Memory devices

Introduction and Basic concepts of Electronic Memory

A memory is just like a hunman brain. It is used to store
data and instructions. Computer
memory is the storage space in the computer., where data is to be
processed and instructions
required for processing are stored.
An electronic memory device is a form of
semiconductor storage which is fast in
response and compact in size, and can be read and written when coupled with a
central
processing unit (CPU, a processor). In conventional silicon-based clectronic
memory. data
are stored based on the amount of charge stored in the
memory cells. Organic/polymer
electronic memory stores data in an entirely different way, for instance, based on
different
electrical conductivity states (ON and OFF states) in response to an applied
electric field.
Organic/polymer electronic memory is likely to be an alternative or at least a supplementary
technology to conventional semiconductor electronic memory.
Most of the electronic devices such as computers, mobile
phones, tablets etc., all have a
storage device that stores data and programs.
There are two basic types of electronic memory:

Primary/main memory (volatile memory)

External/secondary memory (nonvolatile memory)
The different types of memory devices are:

Primary Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
" MROM
" PROM

" EPROM - Erasable programmable read-only memory

 " EEPROM - Electrically Erasable and Programmable ROM

Secondary Memory
I Hard disk drives (HDD) 7 USB Flash Drive

2 Solid-state drive (SSD) 8 SD Card

3 Optical discs 9 Magnetic Tape

4 CD-ROM -Compact Dise Read-Only Memory 10 Floppy Disk.
5 CD-R - Compact Disc-Recordable
6 CD-RVW - Compact Disk Re-Writable

Classification of Electronie Memory Devices

According to the device structure, electronic memory devices can be divided into following
categories: transistors, capacitors, resistors and Charge Transfer type memory devices.

With their respective ability to amplify electronic signals, to store charges, and to produce
proportional electric currents, electronic memory devices can be constructed from transistors.
capacitors and resistors.

1Transistor-Type Electronic Memory

Memory devices willhave two distinct stable states assigned as 0 and 1 or ON and
OFF states respectively. They contain a fine electronic circuit which includes a
complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistor and capacitor.

Inorganic transistors are widely used in conventional semiconductor memory.

Organic (including polymer) transistors are also of great potential for memory
applications. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) type memory devices have integrated
structure and the non-destructive reading ofa single transistor. In addition, the mechanical
flexibility of organic materials makes them compatible with plastic substrates for lightweight
and flexible device design.

An OFET memory device consists of at least one polymeric material either in its
dielectric insulator layer or active semiconductor layer or both. Au electrodes are often used
 Mvs. lRS
for OFETs because the work function of gold is close to the ionization potential of many
polymer materials. The device is usually supported by aglass, wafer, or plastic substrate.
E.g., MOSFET (metal -oxide semiconductor ficld effect transistor).

2 Capacitor-Type Electronie Memory

A capacitor is a two-terminal clectrical device that can store energy in the form of an clcctric
charge.

Based on the amount of charge storcd in the cell, the bit level (cither 0" or "1") can be
encoded accordingly. When the medium betwcen the clectrodes is merely a dielectric, the
stored charge will be lost eventually. Thus, DRAM using a diclectric capacitor is volatile
memory. and the information stored in DRAM eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is
refreshed periodically.
A ferroelectric material can maintain permanent clectric
polarization that can be
repeatedly switched between two stable states by an external electric field. Thus, memory based
on ferroelectric capacitors (FeRAM) is non-volatile memory.
FeRAM needs no periodic
refreshing and it still retains its data in the case of power failure. Organic and polymeric
ferroelectric materials can also be used in DRAM and FeRAM applications. FeRAM
device
has a variable voltage level to enable the switching of the
polarization of the ferroelectric
capacitor.

3 Resistor-Type Electronic Memory

Devices with switchable resistive materials are generically classilied as resistor-type
memory., or resistive random-access memory (RRAM). Resistor-type memory
does not require
a specific cell structure (e.g. FET)

Resistor-type memory devices store data in an entirely different form, for

based on different electrical conductivity states (ON and instance,
OFF states). Electrical bistability
usually arises from changes the intrinsic properties of
materials, such as charge transfer,
phase change, conformation change and
an applied voltage or electric field.
reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction, in response to
 Resistor-type clcctronic memory usually has a simple structure with an
organic/polymer thin film sandwiched between two electrodes (like Al, Au, Cu etc.) on a

supporting substrate (glass, silicon wafer, plastic or metal foil).

