INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

REVOLT OF 1857- First War of Independence/Sepoy Mutiny

CAUSES
POLITICAL CAUSES (a)Doctrine of Lapse (expansionist policy):
➢ Introduced by Lord Dalhousie
➢ if there was no natural heir
➢ Then adopted son was not accepted as the heir to the throne.
➢ The state would be annexed to the British Empire.
➢ States of Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi were annexed on basis of
this expansionist policy of the British.
➢ The native rulers fearing annexation joined the revolt.

(b) Subsidiary Alliance (expansionist policy):

➢ Introduced by Lord Wellesley
➢ To accept British supremacy
➢ To maintain British troops
➢ To keep a British resident.

(c) Annexation of Awadh(expansionist policy):

➢ Awadh annexed by Lord Dalhousie
➢ On the pretext of misrule or maladministration or
misgovernance

(d) Disrespect of Bahadur Shah/ Policy towards the Mughals

➢ Lord Dalhousie announced that his successors were not
allowed to use Red Fort
➢ Lord Canning announced that his successors were not
Bahadur Shah Zafar allowed to use titles of emperor
the last Mughal Emperor
(e) Disrespect to Nana Sahib:
➢ Nana Sahib was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao.
➢ He was not accepted as the heir to the throne and was denied
the pension of 80, 000 pounds.

Nana Sahib (f) Disrespect of Rani Laxmibai:

➢ Rani Lakshmibai, The Rani of Jhansi
➢ Her adopted son was not accepted as the heir to the throne
under the Doctrine of Lapse
Rani
Laxmibai ➢ Jhansi was annexed.
of Jhansi

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 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

SOCIO-RELIGIOUS (a) Interference in the social customs/Social reforms introduced

CAUSES by the British:
➢ Ban on Sati
➢ Ban on Child Marriage
➢ Ban on Female Infanticide (killing of girl child)
➢ Introduction of Widow Remarriage

(b) Introduction/ Apprehensions of Modern Innovations:

➢ Introduced railways: orthodox Hindus were not happy for
different classes sitting together in common carriages.
Sati ➢ Introduction of telegraph poles: Indians thought they were
meant to hang those who went against the British..

(c) Activities of Missionary:

➢ conversion to Christianity
➢ inheritance of property not allowed if not converted

(d) Taxes on religious places like temples and Mosques

(e) Introduction of Western Education:

➢ Reduced the position of Pundits and Maulvis
MILITARY CAUSES (a) No promotions:
➢ Indian soldiers were not given promotion beyond position of
Subedar.

(b) Low Salaries:

➢ Indian soldiers were not given salaries equal to the British
counterpart of same position.

(c) General Service Enlistment Act:

➢ The new recruited Indian soldiers had to compulsory cross the
sea to serve the British lands
➢ This was considered a taboo by the Brahmans.

(d) No Extra Allowances:

➢ The soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) for
service.
➢ No postage services
➢ No newspaper

(e)Annexation of Awadh/Oudh:
➢ Thousands of soldiers resented this annexation.

(f) Ill treatment of Indian soldiers:

➢ Ill fed
➢ Ill housed

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 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

ECONOMIC (a) The handloom and cottage industry declined:

CAUSES ➢ Raw cotton and jute exported.
➢ Markets flooded with machine made goods.
Economic exploitation- ➢ The artisans lost their job.
was one of the major
causes for the revolt. (b) Unemployment:
➢ Kings lost their territories to the British due to expansionist
policies.
➢ Musicians, Artists of the king’s court thus lost patronage.
(c) Poverty:
➢ The farmers suffered great loss due to famines
➢ The British gave no help to them and thus they faced poverty.

