Course Code:ET24CS108U Problem Solving & Programming – I Lab

Course Objectives:
This course helps in gaining foundational programming skills in Python, covering algorithm design, flowcharts,
debugging, conditional and looping constructs, data structures, functions, object-oriented programming, file
handling, and apply them to develop a comprehensive project.

Course Outcomes:
CO1 Able to design and implement algorithms and flowcharts for problems.
CO2 Acquire skills to write and debug Python programs, addressing common issues such as indentation errors.
CO3 Effectively use conditional statements and loops in Python to solve problems
CO4 Manage and manipulate various data structures like strings, sets, lists, tuples, and dictionaries.
CO5 Apply advanced programming concepts and demonstrate their understanding through a comprehensive mini
project.

List of Experiments:
01 Write an algorithm and flowchart for following problems
1.1. Write algorithm and make flowchart to find whether the given natural number n is a prime number or
not.
1.2. Determine if a given number is a Palindrome or not, write algorithm and make flowchart too.
1.3. Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous two terms by starting with 1 and 2, the first
10 terms will be: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, .. write algorithm and make flowchart too.
02 Write program for following problems using basic python
2.1 purposefully raise Indentation Error and Correct it
2.2 Write a program to compute distance between two points taking input from the user (Pythagorean
Theorem)
03 Write a program for following problem using Conditional statements
3.1 Write a program to find largest of three numbers using ‘if statement’.
3.2 Write a program to find given number ‘n’ is even or odd using ‘if else statement’.
3.3 Write a program to test whether the number input by user is positive or negative, and if number is
positive, whether it is even or odd using nested if statements.
3.4 Write a program to print name of day of week when we are given day of week as number (0 for Sunday,
1 for Monday,….., 6 for Saturday).
04 Write program for following problems using Looping statements
4.1 Write a program to find factorial of a whole number ‘n’ using ‘for loop’.
4.2 Write a program to find sum of digits of a natural number using ‘while loop’.
4.3 Write a program to print following pattern using ‘nested for loops’.
1
22
333
4444
55555
4.4 Write a program to illustrate the difference between between ‘break’ and ‘continue’
statements program uses for loop with range (1,11), i.e., list [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
05 Write program for following problems using strings
5.1 Write a program that reads a word in lowercase and capitalize its alternate letters; For example, it should
print passion as PaSsIoN and radar as RaDaR.
5.2 Write a program that reads a line of text and a word, and prints the number of time given word occurs
(appears) in the line of text.
06 Write program for following problems on sets and lists
6.1 Write a program to illustrate operation on sets (Union, Intersection, difference and comparing)
6.2 Write a program to find the mean(average) of given list. Program should give output the mean rounded
to two decimal digits.
6.3 Write a program to count the frequency of each element in a given list.
 07 Write program for following problems on tuples and dictionaries
7.1 Write a program that takes a number as input and prints it in word. For example, if the input number
2370, it should print “Two Three Seven Zero”.
7.2 Write a program that builds a dictionary of months of a year and prints the days in a month for the month
name given as input.
08 Write program for following problems on Functions
8.1 Write a function to find Highest Common Factor (HCF), also known as Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
of two positive integers m and n.
8.2 Write a function, say int IsPrime(int n) that returns the value 1 if integer argument n represents a prime
number else returns value 0.Use this function in a program to print all three digit prime numbers.
09 Write program for following problems on classes and objects
9.1 Write a program to simulate banking operation with class.
9.2 An employer plans to pay a bonus to all employees as per the following policy:

Earning Bonus
Upto Rs. 1,00,000/- Nil
From Rs. 1,00,001/- to Rs.2,00,00/- Rs.1000 + 10% of the excess over Rs. 1,00,000/-