4Charge Transfer electronic memory

These types of electronic devices are based on charge transfer effects of a charge

transfer (CT) complex.

A charge transfer (CT) complex is defined as an electron donor-acceptor (D-A)

complex, characterized by an electronic transition to an excited state in which a partial transfer

of charge occurs from the donor moiety to the acceptor moiety. The conductivity of a CT
complex is dependent on the ionic binding between the D-A components. It is as follows,
" If the donor is characterized by small size and low ionization potential, a
strongly ionic salt forms and a complete transfer of charge (or with the CT
degree value, &> 0.7) occurs from the donor to the acceptor, making the ionic
salt insulating.
" If the donor is very large and has a high ionization potential, a neutral molecular
solid (8 < 0.4) forms, which is also insulating.
" If the donor has intermediate size and ionization potential, it tends to form a
weakly ionic salt with the acceptor, which possesses incomplete CT (0.4 < 8<
0.7) and thus is potentially conductive.

The formation of a conductive CT complex can be employed to design molecular

clectronic devices. Many organic CT systems, includes organometallic complexes, carbon
allotrope (fullerene, carbon nanotubes and graphene)-based polymer complexes, gold
nanoparticle-polymer complexes, and single polymers with intra-molecular D-A structures
have been used for memory applications.
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Transformation
Dt (Oxidized) D: Dt Catlon-radical spocios
Donor D: |D:mA Noutral molecular solids
0<5<0.4

Acceptor A
8.0.4<$<0.7
(Charge transfer)
0.7<5<1.0
D9AMixod-valonco compounds

o°.A lonic salts (Coulombic)

A7 (Reduced) At A Anion-radical spocios
Transformation

Schematic representation of the formation of ion-radical species and charge transfer

complexes.

Types of Organic-Based Electronic Memory Devices

1Organic Molecules (p type and n type)

Organic electronic memory devices based on organic molecules were first reported in
several acene derivatives including naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, perylene.

Organic memory devices with a triple-layer structure sandwiched betwcen two outer
metal electrodes can be electrically switched between the ON state and the OFF state.

The device is non-volatile and rewritable, with an ON/OFF ratio of more than 10 i.., more
than one million write-read-erase cycles can be performed on the device without failure.

When this organic bistable device is integrated with an organic light-emitting diode, the device
can be read out optically. Small organic molecules containing both an electron donor and an
electron acceptor are the important type of materials for organic electronic memory devices,

The arrangement of the donor and acceptor within the molecular backbone plays a key role in
the electrical memory behaviour of devices.

Eg. Pentacene (Cz2lH4) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five

linearly-fused
benzene (C6H6) rings and a planar molecule. This is a popular highly conjugated
organic
semiconductor. Structurally, pentacene is one of the linear acenes. Since, it exhibits a very good
hole mobility and hence it behaves as a p-type
semiconductor.

Pentacene
 Perfluoropentacene (PFP) (C»F4) is an n-type planar crystalline organie
semiconductor, which is made by fluorination of the p-type semiconductor pentacene, and is
used for molecular thin-film devices (like OLEDs or OFETs).

Perfluoropentacene
These molecules together exhibit charge transfer processes,
therefore, used for memory
applications.
2 Polymeric Materials

The molecular structure of polymeric materials can be made using electron donors and
acceptors of difterent strengths, spacer moieties with different steric effects, and electroactive
pendant groups to induce different switching behaviours for electronic memory applications.
a) Functional Polyimides

Functional polyimides (Pls) are one of the most attractive polymeric materials for
organic electrical memory applications due to their good solution processability, high thermal
stability and mechanical strength.
In functional Pls, phthalimide acts as the electron acceptor, and
electron donors
(triphenylamine or carbazole moieties) are introduced to form a D-A structure. An electric
field-induced CT state can be. formed, which is the main mechanism responsible for the
memory behaviours.

E.g. The functional polyimide TP6F-Pl contains

triphenylamine as electron donor and
phthalimide as the acceptor.
b) Non-Conjugated Polymers with Pendants
Non-conjugated polymers with pendent electroactive donors, acceptors and
chromophores are another kind of polymer material favorable for electronic memory.
 D-A random copolymers containing pendent elcctron-donating TPA (riphenylaminc) and
electron-accepting 1,3,4-oxadiazole units were used for memory device applications.
The tunable switehing behavior in SRAM or DRAM was observed by using
different ratios of
the pendant TPA donor and BXOD (bis
Oxadiazole) acceptor.
Eelectrical switching behaviour can be tuned using the
donor/acceptor ratio or acceptor
trapping ability. Electrical -V characteristics between the diode, volatile memory of the
memory devices depends on the relative donor/acceptor ratios.
c) Conjugated Polymers
The introduction of different electron acceptors into conjugated
polymer donors
significantly affects the memory properties.
D-A type conjugated polymers have been utilized to fabricate different types of
memory device. such as volatile DRAM and SRAM devices, and
non-volatile WORM and
Flash devices.

