the crucial motivating factor seemed
to come from family members rather than from friends. Women who exercised regularly had a greatdeal of
positive support to do so from their families. However, women who exercised only occasionally received
moderate levels of encouragement from their families, while those who did not work out at all received little
or no support from their families. Since college students often live far from home, women students are likely
to have a weaker support system than do their male counterparts.
A medical professor, upon seeing the results of the study, remarked that generally there is not so much
emphasis on body performance among girls and young women. “It’s a macho thing to be able to run faster
or lift weights,” he said. “However,” he continued, “for the younger generation, this gender gap appears to
be getting smaller.”
61. What is the main purpose of the study presented in this passage?
A. to investigate college students’ attitudes towards good health and exercise
B. to find out why young women don’t like to exercise
C. to learn what makes college students exercise
D. to find the best type of exercise workout for college students
62. What research method was used in this study?
A. College students reported on their friends’ exercise workouts.
B. College students reported on their families’ exercise patterns.
C. College professors answered questions about their students.
D. College students answered questions about themselves.
63. What similarity between men and women did the study find?
A. The more friends they have, the more they exercise.
B. The more support they have to exercise, the more they exercise.
C. The closer they live to their families, the more they exercise.
D. The more health-conscious they are, the more they exercise.
64. In comparison to the general college population, students at this university exercise .
A. less often than average C. more often than average
B. about the same amount as average D. for longer at a time than average
65. Why does the passage mention that some college students live far from home?
A. to emphasize that they do not see their families every day
B. to criticize their life styles
C. to show how independent they are
 D. to explain why they depend on their friends so much

Passage B
It has long been known that underweight, premature babies develop into children who perform worse at
school than children who had normal birth weight and were full-term. A recent study examining the effects
of birth weight on intelligence suggests that even among full-term babies the heavier ones have an advantage.
The study has been following 3,900 British men and women since their birth in 1946. Birth weight was
correlated with scores on tests of reading and arithmetic skills, non-verbal reasoning, memory, speed, and
concentration. These tests were conducted when the participants were 8, 11, 15, 26, and 43 years old.
Generally speaking, the heavier children performed better on the tests. The relationship was strongest at age
8 and then weakened over time. By age 43, the relationship was negligible. The results were not affected by
birth order, gender, father’s social class, or mother’s education and age.
These findings must be interpreted with caution. First, the results were based on averages. Second, birth
weight is only one of numerous factors influencing cognitive function. Parental interest in education - such
as volunteering at school or helping with homework - may offset the effect of birth weight. Furthermore,
poor environmental conditions, such as living in an overcrowded home, breathing polluted air, or being
caught in a bitter divorce can diminish the early advantages enjoyed by heavier babies.
Although no one knows exactly what makes a newborn baby heavy, it is known that healthy, well-nourished
mothers tend to have heavier babies, while those who eat poorly, smoke, and are heavy drinkers tend to
produce smaller ones. There are probably several other variables that affect birth weight, but if and how those
are connected to intelligence is not known.
66. In this study, the researchers examined the relationship between .
A. maternal nutrition and birth weight C. age and intelligence
B. home environment and intelligence D. intelligence and birth weight
67. What did the researchers find out about the relationship they were studying?
A. It increased up to age 26, then decreased.
B. It remained steady until age 26, then decreased.
C. It decreased as the subjects grew older.
D. It remained steady throughout the study.
68. Which children have an advantage at school?
A. Those who were full-term, lighter weight babies.
B. Those who were premature but normal weight babies.
C. Those who were full-term, heavier babies.
D. Those who were premature babies who gained weight quickly.
69. According to the passage, what is one possible reason to question the conclusions of the study?
A. The study did not consider some environmental factors.
B. The study was done too long ago.
C. The study was done on premature babies, not full term ones.
D. The study tested different children at different ages.
70. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Premature babies are disadvantaged throughout their lives.