(d) Drain of Wealth:

➢ The Company exported untold quantities of gold, jewels,
silver, silk, cotton, to England every year.
➢ They bought raw materials at cheap rates from India and sold
finished goods at high rates to India.
(e) Exploitation of farmers/Ill treatment to Indigo cultivators:
➢ High taxes on farmers.
➢ they had to pay high taxes even during famines
➢ In certain areas farmers were forced to switch from
subsistence farming to commercial crops such as indigo,
jute, coffee and tea.
➢ Forced to grow cash crops
➢ This resulted in hardship to the farmers and increases in
food prices.
Immediate cause ➢ Enfield Rifle was introduced
The introduction of ➢ Cartridge had to be bitten off before being loaded in a rifle.
Enfield Rifle ➢ It was rumored that the cartridges were greased with cow and
pig fat.
➢ Cow was sacred to Hindus and pig was a taboo to Muslims.
➢ This angered the Hindus and Muslims as it hurt their
religious sentiments.
➢ Mangal Pandey of Barrackpore was the first one who
revolted.
➢ He was arrested on 29th March 1857.
➢ He was hanged on 8th April, 1857.

Why is it First War of For the first time all sections of the society, came together to fight
Independence? against the British atrocities.

Results of 1857 Revolt a) Administrative/Political Changes

(headings) b) Queen’s Proclamation
c) End of Peshwas and the Mughal Rule
d) Reorganization of the Army
e) Rise in Nationalism

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INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

The outcome of the a) Administrative/Political changes:

revolt: ➢ Rule of East India Company in India ended
➢ Rule of British Crown began. Queen Victoria first Queen of
India.
Lord ➢ Secretary of State was appointed.
Charles ➢ Secretary of state was to be assisted by a 15-member council
Canning called India Council.
➢ Board of Directors were abolished.
➢ Governor General was replaced by the title of Viceroy.
Lord Canning took over as first Viceroy of India.
First Viceroy of India
b) Queen’s Proclamation:
➢ On 1st Nov 1858
➢ Declared by Lord Canning
➢ At Allahabad

The Queen made the following promises to the native rulers:

➢ No annexation of territories
➢ Right to adopt sons and successors to throne. Doctrine of
Lapse will be abolished
Queen Victoria’s ➢ Treaties will be honored
Proclamation ➢ No interference in political matters
transferring power ➢ Equality
from Company to
Crown The Queen made the following promises the people of India:

➢ No interference
➢ Equality
➢ Indians to be considered for higher posts in government
➢ promised Public utility services

c)End of Peshwas and Mughals

➢ Nana Sahib fled and rule of Peshwas came to an end
➢ Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal ruler was sent to exile
and he later died. Rule of Mughals came to an end.

d) Reorganization of army
➢ British soldiers were increased
➢ British soldiers were given key weapons
➢ British soldiers were given key positions

e) Rise in Nationalism:
➢ Sacrifices of 1857 leaders like Nana Sahib, Rani of
Laxmibai, Tantiya Tope etc inspired the Indians.
➢ Poems & songs about heroic deeds inspired the Indians

pg. 4
 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Causes for the Rise of Nationalism

Meaning of Feeling of oneness, unity, patriotism, brotherhood, spirit of sacrifice for country.
Nationalism: Common culture living in one geographical unit.
Factors responsible for the Rise of Indian Nationalism:
1) Economic (a) Unemployment:
Exploitation: ➢ Artisans in India lost their jobs.

(b) Poverty:
➢ The farmers suffered great loss due to famines
➢ The East India Company gave no help to them

(c) Drain of Wealth:

➢ Company bought raw materials at cheap rates from India and
sold finished goods at high rates to India. Eg. Raw materials like
cotton and jute

d) Exploitation of peasants:
➢ Farmers were forced to grow cash crops like Indigo, were not
given deserving prices.
2) Religious Reform Reformers brought reforms that created spirit of nationalism.
Movements: ➢ Opposed caste system
➢ Uplifted position of women
➢ Women Education
➢ ban on Sati
➢ Opposed child marriage

Swami Vivekananda started Ramkrishna Mission

Dayanand Saraswati started Arya Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy started Brahmo Samaj
Jyotiba Phule started Satya Shodhak Samaj

Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

Raja ➢ Started the Brahmo Samaj
Ram ➢ Wrote papers like Sambad Kaumudi and Mirat ul Akbar
Mohan ➢ Worked towards upliftment of women
Roy
➢ Promoted Women education
➢ Opposed casteism
➢ Opposed child marriage
➢ Encouraged widow remarriage