A device with the sandwich structure ITO/PFOxPy/Al could write, read. erase and
refresh its electronic states, fulfilling the functionality of aDRAM device.

Conjugated polymers with good processability have been used to fabricate flexible
memory devices.
Eg. Benzodithiophene (BDT)-based conjugated polymers exhibit good performance in both
organic field-effect transistors and solar cells.

d) Polymers Chemically Modified with Fullerenes

Poly(2-(A-carbazolyl) ethyl methacrylate) end-capped with fullerene (PCzMA-Cso) exhibited

both bipolar and unipolar rewritable memory characteristics.

e) Polymers Containing Metal Complexes

Transition-metal complex ferrocene (Fe) has reversible redox behaviour, and its
stable oxidized form ferrocenium (Fe*), renders the possibility of non-volatility for
memory
applications. Its switching mechanism involves ferrocene acting as a voltage-dependent dopant
during the redox process to result in the enhancement of conductivity of the polymer film.
 3Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials

Generally, organic-inorganic hybrid materials are composed of organic layers

containing fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor
nanoparticles or inorganic quantum dots (QDs).
a) Organic-Carbon Allotrope Hybrid Materials
Fullerene and its derivatives possess high electron-withdrawing ability, and are able to
capture up to six electrons. For organic electronic memory applications, fullerenes have been
widely used as electron acceptors to form CT complexes with polymer-containing electron
donors, such as thiophene, fluorene, carbazole and aniline derivatives.

A hybrid material-based electrical memory device exhibited electrically bistable

behaviour and the WORM memory effect. with an ON/OFF ratio of more than 10".

Polyimide (Pl) has been used as a dielectric and a mechanical-support material in the
electronics industry. Organic non-volatile memory devices on PET flexible substrates using P:
PCBM hybrid materials as active layers, have been fabricated. Three-dimensional (3D)
stacking of memory devices provides away to achieve agreat increase in memory cell density.
Graphene nanoshets are also being used in organic-inorganic hybrid material-based
memory devices.

b) Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites

Hybrid electronic memory devices have been reported in some organic composites
containing metal nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots (QDs) and metal oxide NPs.

Amemory device with the structure of a Au NP and 8-hydroxyquinoline-containing PS

film sandwiched between two metal electrodes has been fabricated.

Other kinds of inorganic nanomaterials, such as ZnO, TiO; and MoS2, have also been
introduced into the organic polymer layer for hybrid memory devices.

Display Systems:
Photoactive Materials

Photoactive materials belong to the field of photonics, where materials that actively
interact with light are tuned and optimized to achieve effects such as light emission (LEDs and
 Mes 4RS
lasers.) or light detection, with related signal amplification (e.g., in photomultiplicrs) and
processing operations. They can be used to develop light-sensitive circuits and switches (such
as with photoresistors), or to convert light into an electrical signal (i.e., to build photodiodes).

The principle behind is the absorption of light by the photoactive material (which can
be either solid or a molecule) to create a bound clectron-hole pair (exciton). This is followed
by the dissociation of the exciton to create a free electron and hole.

The electron and the hole then will diffuse through the (heterogeneous) photocatalyst
to reach the adsorbed reactant species, or diffuse through electron-transporting and hole
transporting media in solar cells to enter the electric cireuit.

Polymers with photoactive and electroactive properties have fine shape deformability
and shape memory characteristics.
Some of the examples are as ferroelectric polymers, liquid crystalline polymers, ionic
polymer-metal composite, conducting polynmers like polyurethane.
Electroactive polymers/materials

Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are a class of polymeric materials that can change
dimensions when electrically activated. They exhibit a change in size or shape when stimulated
by an electric field due to their inherent electro-mechanical properties.

These materials change reversibly their volume, optical, mechanical and other
properties by very small alterations of certain physical (e.g. electric field, light, temperature)
or chemical (concentrations) stimuli. The volume change of these materials occurs by
swelling/shrinking and is diffusion-based.