B. Parents’ educational level affects intelligence.
C. No one knows the exact relationship between test scores and intelligence.
D. Bigger babies may be more intelligent than smaller ones.

Passage C
Diving deep into the ocean is difficult for humans, although whales do it easily. The deepest a human has
dived into the ocean without scuba gear is to 450 feet below the surface, which required him to hold his
breath for about two minutes. Humans are unable to go much deeper because at a certain point the external
pressure becomes so great it crushes the ribcage and lungs. Furthermore, lack of oxygen also prevents humans
from staying under water for long periods. It is amazing, then, that whales can dive to depths of up to 10,000
feet and remain there for as long as two hours. Several adaptations enable the whale to do this, among them
the construction of its ribcage. Unlike humans, whales have fewer “true” ribs, ribs joined directly to the
breastbone, and more “floating” ribs, which are attached only to the preceding rib by cartilage. This flexible
design allows the whale’s ribcage to fold under pressure instead of breaking, and for its lungs to collapse
without rupturing capillaries. Also, during a dive, the whale’s heart slows to as low as 3 to 5 beats a minute.
Arteries constrict, reducing blood flow to many of the whale’s less vital organs, thus conserving oxygen and
maintaining blood pressure in the brain and heart. Humans emerging too suddenly from dives can suffer from
“the bends,” when small bubbles of nitrogen gas form in body fluids and obstruct blood flow, leading to
death. Because whales collapse their lungs, air is pushed from the lungs into the windpipe, which is lined
with thick membranes, makingit difficult for nitrogen bubbles to pass into the bloodstream or other tissues.
Together, these and otheradaptations enable whales to dive to such depths.
71. What are “floating” ribs?
A. Ribs that are not attached to other ribs. C. Ribs that are made of cartilage.
B. Ribs that are not attached to the breastbone. D. Ribs that are not able to fold under pressure.
72. What is the main purpose of this passage?
A. to explain why whales can do something that humans cannot
B. to explain how humans and whales adapted
C. to explain what happens at great depths
D. to explain how the human respiratory system works
73. When a whale dives, what contributes to the conservation of oxygen?
A. Blood pressure increases. C. The lungs collapse.
B. Blood flow decreases. D. The ribcage folds.
74. Compared to whales, humans have .
A. weaker capillaries C. fewer floating ribs
B. thicker membranes in the windpipe D. slower heartbeats
75. How does the whale’s ribcage differ from that of a human?
A. The whale’s ribcage contains fewer vital organs.
B. The whale’s ribcage can bend without breaking.
C. Whales have fewer ribs than humans.
D. The whale’s ribs are not attached to the breastbone.

Passage D
Scientists have not been able to determine the exact age of the Earth directly from its rocks. Geologists have
yet to find any of Earth’s original rocks that have not been recycled and destroyed through the process of
plate tectonics. However, scientists have been able to determine the probable age of our solar system and
to calculate an age for the Earth by looking elsewhere - to outer space. In doing so, they had to assume that
the Earth and the rest of the solid bodies in our solar system formed at the same time and are the same age.
Asteroids in outer space have not been subjected to the crushing forces of plate tectonics. Meteorites, which
are fragments of asteroids that fall to Earth, contain clues about planetary formation. Being primordial rocks
still in their original state, they can be dated fairly accurately by measuring the radioactive elements
remaining in them since the formation of the solar system. One group of scientists from Germany and
 another from France analyzed meteorites and reached the same conclusion: The final phase of Earth’s
formation, the separation of its metallic core from its silicate-based mantle, occurred about 30 million years
earlier than previously thought.
The ages of more than seventy meteorites have been measured using radiometric dating techniques. The
results show that meteorites, and therefore presumably Earth, formed about 4.5 billion years ago. These
findings also push back the origin of Earth’s moon because most scientists believe that the Moon formed
from material ejected when a Mars-sized planet collided with Earth. The fact that these conclusions about
the age of the Earth were reached by two independent groups of scientists increases the weight of the findings.
76. What strengthens the claim made in this passage about Earth’s age?
A. Earth and meteorites are the same age. C. Geologists have found Earth’s original rocks.
B. Two separate research studies had the same D. The moon is older than previously thought.
results.
