1.

P(Pa) a d
8105

2105 b
c

(0, 0) 3102 12102 V(m3)

N~Y©b wc÷bhy³ GKwU wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ 10 mole Av`k© M¨vm wb‡q wm‡÷gwU‡K a Ae¯’v n‡Z c Ae¯’vq wP‡Îi b¨vq iƒcvš—i Kiv n‡j Aš—t¯’kw³i
cwieZ©b nq 18000J|
M. adc I abc c‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvckw³i AbycvZ wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki ac c‡_ m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e n‡e wK? ZvcMwZwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K MvwYwZK we‡k­lY †`LvI| 4
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

M Avgiv Rvwb,
Zvckw³, Q = U + PV
adc c‡_,
Qadc = 18000 + 8  105  (123)  102
= 8.18  105 J
abc c‡_,
Qabc = 18000 + 2  105 (12  3)  102
= 2.18  105
Qadc
 adc I abc c‡_ Zvckw³i AbycvZ = Qabc
8.18  105
=
2.18 105
= 3.75 (Ans.)
DÏxcK Abymv‡i, a I c we›`yi g‡a¨ Aš—t¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b, U = 18000 J|
a we›`y‡Z, Pa = 8  105 Pa
Va = 3  102m3
m = 10 mole;
PaVa = nRTa
PaVa
ev, Ta = nR
8  105  3  102
= K
10  8.314
= 288.67 K
C we›`y‡Z, Pc = 2  105 Pa
Vc = 12  102 m3
PcVc = nRTc
PcVc
ev, Tc = nR
2  105  12  102
= K
10  8.314
= 288.67 K
 Ta = Tc, AZGe, ac c‡_ Af¨š—ixY kw³i cwieZ©b k~b¨| A_©vr GwU m‡gvò †iLv| AZGe, DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Aš—t¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b hyw³m½Z bq|
d we›`y‡Z, Pd = 8  105 Pa
Vd = 12  102 m3
n = 10 mole
R = 8.31 J kg1 K1
Avgiv Rvwb,` PdVd = nRTd
PdVd 8  105  12  102
ev, Td = nR = 10  8.31
= 1155.23 K
b we›`y‡Z, Pb = 2  105 Pa
Vb = 3  102 m3
Avgiv Rvwb, PbVb = nRTb
PbVb 2  105  3  102
ev, Tb = nRT = 10  8.31
= 72.20 K
g‡b Kwi, M¨vmwU wØcvigvYweK
myZivs,  = 1.4
5
myZivs, Cv = 2 R = 20.775
7
Ges, Cp = 2 R = 29.085
adc c‡_ Zvckw³ = ad c‡_ Zvckw³ + dc c‡_ Zvckw³
= Qad + Qdc
= nCp (Td  Ta) + nCv(TdTc)
= 4.32  105 J
abc c‡_ Zvckw³ = Qab + Qbc
= nCv (Ta  Tb) + nCp(Tc  Tb)
= 1.079  105 J
Qadc 4.32  105
Zvckw³i AbycvZ, Qabc = 1.079  105 = 4
N †h‡nZz DÏxc‡Ki a I c we›`yi ZvcgvÎv GKB| myZivs GwU GKwU m‡gvò cÖwµqv|
m‡gvò cÖwµqvq K…ZKv‡Ri m~Îvbymv‡i Avgiv Rvwb,
Vc
W = nRT ln [ÔMÕ †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ Abymv‡i]
Va
12  102
ev, W = 10  8.31  288.67  ln 3  102
 W = 33.255 kJ
AZGe, ac c‡_ K…ZKvR wbY©q m¤¢e Ges GB Kv‡Ri gvb 33.255 kJ|
1 1
2.P Ges Q `ywU Zvc BwÄb| P Gi `¶Zv 6 Ges Q Gi `¶Zv 3| Dfq Bwćbi Zvc Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv mgvb| Q-Gi ZvcMÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv P A‡c¶v
60K Kg|
M. Zvc Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv wbY©q K‡iv|
N. Q Bwćbi MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv 30K e„w× Ki‡j `¶Zvi Kx cwieZ©b n‡e MvwYwZK we‡k­lYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI|
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËiA

M
Zvc Bwćbi `¶Zv GLv‡b,
1 T2p 1
p = = 1 
6 T1p
P Bwćbi `¶Zv, p = 6
T2p 1 1
ev, T1p = 1  6 ........ (i) Q Bwćbi `¶Zv, Q = 3
Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv, T1p = T1Q
MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv,
T2Q = T2p  60
GKBfv‡e,
T2Q 1
= 1  ................ (2)
T1Q 3
T2p T1Q 5 3
 = 
T1p T2Q 6 2
T2p 5
ev, T  60 = 4 = 1.25
2p
ev, T4 = 300 K
T2p
 p = 1 
T1p
1 300
ev, 6 = 1  T1p
 T1p = 360 K (Ans.) A
N A

Q Gi MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv 30K ÔMÕ n‡Z cvB,
evov‡j Q Bwćbi Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv,
T2Q = T2p  60 + 30 T1Q = 360K
= 300  60 + 30 Ges P Bwćbi MÖvn‡Ki
= 270 ZvcgvÎv, T2p = 300 K
`¶Zv, Q = ?
1
c~‡e©i `¶Zv = 3
T2Q
 Q = 1 
T2p
270
=1
360
1
=
4
1 1

3 4
`¶Zvi cwieZ©b n‡jv = 1  100%
3
3
= 1
4( )
 100% = 25%
AZGe, MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv 30K evov‡j `¶Zv 25% n«vm cv‡e|
3.GK¸”Q mgvš—ivj Av‡jvK iwk¥ AceZ©b †MÖwUs‡qi Ici AvcwZZ n‡”Q| †MÖwUs‡q cÖwZ wgUv‡i `vM msL¨v 4.24105| †MÖwUs‡qi AceZ©‡bi d‡j 30
†Kv‡Y wØZxq µ‡gi eY©vwj †iLv cvIqv †Mj| Ab¨ GK¸”Q mgvš—ivj iwk¥i R‡b¨ 40 †Kv‡Y wØZxq µ‡gi eY©vwj †iLv cvIqv hvq|
M. 1g †¶‡Î eY©vwji Zi½‰`N©¨ †ei K‡iv|
N. 2q †¶‡Î cici `y‡Uv Pig I cici `y‡Uv Ae‡gi †KŠwYK e¨eavb mgvb wKbv MvwYwZKfv‡e hvPvB K‡iv|
3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi


M GLv‡b,
cÖwZ wgUv‡i `vM msL¨v, N = 4.24  105
AceZ©b †KvY, n = 30
n=2
Zi½‰`N©¨,  = ?
Avgiv Rvwb,
1
sinn = n
N
sinn 1
ev,  = n  N
sin(30) 1
ev,  = 2  4.24  105
  = 5.9  10–7 m (Ans.)
N 2q †¶‡Î, AceZ©b †KvY,  = 40

1 1
`vM msL¨v, d = N = 4.24  105 = 2.36  10–6
Zi½‰`N©¨  n‡j,
Avgiv Rvwb,
d sin = n
dsin 2.36  10–6  sin(40)
ev,  = n = 2
  = 7.59  10–7 m
Avevi, Pi‡gi †¶‡Î Rvwb,
d sin = n
n = 1 n‡j,
 7.59  10–7
sin 1 = =
d 2.3610–6
1 = 18.76
2
n = 2 n‡j, sin2 =
d
2 = 40.03
 ci¯úi `y‡Uv Pi‡gi †KŠwYK e¨eavb, (2  1) = (40.03  18.76)
= 21.27
Ae‡gi †¶‡Î Avgiv Rvwb,

d sin = (2n + 1)
2
n = 1 n‡j,
3 3  7.59  10–7
sin1 = =
2d 2  2.36  10–6
 1 = 28.84

n=2 n‡j,
5
sin2 =
2d
 2 = 53.51
 Ae‡gi †¶‡Î †KŠwYK e¨eavb (2  1) = 24.67
myZivs ejv hvq †h, `ywU †¶‡Î †KŠwYK e¨eavb mgvb bq|
4.
Case-1 :