EAPs are more attractive than inorganic materials due to their properties of lightweight,
flexibility, cheapness and scalability.
PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers, are important the class of materials
due to their high dielectric constant, piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric effects.

Further, the characteristics of EAPs can be modulated by the developing suitable

composites with ceramics, metals and magnetic nanoparticles.
Types]

EAP can be divided into two principal classes: Dielectric and lonic.
Dielectric: In dielecctric EAP paterials ctuation is caused by electrostatic forces betwecen two
clectrodes which squecze the polyner. Eg. Ferroeleetric polymers
lonie: In these polymers, actuation is cnused by the displacenent of ions inside the polyner
and only a few volts are nccded for actuation, E.g, conductive polymers, ionic polymer-metal
composites

Optoclectronic devices

Optoclectronic devices and components are those clectronic devices that operate on both light
and electrical currents. Optoclectronic devices are primarily transducers i.e., they can convert
one energy form to another. These devices produce light by expending clectrical energy. They
can also detect light and transform light signals to clectrical signals for processing by a
computer.

This can include electrically driven light sources such as laser diodes and light-emitting diodes,
components for converting light to an electrical current such as solar and photovoltaic cells and
devices that can clectronically control the propagation of light.

Organic materials used in optoelectronie devices.

Light absorbing materials - Polythiophenes (P3HT)
Molecular formula: (CioHiaS)n

Structure:

Poly(3-hexylthiophenc) (P3HT) polymer used as organic light absorbing naterial possesses

following properties.
1) It is an excellent intrinsic conducting polymer having conjugated double bonds in the
backbone
2) It has high environmental stability, better thermal stability. and less band gap energy.
 3) I has interesting properties like senmiconducting. electronic and optical activities.
4) halso has better mechanical characteristics and case of processability therefore used
for making polythiophene composites.
5) The polythiophene matrix is abetter hole transporting polyme, so acombination of
polythiophene matrix with n-type semiconducting particles has excellent electrical
properties.
6) The transparent nature of polythiophene gives notable optical properties.
7) h can be made more conducting one by creating polarons and bipolarons in the
polymer chain through either oxidation or reduction.
Applications:
They are widely used in polymer batteries, electrochromic devices, and solar cells.

b) Nanomaterials (Silicon Nanocrystals).

Electronic and optical properties of materials can be controlled by controlling their size and
shape. Group lIl-V materials are being increasingly used in integrated optoelectronics.
Nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si), also known as microcrystalline silicon (4c-Si), is a form of
porous silicon. It is also used as organic light absorbing material.

The characteristics/properties of Nanocrystalline silicon are as follows,

" Silicon is a non-toxic material, which is naturally abundant and stable under ambient
conditions.

It represents one of the best investigated material systems available and several methods
to grow silicon nanoparticles or nanowires
nc-Si have a higher electron mobility, due to the presence of the silicon crystallites.

It also shows increased absorption in the red and infrared wavelengths, which make it an
important material for use in a-Si solar cells.
it has increased stability over Si.
" It is easier to fabricate.

Applications:
Due to excellent fluorescence intensity, low toxicity, good biocompatibility and stability.
silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) and Si NCs-based composites have been widely applied in
analytical detection, biomarkers, photocatalysts, photodiodes, and solar cells.
 2) Organie light emitting material

Poly9-vinylearbazole| Poly|N-vinyl earbazolel (PVK)

Molecular formula: (CahiN)n

Structure:

Poly(9-vinylcarbazole] (PVK)] polymer is used as organic light emitting naterial which

possesses following characteristics/properties.
" Polyvinyl carbazole(PVK) is a temperature-resistant thermoplastic polymer produced
by radical polymerization from the monomer N-vinyl carbazole.
and
" It is a photoconductive polymer and thus the basis for photorefractive polymers
organic light-emitting diodes.
" PVK can be used at tenperatures of up to 160 - 170 °C and is therefore a temperature
resistant thermoplastic.
Its conductivity increases with exposure to light.
Has high softening characteristics.
Has high refractive index.
Applications:
It is used in insulation technology, clectrophotography (e.g., in copiers and laser

printers), LEDs, Laser printers, organic solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes and
photovoltaic devices.

Liquid crystals
Liquid crystals are a unique state of matter, between solid (crystalline) and liquid
(isotropic) phases some compounds form a distinct, different intermediate phase, sometimes
referred to as the "fourth state of matter" or "mesophase".
 Mrs 4Rs
The molecules in the liquid phase, which have no intrinsic order. In the solid state, molecules
are highly ordered and have little translational freedom. The characteristic orientational order
of the liquid crystal state is between the traditional solid and liquid phases is the origin of the
term mesogenic state, used synonymously with liquid crystal state.
Properties

Liquid crystals display the properties of both solid and liquid. The molecules possess some
orientational or positional order but with a lower degree of organisation compared with a
crystalline solid.

