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Climate Overview:
1. Temperature and Rainfall Distribution:
o Patterns of temperature and rainfall across Pakistan. o Types of rainfall: Monsoon: Major rainfall in summer, affecting mainly eastern Pakistan. Western Depressions: Winter rain, affecting western and northern areas. Convectional Rain: Typically short, intense showers, often in mountainous or highland areas. 2. Seasonal and Regional Variations: o Seasonal Differences: Hot, dry summers and cool to cold winters in the northern mountains. Humid monsoon season in the northeast and central regions. o Regional Factors: Thunderstorms, cyclones (typhoons) in coastal and southern regions. Depressions affecting rainfall patterns in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 3. Monsoon Causes: o Low Pressure Overland: Summer heat creates low pressure in Pakistan and northern India. o High Pressure Over Ocean: Oceanic high pressure pushes moisture-laden winds inland, causing heavy rains in summer. 4. Regional Climate Characteristics: o Arid: Extremely hot, very low rainfall (e.g., Nok Kundi, Balochistan). o Semi-Arid: Hot summers, mild winters, moderate rainfall (e.g., parts of Punjab). o Humid: High humidity, heavy rainfall in summer (e.g., northeast Punjab, Murree). o Highland: Cool to cold throughout the year, with snowfall in winter (e.g., Gilgit- Baltistan). 5. Latitude and Longitude Influence: o Latitude affects seasonal day length and solar intensity. o Longitude determines time zones but has minimal impact on climate directly. 6. Climate Influence on Economy and Daily Life: o Mountains: Low temperatures, ice, and snow limit agricultural activities and isolate communities in winter. o Rain Storms and Flooding: Positive: Increases soil fertility, fills reservoirs. Negative: Damages crops, disrupts industry, transportation, and communication systems. o Drought and Water Shortage: Hinders agricultural output, limiting food and cash crop production. Affects industrial processes reliant on consistent water supply.