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A short version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S)

Article in Personality and Individual Differences · October 2005

DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.029

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 Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
www.elsevier.com/locate/paid

A Short version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S)

Manuel I. Ibáñez, Marı́a A. Ruipérez, Jorge Moya,
Marı́a J. Marqués, Generós Ortet *
Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castello, Spain

Received 17 June 2004; accepted 24 February 2005

Available online 29 June 2005

Abstract

A Short 25-item version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) was devised from the long form of the
questionnaire (Marqués, Ibáñez, Ruipérez, Moya, & Ortet, this issue). The results showed that the SRI-S
presents sound internal consistency reliability and high correlations with the scales of the long version of
the inventory. The SRI-S was also related to the dimensions of personality extraversion, emotional stability
and impulse control.
Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Short Self-Regulation Inventory; SRI-S; EPQ-R; Coping; Personality; Health

1. Introduction

Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck (1995) proposed a self-regulation construct that refers to

autonomy, emotional independence and the ability to actively regulate oneÕs own life in order
to achieve oneÕs needs and aims, and to engage in appropriate health-seeking behaviour. This
health-prone or coping dimension is related to the vulnerability to develop diseases in healthy peo-
ple and the progress of physical diseases in patients (see Grossarth-Maticek, Eysenck, & Boyle,
2000). These authors constructed a 105-item Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI) using items based

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 964 72 9687; fax: +34 964 72 9267.
E-mail address: ortet@psb.uji.es (G. Ortet).

0191-8869/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.029
1056 M.I. Ibáñez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059

on those that had previously proved useful in predicting good or poor health in healthy individ-
uals, and in patients with cancer, heart disease or other illnesses.
As described in our companion article (Marqués et al., this issue), the 72-item Spanish version
of the SRI showed that five correlated factors appeared as the most robust internal structure for
this instrument. These factors were labelled positive actions (solving problems and facilitating
happiness), controllability (internal control attributions), expression of feelings and needs (identi-
fication and expression of needs, wishes and feelings), assertiveness (autonomy and self-confi-
dence), and well-being seeking (satisfaction with oneself and others). The SRI also presented
satisfactory reliability indices and, as expected, self-regulation was related to a personality profile
characterised by emotional stability (low neuroticism), extraversion and impulse control (low
psychoticism).
The design of shortened versions of questionnaires is fairly widespread in psychological re-
search for application purposes. A reliable and valid short version of an inventory allows the
assessment of different relevant variables in what is usually a limited period of testing (see Francis
& Jackson, 2004). This is particularly true when the study is carried out with physically ill patients
in health-related studies (e.g. Curran, Andrykowski, & Studts, 1995). Therefore, the main aim of
this research is to present the development of a short version of the SRI.

2. Method

The participants and the measures are described in our companion article (Marqués et al., this
issue). In order to develop the shortened version of the SRI, five items for each one of its five fac-
tors were chosen. Two criteria were taken into account: the item should have a high loading on its
specific factor, and the loadings on the general SRI factor should be above 0.25. Thus, all the com-
ponents of the SRI were represented in the short version of the scale.

3. Results

A principal axis factoring analysis and direct oblimin rotation were carried out with the 25
selected items from the SRI. This common factor analysis explained 50.60% of the total variance.
Table 1 presents the loadings of the SRI-S items on the general self-regulation and on the specific
factors. The item number corresponds to its location on the long scale (see Table 1 in Marqués
et al., this issue).
Table 2 shows the alpha reliabilities and the correlation between the SRI-S with the SRI (long
form) and the EPQ-R scales. Means, standard deviations and the t-test mean comparisons be-
tween men and women in the SRI-S are presented in Table 3.