From Rs. 2,00,001/- to Rs.3,00,000/- Rs.2000 + 20% of the excess over Rs. 2,00,000/-
The input contains the name and earnings of an employee and the desired output is the name and
bonus to be paid to the employee.
Above Rs.3,00,000/- Rs.4000 + 30% of the excess over Rs. 2,00,000/-
Create a class to represent an employee. It should include the following:
Data members:
Name
Earning
Bonus
Member Functions:
To input data
To compute bonus
To output the desired information
Using this class, write a program to accomplish the intended task
10 Write a python program for File handling methods
10.1 To open a file and print its attributes.
10.2 To create a file and then read its contents and display them on the computer screen.
11 Mini Project based on the concepts covered in the syllabus

Text Book:
01 Y.Daniel Liang, “Introduction to Python Programming and Data Structures”, Third Edition, Pearson, 2024.

Reference Books:
01 Dr.R Nageswara Rao, “Core Python Programming”, Third Edition, Dreamtech Press, 2024.
02 Ashok Namdev Kamthane, Amit Ashok Kamthane, “Programming and Problem Solving with Python”, Second
Edition, TMH, 2020.
03 Paul J. Deitel, Harvey Deitel, “Python for Programmers”, 4th Impression, Pearson India Education, 2022.
04 Cay S. Horstmann, Rance D. Necaise, “Python For Everyone”, 3rd Edition, Wiley India, 2024
05 Kenneth A.Labert, “Fundamentals of Python: First Programs with MindTap, Cengage, 2024.

Web References:
01 https://www.udemy.com/course/python-programming-projects/?couponCode=IND21PM
Alternative NPTEL/SWAYAM Course:
01 Programming in Python
https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/cec24_cs11/preview
01. Write an algorithm and flowchart for following problems
1.1. Write algorithm and make flowchart to find whether the given natural number n is a prime
number or not.

program def is_prime(n):

if n <= 1:
return False
for i in range(2, n):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True

number = 20 # Change this to check other numbers

if is_prime(number):
print(f"{number} is a prime number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is not a prime number.")
Output 20 is not a prime number.

1.2. Determine if a given number is a Palindrome / not, write algorithm and make flowchart too.
program num = 12
temp = num
reverse = 0
while temp > 0:
remainder = temp % 10
print(remainder)
reverse = (reverse * 10) + remainder
temp = temp // 10
if num == reverse:
print('Palindrome')
else:
print("Not Palindrome")
Output Not Palindrome
1.3. Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous two terms by starting with 1 and 2,
the first 10 terms will be: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, .. write algorithm and make flowchart
too.

program # Function to generate Fibonacci sequence

def fibonacci_sequence(terms):
first = 1
second = 2
count = 0

# Print the first two terms

print(first)
print(second)

while count < (terms - 2):

next_term = first + second
print(next_term)
first = second
second = next_term
count += 1

# Generate the first 10 terms

fibonacci_sequence(10)
Output 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89

02. Write program for following problems using basic python

2.1 purposefully raise Indentation Error and Correct it
An IndentationError occurs in Python when there is an incorrect level of indentation. Below is an
example of code that will raise an indentation error:

program def greet(name):

print("Hello,", name)
print("Welcome to the programming world!") # This line has incorrect
indentation
# Example usage
greet("Alice")
Error When you run this code, you will see an error similar to the following:
Output File "script.py", line 3
print("Welcome to the programming world!") # This line has incorrect
indentation
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent

Explanation of the Indentation Error

In the code above, the second print statement has an extra space before it, causing it to be
incorrectly indented. In Python, consistent indentation is crucial because it defines the scope of
loops, functions, and conditionals.

Correcting the Indentation Error

To fix the indentation error, ensure that the indentation levels are consistent. Here’s the
corrected code:

program def greet(name):

print("Hello,", name)
print("Welcome to the programming world!") # Corrected indentation
# Example usage
greet("Alice")
Error Hello, Alice
Output Welcome to the programming world!