77. What conclusion did the French and German scientists reach?
A. Meteorites have radioactive elements. C. The Earth is older than was believed in the past.
B. Plate tectonics does not occur on asteroids. D. The Moon is older than the Earth.
78. According to the passage, what is involved in “radiometric dating techniques”?
A. using radioactivity to restore an object to its original state
B. measuring the radioactive elements in an object
C. calculating how many times Earth’s rocks were recycled
D. subjecting an object to crushing forces
79. How did scientists date the Earth?
A. directly, by analyzing plate tectonics C. indirectly, by dating the Earth’s Moon
B. directly, by measuring Earth’s metallic core D. indirectly, by dating meteorites
80. What indicated the last stage in the Earth’s formation?
A. a reduction in the crushing force of plate tectonics C. a shower of seventy meteorites falling to Earth
B. the separation of Earth’s core from its mantle D. the collision of a Mars-sized planet with Earth
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION: (20 PTS) Rewrite the following sentences using the words given
1. People know more about my novels than the plays I write. (BETTER)
I'm .
2. The staff hated his new policies intensely and so went on strike. (HATRED)
So intense .
3. Your attitude to life would be greatly improved by regular exercise. (WONDERS)
Regular exercise would .
4. There is someone in the office twenty-four hours a day. (STAFFED)
The office .
5. Do you think her grandmother was offended by what I said? (EXCEPTION)
Do you think ?
6. His behavior at the conference gave him the bad reputation he now has. (CONDUCTED)
The way .
7. Unless we can obtain more information, we can't process your claim. (FORTHCOMING)
Unless further .
8. Our teacher thinks it would be better to get on as quickly as possible. (MUCH)
Our teacher would prefer us .
9. I had to wait for the manager for almost an hour before he would see me. (BEST)
The manager kept .
10. They remain close friends despite having had many arguments. (FALL)
Frequently as .
 OLYMPIC ANH 11 (2019 CT)
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE (40 PTS)
I. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5PTS): Choose the best options to complete the
following sentences.
1. He has done things he ought not to have done and undone things he ought to have done.
A. leaving B. will leave C. left D. leave
2. The team be the same without him.
A. mustn’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
3. Suppose she that outrageous story circulating around the office, she'd be furious!
A. has heard B. heard C. would hear D. had heard
4. I'd rather you a noise last night; I couldn't get to sleep.
A. wouldn't make B. didn't make C. hadn't made D. haven't made
5. The teacher has gone home, so you her at the library.
A. can’t have seen B. mustn't have seen C. weren't able to see D. couldn’t see
6. I didn’t get home until well after midnight last night. Otherwise, I your call.
A. returned B. had returned C. would return D. would have returned
7. –“Did the kids enjoy the circus?”
–“Absolutely! The clown got them all the time.”
A. laugh B. to be laughing C. to laugh D. laughing
8. –“Have you heard, Samuel has just been awarded his PhD?"
–“Yes, but intelligent he is, he has no basic common sense."
A. although B. though C. however D. while
9. My sister is left-handed, no one else in our family is.
A. which B. who C. that D. for which
10. they couldn’t have told us all that we were likely to lose our jobs because the business was
failing is beyond me.
A. When B. Why C. How D. Whether
II. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS (5 PTS) Choose the best options to complete the
following sentences.
