TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE

Rampur Campus, Chitwan

A
final
Report on

BALANCING PRODUCTIVITY
WITH
ANIMAL WELFARE

SUBMITTED TO:
Surya Prasad Sharma
Assistant Professor
Tribhuvan University
IAAS, Rampur Campus

SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP 4
Roll No.: 23-29
IAAS, Rampur Campus
6th Semester

30th June, 2024

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 ABSTRACT

This comprehensive report explores the critical balance between animal welfare and livestock
productivity in modern agriculture. It examines current welfare issues across various livestock
sectors, including poultry, cattle, pigs, and small ruminants, highlighting the physical,
behavioral, and psychological impacts of poor welfare conditions. The study presents strategies
for improving animal welfare while maintaining productivity, such as enhanced management
practices, genetic selection for robustness, alternative farming systems, and technological
integration. Case studies from diverse global contexts demonstrate successful approaches to
balancing welfare and productivity. A cost-benefit analysis framework is provided to evaluate
welfare improvements, considering both initial investments and long-term benefits. The report
concludes that prioritizing animal welfare alongside productivity is essential for sustainable and
ethical livestock production, benefiting animals, farmers, and consumers alike. It emphasizes the
need for continued research, education, and policy support to further integrate welfare
considerations into productivity strategies, ensuring the livestock industry can meet growing
global demand while upholding ethical standards.
Keywords: animal welfare, productivity, livestock, farming, management

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Title Page
1.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………. 4-5
2.CASE STUDY………….………………………………………….. 5-6
3.MATERIAL AND METHODS…………………………………… 7
4.RESULT AND DISCUSSION…………………………………….. 7-12
5.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION………………………………. 13
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………….. 14
7.REFERENCES……………………………………………………. 15-16

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Animal welfare is a key component of sustainable livestock management. It includes
Practices that ensure the health and comfort of the animals that lead to better productivity and
higher quality products. Animal welfare is an essential element of modern animal production.
First and foremost, animal welfare is grounded on ethical concerns that derive from the fact that
animals are sentient beings, i.e., able to suffer and experience emotions (Le Neindre et al., 2017).
There are many perspectives on animal welfare. Some may think that an animal that is producing
well has good animal welfare while others think that animals with a high level or production
must have poor welfare. In reality, the link between production and welfare is more complex.
The balance between livestock productivity and animal welfare is a critical issue. The growing
global demand for animal-derived products pressures industries to enhance productivity, but
prioritizing productivity without regard for animal welfare can lead to unethical practices and
unsustainable production. Productivity refers to efficient production, while animal welfare
pertains to the physical and psychological well-being of animals. Balancing these aspects is
crucial, as high animal welfare standards can improve productivity by promoting healthier, less
stressed animals. The ideal relationship lies between maximizing production efficiency and
ensuring adequate animal welfare. As consumer concerns about animal welfare grow, there may
be a shift towards greater value on animal welfare, even if it means lower production efficiency.
Improved welfare standards led to better animal health, reduced stress, and increased yields,
translating to higher profitability for producers. Furthermore, products from high-welfare farms
gained access to premium markets and fetched higher prices (Nkatekho, Blessings., 2024).

1.2. Current Isssues of Animal In Agriculture

The current state of animal agriculture presents a complex interplay between industrial farming
practices aimed at maximizing productivity and the growing emphasis on balancing these efforts
with animal welfare considerations. Industrial farming practices are characterized by large -scale
operations, mechanization, and technological advancements such as precision agriculture and
automated systems for feed management and environmental control. These practices have
significantly, boosted productivity allowing for higher yields of meat, milk, and eggs to meet
global food demands efficiently. However, alongside these advancements, there is increasing
recognition and scrutiny of the impact on animal welfare. The practices often involve housing
animals in confined, barren environments with limited opportunities for natural behaviors. While
these systems can be highly efficient in terms of feed conversion and growth rates, they can also
lead to significant welfare issues, such as lameness, injuries, and stress.

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1.3. Rationale of Study
This report aims to explore the dynamic interplay between productivity and animal welfare,
delving into ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and practical strategies. It seeks to
ensure that while maximizing productivity, the welfare of animals is upheld and prioritized. By
examining these elements, the report aims to offer insights and recommendations for achieving a
harmonious balance where productivity goals are met without compromising the well-being of
animals involved.

