CT - Sec24A - Macalinao, Rhyza Alwina

Name: Rhyza Alwina C.
Macalinao
Year & Course: BSN 1 Y1-24A
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Course task - NERVOUS SYSTEM
Objective: To study the different parts and functions of the central and peripheral
nervous system.
A. Introduction to Nervous System

1. Describe the organization of the nervous system according to morphology and
functions.
- The nervous system takes information from our senses, interprets it, and triggers
reactions such as moving your muscles or causing you to feel pain. It is divided into
two primary regions: the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain
and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes cranial
nerves and all other nerve tissue outside the CNS. The PNS is further divided into
two divisions: sensory and motor. The sensory division transmits electrical signals
known as action potentials. In contrast, motor division transmits action potentials
from the CNS to effector organs like muscles and glands.
B. Central Nervous System

1. Describe the embryonic development of the brain into forebrain ,midbrain, and
hindbrain, and to explain how this correlates with the division of the brain into five
matures regions derived from the three initials ones.
Complete the table below:

REGION STRUCTURE FUNCTION
It controls almost all
voluntary movements in the
1. Telencephalon body and responsible for
Cerebrum
(forebrain) olfaction, language, speech,
sensory processing, learning
and memory
The diencephalon is involved
in many crucial bodily
functions including
coordinating with the
2. Diencephalon Thalamus, Hypothalamus,
endocrine system to release
(forebrain) Epithalamus
hormones, Helps regulate
circadian rhythms, &
parathyroid glands and
pancreas.
Associated with vision,
3. Mesencephalon
Midbrain hearing, motor control,
(Midbrain)
sleep/wake, and alertness.
Pons: relays information
between cerebrum and
4. Metencephalon
Pons, Cerebellum cerebellum; Cerebellum:
(hindbrain)
coordination of voluntary
movements.
Regulates autonomic
5. Myelencephalon functions such as heart rate,
Medulla Oblongata
(from hindbrain) blood pressure, and
respiration.
2. Draw and label the parts of the brain.
3. Identify the parts of the meninges.

PARTS:
1. Periosteum
2. Bone of Skull
3. Periosteal
4. Meningeal
5. Dura mater
6. Arachnoid mater
7. Pia mater
8. Falx Cerebri
4. Create a Summary table on the important cortical areas and their functions.
Cortical Area Function

1. Prefrontal Cortex Problem Solving, Emotion, Decision-
making
2. Motor Association Cortex Coordination of complex movement
3. Primary Motor Cortex Initiation of voluntary movement
4. Primary Somatosensory Cortex touch, pain, temperature,
5. Sensory Association Area Processing of multisensory
information
6. Visual Association Area Complex processing of visual
information
7. Visual Cortex Detection of simple visual stimuli
8. Wernicke's Area Language comprehension
9. Auditory Association Area Complex processing of auditory
information
10. Auditory Cortex Detection of sound quality
11. Broca's Area Speech production and language
processing
5. Draw and label the parts of the diencephalon.

6. Describe the functions of the component parts of diencephalon.
1. Thalamus – relay sensory information to cerebral cortex with the exception

of the smell.
2. Subthalamus – regulates motor control, suppresses unwanted movements,
and aids in impulse control through its connections with the basal ganglia.
3. Hypothalamus – react to those messages to keep your body in a stable
state or internal balance. It also helps produce hormones that regulate heart
rate, body temperature, hunger, and the sleep-wake cycle.
4. Epithalamus - connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain.
7. Explain the functions of the basal ganglia and its component parts.
- The basal ganglia are a group of structures in the center of the brain that
create important connections. The basal ganglia are an important component
of the network of brain cells and nerves that regulate your body's voluntary
motions. It also processes impulses that influence your emotional state and
motivation. Finally, they have an impact on your learning process and
emotional reactions to external stimuli. The basal ganglia are made up of the
caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, substantia nigra pars
reticulata, subthalamic nucleus, and ventral pallidum. The Caudate
nucleus is an important component of the basal ganglia, a set of nuclei in the
brain that perform numerous motor and cognitive activities. It helps to control
and coordinate voluntary motions, as well as to organize and execute motor
tasks. The globus pallidus controls both conscious and proprioceptive
motions. The putamen regulates motor functions and influences several forms
of learning, including speech articulation, language functions, reward,
cognitive functioning, and addiction. The substantia nigra pars reticulata
regulates voluntary movements by delivering inhibitory signals to motor-
related structures in the brainstem and thalamus, as well as gating and
controlling seizures through GABAergic nigrotectal projections to the superior
colliculus. The subthalamic nucleus supports balance in motor control by
limiting hyperactivity and providing smooth, regulated motions. Finally, the
ventral pallidum regulates voluntary movements and goal-directed
behaviors. It is a critical component of the brain's reward system, controlling
pleasure and motivation through connections to the nucleus accumbens.
8. Draw and label the different parts of the brainstem.
9. Describe the spinal cord according to:
a. location: The spinal cord begins at the bottom of the brain stem (at the area
called the medulla oblongata) and ends in the lower back, as it tapers to form
a cone called the conus medullaris
b. shape and length: The spinal cord is a cylindrical, well-organized structure
and is about 18 inches (45 centimeters) in length.
c. vertebral levels of upper and lower extremities: The spinal cord segments
that correspond to the upper extremities are mainly located in the cervical
region (C5-T1) and the segments that correspond to the lower extremities are
primarily found in the lumbar and sacral regions (L1-S4).
d. distribution of gray and white matter: The grey matter creates a hornlike
structure throughout the inside of the spinal cord while the white matter makes
up the surrounding sections of the spinal cord.
e. anatomical enlargements: The cervical enlargement, which extends
between C3 to T1; and the lumbar enlargements which extends between L1 to
features at distal end: S2
f. features at distal end: The distal end of the spinal cord is known as the
conus medullaris, which tapers off to form the filum terminale, a fibrous tissue
anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx.
g. attachment of spinal nerves: Spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord
via dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots. Each spinal nerve emerges
from the spinal cord and exits through the intervertebral foramina between
vertebrae. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are categorized as
Cervical Nerves: 8 pairs (C1-C8), Thoracic Nerves: 12 pairs (T1-T12), Lumbar
Nerves: 5 pairs (L1-L5), Sacral Nerves: 5 pairs (S1-S5), Coccygeal Nerve: 1
pair (Co1).
C. Peripheral Nervous System

10.Create a summary table for the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
11.MAKE A COMPARATIVE TABULATION between SYMPATHETIC and
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. General Response
b. Origin
c. Length of Preganglionic nerves: neurotransmitter released
d. Length of the Postganglionic nerve: neurotransmitter released
e. Termination of impulse
f. Effects or response to:
i. heart
ii. pupils
iii. bronchus
iv. GIT ( blood flow, motility, secretions )
v. blood flow to kidney
vi. urinary bladder
vii. blood vessels
C. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CT - Sec24A - Macalinao, Rhyza Alwina

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CT - Sec24A - Macalinao, Rhyza Alwina

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CT - Sec24A - Macalinao, Rhyza Alwina

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Rhyza Alwina C.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

A. Introduction to Nervous System

B. Central Nervous System

Complete the table below:

2. Draw and label the parts of the brain.

3. Identify the parts of the meninges.

Cortical Area Function

5. Draw and label the parts of the diencephalon.

1. Thalamus – relay sensory information to cerebral cortex with the exception

9. Describe the spinal cord according to:

C. Peripheral Nervous System

You might also like