Contribution of Mahatma Jyotirao Govindrao Phule/ Jyotiba

Jyotiba Phule:
Phule ➢ Started first school for women
➢ Uplifted position of widows and backward class
➢ Opposed untouchability
➢ Wrote Gulamgiri
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 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

3) Repressive Colonial Repressive policies of Lord Lytton:

Policies/ ✓ The Vernacular Press Act:
Discriminative ➢ put restrictions on printing in vernacular news papers
policies of the ➢ they could not criticize the government
British: ➢ Indians were not allowed to print anything that would
excite the feelings of the Indians against the British.
➢ Was not applicable on English newspapers

✓ The Arms Act:

➢ Indians were not allowed to carry any arms
➢ No arms without license
➢ Was not applicable to the English

✓ ICS exam:
➢ Reduced the age to appear for Indian Civil Service exam for
Indians
➢ Age reduced from 21 to 19 years

✓ The Grand Delhi Darbar:

➢ Held in 1877
➢ By Lord Canning
➢ To celebrate the proclamation of Queen Victoria as the
Empress of the Nation
➢ Lakhs of rupees were spent
➢ There was no help given to the Indians who were
undergoing famine

Ilbert Bill:
➢ Proposed by Lord Ripon
➢ written by Sir C P Ilbert
➢ This bill gave equality (at par) to the Indian and European
judges
➢ Indian judges could try both the Indians and Europeans
➢ This was protested by the British, the bill was then
withdrawn in the British Parliament.

4) Role of Press & ➢ The newspapers printed patriotic articles that aroused a feeling
Literature: of nationalism.
➢ criticizing the wrong policies of the government was printed
➢ It printed what was going on in the world. Made Indians aware
of the international events
➢ Newspapers like, Times of India, Bengalee, Amrita Bazaar
Rabindranath Bankim Patrika, Kesari etc
Tagore Chandra ➢ Rabindranath Tagore and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote
Chatterjee patriotic songs, poems and articles which inspired the Indians.
➢ Rabindranath Tagore composed the National Anthem
➢ Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed the national song, Vande
Mataram.
pg. 6
 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Indian National Congress (INC) (first All India political organization)

Precursors of INC: East India Association: Indian Association:

Regional ➢ 1866 ➢ 1876
organizations: ➢ by Dadabhai Naoroji ➢ by Surendra Nath Banerjee
➢ to highlight Indian problems ➢ to present the Indian
before the British demands in front of the
government
Indian National Formed on 28th December, 1885
Congress

Immediate objectives ➢ Unity of the political or national workers all over India.
of the INC ➢ Unity among the people of India
➢ Formulate popular demands and place them in front of the
government.
➢ Organize public opinion

British officer who Allan Octavian Hume

helped to set up
Lord Dufferin
A O Hume supported
Hume’s views
INC
28th Dec
1885

First Session of INC ➢ 28th Dec 1885

➢ President: W C Banerjee
➢ Place: Mumbai

Second Session of INC ➢ 1886

➢ President: Dadabhai Naoroji
➢ Place: Kolkata

Attitude of the British ➢ Initial stages British were friendly with the congress
government towards the ➢ as its goal was self-government within the British empire
INC ➢ Lord Dufferin believed that congress would act as a safety valve
to divert the discontent
➢ Later became hostile and unfriendly as the aim of the congress
was complete independence and it became popular and criticized
the policies of the government.

pg. 7
 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

First Phase (Early) of the Indian National Movement(1885-1905)

Second Phase (Assertive) of the Indian National Movement(1905-1916)
Moderates/Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists
Why so called ➢ Followed moderate methods: Followed forceful methods:
prayer, petition. swadeshi, boycott.
Aim ➢ self-government within the British ➢ Complete Independence or
Poorna Swaraj
Methods ➢ Constitutional methods: ➢ aggressive methods:
✓ Prayer ✓ swadeshi
✓ Petition and Appeal ✓ boycott
✓ pleading ✓ national education
✓ Speech ✓ mass movement
✓ Peaceful procession ✓ revivalism
✓ passive resistance

