ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL

Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬

CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER ONE: QUESTION AND ANSWER
1. Describe the modern periodic table?

The modern periodic table: is table in which all known elements are arranged in order of their
increasing atomic number

2. Describe periods and groups

 Periods: the horizontal rows of the periodic table
 Groups the vertical columns of the periodic table
3. Differentiate between main group and sub group?
a. Main group: these are also called representative groups and they are 8 In numbers
b. Sub-group: they are also called transition metals
4. Explain s-block element?

S-block elements: are elements having their valence electrons in s-orbital

5. Explain p-block elements

P-block element: are elements having their valence electrons in p-orbital

6. Explain d-block elements?

D-block elements: are elements having their valence electrons in d-orbital

7. Explain f-block elements

F-orbital element: are elements having their valence electrons in f-orbital

8. How the blocks of elements can be determined?

The block of the elements can be determined by identifying the last sub-shell

9. Define ionization energy?

Ionization energy: is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom of the element in the
gaseous state

10. How the periods of elements cam be determined?

The periods of element can be determined by identifying the largest number of the shell in the electron
configuration of the element in main shell or sub-shell notation

FORM TWO-B Page 1

 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬

11. What are the called period trends?

Periodic trend: the systematic variations are called periodic trends

12. How the properties of elements can be measured?

The properties of elements can be measured into two ways

 Down the group

 Across period
13. Define atomic radius?

Atomic radius: is the distance between the nucleus of the atom and the outermost shell of the atom

14. Define nuclear charge?

Nuclear charge: is the amount of positive charge in the nucleus of the atom

15. Explain how the atomic radius increases and decreases

 Atomic radius increases down the group, because the number of shells increase down the
group
 Atomic radius decreases across period because the nuclear charge increases with the same
number of shells
16. Define electron affinity?

Electron affinity: is the ability of an atom to accept an electron

17. Explain how electrons affinity increases and decreases? Why?

 Electron affinity increases from left to right across period because the atomic size decreases as
more nuclear charge pull on valence shell
 Electron affinity decreases down the group because atomic size increase as the number of
shells increase and valence electrons are further away from the nucleus
18. Define electro negativity?

Electronegativity: is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons

19. Explain how electron negativity increases and decreases? Why?

 Electronegativity increases from left to right across the period because atomic size decreases
and the electrons closer to the nucleus therefore increases the attraction of electron
 Electronegativity decreases down the group because atomic size increases and the valence
electrons away from the nucleus and this result to reduce the attraction of electrons in the atom
20. Describe metallic and non-metallic character?
 Metallic character is the degree of metal character of an element
 Non-metallic character is the degree of non-metallic character of an element

FORM TWO-B Page 2

 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬

CHAPTER EXERCISE
1. Sketch a periodic table, labeling the s, p, d and f blocks.

2. Why was Mendeleev's periodic law modified?

Because Mendeleev's Classification was not Giving importance to the electronic Structure of the atom
which is very important factor in deciding Chemical property.

3. Why do you think the noble gases are placed in a separate group?

Because of their inert nature as they also called as inert gases

4. What can be said about elements within a given group on the periodic table?

They have same number of valence elections

5. What blocks of the periodic table make up representative elements?

The S-block and p-block elements are collectively known as representative elements

6. How do alkaline earth metals differ from the alkali metals?

 Alkali metals have one valence electron in the outermost orbit whereas
 Alkaline earth metals have two valence elections in the outermost orbit.

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
7. Describe the properties of hydrogen and helium?
 Properties of hydrogen are Calourless, Odorless and tasteless in nature

 Properties of helium are - low boiling point, low density, low Solubility, high Thermal
Conducting and inertness.
8. Why are the noble gases almost completely uncreative?

Because they contain a full valence shell of electrons

9. What block do the lanthanides and actinides belong to?

F-block elements

10. Which element is the most electronegative? Why?

Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative element on the periodic table, because it attracts the electrons
in the bond more strongly than the carbon does

11. Which element is least electronegative? Why?

The least electronegative element is cesium (Cs) and francium (Fr)

12. Within a period, why are more massive atoms smaller?

Across period, effective nuclear charge increases as electron shielding remains constant. A higher
effective nuclear charge causes greater attractions to the electrons pulling the electrons could closer to
the nucleus which results in a smaller atomic radius

13. Why do atomic radii decrease across a period?

Because the nuclear charge increase with the same number of shells

14. Why does lionization Energy increase across a period?

Because the nuclear charge increases with the same number of shells, this result to become more
difficult to remove the valence electron of an atom, hence greater energy is required to remove the
electrons

15. Why does ionization energy decrease down a group?

Because the number of shells increases successfully and the nucleus, hence lesser energy is required to
remove the valence electrons

16. Why are metallic elements more reactive?

The Metallic Character increases as you go down a group, since the ionization decreases going down
group (or increases going up a group) the increased ability for metals lower in a group to lose electrons
make them more reactive

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
17. Describe how the location of an element on the periodic table allows us to predict its relative
properties.