I. The liquid crystal possesses liquid-like flowing behaviour, but because of their
positional order, such compounds are often more viscous.
2. Liquid crystals are attributed to their sensitivity to various stimuli, such as temperature,
electric and magnetic fields.
3. They generally consist of organic molecules that have an elongated shape, with a rigid
central region and flexible ends.
4. The molecules in a liquid erystal do not necessarily exhibit any positional order, but
they do possess a degree of orientational order.
5. They exhibit anisotropic behaviour caused due to the elongated shape of the molecules.
6. The physical properties of the molecules are different when measured parallel or
perpendicular to their length, and residual alignment of the rods (due to preferential
packing arrangements, and also clectrostatic interactions between molecules) in the
fluid leads to anisotropic bulk properties.
7. They undergo thermal expansion. When the temperature of a liquid crystal is raised.
the constituent molecules acquire more energy, and are able to move and rotate more,
so the liquid crystal becomes less ordered.
Classification

Liquid crystals can be classified into thermotropic (temperature dependent) and lyotropic
(concentration dependent) based on their behaviour.
The distinguishing characteristic of the liquid crystalline state is the tendency of the molecules

(mesogens) to point along a common axis, called the director(n). The long axes of the
molecules will tend to align in this direction.
 Based on the orientation, there are three types of
liquid crystal, nematic, smectic and
cholesteric.

Ptch

Nem atc Smectc

Cholesteric

Nematic Phases The nematic (thread like) liquid crystal

phase is characterized by molecules
that have no positional order but tend to
point in the same direction (along the director).
In smectic state, the molecules maintain the
general orientational order of nematic phase, but
also tend to align themselves in layers or planes. The
thick, slippery substance often found at
the bottom of a soap dish is actually a type of
smectic liquid crystal.
Cholesteric is the nematic state superimposed with a chiral group gives
natural twist between
layers including the long axis of the molecules i.e., the
incorporation of chiral group induces
helical twist to the orientation of the director.

Application in Displays
Liquid crystals are used in many applications like in the display of
calculators, digital
watches and mobile phones.
Liquid Crystal Display
LCD uses a liquid crystal to produce a visible image.
Liquid crystal displays are super-thin
technology display screens that are generally used in laptop
computer screens, TVs, cell
phones, and portable video games. LCD's technologies allow
displays to be much thinner when
compared to a cathode ray tube(CRT) technology.
 Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers wvhich include two polarized panel
filters and electrodes.

Light is projected from a lens on a layer of liquid crystal. This combinaion of coloured
light with the grayscale image of the crystal (formed as electric current lows through
the crystal) forms the coloured image. This image is then displayed on the screen.
The liquid crystal display has a unique advantage of having low power consumption
than the LED or cathode ray tube.
The liquid crystal display sereen works on the principle of blocking light rather than
emitting light. LCDs require a backlight as they do not emit light
" In Liquid crystal display (LCD) nematic type of liquid crystal molecular arrangement
is used in which molecules are oriented in some degree of alignment. For example.
when we increase the temperature the ice cube melts and liquid erystal is like the state
in between ice cube and water.

Construction of Liquid Crystal Display:

Glas s h t

Tranaparat

Construction of LCD consists of two polarized glass pieces. Two electrodes are used, one is
positive and the other one is negative. External potential is applied to LCD through these
electrodes and it is made up of indium-tin-oxide. Liquid crystal layer of about 10um- 20um is
placed between two glass sheets. The light is passed or blocked by changing the polarization.
Working of Liquid Crystal Display

The basic working principle of LCD is blocking of light. It does not produce light on
its own. So external light source is used.

When the external light passes from one polarizer to the next polarizer, external supply
is given to the liquid crystal, the polarized light aligns itself so that the image is produced in
the screen.
 The indium oxide conducting surface is a transparent layer which is placed on both the
sides of the sealed thick layer of liquid erystal. When no external bias is applied the molecular
arrangement is not disturbed.

When the external bias is applied the molecular arrangement is disturbed and it and that
area looks dark and the other area looks clear.