Attitude ➢ had Faith in British ➢ No faith in British

towards ➢ Believed that they could be ➢ Blamed for draining India’s
British persuaded by arguments wealth (higher salaries to British
government ➢ they would respond favourably to /India became an importer of
Indian public opinion finished goods)
➢ Boon to India ➢ Curse to India
education/transport/communication ➢ In favour of Indian culture and
➢ In favour of western philosophy tradition

Achievements ➢ Laid foundation for freedom ➢ Encouraged use of indigenous

struggle goods
➢ National unity ➢ Provided employment to Indian
➢ Brought political consciousness craftsmen
➢ Criticized the wrong policies of the ➢ Swaraj was made the aim of
government congress
➢ Due to their efforts-----Public ➢ Encouraged national education
service commission/Indian Council
Act
Causes for the ➢ Failure of moderate methods
rise of ✓ They used constitutional methods
Assertive ✓ British turned a deaf ear
Nationalism: ➢ Repressive policies of Lord Curzon
1905 to 1914 ✓ Partition of Bengal
✓ On communal lines
✓ People understood the real motive behind partition.
✓ Calcutta Corporation Act
✓ Indian Universities Act/Seditious Act
➢ Economic exploitation/famine &plague
➢ World events
✓ Ethiopia defeated Italy
✓ Japan defeated Russia.
✓ Ill treatment of Indians in South Africa.
✓ freedom movement in Ireland
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 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Contribution of Early Nationalist leaders to the freedom struggle

Gopal Krishna Gokhale Surendra Nath Banerjee Dadabhai Naoroji
laid the foundation of India’s
freedom struggle.

Slogan: Opposition where

necessary, cooperation
where possible
➢ Called Political guru/ ➢ Called Father of ➢ Called Unofficial
political mentor of Gandhi Nationalist movement Ambassador of India in
➢ as Gandhi was much ➢ as he convened the first England
influenced by his thoughts All Political Conference ➢ As a member of the British
➢ Called CIE (Companion of Parliament, he presented
Indian Empire) Indian problems there
➢ Called Grand Old Man of
India
---------- ➢ Paper: The Bengali ➢ Book: Poverty and
➢ Book: Nation in the Unbritish Rule in India.
Making ➢ Drain theory
➢ Paper: Rast Goftar
➢ Started Servants of India ➢ Started Indian ➢ Started East India
Society Association Association

➢ He advocated self ➢ First Indian to qualify ➢ Was elected President of

government for the ICS exam INC thrice
➢ Encouraged primary ➢ Under his presidency
education congress passed resolution
➢ Wanted to reduce land demanding: self –
revenue government, boycott,
swadeshi, national
education.

pg. 9
 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Contribution of Assertive Nationalist leaders to the

freedom struggle

Lal – Bal - Pal

Lala Lajpat Rai Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bipin Chandra Pal

Slogan : Swaraj is my
birthright and I shall have
it.
➢ Referred to as Punjab ➢ Called the Father of ➢ Called the Father of
Kesari Indian unrest Revolutionary thought
➢ Sher-e-Punjab or Lion of ➢ Called Father of ➢ Belonged to the Lal-Bal-
Punjab because of his valor assertive Nationalism Pal trio
➢ Called the Forerunner
of Gandhiji as his
methods of swadeshi and
boycott were later
adopted by Gandhi
➢ Book: Young India ➢ Papers: Kesari in ➢ Papers: The New India,
➢ to spread radical nationalism Marathi, Mahratta in The Tribune
➢ Papers: Punjabi, Vande English
Mataram ➢ Book: Gita Rahasya,
Arctic Home of Vedas
➢ Started the Servants of ➢ Started the Home Rule ➢ Travelled all over the
People Society Movement country spreading the
➢ to help the downtrodden ➢ Organized Shivaji and message of nationalism.
Ganpati festivals to
foster spirit of
nationalism
➢ Organized Akharas and
Lathi clubs

pg. 10
 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Event: Partition of Bengal