N0
4 226
88 Ra
0 t (year)
3200

M. cigvYyi ¶q aªe‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki

N. 2 MÖvg Ra n‡Z cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û KZwU cigvYy †f‡O hvq?
33 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M Avw` cigvYy msL¨v No n‡j t = 3200 y eQi A

No
Aewkó cigvYy msL¨v, N = 4
myZivs Ae¶q aª“eK  n‡j, N = Noe–t
No
ev, 4 = Noe–t ev, e–t = 0.25 ev, – t = – 1.3863
1.3863 1.3863
= =
t 3200 y
= 4.332  10–4 y–1
4.332  10–4 –1
= s
365  86400
= 1.374  10 s–1
–11


N 2gm Ra-G cigvYyi msL¨v,
2gm
N=  6.023  1023
226 gm
= 5.33  1021
 2 gm Ra n‡Z cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †f‡O hvIqv cigvYyi msL¨v
dN
= = –N [Ae¶q m~Î n‡Z]
dt
= –1.374  10–11 s–1  5.33  1021
= 7.32  1010
5.
BD‡iwbqvg Gi wdkb wewµqv wbæiƒc:
235 1 138 85 1
92 U + 0 n  57 La + 35 Br + 3 0 n + kw³
2 2 3 1
wWD‡Uwiqvg Gi wdDkb wewµqv 1 H + 1 H  2 He + 0 n + kw³

wbDwK¬qvm fi (a.m.u)
235 235.1 1
92 U 0 n Gi fi-1.009 amu
148 148
57 La r0 =1.4  10–15m
85 84.9
35 Br
2 2.015
1H A¨v‡Wv‡M‡Wªvi msL¨v
3 3.017
2 He NA = 6.023  1023 wU

(148 )
M. j¨vb‡_bvg 57 La wbDwK¬qvm Gi AvqZb wbY©q K‡iv|
N. cÖwZ †KwR BD‡iwbqvg Gi wdkb wewµqvq Drcbœ kw³ cÖwZ †KwR wWD‡Uwiqvg Gi wdDk‡b Drcbœ kw³ A‡c¶v †ewk n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e
we‡k­lY Ki?
5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

M
Avgiv cvB, GLv‡b,
La wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmva© e¨vmva©, r0 = 1.4  10–15m
1 fi msL¨v, A = 148
R = r0  (A)3 AvqZb, V = ?
 1
= 1.4  10–15  (148)3
= 7.41  10–15m
4
La wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvqZb, V = 3 R3
= 1.7  10–42 m3 (Ans)

N cÖwZwU BD‡iwbqvg cigvYyi fvO‡b nviv‡bv fi,
mu = [(235.1 + 1.009) – (148 + 84.9 + 3  1.009)] a.m.u
= 0.182 amu
1kg BD‡iwbqv‡g cigvYyi msL¨v,
1000
nu = N
235 A
1000
=  6.023  1023 wU
235
= 2.563  1024 wU
 1kg BD‡iwbqvg fvO‡b nviv‡bv fi,
m1 =  mu  nu
= 0.182  2.563  1024 a.m.u
= 4.664  1023 a.m.u
= 7.7899  10–4 kg
 1 kg BD‡iwbqvg fvO‡b wegy³ kw³,

E1 = m1c2
= 7.7899  10–24  (3  108)2J
= 7.01  1013J
2
Avevi, `ywU 1H cigvYyi fvO‡b nviv‡bv fi,
mH = [2  2.015 – (3.017 +1.009)] a. m. u
= 4  10–3 a.m.u
2
1H Gi cvigvYweK fi = 2
 1kg wWD‡Uvwiqv‡g cigvYyi msL¨v,
1000
nH =  6.023  1023wU
2
= 3.0115  1026wU
1kg wWD‡Uvwiqv‡gi fvO‡b nviv‡bv fi,
3.0115  1026
m2 =  4  10–3 a.m.u
2
= 6.023  10 a. m. u
23

=1.005  10–3 kg
 1 kg wWD‡Uvwiqvg fvO‡b wegy³ kw³,
E2 = m2c2
= 1.005  10–3  (3  108)2 J
= 9.05  1013J
E2 > E1
AZGe, wWD‡Uwiqv‡gi mgcwigvY fvO‡b †ewk kw³ Drcbœ n‡e|