PHY 125 Human Eye Aberration 2021 Zoompresentation

PHY 125
HUMAN EYE & ABERRATION
By:
Yusuf K.A.
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Content:
ü Introduction
ü Parts of Human eye
ü Terms that relate to human eye
ü Defects of the eye and their correction.
ü Defects of Lens:
§ Spherical and Chromatic Aberration.
§ Correction of aberrations.
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Human beings are distinct and unique in their creation and nature.
This is because of the special features that they possessed. e.g.
eye etc.
Among the beautiful work of nature on us is the fact that we can

see, appreciate our environment and take quick precautionary
measures when need arises. The Human eye is so richly endowed
with parts that aids the vision.
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Parts of Human eye:
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1) Crystalline lens: This is the biconvex lens held in place by ligaments whose thickness can be varied, thereby
having a variable focal lengths for focusing rays from objects at different positions from the eye. It has an
average index of 1.437
2) Retina: is light sensitive cells at the back of the pupil, where light from object is focused to produce the final
image.
3) Iris: Coloured ring around the pupil.
4) Pupil: is the opening that controls the amount of light that enters the eye (Its wider in the night to allow more
light rays)
5) Optic nerves: this transmits information on the retina to the brain.
6) Cornea: a tough, transparent membrane that protects the eye
7) Aqueous Humour: this is the weak salt solution responsible for cleaning the eye found behind the cornea
and with refractive index of 1.336
8) Vitreous Humour: thin jelly like substance found behind the lens with refractive index of 1.336.
responsible for keeping the eye in shape and reducing the dispersion by the lens.
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Some termS that relate to the human eye:
a. Accommodation: is is the term that describe the ability of human eye to focus objects at different
distances.
b. Far point: The most distant point object the eye can focus
c. Far distance: the distance of the far point from the eye is infinity from a normal
human eye.
d. Near point: the closest point of an object that the eye can focus
e. Near distance: the least distance of distinct vision (LDDV) from human eye is about
25 cm.
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DEFECTS OF THE EYE.
1. Shortsightedness (Myopia): This the defect of the eye in which the near point ( distant) objects are seen
clearly whereas far objects are not clearly seen. This is due to the eye lens being too long ( even a small
elongation is enough to produce Myopia) or eye lens being too strong. focusing rays from infinity in front of
the retina.
Correction: This can be corrected by the use of diverging (Concave) lens.
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DEFECTS OF THE EYE.
2.Long sightedness ( Hypermetropia): this is a situation in which the far (distant) objects are
seen clearly while near objects are not clearly seen. This is due to the eye lens not
sufficiently convergent, thereby focusing rays from object at 25 cm away from at the back of
the retina.
Correction: this defect can be corrected by the use of suitable converging lens (spectacle)
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DEFECTS OF THE EYE.
3.Presbyopia: this is the lack of accommodation in old age due to the hardening of the eye lens.
This is the defect in which the near distance increases and the far distance increases.
Correction: Use of suitable bifocal spectacle.
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DEFECTS OF THE EYE.
4.Astigmatism: This is a more complicated eye defect due to some damages on the cornea making it
non- symmetrical. It is caused by deviation from the spherical curvature resulting in
distorted images, as light rays are not allowed to meet at a common focus.
Correction: Use of glasses, contact lenses or laser eye surgery.
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DEFECTS OF THE EYE.
Astigmatism (Contn.)
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DEFFECTS OF LENS
A. SPHERICAL ABERRATION:
This is the defect of lens due to the geometry of the lens, whereby widely spaced beam of light falling on a
lens and rays farther away from the principal axis are brought to focus at point closer to the lens than those
rays closer to the principal axis. As shown in fig.(a) below.
To eliminate the spherical aberration of a lens, a opaque disc small hole at the centre is placed infront of
the lens to allow only the narrow par axial beam to be incident on the lens. This method also reduces the
brightness of the image. Spherical aberration can also be corrected by using the two plano-convex lenses,
where the deviation of light is shared equally between the lenses. The distance between the lenses must be
equal to the differences of their focal length in order to reduce the defect. Other method is using Parabolic
surface lens / mirror.
Fig.(a). Spherical aberration 13

DEFFECTS OF LENS
A. CHROMATIC ABERRATION:
This is the defect of the lens due to diffusive property of the lens material varying the refractive indices of
the lenses with the wavelength of different components of light called dispersion. This causes the different
spectrum of white light incident on lens to be focus at different points after refraction through lens. ( as
shown in the diagram below).
Fig.(b).Chromatic aberration. 14
DEFFECTS OF LENS
CORRECTION:
This defect can be corrected by the use of combination of biconvex and biconcave lenses of different
type of glass materials, refractive index and dispersion together.
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DEFFECTS OF LENS
orrection of Chromatic aberration contn.

C
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PHY 125

HUMAN EYE & ABERRATION

Among the beautiful work of nature on us is the fact that we can

Fig.(a). Spherical aberration 13

orrection of Chromatic aberration contn.

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