Explanation of the Correction

1. Consistent Indentation: Both print statements are now indented with the same number of
spaces (typically 4 spaces is standard in Python).
2. Functionality: The corrected code will run without any errors.
Expected Output After Correction
When you run the corrected code, the output will be:

2.2 Write a program to compute distance between two points taking input from the user
(Pythagorean Theorem)

program import math

# Get coordinates from the user
x1 = float(input("Enter x1 coordinate of point 1: "))
y1 = float(input("Enter y1 coordinate of point 1: "))
x2 = float(input("Enter x2 coordinate of point 2: "))
y2 = float(input("Enter y2 coordinate of point 2: "))

# Calculate distance using the Pythagorean theorem

distance = math.sqrt((x2 - x1) ** 2 + (y2 - y1) ** 2)

# Display the result

print(f"The distance between point 1({x1}, {y1}) and point 2({x2}, {y2}) is:
{distance}")
Output Enter x1 coordinate of point 1: 1
Enter y1 coordinate of point 1: 2
Enter x2 coordinate of point 2: 3
Enter y2 coordinate of point 2: 4
The distance between point 1(1.0, 2.0) and point 2(3.0, 4.0) is:
2.8284271247461903
03. Write a program for following problem using Conditional statements
3.1 Write a program to find largest of three numbers using ‘if statement’
program #to find largest of 3 numbers using "if statement"
a = int(input("Enter a: "))
b = int(input("Enter b: "))
c = int(input("Enter c: "))
if a > b and a > c:
print(a, "is the largest")
elif b > a and b > c:
print(b, "is the largest")
else:
print(c, "is the largest")
Output Enter a: 3
Enter b: 1
Enter c: 2
3 is the largest

3.2 Write a program to find given number ‘n’ is even or odd using ‘if else statement’.
program n=int(input("enter n:"))
if n%2==0:
print(n,"is even number")
else:
print(n,"is odd number")
Output enter n: 5
5 is odd number

3.3 Write a program to test whether the number input by user is positive or negative, and if
number is positive, whether it is even or odd using nested if statements.

program number = float(input("Enter a number: "))

# Check if the number is positive or negative
if number >= 0:
print(f"{number} is a positive number.")
# Nested if to check if the positive number is even or odd
if number % 2 == 0:
print(f"{number} is an even number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is an odd number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is a negative number.")
Output Enter a number: 10
10.0 is a positive number.
10.0 is an even number.
3.4 Write a program to print name of day of week when we are given day of week as number (0
for Sunday, 1 for Monday,….., 6 for Saturday).

program day_number = int(input("Enter day number (0-6): "))

# Loop to match the number with the day name
if day_number == 0:
print("Sunday")
elif day_number == 1:
print("Monday")
elif day_number == 2:
print("Tuesday")
elif day_number == 3:
print("Wednesday")
elif day_number == 4:
print("Thursday")
elif day_number == 5:
print("Friday")
elif day_number == 6:
print("Saturday")
else:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a number between 0 and 6.")
Output Enter day number (0-6): 4
Thursday

04. Write program for following problems using Looping statements

4.1 Write a program to find factorial of a whole number ‘n’ using ‘for loop’.
program # Input a whole number
n = int(input("Enter a whole number: "))
# Initialize the factorial value to 1
factorial = 1
# Calculate factorial using for loop
if n >= 0:
for i in range(1, n + 1):
factorial *= i
print("Factorial of", n, "is", factorial)
else:
print("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.")
Output Enter a whole number: 5
Factorial of 5 is 120
4.2 Write a program to find sum of digits of a natural number using ‘while loop’
program # Input from the user
number = int(input("Enter a natural number: "))
# Initialize sum to 0
sum_digits = 0
# Process each digit using while loop
while number > 0:
digit = number % 10 # Get the last digit
sum_digits += digit # Add the digit to the sum
number = number // 10 # Remove the last digit
# Output the result
print("The sum of the digits is:", sum_digits)
Output Enter a natural number: 121
The sum of the digits is: 4

4.3 Write a program to print following pattern using ‘nested for loops’.
program n = 4 # Number of rows
for i in range(1, n + 1):
for j in range(i):
print(i, end=" ")
print()
Output 1
22
333
4444