The periodic table can be predict the properties of new elements, because it organizes the elements
according to their atomic numbers

18. How do understanding periodic trends allow us to predict properties of different elements?
What properties can be predicted by understanding trends?

An understanding of periodic trends is necessary when analyzing and predicting molecular properties
and interactions

19. Where on the periodic table (upper/lower, right/left) would you find atoms with the
following?
a. largest atomic radius: find in lower left
b. largest electron affinity: upper right
c. smallest ionization energy: lower left
20. Choose the more metallic element from each pair:
a. Sn or Te: Sn is more metallic then Te
b. Si or Sn: Sn is more metallic then Si
c. Br or Te:Te is more metallic then Br
d. Se or l: I is more metallic then Se

CHAPTER 2: QUESTION AND ANSWER

1. Define chemical bonding

A chemical bonding is defined as the attractive force which holds atoms together to form molecules

2. What does the electronic theory of valence states that

The electronic theory of valence says that” every atom tends to achieve a stable octet electronic
configuration in the valence shell by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons

3. Describe Lewis dot diagram

Lewis electron dot diagram is a representation of the valence electrons of an atom by using dots around
the symbol of the element.

4. State types of chemical bonding

 Ionic bonding
 Covalent bonding
5. Define ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is the bond between metal and non-metal atoms

6. Describe electrostatic force

Electrostatic force is the attraction between opposite charges

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7. Explain ionic bond formation

In the formation of ionic bond, metal atoms donate electrons to the formation of positive ions (anions)

8. Define covalent bond

Covalent bond is the bond of attraction between non-metals that results from valence electrons being
shared between two nuclei

9. State types of covalent bond

 Single covalent bond
 Double covalent bond
 Triple covalent bond
10. Differentiate between single, double and triple covalent bond
 Single covalent bond: is a covalent bond which forms when two atoms share one pair of
electrons between them.
 Double covalent bond: is a covalent bond formed between two atoms when they share two
electrons pairs
 Triple covalent bond: is a covalent bond formed by the sharing of three electron pairs
11. Define ionic compound

Ionic compound: is a compound formed by ions bonding together through electrostatic force

12. State the properties of ionic compound

 They are composed of metals and non-metal
 They have ionic bonds
 In their solid state they don not conduct electricity
 They dissolve in water and forms ions (+/-)
 They are solid at room temperature
13. Explain covalent bond formation

When electrons are shared between two atoms, they form a bond called a covalent bond

14. Define molecular compound

Molecular compounds: are compounds that form two or more non-metallic elements

15. Define lone pairs

Lone pairs: a pair of electrons occupying an orbital in an atom or molecule and not directly involved in
bonding.4

16. Describe polar covalent bond and give example

Polar covalent bond: is a covalent bond which forms between different non-metal atoms with different
Electronegativity

Example: Water H2O

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
17. Describe no polar covalent bond and give example

No polar covalent bonds: are the bonds formed between same atoms or different atoms with close
Electronegativity

Example: F2, N2, O2 and Cl2

18. Describe Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons

19. State the characteristics of polar covalent bond

 One atoms pulls the electrons in the bond closer to its side
 One end of the bond has larger electron density than the other. The result is a polar bond
 The end with the greater electron density gets a partial negative charge and the end that is
electron deficient gets a partial charge
20. Define chemical reaction

Chemical reaction: is the process of transforming one substance into another

21. Differentiate between reactant and product

 Reactant: is the substance that undergoes change during reaction
 Product: is the new substance formed during reaction
22. State the characteristics of chemical reaction
 Realize of energy in the form of heat or light
 Formation of precipitate.
 Evolving of gas
 Change in temperature
 Change in colar
23. Define precipitate

A precipitate is an insoluble solid that forms as a result of chemical reaction in aqueous solutions