11. I was prepared to back her story because I knew it was the truth.
A. up B. down C. on D. for
12. My brother has a flair languages and can speak more than six.
A. about B. with C. on D. for
13. A local hotel has been found guilty of incidents of food poisoning.
A. holing up B. shutting off C. covering up D. tucking away
14. How would you set teaching a dog to perform tricks?
A. about B. on C. for D. up
15. He was led by her flattery but soon discovered how insincere she was.
A. away B. on C. out D. up
16. We had to queue before we could get into the cinema last night.
A. up B. on C. along D. in
17. The meeting didn’t until late.
A. end up B. break up C. come about D. fall through
18. Would you like to try this new electric cooker?
A. out B. by C. with D. for
19. Although they tried, they couldn't hold their laughter.
A. up B. in C. off D. over
20. The student was eligible a full grant to study at university.
A. for B. to C. with D. on
III. VOCABULARY (10 PTS): Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
21. Having a broken ankle her movements considerably.
A. barred B. hindered C. intervened D. blocked
22. When I came in, I found a great surprise me.
A. expecting B. celebrating C. awaiting D. disregarding
23. You were really when you paid $100 for those shoes. They're not even leather!
A. swiped B. pinched C. ripped off D. pilfered
24. To be well-prepared for studies at a university, you should take courses in school.
A. rigorous B. feeble C. porous D. extravagant
25. The government is making little in its fight to beat inflation.
A. headway B. advance C. improvement D. forward
26. We don’t know him very well. He’s just a casual of ours.
A. relative B. fraternity C. acquaintance D. occupant
27. Greg has, to all intents and , finished his degree course, with the exception of his final
dissertation.
A. reasons B. aims C. purposes D. proposals
28. They disagreed at first, but after some discussion, they reached .
A. a consensus B. a majority C. an acquiescence D. a persuasion
29. We were all on a -edge until the very end of the Hitchcock film.
A. razor B. cliff C. knife D. chair
30. The thought of going to the dentist gives me nightmares.
A. worthy B. ripe C. frank D. mere
31. We giggled at the sight of Mrs. Brown down the road in her six-inch stiletto heels.
A. staggering B. tottering C. reeling D. stumbling
32. Peter had a difficult time his car into the small parking spot.
A. mobilizing B. maneuvering C. manipulating D. motoring
33. Jane about the surprise party for Sheila and now the whole idea is ruined.
A. blabbed B. prattled C. gossiped D. chatted
34. He the papers in a neat pile.
A. stacked B. clustered C. bunched D. heaped
35. Thousands of refugees are camping at the between the two countries, hoping to find asylum.
A. boundary B. brim C. border D. rim
36. Joe’s health has gotten worse over the last few months.
A. chronologically B. consecutively C. serially D. progressively
37. Jenny was so unhappy as she was under the of her husband.
A. finger B. skin C. nose D. thumb
38. The team had to of the competition because of injuries.
A. pull out B. extract C. renounce D. retract
39. We had a of a time at Jason's party yesterday.
A. whale B. whole C. period D. week
40. Investors were caught by the sharp drop in share prices.
A. undecided B. unawares C. unsuspecting D. unconscious
 IV. GUIDED CLOZE (10 PTS): Read the texts below and decide which answer best fits
each space.
Passage A:
The BBC, in the form of the language-teaching arm of the World Service, and Harper Collins have (41) forces
to publish the BBC English Dictionary, "A Dictionary for the World". It is (42) at the 120 million listeners to
the World Service who cannot find the expressions in (43) dictionaries. (44) on 70 million words broadcast
at least ten times a year on the World Service, the compilers, (45) by Prof. John Sinclair, have included (46)
expressions and word usage, without judging whether they are being used (47) _ . Elizabeth Smith, the
BBC's Controller of English Services, said: “Our language is (48) _ on statements by real people, like
politicians and (49) _ which the BBC has accurately recorded. As broadcasters, we try to use a few idioms and
metaphors but only to show thatwe (50) _ in the real world.”
41. A. connected B. joined C. attached D. fixed
42. A. pointed B. directed C. trained D. aimed
43. A. functional B. traditional C. conventional D. partial
44. A. Counting B. Trying C. Drawing D. Bearing
45. A. headed B. chaired C. dictated D. treated
46. A. recent B. current C. nowadays D. late
47. A. correctly B. truly C. sincerely D. finely
48. A. designed B. made C. formed D. based
49. A. so many B. thus far C. as to D. so on
50. A. inhabit B. live C. stay D. exist
Passage B:
Researchers have been perplexed by the increasing prevalence of allergies in children. While many (51)
appear to contribute to the (52) of allergies, sensitization to common allergens has been shown to
reduce the risk of allergies persisting from childhood into adulthood. For example, one recentstudy shows
that exposure early in life to cats and dogs may protect children against allergies (53) pets, dust mites,
ragweed, and grass, among other things. Some allergists had (54) thought that repeated exposure to pets in
infancy would (55) the likelihood of developing pet allergies.(56) , it is now believed that
endotoxins, substances (57) _ in the mouths of cats and dogs, may (58) help to prevent
allergies. When a pet licks a child during play, endotoxins are transferred from the animal’s tongue to the child.