4.4 Write a program to illustrate the difference between between ‘break’ and ‘continue’
statements program uses for loop with range (1,11), i.e., list [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

program print("Using break:")

for i in range(1, 11):
if i == 6:
break # Terminates the loop when i is 6
print(i, end=" ")
print("\n") # Move to the next line

print("Using continue:")
for i in range(1, 11):
if i == 6:
continue # Skips the iteration when i is 6, but continues the loop
print(i, end=" ")
print() # To end the line
Output Using break: 1 2 3 4 5
Using continue: 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
05 Write program for following problems using strings
5.1 Write a program that reads a word in lowercase and capitalize its alternate letters; For
example, it should print passion as PaSsIoN and radar as RaDaR.

program # Read a word from the user

word = input("Enter a word in lowercase: ")
# Initialize an empty string to store the result
result = ""
# Loop through the word and capitalize alternate letters
for index, letter in enumerate(word):
if index % 2 == 0:
result += letter.upper() # Capitalize the letter if the index is even
else:
result += letter.lower() # Keep the letter lowercase if the index is odd

print("Capitalized alternate letters:", result)

Output Enter a word in lowercase: passion
Capitalized alternate letters: PaSsIoN
Enter the word to count its occurrences: this
The word 'this' appears 1 time(s) in the given text.

5.2 Write a program that reads a line of text and a word, and prints the number of time given
word occurs (appears) in the line of text.

program # Read a line of text from the user

text = input("Enter a line of text: ")
word = input("Enter the word to count its occurrences: ")
# Count occurrences of the word in the text
word_count = text.lower().split().count(word.lower()) # Case insensitive count
print(f"The word '{word}' appears {word_count} time(s) in the given text.")
Output Enter a line of text: this is a new line
Enter the word to count its occurrences: this
The word 'this' appears 1 time(s) in the given text.

06. Write program for following problems on sets and lists

6.1 Write a program to illustrate operation on sets (Union, Intersection, difference and
comparing)

program # Define two sets

set_a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
set_b = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

# 1. Union
union_set = set_a.union(set_b) # or set_a | set_b
print("Union:", union_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
 # 2. Intersection
intersection_set = set_a.intersection(set_b) # or set_a & set_b
print("Intersection:", intersection_set) # Output: {4, 5}

# 3. Difference
difference_set = set_a.difference(set_b) # or set_a - set_b
print("Difference (A - B):", difference_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3}

# 4. Symmetric Difference
symmetric_difference_set = set_a.symmetric_difference(set_b) # or set_a ^ set_b
print("Symmetric Difference:", symmetric_difference_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 6, 7,
8}

# 5. Subset
is_subset = set_a.issubset(set_b) # Check if A is a subset of B
print("Is A a subset of B?", is_subset) # Output: False

# 6. Superset
is_superset = set_a.issuperset({4, 5}) # Check if A is a superset of {4, 5}
print("Is A a superset of {4, 5}?", is_superset) # Output: True

# 7. Adding Elements
set_a.add(9)
print("Set A after adding 9:", set_a) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9}

# 8. Removing Elements
set_b.remove(8) # Raises KeyError if 8 is not present
print("Set B after removing 8:", set_b) # Output: {4, 5, 6, 7}

# 9. Clearing a Set
set_a.clear() # Removes all elements from set A
print("Set A after clearing:", set_a) # Output: set()
Output Union: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Intersection: {4, 5}
Difference (A - B): {1, 2, 3}
Symmetric Difference: {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8}
Is A a subset of B? False
Is A a superset of {4, 5}? True
Set A after adding 9: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9}
Set B after removing 8: {4, 5, 6, 7}
Set A after clearing: set()