Viceroy Lord Curzon

year 1905
Date of Partition 16th October 1905

Reasons given ➢ Bengal was too big a province

by the British: ➢ For easy and better administration
➢ administrative necessity.
(pretext/excuse)
Real motive that ➢ Bengal was the nerve centre of nationalism
the Indians ➢ Create a wedge between the Hindus and Muslims
understood: ➢ To dampen spirit of nationalism
➢ To show the power of British raj

Reaction of the ➢ 16th October 1905 was observed as a day of mourning

Indians to the ➢ Fasts and protests were held everywhere
partition of ➢ Rabindra Nath Tagore composed a national song
Bengal ➢ The day was celebrated as Raksha bandhan day to show brotherhood
➢ Boycott of foreign goods
➢ Adoption of swadeshi

Meaning of Swadeshi----use of goods

swadeshi and made in your own country.
boycott
Boycott----not to buy
foreign goods

pg. 11
 INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Event: Muslim League

Formation 30th December, 1906
First Session: ➢ 30th December 1906
➢ presided by Nawab Salimullah
➢ at Dacca

First President of Muslim League: Nawab Salimullah

Permanent President of Muslim League: Aga Khan

Factors and events 1) Hindi-Urdu controversy:
that led to its ➢ Urdu was the official language in courts in UP
formation: ➢ Government issued an order that petitions could also be
submitted in Hindi
➢ The relations between the two communities worsened

2) Role of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan:

➢ He declared that the political interests of the Muslims and
Hindus were different
➢ He believed that the loyalty to the British would ensure jobs and
favours.
➢ He started the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College
➢ He started the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College of Defence
➢ Started the United Indian Patriotic Association
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan
3) Divide and Rule policy:
➢ The British divided Bengal on communal lines
➢ Eg., Partition of Bengal
➢ They encouraged communal feelings
➢ They used the caste structure to put one community against the
other

4) Misinterpretation of History/Communal Instruction:

➢ They portrayed Muslim rulers as invaders and Hindu rulers as
cruel to Muslim subjects

5) Economic Backwardness of Muslims

6) Educational Backwardness of Muslims

Muslim deputation: ➢ Led by Aga Khan

➢ To Lord Minto and Shimla
Objectives of ➢ To be loyal to British
Muslim League : ➢ Protect the political rights of Muslims in India
➢ Check the working/ influence of the congress
➢ Prevent hostility towards other communities

pg. 12
INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Event: Split of Congress / Surat Session

Where : Surat session
Year: 1907
Why/Reasons ➢ The Assertive Nationalists excluded from the congress
➢ Dispute… regarding methods of Swadeshi and Boycott used
during the Partition of Bengal.
➢ The Assertive Nationalists wanted to declare them as official
methods of INC and the Early Nationalists disagree
➢ Dispute regarding the Presidentship of Congress
➢ Assertive Nationalists demanded Lala Lajpat Rai as the President
➢ Rash Bihari Ghosh was made the President of the INC

Event: Lucknow Pact

Year of signing: 1916
Signed Between: INC (Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists) and Muslim
League
Significance : ➢ Unity of Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists
➢ Unity of the Indian National Congress and Muslim League
➢ Unity of Hindu-Muslim
➢ Demanding self-government
➢ Developed self-governing institutions

pg. 13
INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Freedom struggle under Mahatma Gandhi

Non cooperation Civil disobedience Quit India

Year 1920 12th March 1930 8th August 1942

Slogan: Do or Die
Meaning Withdrawal of support Disobeying Free India
and cooperation to government laws to
British as they were show opposition to
unjust. imperialism.
Causes/ ➢ Government of India ➢ Simon ➢ Failure of
circumstances act of 1919 and the commission Cripps mission
Rowlatt Act(Black ➢ Lahore session of ➢ Threat of
(headings) act) the congress Japanese attack
➢ Jallianwalla bagh ➢ Acute
tragedy communal
➢ Khilafat movement tension

Causes for the non cooperation movement:

Rowlatt Act / Black Act ✓ The government of India act of 1919 introduced
diarchy.
✓ This was resented by the Indians.
✓ The government feared an uprising
✓ So the Rowlatt Act was passed.
✓ It gave the government extraordinary powers.
✓ The government could arrest anyone without any
reason
✓ search without a warrant
✓ imprison without a trial.
✓ In camera trial

Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy Amritsar

✓ People had assembled to oppose the Rowlatt act.