24. Describe precipitation reaction

Precipitate reaction: is a reaction that occurs between 2 Aqueous solutions and forms a precipitate
during chemical reaction

25. What does law of conservation mass states about

The law of conservation mass states that “mater is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction”

26. What does law of definite proportional states about

The law of definite proportional states that “a chemical compound always contains elements combined
together in the same definite proportion by mass”

27. Describe chemical equation

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
Chemical equation is an expression in which symbols and formulas are used to represent chemical
reaction

28. What does reaction arrow indicates

The reaction arrow indicates change and the direction of the reaction

29. Define balancing

Balancing is the process of making the number of elements on both sides of the equation equal

30. Describe balanced equation

Balanced equation: is the chemical equation in which the number of atoms in the reactants is equal to
the number of atoms in the products

31. Define coefficient

Coefficient: is the number placed in front of the symbols and formulas in the chemical equation

32. Define subscript

Subscript: is the number placed below the symbol

33. State the common methods used for balancing

 Inspection method
 Algebraic method
34. State types of chemical reactions
 Combination reaction
 Decomposition reaction
 Single displacement reaction
 Double displacement reaction
35. Describe combination reaction and give example

Combination reaction: is the reaction in which two or more substance react to form a single substance

Example: CaO+ H2O →Ca(OH)2

36. Define decomposition reaction and give example

Decomposition reaction: is the reaction in which single compound is broken down into two or more
products

Example: CaCO3(g)→ CaO(s)+ CO2(g)

37. Define single displacement reaction and give example

Single displacement reaction: is the reaction in which one substance is replaced from its compound by
another substance

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
Example: CuSO4(aq) +Zn(s)→ ZnSO4(aq)+ Cu(s)

38. Define double displacement reaction and give example

Double displacement reaction: is the reaction in the constituents exchange their place

Example: Na2SO4(aq) +BaCl2(aq)→ 2NaCl(aq)+BaSO4(s)

39. Define thermal decomposition

The decomposition reaction caused by heat is called thermal decomposition

40. Define electrolysis

The decomposition reaction caused by electric current is called electrolysis

41. Define photolysis

The decomposition reaction caused by light is called photolysis

CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What is the electron configuration of alkali metals?

The general form for the electron configuration of each alkali metal is ns 1

2. What is the electron configuration of a noble gas? Why is this configuration important

Noble gases all have s2p6 s2 p6 electron configurations in their valence shell for a total of eight valence electrons. This
makes them very stable to the point that several of the noble gases form no known compounds

3. How do metals change to obey the octet rule?

Metal elements lose electrons to achieve octet rule

4. How do nonmetals change to obey the octet rule?

Atoms of non metals tend to gain electrons in order to fill their outermost principle energy level with an
octet

5. What column of the periodic table has Lewis electron dot diagrams with two electrons?

Helium

6. Draw Lewis electron dot diagram for each of the following elements
a. Silicon

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
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‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
b. Strontium

c. Bromine

7. What is the difference between chemical equation and chemical reaction?

a. A chemical equation: is an expression in which symbols and formulas are used to represent
chemical equation
b. Chemical reaction: is the process of transforming one substance into another
8. Write the
he balanced chemical equations for the following reactions
a. Calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate + water

Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3+H2O

b. Zinc + silver nitrate zinc nitrate + silver

Zn+2AgNO3→Zn(NO3)2+2Ag
Ag

c. Aluminum + copper chloride aluminum chloride + copper

2Al+3CuCl2→2AlCl3+3Cu

d. Barium chloride + potassium sulphate barium sulphate + potassium chloride

BaCl2+K2SO4→BaSO4+2KCl
9. Classify each of the following reactions as a synthesis of either decomposition, single-
displacement or double-displacement
displacement
a. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
b. 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq)+ H2(g)
c. 2NaNO3(s) 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)

Answer

a. Combination reaction
b. Single displacement reaction
c. Decomposition reaction
10. A precipitation of iron (III) hydroxide is produced by reacting an aqueous solution of iron (III)
chloride with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Write its balanced chemical equation

FeCl3 + 3NaOH -> Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl.