Endotoxins are (59) _ to help the human immune system (60)______ resistance towards some
allergens in the environment. The bottom line is that living too clean a life may contribute to the increasing number
of children with allergies.
51. A. ideas B. factors C. issues D. concerns
52. A. development B. sickness C. resistance D. evolution
53. A. of B. by C. with D. towards
54. A. previously B. already C. usually D. later
55. A. improve B. increase C. enrich D. assist
56. A. However B. Furthermore C. Moreover D. Nevertheless
57. A. placed B. developed C. introduced D. found
58. A. also B. actually C. not D. finally
59. A. determined B. analyzed C. assumed D. thought
60. A. destroy B. maintain C. produce D. contribute

V.READING COMPREHENSION (10 PTS): Read the texts below and choose the best answerto
each question.
 Passage A
It is well known that adequate sleep is important in the formation of memories. Two recent studies indicate
that performance of motor skills tasks was greatly enhanced if subjects were allowed to sleep immediately
following training. In one study students were taught a series of finger-tapping sequences and then tested for
their memory of the tasks. Performances were 34% faster for the first group of students, who slept for eight
hours immediately after learning the sequences, as compared to the second group, who were kept awake
during that time. Furthermore, error rates were 30% lower for the group that slept after learning. Performance
on the tasks was shown to be unaffected by sleep deprivation prior to the training. Differences in performance
persisted two days later, after the second group of students had also had a full night’s sleep. This indicates
that a window of opportunity exists for sleep to be effective in aiding the memory of motor skills.
In the other study, a group of people who were taught keyboarding sequences in the morning, and then tested
12 hours later without a period of sleep, improved their typing ability by 2%. Another group, who were taught
the sequences in the evening, and then tested 12 hours later after a night’s sleep, improved their typing ability
by 20%. This study found that performance improvement is linked to Stage 2 sleep, or non-rapid eye
movement (NREM) sleep, typically experienced late at night or in the early morning hours. According to this
study, those who get up earlier than usual, thus interrupting their Stage 2 sleep, may have difficulty
remembering motor skills tasks they had learned the day before.
61. According to the studies, what improves motor skills performance?
A. Waiting two days before continuing instruction
B. Learning tasks in the correct sequence
C. Learning a skill and then sleeping
D. Getting a good night’s sleep before learning a skill
62. The findings of the first study indicate that .
A. sleep deprivation before learning a task has a negative effect on performance
B. sleeping immediately after learning a task has a positive effect on performance
C. sleep deprivation immediately after learning a task has no effect on performance
D. sleeping immediately before learning a task has a positive effect on performance
63. The results of the second study .
A. are unrelated to the first study C. confirm the results of the first study
B. contradict the results of the first study D. explain the results of the first study
64. According to the passage, what is the importance of NREM sleep?
A. A decrease in NREM improves the formation of memories.
B. Too much NREM slows down the formation of memories.
C. There is no relationship between NREM and the formation of memories.
D. Lack of NREM inhibits the formation of memories.
65. According to the studies, which strategy would be best for learning to play the piano?
A. Learning in the evening, and then getting a good night’s sleep
B. Learning immediately after getting up very early
C. Learning in the morning, and then doing something else
D. Learning late in the evening and then taking a short nap
Passage B
Scientists at a Texas university have successfully cloned a cat for the first time. DNA obtained from a female
donor cat named Rainbow was transplanted into an egg cell whose nucleus and chromosomes had been
previously removed. The egg cell was then implanted into a surrogate mother, Allie. Sixty-six days later, a
kitten, later named Copy Cat, was born. The breakthrough in cloning a household pet was greeted with
excitement by pet lovers, many of whom have already “banked” their pets’ DNA and even made financial
contributions to the university in the hope of one day obtaining a clone. The news was also welcomed by
scientists interested in the preservation of endangered species.
