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    Section 5

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    ma2054738

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    Section 5

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    Section 5 (2) (1)

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    Section 5

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    Principles of Statistics 1

    Section 4

    Example One: The following table shows the number of minutes


    required for a student to reach his university within 10 days.

    Day One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten
    Time (Minutes) 39 29 43 52 39 44 40 31 44 35

    Calculate the following.

     Arithmetic Mean (average)


     Median
     Mode
     Range

    Firstly, Calculate Mean

    ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
    General rule 𝑥̅ = =
    𝑛 𝑛

    ∑10
    𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥10
    𝑋̅ = =
    10 10
    39 + 29 + 43 + 52 + 39 + 44 + 40 + 31 + 44 + 35 396
    𝑋̅ = = = 39.6 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
    10 10

    o Comment: The average time required for the student to reach


    the university is 39.6 minutes.
    Secondly: Calculate Median

    Steps

    1. Arranging the data in ascending order

    29 31 35 39 39 40 43 44 44 52

    2. Find the location of the median


    Since the number of observations equal 10 (even number) then,
    𝒏 𝒏
    𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 = , + 𝟏
    𝟐 𝟐

    Then,
    10 10
    𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = , + 1 = 5,6
    2 2
    Then,

    The value of observation number 5 = 39


    The value of observation number 6= 40

    3. Calculating the median


    The median will be the average of the two middle values
    number 5 and number 6
    39 + 40
    𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = 39.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
    2
    Thirdly: calculate the mode and determine its type.

    o The mode is the value that appears most frequently then,


    The data contain exactly two modes (39, 44) each value repeated
    twice.
    o The data are bimodal

    Fourthly: Calculate the range

    Range = largest value – smallest value

    Range = 52-29 = 23
    Choose the right answer:

    From the values of mean, median and mode the data show …….
    distribution.

    1- Right skewed 2- Symmetric 3- Left skewed 4- No distribution

    Example Two: the following table contains the salaries for 7


    employees in a company

    Employee Salary
    Financial Accountant 7500
    Head of HR department 5000
    Marketer 8000
    CEO 68500
    Office boy 2500
    Security guard 2500
    Secretary 4000

    Calculate the following.

     Arithmetic Mean (average)


     Median
     Mode
     Range

    Firstly, Calculate Mean

    ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
    General rule 𝑥̅ = =
    𝑛 𝑛

    ∑10
    𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥9
    𝑥̅ = =
    7 7
    7500 + 5000 + 8000 + ⋯ + 4000 98000
    𝑥̅ = = = 14000 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
    7 7
    o Comment: The average of the salaries in this company is 14000
    pound.

    Secondly: Calculate Median

    Steps

    1. Arranging the data in ascending order

    2500 2500 4000 5000 7500 8000 68500

    2. Find the location of the median


    Since the number of observations equal 7 (odd number) then,
    𝒏+𝟏
    𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 =
    𝟐

    Then,
    7+1
    𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 7 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = =4
    2
    Then,

    The value of observation number 4 = 5000


    3. Calculating the median
    The median will be equal 5000

    Thirdly: calculate the mode and determine its type.

    o The mode is the value that appears most frequently then,


    The data contain exactly one mode (2500). This value repeated
    twice.
    o The data are unimodal

    Fourthly: Calculate the range

    Range = largest value – smallest value

    Range = 68500 - 2500 = 66000


    Choose the right answer:

    From the values of mean, median and mode the data show …….
    distribution.

    1- Right skewed 2- Symmetric 3- Left skewed 4- No distribution

    Example Three: Find the mode in the following data

    Dataset one

    10 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 1

    Dataset Two

    10 6 22 55 88 43 89 5 25 27

    The solution
    Dataset Number The answer
    Dataset One 0,1,2
    Dataset Two No mode

    Question Five: Given the following Macroeconomics exam


    grades for 8 students.
    81 75 62 16 84 96 66 58

    a. Calculate the range


    b. Calculate the variance and standard deviation for this dataset.
    ∑(𝑥−𝑥)2
    - The variance of the sample 𝑆 2 =
    𝑛−1

    - The standard deviation of the sample 𝑆 = √𝑆 2 =


    ∑(𝑥−𝑥)2
    √
    𝑛−1

    In our example we have a sample consist of 8 students so we


    will use the sample rule for the variance and standard deviation
    𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥)2
    16 -51.25 2626.5625
    67.25
    58 67.25 -9.25 85.5625
    62 67.25 -5.25 27.5625
    66 67.25 -1.25 1.5625
    75 67.25 7.75 60.0625
    81 67.25 13.75 189.0625
    84 67.25 16.75 280.5625
    96 67.25 28.75 826.5625
    Sum 538 0 4097.5

    16+58+62+66+75+81+84+96
    - Mean = = 67.25
    8
    4097.5
    - The variance of the sample 𝑆 2 = = 585.357
    7

    - The standard deviation of the sample 𝑆 = √585.357 =


    24.194
    |∑ 𝑋−𝑋̅| 134
    - The Absolute Deviation Mean = = = 16.75
    𝑛 8

    |∑ 𝑋 − 𝑋̅| = 51.25 + 9.25 + 5.25 + 1.25 + 7.75 + 13.75 + 16.75 + 28.75


    = 134

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