LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating System: The operating system is a software that acts as an interface between user
and system hardware.

The following services provided by the operating system:

 In a multitasking operating system, where multiple programs can be running at the same
time, the OS determines which applications should run in what order and how much time
should be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn.

 It handles input/output (I/O) to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard disks,
printers and I/O Ports.

 It sends messages to each application or interactive user about the status of operation and
any errors that may have occurred.

 On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can manage how to
divide the program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time.

Operating system types and examples:

General-purpose operating system: A general-purpose operating system enables
the user to run one or more applications simultaneously. A general-purpose OS can be installed
on many different desktop and laptop models and run applications from accounting systems to
databases to web browsers to games.

Common desktop Operating system are

Windows: is Microsoft’s operating system, the standard for home and business computers.
Introduced in 1985, the GUI-based OS has been released in many versions since then. The user-
friendly Windows 95 was largely responsible for the rapid development of personal computing.

Unix: Originally developed in the 1970s, Unix was one of the first operating systems to be
written in the C language.

Linux: is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide PC users a free or low-cost
alternative. Linux has a reputation as an efficient and fast-performing system .
Key Functions of the Operating System
 Resource Management: The OS allocates and oversees system resources such as CPU time,
memory, and input/output devices to ensure efficient and fair usage.
 Process Management: It juggles multiple processes, scheduling and prioritizing them to make
the most of available resources and enable multitasking.
 Memory Management: The OS handles memory allocation, ensuring that each application
gets its fair share of RAM while preventing conflicts.
 File System Management: It provides a structured way to organise, store, and retrieve files
and directories, safeguarding data.
 User Interface: The OS offers a user-friendly interface, allowing users to interact with the
computer through graphical or command-line interfaces.
 Networking: Many modern OS supports networking capabilities, allowing devices to connect
and communicate over local and global networks.
 Device Management: OS handles the management of various hardware devices, such as
printers, scanners, and storage drives.

Importance of Linux Operating system:

1. Linux offers a greater degree of security than many operating systems and requires no
antivirus programs for protection.
2. Linux also offers a high degree of stability, requires little disk space, has powerful
networking capabilities and puts software updates in the hands of the user.
3. Linux can be installed on most of computers through the use of virtual machine
(A virtual machine is a method of hardware virtualization that allows a separate
operating system from the machine’s primary operating system to be installed)
4. Virtual machines contain their own processors, RAM, disk and other crucial
components, making them akin to a second device within an existing computer.
5. As an open-source platform, Linux can be freely downloaded, installed, and used
without the need for expensive licensing fees.
6. Linux’s robust performance and scalability have made it the preferred choice for server
environments, data centers, and supercomputers.

7. One of the primary advantages of Linux is that it’s constantly being reshaped and
developed to create new products that meet emerging needs.
Installation Procedure of Linux (UBUNTU)
 1.Ubuntu free online Linux server( Google)
 2. Add to chrome and enable extension
 3.Click the extension and enable the online server
 4.Run Ubuntu OS
 5.Click to continue once installed
 6. Once the window is installed, now you can start entering the commands.
 7. In search ( Open terminal) and start executing.

Commands of Linux operating system:

1. Ls: This command is used to list the files and directories in the current working directory.
2. Pwd: it is used to print the current working directory on your terminal
3. Mkdir: used to create a new directory under any directory( mkdir <name of new directory>)
4. Rmdir: used to delete the directory(rmdir < directory name>)
5. Cd: used to change the directory( cd <directory name>)
6. Touch: used to create the empty files (touch<emptyfilename.txt>)
7. Cat: used to create a file and display the content of file(cat>emptyfilename.txt)
8. Rm: remove the file( rm <filename>)
9. Copy: used to copy the file or directory(cp<existing file><newfile>)
10. Head: this is used to display the content of file.(head <filename>
11. Tail: used to display the last 10 lines of the file content(tail<filename>)
12. Tac: used to display the lines in reverse order(tac<filename>)
13. Date: used to display date, time,timezone and more
14. Cal: used to display the current month calendar(cal<)
15. Time: used to display the time
16. Exit: used to exist the operating system
17. Clear: used to clear the terminal screen
18. Whoami: represents the current user name
19. Sort: used to sort the files in order
20. Df: it is used to get the details of the file system (df –h)