In the segment arrangement, the conducting segment looks dark and the other segment
looks clear. To display number 2. the segments A, B,G,E,D are energized.
Advantages:
1. It is thin and compact
2. Low power consumption

3. Less heat is emitted during operation

4. Low cost

Disadvantages:
1. Speed of operationis low

2. Lifespan is less

3. Restricted viewing angles

Applications:

. Used in digital wrist watch

2. Display images in digital cameras

3. Used in numerical counters

4. Display screen in calculators

5. Mainly used in television

 Ms.tks
6. Used in mobile sereens

7. Used in video players

8. Used in image sensing circuits

Properties and Applications of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) and

Quantum dot light-emitting diode (LEDs)
1)Organic Light Emitting Diodes (0LEDs)
OLED displays have a lifetime approaching that of LCDs. In the last few years, OL.EDs have
been successfully introduced the high-quality products such as smart phones., OLED TVs
etc., OLEDs are thin-film organic semiconductor light-emitting devices. They consist ofa
thin film of organic materials sandwiched between two electrodes (anode and cathode)

OLED displays have many outstanding characteristics/properties:

OLEDs produce deep black and bright white levels due to high contrast ratio resulting
in saturated, vivid and rich colours.

They maintain image quality due to wide viewing angle (180°)

They do not require back light like traditional LCD's, therefore, results in lov power
consumption.
Ther are extremely thin and flexible therefore used in flexible devises.

" Quick response time in microseconds results crisp motion picture quality and 3D
applications.

OLEDS have long life span, as they do not contain a back light that can degrade over
time.

. OLEDs are self-emissive.

Applications

OLED technology brings advantages of thinner and curved display form factor to wearable
devices.
 OLED displays are mainly used in digital devices such as.

" high-end television systems (flat OLED display, curved OlLED display and OLED
wallpaper), computer monitors,
pocket-size systenms such as Android phones,
" media players, digital cameras, portable gaming consoles and mini-screens.
Rolltop Laptops
Wearable devices such as smart watches and fitness trackers.
" Digital cameras.
OLED light panels.
in automotive lighting (dash board displays) and street lighting.
These applications demand high reliability and readability. OLEDs fit in as these
consume less power and provide high-quality display. The current OLED technology
provides remarkable colour fidelity, high efficiency and operation stability.

2) QLED

LED, or quantum dot light-emitting diode (LED), is adisplay panel used in high
definition TVs (HDTV). The quantum dots nanocrystal semiconductors in a LED- backlit
liquid crystal display (LCD) reduces light losses and produce monochromatic red, green. and
blue (RGB) light. As a result, the device's display is clear and distinct, with better picture
quality than traditional LED sereens.

Introduction:
QLED Stands for Quantum dots Light Emitting Diode. QLED is made of Quantum
dots which are tiny semiconductor crystals having size from 2 nm to 10 nm. Quantunn
dots emit colour light based on their size and energy gap of materials used. Bigger the
dimension of it, larger is the wavelength of emitted light. Different semiconductor
combinations are used in the manufacturing of quantum dots which include CdSe,
CdS, PbSe, PbS, InAs, InP etc.

Properties
for
QLEDs do not produce light by themselves. Instead QLEDS use backlight unit
illumination.
 Mrs kS
lighting
QLED ae reliable, encrgy efticient, tuncable colour solution for display and
applications that reduce manufacturing costs.
Quantum dot-based LEDs are characterized by pure and saturated emission colours
with narrow bandwidth.

Their emission wavelength is casily tuned by changing the size of the quantum dots.
QD-LED offer high colour purity and durability combined with the dots.
QDLED structure can be tuned over the entire visible wavelength range from

460nm(blue) to 6SOnm.
" It is thin and light in weight.
" Highly flexible, used in flexible displays.
The switching speed (between ON/OFF) is very fast.

to OLED screens and moreover

QLED screens are two times power efticient compare
offer about 30 to 40 % improvement in brightness.

long life.
QLED resist moisture better and hence QLED based products will have

Applications
They are cost-effective electroluminescence devices ideal for large-area display
and lighting applications.
QLED TV panel has a better resolution so offer a better, brighter picture quality
A
setting.
in the home entertainment setting and office

" Quantum dot light emitting diodes for phototherapy.

" Used for Near-field scanning optical microscopy.
" Used in Incandescent bulbs.
Used in Nano photonics.
Optical micro/nanoelectromechanical systems.
Biomedical sensing.
" Medical Imaging: used in MRI machines to produce high resolution and accurate
images.
structure).
Advertising displays such as billboards (a large outdoor advertising