6.2 Write a program to find the mean(average) of given list. Program should give output the
mean rounded to two decimal digits.
 program from statistics import mean
lst = [1.1111, 2.2222, 3.3333, 4.4444, 5.5555, 6.6666]
list_avg = mean(lst)
print("Average value of the list:\n", list_avg)
print("Average value of the list with precision upto 3 decimal value:\n",
round(list_avg,2))
Output Average value of the list: 3.88885
Average value of the list with precision upto 3 decimal value: 3.89

6.3 Write a program to count the frequency of each element in a given list.
program # initializing the list
random_list = ['A', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'B', 'D', 'D', 'A', 'B']
frequency = {}

# iterating over the list

for item in random_list:
# checking the element in dictionary
if item in frequency:
# incrementing the counter
frequency[item] += 1
else:
# initializing the count
frequency[item] = 1

# printing the frequency

print(frequency)
Output {'A': 3, 'B': 3, 'C': 1, 'D': 2}

07. Write program for following problems on tuples and dictionaries

7.1 Write a program that takes a number as input and prints it in word. For example, if the input
number 2370, it should print “Two Three Seven Zero”.

program def printValue(digit):

if digit == '0':
print("Zero ", end = " ")
elif digit == '1':
print("One ", end = " ")
elif digit == '2':
print("Two ", end = " ")
elif digit=='3':
print("Three",end=" ")
elif digit == '4':
print("Four ", end = " ")
elif digit == '5':
print("Five ", end = " ")
 elif digit == '6':
print("Six ", end = " ")
elif digit == '7':
print("Seven", end = " ")
elif digit == '8':
print("Eight", end = " ")
elif digit == '9':
print("Nine ", end = " ")

# Function to iterate through every

# digit in the given number
def printWord(N):
i=0
length = len(N)
# Finding each digit of the number
while i < length:
# Print the digit in words
printValue(N[i])
i += 1

# Driver code
N = "2370"
printWord(N)
Output Two Three Seven Zero

7.2 Write a program that builds a dictionary of months of a year and prints the days in a month
for the month name given as input.

program # Dictionary of months and their corresponding number of days

# Note: ignoring leap years for simplicity
months = {
"January": 31, "February": 28, "March": 31,
"April": 30, "May": 31, "June": 30,
"July": 31, "August": 31, "September": 30,
"October": 31, "November": 30, "December": 31
}

# Get month name input from the user

month_name = input("Enter the name of a month: ").strip()
# Check if the month exists in the dictionary and print the days
if month_name in months:
print(f"The month of {month_name} has {months[month_name]} days.")
else:
print("Invalid month name. Please enter a valid month (e.g., January, February,
etc.).")
Output Enter the name of a month: August
 The month of August has 31 days.

08. Write program for following problems on Functions

8.1 Write a function to find Highest Common Factor (HCF), also known as Greatest Common
Divisor (GCD) of two positive integers m and n.

program x = 54
y = 24

if x > y:
smaller = y
else:
smaller = x
for i in range(1, smaller+1):
if((x % i == 0) and (y % i == 0)):
hcf = i
print("The H.C.F. is", hcf)
Output The H.C.F. is 6

8.2 Write a function, say int IsPrime(int n) that returns the value 1 if integer argument n
represents a prime number else returns value 0.Use this function in a program to print all three
digit prime numbers.

program def is_prime(n):

if n <= 1: # 0 and 1 are not prime numbers
return 0
for i in range(2, int(n**0.5) + 1): # Check for factors from 2 to √n
if n % i == 0: # If n is divisible by i, it's not prime
return 0
return 1 # n is prime

def print_three_digit_primes():
"""
Print all three-digit prime numbers.
"""
print("Three-digit prime numbers:")
for num in range(100, 1000): # Iterate through all three-digit numbers
if is_prime(num): # Check if the number is prime
print(num, end=' ') # Print the prime number

# Run the function to print three-digit primes

print_three_digit_primes()
Output 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193
197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307
 311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 419 421
431 433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499 503 509 521 523 541 547
557 563 569 571 577 587 593 599 601 607 613 617 619 631 641 643 647 653 659
661 673 677 683 691 701 709 719 727 733 739 743 751 757 761 769 773 787 797
809 811 821 823 827 829 839 853 857 859 863 877 881 883 887 907 911 919 929
937 941 947 953 967 971 977 983 991 997