1.4. Objectives
 To assess existing methods to identify opportunities for improving productivity while
maintaining high standards of animal welfare.
 To create actionable guidelines that promote efficient production methods without
compromising the health and welfare of animals.
 To educate farmers, policymakers, and consumers about the economic and ethical advantages
of integrating animal welfare into productivity strategies.

2. CASE STUDIES
It is evident that the enhanced animal welfare results higher gain in the productivity with high
quality products. Maintaining the balance between productivity and animal welfare ensures
sustainable and enhanced profitability in animal rearing and husbandry. Recent studies in past
shows the successful balance in productivity and animal welfare. Some of them are mentioned
below:
A. In the United States (the world's largest producer of beef), livestock productivity has
experienced significant improvements due to technological advancements, genetic
enhancements, and refined management practices. These productivity gains are attributed to
the adoption of precision farming techniques, such as GPS technology for efficient grazing
management and automated feeding systems that optimize animal nutrition. (USDA, 2020;
Mathews & Johnson, 2013).

B. Japan has enhanced livestock productivity through the adoption of advanced technologies
and the development of resilient livestock breeds. For example, the Wagyu beef industry
(one of the most expensive meats in the world), renowned for its high-quality meat, has
benefited from genetic improvements and meticulous management practices. In 2020, Japan
produced approximately 480,000 tons of beef and veal and 1.28 million tons of pork (MAFF,
2020).

C. Brazil is one of the world's leading producers of livestock, particularly in beef and poultry. In
2020, Brazil produced 10.4 million metric tons of beef and 14 million metric tons of poultry
meat, making it one of the largest exporters of these products globally (FAO, 2021). The

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 country has also invested in improving livestock genetics and adopting integrated crop-
livestock-forestry systems, which enhance sustainability and productivity.

D. The UK's livestock industry is diverse, characterized by both intensive and extensive farming
systems. Initiatives such as the Red Tractor Assurance scheme ensure that farms meet
stringent criteria for animal welfare, environmental protection, and food safety, thereby
enhancing productivity and consumer trust. Additionally, the UK has focused on improving
genetic selection and breeding practices, resulting in healthier animals and higher yields. The
integration of advanced technologies, such as automated milking systems and precision
feeding, has also played a crucial role in boosting productivity (DEFRA, 2020; Ingram, Mills
& Dibari, 2018).

E. Countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tanzania have significant livestock populations, with
cattle, goats, and sheep being the most common. In Kenya, for example, livestock contributes
about 12% of the GDP and employs millions of people (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics,
2020). Efforts to enhance productivity in these regions include the introduction of improved
breeds, better veterinary services, and sustainable grazing practices. However, challenges
such as disease outbreaks, climate change, and limited access to markets hinder productivity.
For instance, recurring droughts and lack of infrastructure can lead to significant livestock
losses, impacting overall productivity (Cramer, Thornton & Loboguerrero, 2017; Kimaru-
Muchai, Mugwe, Mucheru-Muna & Mugendi, 2020).

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Data sources:
As for the source of information mostly secondary source of data like scientific journal,
statistical sources, books, research paper were used during the preparation of this report.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Animal Welfare Concerns
Animal welfare concerns in intensive farming systems include inadequate housing conditions
causing stress, injury, and behavioral issues like feather pecking and tail biting. Poor disease
management and handling practices lead to health problems and transport stress in livestock.
Ethical concerns and public awareness are driving calls for improved regulatory standards.
Balancing productivity with animal welfare requires integrating scientific research, industry
innovation, and policy development to achieve better global outcomes.

