CS111 – Fundamentals of Computer Science

Functions

Sabah Sayed
 List Example
Given a list of prices update it by adding 7% of tax to each price
prices = [1.10, 0.99, 5.75]
for item_price in prices:
print ("Original Price:", item_price, "; tax due:", item_price * 0.07)
print (prices)

Note: prices list are not

changed

Q) Can you update the prices

list to include the prices +
taxes?
 Two ways to update list data
Using while loop Using for loop

prices = [1.10, 0.99, 5.75] prices = [1.10, 0.99, 5.75]

i=0 for i in range(len(prices)):
while i < len(prices): prices[i] *= 1.07
prices[i] *= 1.07
i += 1 print (prices)
print (prices)

o/p
 Create empty list
# Create empty list
mylist = []
# Use + operator to add an element to the list
mylist += [“Hello”]
mylist += [“first”]
mylist += [“year”]
# Also use append method to add element to the list
mylist .append(“Students”)
print(mylist )
 Write custom Functions in Python
• Function:
– collection of statements within a program that can be called upon to perform
a specific action
• Advantages of Functions:
– a technique to break up complicated problems into simple (i.e., organize your
program)
– reusable blocks of code
– Collaboration: divide the work among the team members
• e.g., built-in functions: len, print,range
• Custom function syntax:
def funName(): Note: The funName
follow the same rules
stmts of varName
 Example: Functions in Python
def printHello(): # here you only define the function
print("Hello world")

##### main program

printHello() # here we call the function (by writing its name)

# to execute its code
 Example
Write functions to draw rectangle

def top():
print ("*****")
def side():
print ("* *")
# draw a rectangle!
top()
for x in range(5):
side()
top()
 Example
# define the top/bottom of the shape
Write functions to draw the def top():
print ("#####")
following: # define the next level of the shape
def level1():
print ("# #")
# define the next level of the shape
def level2():
print (" # # ")
# define the middle of the shape
def middle():
print (" # ")
# call the functions to draw the shape
top()
level1()
level2()
middle()
level2()
level1()
top()
 Function Local Variables
• Local variables def square():
– define variables inside num = 2
functions print ("Square of", num, "is", num**2)
– Can only be accessed inside def cube():
the function
num = 3
– Different functions may have
the same local variable name print ("Cube of", num, "is", num**3)
###### main program
square()
cube()
 Function Argument Variables
• Argument variables (i.e., def square(num):
parameters) print ("Square of", num, "is", num**2)
– automatically declared every def cube(num):
time you call your function print ("Cube of", num, "is", num**3)
– A function can take any ####main program
number of arguments square(2)
cube(3)
 Example
Write a function to compute the average of three numbers
def average(num1, num2, num3):
sum = num1+num2+num3
avg = sum / 3
print (avg)
# call the function with 3 arguments
x=100
y=90
z=92
average(x,y,z)
 Function Arguments: Passing by value
def swap(x,y):
• Passing by value temp=x
– Make a copy of the variable x=y
– Send the copy to the function y=temp
10 20
– Any update in the sent copy
will not affect on the main num1=10
variable
num2=20
print(num1,num2)
swap(num1,num2)
print(num1,num2)
 What is the o/p?
def change_me(v):
print ("function: I got:", v)
# change the argument variable
v = 10
print ("function: argument is now:", v)
# main program
myvar = 5
print ("starting with:", myvar)
change_me(myvar)
print ("ending with:", myvar)
 Function Return value
• Use the keyword “return” to return a value from a function
• The return statement will immediately cause a function to end and
send back whatever value is attached to the return statement.
def power(n,m):
result=n**m
return result
#####main program
n=int(input("Enter your base"))
m=int(input("Enter your power"))
my_Pow=power(n,m)
print (n,"**",m,"=", my_Pow)
 Example
Write a function to check if a given number is even or odd, then return
“even” or “odd”
def check(a):
if a % 2 == 0:
return "even"
return "odd" # here, no need to write "else"
#######main program
answer1 = check(3)
print ("Return value #1:", answer1)
print ()
answer2 = check(4)
print ("Return value #2:", answer2)
 Function Return multiple values
1 2
def powers(a): def swap(x,y):
pow_2 = a**2 temp=x
pow_3 = a**3 x=y
pow_4 = a**4 y=temp
return pow_2, pow_3, pow_4 return x,y
##### main program
x,y,z = powers(2) num1=10
print (x,y,z) num2=20
print(num1,num2)
num1,num2=swap(num1,num2)
print(num1,num2)
 What is the o/p?
def myfun(x, y): ######## main program
print('starting loopy:', x, y) x=1
while x < y: y = 10
x += 2 y = myfun(x, y)
y -= 2 print('after first call:', x, y)
print('after loop:', x, y) myfun(y, x)
return x print('after second call:', x, y) starting loopy: 1 10
after loop: 7 4
after first call: 1 7
starting loopy: 7 1
after loop: 7 1
after second call: 1 7
 Example
def even_odd_print():
• Write a function that asks the # get start & end
user to enter a start, end and start = int(input("Start number: "))
the word "even" or "odd". If the end = int(input("End number: "))
# get even or odd
user enters “even”, then the choice = input("'even' or 'odd'? ")
function prints all even numbers # generate loop
between start and end. for i in range(start, end+1):
if choice == "even" and i % 2 == 0:
Otherwise, all odd numbers print (i)
between start and end will be if choice == "odd" and i % 2 != 0:
printed print (i)
#### main program
even_odd_print()
 Homework
• Write a search function which take a list of numbers and a
target. Then it will search about the target in the given list
and return “found” or “not found”
• Note: Take the list and target from the user and pass them to
the search function