✓ 13th April 1919
Jalianwala ✓ General Dyer had banned all public meetings.
Bagh ✓ His troops blocked the only exit
memorial ✓ Opened fire at the unarmed people
✓ hundreds of men, women, children were killed.

Khilafat movement ✓ started by Mohamad Ali and Shaukat Ali

✓ Office of Khalifa was abolished after the first world
war
✓ Khalifa was the Sultan of Turkey and religious head of
Muslims
✓ Gandhi gave support to the movement to bring Hindu
–Muslim unity

pg. 14
INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Which event mark the commencement of Civil Disobedience Movement

➢ Dandi March
➢ From Sabarmati to coast of Dandi
➢ 12th March 1930
➢ With 76 followers, many joined later
➢ Gandhiji picked salt at Dandi to show
the defiance of Salt law and
commencement of Civil Disobedience
Movt
Dandi March Gandhiji picking salt ➢ He chose salt, as salt was a common
commodity used by all sections of the
society and it was freely available to
India but still it was taxed.

Causes for Civil Disobedience Movement

Simon commission ➢ In 1927 Simon commission was sent to India
All White Commission ➢ to find out to what extent the act of 1919 had worked
and
➢ to bring further constitutional reforms.
➢ All seven of its members were English men and no
Indian representative
➢ The Indians opposed and protested

Lahore session of 1929 ➢ Jawaharlal Nehru

➢ Passed the resolution of Purna Swaraj
➢ Decided that on 26th Jan 1930 Indian flag was unfurled
and was celebrated as the first independence day

Causes for the Quit India Resolution: 8th August 1942 at Wardha Session
Failure of Cripps Mission ➢ It offered dominion status at the end of the war
➢ Gandhiji called this proposal as ‘It is a post dated
cheque drawn on crashing bank’

Threat of Japanese attack ➢ Japan and England were fighting the world war on
opposites.
➢ Indian leaders feared that Japan would attack India
➢ so demanded for the British to Quit India.

pg. 15
INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Non Cooperation Civil Disobedience Quit India

Positive: ➢ Boycott, bon-fire ➢ All leaders
➢ Hindu-Muslim unity of foreign goods, were arrested
Method/Prog ➢ Abolition of strikes. and the
untouchability ➢ Swadeshi movement took
➢ Promotion of ➢ Not to obey a violent turn.
swadeshi goods and laws,(Breaking of ➢ People burnt
khadi salt law, forest police stations,
➢ Prohibition of laws) stoned buses
intoxicating drinks ➢ Not to pay taxes and looted the
(like land revenue) treasury
Negative:
➢ Boycott of foreign
goods
➢ Boycott of
Government schools
and colleges
➢ Giving up titles.

Non cooperation Civil Disobedience Quit India

Why called off ➢ Chauri chaura ➢ Gandhi –Irwin ➢ Died down
incident: pact because of the
➢ 5 Feb 1922
th
Provisions : repressive
➢ 3000 peasants were methods of the
on procession. ➢ To call off the government:
➢ The police used civil disobedience ➢ fines , lathi
teargas to disperse movement charge,
them. ➢ Attend the second imprisonment.
➢ The angry crowd round table
burnt the police conference
station and 22 police ➢ People living near
officers were killed the shore would be
➢ Seeing the violence allowed to
Gandhiji called off manufacture salt
the movement. ➢ Political prisoners
would be released

Why was Civil ➢ As per the provisions of the Gandhi- Irwin pact: Gandhiji attended
Disobedience the second round table
Movement
renewed ✓ The other parties discussed only their narrow objectives.
✓ Gandhi was disappointed and renewed the civil disobedience
movement to fight for complete independence.

pg. 16
INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Non cooperation Civil Disobedience Quit India

Impact/result ➢ Mass movement ➢ Making people ➢ Making people
➢ Hindu- Muslim bold and patriotic bold and
unity ➢ defied govt laws patriotic
➢ Removal of ➢ Mass movement ➢ Mass movement
untouchability ➢ Hindu- Muslim ➢ Made the British
➢ Promoting swadeshi unity realize that the
➢ Making people bold ➢ opposed their days in
and patriotic imperialistic India were
policies of govt numbered.