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4.1.1. Common welfare issues
a) Poultry Welfare
Poultry welfare is a significant focus due to intensive farming practices and increased
consumer awareness.
 Crowding and Space Limitations: Overcrowding in poultry farms can lead to stress,
aggression, and reduced welfare (Sherwin et al., 2021).
 Lack of Enrichment: Absence of environmental enrichment such as perches or pecking
objects can result in boredom and feather pecking (Duncan et al., 2020).
 Health Issues: High stocking densities increase the risk of disease outbreaks and can
compromise bird health (Martrenchar et al., 2023).
 Transportation Stress: cause a significant level of stress in the birds leading to stress,
production loss and hampering welfare of broilers (Siddharth et al., 2024).
b) Cattle Welfare
Cattle welfare issues primarily involve housing, handling, and breeding practices.
 Confinement and Housing: Confinement in small spaces can cause physical discomfort
and limit natural behaviors (Hemsworth et al., 2022).
 Transportation Stress: Transporting cattle over long distances without adequate rest,
water, and feed provisions can induce stress and injuries (Grandin, 2021).
 Breeding Practices: Intensive breeding techniques can lead to health issues and reduced
welfare in calves and dairy cows.

c) Pig Welfare
Pigs face welfare challenges related to housing systems, environmental enrichment, and health
management.
 Confinement Systems: Intensive indoor systems with limited space and barren
environments can result in stress, tail biting, and aggression (Spoolder et al., 2023).
 Tail Docking and Teeth Clipping: Common practices like tail docking and teeth clipping
can cause pain and compromise welfare if not performed correctly (Marchant-Forde,
2020).

d) Sheep and Goat Welfare

Welfare issues in sheep and goats often center around handling, grazing management, and
predator control.
 Grazing Practices: Poor grazing management can lead to overgrazing and nutrient
deficiencies, impacting both welfare and productivity.
 Predator Control: Methods like fencing and guard animals may induce stress and alter
natural behavior patterns in sheep and goats.

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  Handling and Transport: Improper handling during shearing and transportation can cause
stress, injuries, and fear responses (Kannan et al., 2020).

4.1.2. Impact of Poor Welfare on Animals

a) Physical Health Impacts
 Increased Susceptibility to Diseases: Animals kept in poor welfare conditions often
experience stress, which can suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to
infectious diseases (Moberg, 2020).
 Reproductive Issues: Poor welfare can lead to reproductive disorders such as decreased
fertility, irregular estrous cycles, and low conception rates (Tanco et al., 2021).
 Physical Injuries: Inadequate housing and handling practices can cause physical injuries
such as lameness, fractures, and wounds, affecting mobility and overall health (Laven et
al., 2022).

b) Behavioral and Psychological Impacts

 Abnormal Behaviors: Animals in poor welfare conditions may exhibit abnormal behaviors
such as stereotypies (repetitive behaviors), aggression, and self-injury, which are indicators
of chronic stress and frustration (Mellor et al., 2023).
 Reduced Social Interactions: Lack of socialization opportunities due to confinement or
isolation can lead to social stress and behavioral abnormalities in group-housed animals
(Boissy et al., 2020).
 Fear and Anxiety: Fear responses due to harsh handling, inadequate environmental
enrichment, or unpredictable conditions can negatively impact animal welfare and well-
being.

c) Production and Economic Impacts

 Reduced Productivity: Poor welfare conditions can lead to decreased growth rates, lower
milk or egg production, and reduced meat quality in livestock, impacting profitability for
farmers.
 Increased Mortality Rates: Animals under stress or with compromised welfare are more
prone to diseases and injuries, leading to higher mortality rates and economic losses.
 Legal and Market Consequences: Non-compliance with animal welfare standards can lead
to legal repercussions, market access limitations, and consumer backlash, affecting the
reputation and sustainability of livestock operations.

d) Ethical and Societal Impacts

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  Ethical Concerns: Poor animal welfare raises ethical issues related to the treatment of
animals, including concerns about suffering and moral obligations towards sentient beings
(Yeates, 2020).
 Public Perception: Negative media coverage and public perception of animal welfare issues
can influence policy-making, consumer choices, and societal attitudes towards livestock
farming practices (Martins et al., 2021).