4. Discussion

The 25-item SRI-S was constructed as an alternative to the long questionnaire when it had to be
administered along with many other tests, when not much time was available or, in general, when
 M.I. Ibáñez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059 1057

Table 1
Factor loading of the 25-item SRI-S scale on the general self-regulation factor and the five specific factors
Item Self-regulation Factor 1: Factor 2: Factor 3: expression Factor 4: Factor 5:
(general factor) positive actions controllability of feelings and needs assertiveness well-being seeking
41 0.62 0.42
67 0.61 0.66
68 0.41 0.53
70 0.59 0.73
75 0.67 0.71
9 0.42 0.32
55 0.40 0.51
63 0.36 0.66
72 0.39 0.63
105 0.40 0.36
10 0.44 0.32
18 0.33 0.54
26 0.39 0.48
87 0.33 0.78
90 0.42 0.69
7 0.26 0.39
61 0.31 0.38
76 0.33 0.67
77 0.34 0.51
78 0.46 0.78
39 0.44 0.48
48 0.50 0.58
50 0.49 0.57
57 0.46 0.65
85 0.44 0.45
Note: Only loadings above 0.30 on the five specific factors are presented (the item number corresponds to its location on
the long scale).

the participants were patients. The SRI-S presented sound internal consistency reliability and high
correlations with the long scale total score and each one of its components. Furthermore, this
version showed the same profile of relationships with personality; that is to say, it was related
to extraversion, emotional stability and impulse control. We also found that women presented
higher expression of feelings and needs mean scores than men, but they obtained lower positive
actions and assertiveness scores than men in the SRI-S. Finally, it should be mentioned that other
approaches (e.g. Item Response Theory) for reducing the number of items of the SRI may be use-
ful in future studies.
One of the strongest values of the SRI is its reported predictive power in relation to health-ill-
ness (Grossarth-Maticek & Eysenck, 1991, 1995; Grossarth-Maticek et al., 2000). We have found
that the SRI and the SRI-S present sound psychometric properties in a sample of healthy partic-
ipants. However, future longitudinal prospective and intervention studies are required both in
1058 M.I. Ibáñez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059

Table 2
Alpha reliabilities (in brackets) and intercorrelations of the Short form of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) scales,
and correlations between the SRI-S and the SRI (long form) and EPQ-R scales
1 2 3 4 5 6
SRI-S
1. Positive actions-S (0.79)
2. Controllability-S 0.46* (0.68)
3. Expression of feelings and needs-S 0.31* 0.30* (0.72)
4. Assertiveness-S 0.31* 0.32* 0.27* (0.69)
5. Well-being seeking-S 0.44* 0.30* 0.28* 0.18* (0.70)
6. SRI-S total 0.73* 0.71* 0.67* 0.63* 0.61 (0.84)
SRI
7. Positive actions 0.90* 0.46* 0.40* 0.41* 0.55* 0.79*
8. Controllability 0.44* 0.89* 0.26* 0.33* 0.26* 0.66*
9. Expression of feelings and needs 0.24* 0.27* 0.92* 0.29* 0.27* 0.62*
10. Assertiveness 0.27* 0.33* 0.26* 0.92* 0.14 0.58*
11. Well-being seeking 0.39* 0.23* 0.31* 0.28* 0.79 0.57*
12. SRI total 0.70* 0.63* 0.60* 0.58* 0.67* 0.94*
EPQ-R
13. Psychoticism 0.01 0.19* 0.02 0.11 0.25* 0.11
14. Extraversion 0.33* 0.23* 0.44* 0.36* 0.20* 0.48*
15. Neuroticism 0.48* 0.54* 0.13 0.23* 0.22* 0.47*
16. L scale 0.16* 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.17* 0.01
*
p < 0.001.

Table 3
SRI-S means and standard deviations for men and women; and p values associated with gender (N = 559)
M SD
Positive actions Men 23.69 3.73 p < 0.001
Women 22.28 4.51
Controllability Men 21.08 4.86 ns
Women 20.50 4.87
Expression of feelings and needs Men 19.72 5.06 p < 0.01
Women 21.05 5.14
Assertiveness Men 22.22 4.29 p < 0.001
Women 20.48 4.82
Well-being seeking Men 23.72 4.20 ns
Women 23.98 3.53
SRI-S total Men 110.36 15.12 ns
Women 108.27 15.48

healthy participants and physically ill patients in order to establish the construct validity and util-
ity of the long and short forms of the SRI.
 M.I. Ibáñez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059 1059

Acknowledgments

This article was written during the sabbatical year (2004–2005) of Generos Ortet at the Depart-
ment of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University.

References

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