Human Exchange System

Life Sciences Grade 11 CAPS
Gas Exchange
Gas Transport In Humans
1
Summary Of Presentation
Gas Exchange At Lungs
Transport Of Oxygen
Gas Exchange At Tissues
Transport Of Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen Availability At High Altitudes

2
Gas Exchange At The Lungs
• At This Point Inhalation Has Occurred.
• Air Rich In Oxygen Is Now In The Alveoli.
• The Air Now Has To Enter The Blood Capillaries

And Then Be Transported To The Cells.
• Therefore We Shall Now Look At The Gas

Exchange At Lung Level And Then The
Movement Of Oxygen To The Cells.
3
Gas Exchange At The Lungs
• The Diagram Below Shows Us The Events That
Occur During Gas Exchange At The Lungs.
Gaseous Exchange At The Alveoli 4

What Happens During Gas Exchange
At The Lungs?
1. Blood Arriving At The Lung Is Rich In Carbon
Dioxide.
2. This Is So Because The Blood Is Coming From
The Cells Where Cellular Respiration Has
Occurred And Large Amounts Of Carbon
Dioxide Were Produced.
3. The Branches Of The Pulmonary Artery Form
The Capillaries That Carry This Deoxygenated
Blood.
4. Inside The Alveoli There Is A Large Amount Of
Oxygen And Very Little Carbon Dioxide.
5
At The Lungs?
5. This Means That There Is A Region Of High
Concentration Of Carbon Dioxide In The Capillaries
Around The Alveoli And A Region Of Low
Concentration Of Carbon Dioxide Within The Alveoli.
6. Therefore Carbon Dioxide Moves From The Capillaries
Into The Alveoli By Diffusion.
7. The Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Diffuses Through The
Walls Of The Capillaries And The Squamous Epithelial
Lining Of The Alveoli.
8. At This Point There Is A High Concentration Of Oxygen
In The Alveoli And A Low Concentration Of Oxygen In
The Blood Capillaries Around The Alveoli.
6
At The Lungs?
9. The Oxygen Dissolves In The Thin Film Of
Water Lining The Alveoli.
10.The Oxygen Then Diffuses Through The
Squamous Epithelial Lining Of Alveoli And
Through The Endothelium Of The Blood
Capillary.
11.The Blood In The Capillary Now Has A High
Concentration Of Oxygen.
12.The Capillary Now Carries The Oxygenated
Blood To The Cells.
7
Transport Of Oxygen
• The Oxygen Is Now In The Blood Capillaries.
• Most Of The Oxygen Combines With The
Haemoglobin To Form Oxyhaemoglobin.
• A Small Amount Of Oxygen Is Goes Into

Solution In The Blood Plasma.
• The Oxygen Is Therefore Transported As

Oxyhaemoglobin And In Solution To The Heart
And From There To The Rest Of The Body.
8
Formation Of Oxyhaemoglobin
9
Gas Exchange At The Tissues
1. Now The Oxygenated Blood Has
Arrived At The Tissues.
2. The Oxyhaemoglobin Breaks Up Into
Oxygen And Haemoglobin.
3. The Capillaries Have A High
Concentration Of Oxygen And A Low
Concentration Of Carbon Dioxide.
10
4. While The Cells Have A High
Concentration Of Carbon Dioxide And A
Low Concentration Of Oxygen.
5. The Oxygen Therefore Diffuses Through
The Endothelial Wall Of The Capillary
And Into The Tissue Fluid.
6. From The Tissue Fluid The Oxygen
Diffuses Into The Cells.
11
7. The Carbon Dioxide Moves In The
Opposite Direction.
8. The Carbon Dioxide Diffuses Out Of The
Cell And Through The Endothelial Wall
Of The Capillaries Into The Capillaries.
9. The Blood In The Capillaries Now Has A
High Concentration Of Carbon Dioxide.
10.The Capillaries Now Have Deoxygenated
Blood. 12
Transport Of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide Is Transported In 3 Ways
Through The Human Body.
The 3 Ways Are:
a. Some Carbon Dioxide Combines With
Haemoglobin To Form Carbhaemoglobin.
b. Most Of The Carbon Dioxide Reacts With
Water In The Blood Plasma To Form Carbonic
Acid, Which Then Turns Into Bicarbonate Ions.
c. Some Of The Carbon Dioxide Dissolves In
Blood Plasma. 13
Activity
Activity 2.4.9.
Prescribed Textbook
The Gas Exchange And Transport
Marks 12
Pg 227 And 228
14
Availability Of Oxygen At High
Altitudes
• As The Altitude Increases The Air Becomes Less
Dense.
• This Means That There Is Less Oxygen At Higher
Altitudes.
• Research Has Shown That People Who Live At High
Altitudes Breathe More Deeply And Quickly.
• They Also Have More Red Blood Cells.
• This Increases Their Oxygen Carrying Capacity.
• People That Move To High Altitudes After Living At
Low Altitudes Are Able To Adapt Because The
Body Is Able To Produce More Red Blood Cells.
15
Availability Of Oxygen At High
Altitudes
• This Information Is Used By Athletes Who
Compete At High Altitude.
• They Live And Practice At High Altitude For A
Short While Before The Competition.
• The Extra Red Blood Cells Enables Their Bodies
To Absorb More Oxygen.
• Therefore More Cellular Respiration Occurs.
• This Results In More Energy Being Released.
16
Activity
Activity 2.4.10.
Prescribed Textbook
Oxygen At High Altitudes
Marks 22
Pg 229 And 230
17

Human Exchange System

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Life Sciences Grade 11 CAPS

Gas Exchange At Tissues

Transport Of Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen Availability At High Altitudes

• Air Rich In Oxygen Is Now In The Alveoli.

• The Air Now Has To Enter The Blood Capillaries

• Therefore We Shall Now Look At The Gas

Gaseous Exchange At The Alveoli 4

• A Small Amount Of Oxygen Is Goes Into

• The Oxygen Is Therefore Transported As

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