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
11. Write formula equations for the reaction in which aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and
sodium hydroxide react to form aqueous sodium sulfate and water

2NaOH+H2SO4→Na2SO4+2H2O

12. Write the world and the formula equations for the reaction between hydrogen sulfide gas
and oxygen gas that produce sulfur dioxide gas and water vapor

Word equation:

Hydrogen sulfide gas + oxygen gas sulfur dioxide gas + water vapor

Formula equation:

2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

13. Translate the following chemical equations into sentences:

a. 2K(S) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
b. 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s)
c. 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
d. CaH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2H2(g)
e. AgNO3(aq) + Kl(aq) AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)

Answer

a. Potassium react with water to produce potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas
b. Iron react with chlorine to produce iron chloride
c. Zinc sulfide react with oxygen to produce zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide
d. Calcium hydride react with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas
e. Silver nitrate react with potassium iodide to produce silver iodide and potassium nitrate
14. In a chemical reaction of sodium carbonate 5.3g and ethanoic acid 6g, 8.2g sodium ethanoate,
2.2g carbon dioxide and 0.9g water is formed. Does this product formed follow the low of
conservation of mass?

Solution

Na CO (s) + CH COOH(l) → CH COONa(l) + CO (g) + H O(l)

5.3g 6g 8.2g 2.2g 0.9g

 Total Mass of reactant = 5.3g+6g= 11.3g

 Total mass of product = 8.2g + 2.2g + 0.9g = 11.3g
 Since the total masses of reactants and products are equal, the results are in accordance to the
law of conservation of mass

FORM TWO-B Page 11

 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬

15. Aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide react to form aluminum hydroxide and calcium
sulfate. Write its balanced equation?

Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 Ca(OH)2 (s) → 2 Al(OH)3 (s) + 3 CaSO4 (s)

16. In a chemical reaction 0.096g of boron combine with 0.144g of oxygen to form a compound.
Calculate the mass of compound formed

The mass of the compound is 0.096⋅g+0.144⋅g=0.240⋅g

17. Balance the following chemical equations

a. P4(s) +6Cl2(g) 4PCl3(l)
b. 3PbO(s) + 2NH3(g) 3Pb(s) +N2(g) +3H2O(l)
c. P4O10(s) +6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)
d. 3Mn(s) + 2CrCl3(aq) 3MnCl2(aq) + 2Cr(s)
e. 2C2H2(g) +5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
f. 3Co(NO3)2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) Co3(PO4)2(s) +6 NaNO3(aq)
g. 4CH3NH2(g) + 9O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) + 2N2(g)

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Select the reactant(s) for the double displacement reaction that produces PF 5 and AsF3
a. PCl5 and AsF3
b. PCl3 and AsF5
c. PCl3 and AsF3
d. None of the above
2. A chemical bond between atoms results from the attraction between the valence electron and
of different atoms
a. Nuclei
b. Inner electrons
c. Isotopes
d. Lewis structure
3. A covalent bond consists of
a. Shared electrons
b. Shared electron pairs
c. Two different ions
d. An octet of electrons
4. If two covalent bonded atoms are identical, the bond is identified as
a. Non polar covalent

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 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
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b. Polar covalent
c. Ionic
d. Dipolar
5. A covalent bond in which there is an unequal attraction for the shared electrons is
a. Non polar covalent
b. Polar covalent
c. Ionic
d. Dipolar

6. Atoms with strong attraction for electrons that they share with another atom exhibit
a. Zero Electronegativity
b. Low Electronegativity
c. High Electronegativity
d. Lewis Electronegativity
7. In the given reaction:

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

The law of conservation of mass is proved because,

a. Atoms of hydrogen and oxygen in reactant are equal to the atoms in product
b. Mass of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the reactant is equal to the mass of water in the
product
c. Atoms of hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water
d. None of the above
8. Balancing chemical equation is based on the
a. Law of conservation of momentum
b. Law of conservation of weight
c. Law of conservation of mass
d. Law of proportion
9. In the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

4 grams of oxygen reacts with hydrogen to form 36g of water. The mass of hydrogen is

a. 8 g
b. 30 g
c. 32 g
d. 4 g
10. In the given reaction

Na2CO3 + xHCl → yNaCl + CO2 + H2O

FORM TWO-B Page 13

 ABLAAL FOUDATION MU’ASSASADA ABLAAL
Mogadishu - Somalia
‫مؤســـسـة أبﻼل‬
The correct integer of x and y is

a. X=2, Y=4
b. X=2, Y=2
c. X=1, Y=2
d. X=2,Y=1

FORM TWO-B Page 14