09. Write program for following problems on classes and objects

program class Car:

def __init__(self, brand, model, year):
"""Initialize the car's attributes."""
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
self.year = year

def abcd(self):
"""Make the car honk."""
return "Car Details"

def display_info(self):
"""Display the car's information."""
print(f"Car Brand: {self.brand}")
print(f"Car Model: {self.model}")
print(f"Car Year: {self.year}")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Create a Car object
my_car = Car("Honda City", "Mahindra", 2020)

# Call methods on the Car object

print(my_car.abcd()) # Output: Honk! Honk!
my_car.display_info() # Display car details
Output Car Details
Car Brand: Honda City
Car Model: Mahindra
Car Year: 2020

9.1 Write a program to simulate banking operation with class.

program class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, account_holder):
self.account_holder = account_holder
self.balance = 0.0
 def deposit(self, amount):
"""Deposit money into the account."""
self.balance += amount
print(f"Deposited: ${amount:.2f}. New balance: ${self.balance:.2f}")

def withdraw(self, amount):

"""Withdraw money from the account if sufficient balance."""
if amount <= self.balance:
self.balance -= amount
print(f"Withdrew: ${amount:.2f}. New balance: ${self.balance:.2f}")
else:
print("Insufficient funds!")

def get_balance(self):
"""Return the current balance."""
return self.balance

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Create a bank account object
account = BankAccount("Prasad")

# Perform operations
account.deposit(1000)
account.withdraw(300)
print(f"Account balance: ${account.get_balance():.2f}")
Output Deposited: $1000.00. New balance: $1000.00
Withdrew: $300.00. New balance: $700.00
Account balance: $700.00

9.2 An employer plans to pay a bonus to all employees as per the following policy:
program
Output

10 . Write a python program for File handling methods

10.1 To open a file and print its attributes.

File a.py
Name
program import os
import time

def print_file_attributes(filename):
"""Print the attributes of the specified file."""
 if os.path.exists(filename):
# Get file size
file_size = os.path.getsize(filename)

# Get file modification time

modification_time = os.path.getmtime(filename)

# Get file creation time

creation_time = os.path.getctime(filename)

# Get file permissions

file_permissions = os.stat(filename).st_mode

print(f"File: {filename}")
print(f"Size: {file_size} bytes")
print(f"Created: {time.ctime(creation_time)}")
print(f"Last Modified: {time.ctime(modification_time)}")
print(f"Permissions: {oct(file_permissions)}")
# Convert to octal for better readability
else:
print(f"The file '{filename}' does not exist.")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Specify the filename
filename = 'example.txt' # Change this to the file you want to check

# Call the function to print file attributes

print_file_attributes(filename)
Run python a.py
Output File: example.txt
Size: 68 bytes
Created: Tue Oct 29 10:59:56 2024
Last Modified: Tue Oct 29 11:01:38 2024
Permissions: 0o100666

10.2 To create a file and then read its contents and display them on the computer screen.
File a.py
Name
program # Function to create a file and write content to it
def create_file(filename, content):
with open(filename, 'w') as file: # Open file in write mode
file.write(content) # Write content to the file
print(f"File '{filename}' created and content written.")
 # Function to read the contents of a file
def read_file(filename):
with open(filename, 'r') as file: # Open file in read mode
contents = file.read() # Read the entire file
return contents

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Specify the filename and content
filename = 'example.txt'
content = "Hello, this is a sample text file.\nWelcome to Python file handling."

# Create a file and write content

create_file(filename, content)

# Read the file and display its contents

file_contents = read_file(filename)
print("\nContents of the file:")
print(file_contents)
Run python a.py
Output File 'example.txt' created and content written.
Contents of the file:
Hello, this is a sample text file.
Welcome to Python file handling.