Although scientists now have the technology to clone animals, Copy Cat’s birth came only after several
unsuccessful attempts at cloning a cat. Researchers first tried using skin cells from a donor cat to create a
clone, but only one pregnancy resulted out of 188 embryos, and this ended in a miscarriage. Scientists then
tried using cells from cats’ ovarian tissue. Out of 87 such embryos, only Copy Cat survived. Although
comparable to the success rate in sheep, cows, goats and pigs, these odds must be reduced to make pet cloning
feasible.
Animal rights activists claim that pet cloning is dangerous for the animals involved, and that it could
needlessly increase the pet population of the country. Also, activists say that believing cloning will bring the
same animal back is a fallacy.
Although Copy Cat’s coat color is similar to Rainbow’s and a genetic match confirms that she is indeed a
clone, her behavior and personality are very different. Rainbow is reserved, while Copy Cat is playful and
curious. In reality, social environment and upbringing are more likely to determine the personality of an
animal than genetic material and blood type.
66. The main purpose of this passage is to .
A. advocate further research into pet cloning
B. encourage pet lovers to bank their pets’ DNA
C. generate funds for the university’s pet cloning project
D. present the pros and cons associated with cloning pets
67. What is Allie’s relationship to Copy Cat?
A. She gave birth to Copy Cat.
B. She was cloned from Copy Cat’s DNA.
C. She has the same personality as Copy Cat.
D. She provided the donor cells used to create Copy Cat.
68. According to the passage, what important fact should pet lovers keep in mind before cloning their pet?
A. Banking a pet’s DNA is expensive.
B. Cloning will bring back the same animal.
C. The clone could be different from the original animal.
D. Cloning sheep, cows and pigs is easier than cloning a cat.
69. What beneficial effect might cloning have in the future?
A. It could be used to prevent miscarriages.
B. It could be used to prevent the extinction of rare animals.
C. It could reduce the number of unwanted pets in the country.
D. It could reduce the impact of upbringing on a pet’s behavior.
70. According to the passage, which factor is most important in determining a pet’s behavior?
A. Its DNA
B. Its donor tissue
C. Its environment
D. Its surrogate mother

Passage C
Brood parasitism, an unusual practice among birds, involves one species laying its eggs in another species’
nest, leaving the host to raise the intruder’s young. For instance, female European Cuckoos lay their eggs
only in the nests of other birds. A cuckoo egg usually closely mimics the eggs of the host, one of whose eggs
is often removed by the cuckoo. The host may recognize the intruder’s egg and abandon the nest, or she may
stay and raise the young. Soon after the cuckoo hatches, if there are any host bird’s young in the nest, the
 cuckoo will toss them out, using a scooplike depression in its back. The host parents are then left to raise
the young cuckoo.
Brown-headed cowbirds are another brood parasitic species. They have been known to parasitize over 200
other species of birds. Their eggs do not closely mimic host eggs, and they do not oust host eggs and young
from their nests. Instead, cowbirds tend to hatch earlier than hosts and grow faster, thus crowding out and
reducing the food intake of the host’s young.
Some host species have learned, however, to reject invader eggs. Scientists do not fully understand how these
rejector species have developed, or why some species still accept invader eggs even when the eggs look
different. Some scientists believe that acceptors are birds that do not want to risk damaging or accidentally
removing one of their own eggs when trying to eject an invader. Others believe that beak size influences
rejection, allowing birds with large beaks to eject invader eggs more easily. Still other scientists claim that
chance plays a big role in deciding which birds will be acceptors and which will be rejectors.