4.2. Strategies for balancing productivity and animal welfare

Balancing productivity and animal welfare is complex challenge that requires careful
consideration of ethical, economic and practical factors. Hence following are some strategies to
achieve this balance effectively.
a) Enhance livestock management practices
 Optimized housing: Ensure housing facilities are designed to meet natural behaviors and
needs of animals, including ventilation, adequate space and cleanliness.
 Climate control: Managing temperature and humidity levels in housing facility to prevent
heat stress or cold stress, depending on local climate.
 Using low-stress handling techniques and providing comfortable transport and conditions
to minimize stress during handling and transportation.
 Providing environmental enrichment such as toys, scratching posts for cattle,
socialization opportunities to encourage natural behaviors.

b) Breeding and genetics

 Selecting animals with tolerance to common diseases, individuals that handle
environmental stress such as heat, humidity and exhibit high fertility rates along with
good maternal instincts.
 Avoid inbreeding and maintain genetic diversity within populations to reduce the risk of
genetic disorder and improve overall health.
 Using Pedigree records, Performance data, Genetic testing to identify animals with
desirable traits and selectively breeding them.
 Utilizing Genetic markers to predict an animal’s potential for robust traits early in life,
allowing for, more precise breeding decisions.
 Genomic testing: Using advanced genomic technologies to identify genetic markers
associated with desirable trait such as disease with desirable trait, such as disease
resistance or growth efficiency.
 Genetic selection for robust animals involves identifying and breeding individuals with
traits that contribute to their overall resilience, health and ability to thrive in various
environmental conditions. This approach aims to improve the welfare and productivity of
livestock while reducing susceptibility to disease and environmental stresses.

c) Alternative farming systems

 Farming systems that prioritize both animal welfare and productivity aim to provide a
more ethical and sustainable approach to livestock management.

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  Pasture based and free-range systems providing animals with space to explore and exhibit
natural behaviors can reduce stress and improve overall welfare.
 Organic farming: Following strict guidelines that prohibit synthetic pesticides, antibiotics
and genetically modified (GMO’s) promoting natural feed and sustainable practices.
 Agroecological farming: Farming system to be designed that mimic natural ecosystem,
emphasizes biodiversity, soil health and pest control. Also incorporating livestock into
diversified farming systems like mixed crop- livestock or agroforestry that improve
nutrient cycling, soil fertility.

d) Providing education and training for farmers, workers regarding animal welfare standards
and sustainable agriculture principles.

e) Keeping detailed records of animal health, behavior and productivity metrics allows for early
detection of issues, implement vaccination programs of issues, implement vaccination
programs parasite control measures and timely veterinary care when needed.

f) Integration of technology such as sensors, data analytics and automated system to monitor
animal health and behavior, optimize feeding regimes.

Hence holistic approach that values both efficiency and the well-being of animals, businesses can
achieve sustainable success. Embracing technologies that enhance monitoring and care, coupled
with robust training programs for staff, ensures humane treatment while optimizing productivity.
Ultimately, by prioritizing ethical standards alongside operational goals, we not only safeguard
animal welfare but also cultivate a culture of responsibility and innovation in our industries.

4.3. Cost-benefit analysis

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of welfare improvements in animal agriculture involves evaluating
the financial costs incurred by implementing these improvements against the potential economic
benefits. Here's how such an analysis typically unfolds:
A. Costs of Welfare Improvements:
a) Initial Investment Costs:
 Infrastructure: Upgrading facilities to provide better housing, ventilation, and space for
animals.
 Equipment: Purchasing or upgrading equipment such as automated feeding systems or
environmental control systems.
 Training: Training staff on new welfare protocols and handling practices.

b) Operational Costs:
 Labor: Additional labor costs for increased monitoring and care of animals.
 Feed and Nutrition: Potential changes in feed formulations to improve animal health and
welfare.

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  Veterinary Care: Enhanced veterinary care and regular health checks.
 Compliance: Costs associated with meeting regulatory standards and certifications.
c) Transition Period Costs:
 Costs incurred during the transition phase from current practices to improved welfare
standards.

B. Benefits of Welfare Improvements:

a) Productivity Gains:
 Healthier Animals: Reduced disease incidence and improved growth rates due to better
living conditions.
 Improved Feed Conversion: Enhanced efficiency in converting feed into animal products.
 Reproductive Success: Better reproductive performance and reduced mortality rates.

b) Quality Improvements:
 Product Quality: Higher quality products due to improved animal health and welfare.
 Consumer Perception: Increased consumer trust and willingness to pay premium prices
for ethically produced products.

c) Risk Reduction:
 Market Access: Maintaining access to markets with stringent animal welfare
requirements.
 Reputation: Safeguarding brand reputation and reducing the risk of negative publicity
related to animal welfare issues.

d) Long-term Sustainability:
 Environmental Impact: Mitigating environmental impacts associated with intensive
farming practices.
 Social Responsibility: Meeting societal expectations regarding ethical treatment of
animals.