Methods of Gandhi ➢ Satyagraha

➢ Non Violence
➢ Mass Movement
➢ Swadeshi

Social ideals of Gandhiji ➢ Equality between Men and Women

➢ Removal of Untouchability
➢ Hindu Muslim Unity
➢ Prohibiting intoxicating drinks

pg. 17
INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Contribution of Subhash Chandra Bose to the freedom

➢ He took part in the non-cooperation movement
organized by Gandhi.
➢ He was elected as the president of the congress
➢ He started the Forward Bloc.
➢ He was the supreme commander of INA.
➢ He gave the famous slogans:
✓ “Give blood and I shall give you freedom.’’
✓ “Jai Hind”
✓ “Chalo Delhi”

Which party was formed by ➢ Forward Bloc/ 1939

Bose? When?
Aims/ Objectives of the ➢ Liberate India with the support of workers ,
Forward Bloc peasants , youth and other organizations.
➢ Establish a socialist society after freedom
➢ Remove zamindari
➢ Have new credit policy
➢ Industrialization
Formation of INA-Indian National Army/Azad Hind Fauj
Formation of INA ➢ 1st September 1942.

The one who conceived the idea ➢ Capt Mohan Singh

of INA

The leader of ➢ Rash Bihari Bose

INA
The Supreme Commander in ➢ Subhash Chandra Bose
Chief of INA
Objectives of the INA ➢ Fight against the British army with modern
weapons
➢ Organise a provisional government to mobilise all
the forces effectively
➢ Total mobilization of Indian man-power and
money for war against the British
➢ Motto…unity , faith and sacrifice
Achievements of INA ➢ INA liberated Imphal and Kohima.
➢ Indian soldiers were inspired
➢ Andaman and Nicobar islands were renamed as
Shahid and Swaraj islands.

pg. 18
INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X - 2024

Cabinet Mission: 1946

Members Lord Pethick Lawarence
Sir Stafford Cripps
A.V. Alexander
Proposals/ ➢ Federation of all the provinces and states of India.
Clauses ➢ Federation to deal with foreign affairs, defence and communications.
➢ All other subjects to rest with Provinces.
➢ The British provinces to be divided into three groups----A, B , C
➢ Set up Constituent Assembly (389 members)
➢ Set up interim government.
Reactions ➢ Congress accepted the idea of Constituent Assembly.
➢ Rejected interim government
➢ Muslim League accepted it entirely and later rejected
Mountbatten Plan 1947
Provisions/ Clauses ➢ Two dominions India and Pakistan.
/Proposals of ➢ A boundary commission to demarcate the boundaries
Mountbatten Plan ➢ Constituent Assembly to frame the constitution
➢ Referendum to be held to decide the future of the
NWFP, Sylhet.
➢ The princely states( like Hyderabad, Mysore,
Kashmir) free to join either of the dominions or
Lord remain independent.
Mountbatten ➢ Transfer of power to India by 15th August 1947
Reasons for congress ➢ Communal riots
accepting the partition plan ➢ Differences between the Muslim League and the
Or accepting the Mountbatten
Plan
Indian National Congress especially experienced
during the Interim govt
➢ A smaller India with strong centre was better than a
larger one with weak centre
➢ To be a secular and democratic country
➢ To avoid a civil war
Indian Independence Act : July18th,1947.
➢ Two dominions India and Pakistan to be formed
➢ Authority of the British Parliament would cease
with effect from August 15, 1947.
➢ Governor-General for each of the dominions
➢ Constituent Assembly for each of the dominions.
They were to frame the constitution for their
respective dominions.
➢ The princely states were free to join either of
Jawaharlal Nehru swears in as the first dominions or remain independent. Treaties
Prime Minister of free India entered would end.
➢ A boundary commission to demarcate the
boundaries
➢ Division of assets and army
Last viceroy of India Lord Louis Mountbatten

pg. 19