71. What do European Cuckoos and brown-headed cowbirds have in common?
A. They are both rejector species.
B. Their eggs do not closely mimic host eggs.
C. They lay their eggs in the nests of other birds.
D. They have been known to parasitize over 200 other species.
72. What is the “scooplike depression” mentioned at the end of paragraph one used for?
A. to remove host birds’ young C. to remove a parasite’s young
B. to remove host birds’ eggs D. to remove a parasite’s egg
73. What is one difference between European Cuckoos and brown-headed cowbirds?
A. Cuckoos raise their own young.
B. The baby cuckoo eats the host birds’ eggs.
C. The baby cuckoo crowds out host bird babies.
D. The baby cuckoo ejects host birds’ young from nests.
74. What advantage do young cowbirds have in another bird’s nest?
A. They toss out the host birds’ young.
B. They develop faster than the host birds’ young.
C. They are very similar to the host birds’ young.
D. The mother cowbird removes one of the host birds’ eggs.
75. According to the passage, birds with large beaks .
A. tend to accept invader eggs C. tend to damage their own eggs
B. are able to remove invader eggs D. are rejected by birds with small beaks
Passage D
There are more than 500 carnivorous plant species growing naturally in the world, ranging in size from a
fraction of an inch to vines that are over 60 feet tall. While often biologically quite different from each other,
these plants all share a common trait, carnivorousness. This is the ability to capture animals and digest
them. Why have some plant species developed this extraordinary property? Most carnivorous plants grow in
acid soils or water that is poor in mineral salts. In order to survive, these plants have devised ingenious
traps over several thousands of years of evolution. Some use pools of water to drown unlucky visitors, others
have sticky surfaces that work like flypaper, and some have “snap traps” that clamp down on insects in a
matter of milliseconds. The prey captured by these traps supply the vitamins and minerals that other plants
would normally absorb through their roots.
Even though these plants may have diverse appearances and grow in different environments, they are often
closely related to each other. In the 19th Century, Charles Darwin believed that landbased Venus flytraps,
found in North and South Carolina, and aquatic waterwheels, which grow in Europe, Asia and Australia,
wereclosely related because they both depend on snap traps to catch their prey. A century later, British
researchers looking more closely at the form and structure of the waterwheel, decided that its closest kin
 was not the Venus flytrap but the terrestrial sundew. The sundew consumes insects caught with its flypaper
trap.
However, it has recently been proved that Darwin’s hunch was right after all. Scientists at the New York
Botanical Garden studied the DNA of about a dozen carnivorous plants. They concluded that the world’s
onlytwo snap-trapping plants really are sibling species, whereas the sundew is no closer than a cousin, sharing
amore distant common ancestor.
76. How does a snap trap work?
A. It drowns an insect. C. It traps an insect on its sticky surface.
B. It encloses an insect. D. It digests an insect through its roots.
77. Why did Darwin think the Venus flytrap and the waterwheel were related?
A. They live in similar environments. C. Both are siblings of the sundew.
B. They have similar DNA. D. Both have snap traps.
78. British researchers decided that the two species most closely related to each other are .
A. waterwheels and sundews C. Venus flytraps and sundews
B. flytraps and snap traps D. Venus flytraps and waterwheels
79. How are non-carnivorous plants different from carnivorous plants?
A. Non-carnivorous plants get nutrients through their roots.
B. Non-carnivorous plants can live in acid soils.
C. Non-carnivorous plants are less biologically diverse than carnivorous plants.
D. Non-carnivorous plants evolved more slowly than carnivorous plants.
80. What are the two snap-trapping plants mentioned in the last sentence?
A. The aquatic waterwheel and the terrestrial sundew
B. The Venus flytraps from North and South Carolina
C. Venus flytraps and the aquatic waterwheel
D. Venus flytraps and the terrestrial sundew
B. WRITTEN TEST
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION: (20 PTS) Rewrite the following sentences using the wordsgiven.
1. He realised how much he cared for her only when she had been away for a long time. (HOME)
Her prolonged .
2. So that she would be able to leave the room quickly, Kathy stood by the door. (POSITIONED) Kathy .
3. This essay shows a slight improvement on the last. (MARGINALLY)
This essay is .
4. If they discover your role in the incident, you will go to prison. (LIGHT)
If your role in the incident .
5. No one could stand in for Bob when the proposal was drafted. (INSTRUMENTAL)
Bob .
6. My boss says I can use his car whenever I want to, so long as I'm careful. (DISPOSAL)
My boss says his car .
7. If she hadn’t interfered, there would have been no problems. (SMOOTHLY)
Without her .
8. She didn't understand the situation and so made a terrible mistake. (STICK)
She got .
9. I tried as hard as I could to make sure that this problem would not arise. (POWER)
Idid .
10. Karen's bad mood is totally unconnected with the matter in hand. (BEARING)
The matter