4.4. Future outlooks

The future outlook for balancing productivity and animal welfare is characterized by a
convergence of technological innovation, shifting consumer preferences, regulatory
advancements, and sustainability imperatives. By leveraging these trends and embracing holistic
approaches to farming, stakeholders can work towards achieving a harmonious balance that
supports both efficient production and enhanced animal welfare standards. Some of the emerging
technologies and practices in balancing productivity and animal welfare are as follows:
 Precision Livestock Farming (PLF):

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 - PLF involves the use of sensors, IoT (Internet of Things) devices, and data analytics
to monitor livestock health, behavior, and productivity in real-time. For example:
BirdBox aids understanding of bird welfare.

 Robotics and Automation:

- Automated systems can handle tasks such as feeding, cleaning, and monitoring
without direct human intervention, reducing stress on animals and improving efficiency.
Robotic milkers, for example, allow cows to choose their milking times, reducing
discomfort and enhancing welfare.

 Genomics and Biotechnology:

- Biotechnological innovations like gene editing offer potential for targeted
improvements in animal health and productivity while addressing ethical concerns.

 Regenerative Agriculture:
- Practices such as rotational grazing, diverse cover cropping, and soil health
management not only benefit the environment but also enhance animal welfare by
providing natural habitats and diverse diets.

 Education, training, global collaboration and knowledge sharing:

- Proper training ensures that emerging technologies are implemented effectively to
maximize both productivity and animal welfare.

4.5. Consumer Awareness and Demand:

Consumers are becoming more informed about animal welfare issues and are increasingly
demanding products from farms that prioritize animal welfare. For animal protein producers,
adopting welfare-centric practices is meeting consumer expectations, opening doors to premium
markets and strengthening brand reputation. This trend is likely to drive industry efforts towards
higher welfare standards and transparency throughout the supply chain.

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Balancing productivity with animal welfare in livestock farming is a complex but essential
challenge for the modern agricultural industry. This report has explored various aspects of this
balance, from current welfare issues to strategies for improvement and real-world case studies.
The evidence presented demonstrates that enhancing animal welfare is not only ethically
imperative but can also lead to significant productivity gains. Improved welfare conditions result
in healthier animals, better product quality, and increased consumer trust. Strategies such as
optimized housing, genetic selection for robustness, alternative farming systems, and the
integration of technology offer promising avenues for achieving this balance. Case studies from
countries like the United States, Japan, Brazil, the UK, and various African nations highlight that
progress is possible and ongoing. These examples show that adopting welfare-friendly practices

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can coexist with, and even enhance, productivity goals. The cost-benefit analysis framework
outlined in this report provides a tool for farmers and policymakers to evaluate the economic
implications of welfare improvements. While there are initial costs associated with implementing
higher welfare standards, the long-term benefits including increased productivity, improved
product quality, and better market access often outweigh these investments.

In conclusion, the future of sustainable livestock farming lies in approaches that prioritize both
animal welfare and productivity. By embracing innovative practices, leveraging technology, and
responding to growing consumer demands for ethically produced products, the livestock industry
can create a more sustainable and humane future. This approach not only benefits the animals but
also enhances the long-term viability and reputation of the agricultural sector.

Moving forward, continued research, education, and policy support will be crucial in furthering
the integration of welfare considerations into productivity strategies. The livestock industry must
remain adaptable, continually seeking new ways to improve animal welfare while meeting the
growing global demand for animal products.

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5.1.1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We, group 4, would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed to
the completion of this report on the topic "Balancing Productivity and Animal Welfare". First
and foremost, we deeply thank our professor, Surya Prasad Sharma, for the support and
encouragement throughout. We also appreciate the creators and publishers of the online articles,
research papers, and reports that formed the foundation of this study. We are indebted to the
academic institutions and organizations that have made their resources freely available online.
Additionally, we extend our appreciation to peers and colleagues who provided insightful
discussions and feedback throughout the process. Your perspectives have enriched the quality of
this report. Thank you all for your contributions, guidance, and encouragement.

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