Pressure Transducer Explorer

Scientech 2308

Product Tutorial
Ver. 1.1

Designed & Manufactured in India by-

An ISO 9001:2008 company
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, : info@scientech.bz , : www.ScientechWolrd.com
Scientech 2308
Pressure Transducer Explorer
Scientech 2308
Table of Contents
1. Safety Instructions 3
2. Introduction 4
3. Features 5
4. Technical Specifications 6
5. Controls and Indicators 8
6. Theory 9
· What is Pressure? 9
· Different types of Pressure
· Relationship between different pressures 11
· Differential Pressure Measurement Technique 12
· Types of Pressure Transducers 17
· Different types of Differential Pressure Transducer 18
· Working principle of Differential Pressure Transducer 25
· Block diagram of Pressure Transducer Explorer 30
7. Software installation and USB Detection 36
8. Experiments
· Experiment 1 46
Study of the characteristics of Pressure Transducer
· Experiment 2 49
Study of Pressure Control by a ‘On/ Off’ controller
· Experiment 3 51
Study of how the Pressure Transducer output in voltage is converted
into current ( 4 to 20 mA) for transmission purpose.
· Experiment 4 53
Real Time study of Pressure Transducer characteristics with PC
interface
· Experiment 5 57
Study of Differential amplifier with Pressure Transducer
· Experiment 6 60
Study of pressure control by ‘On/Off’ controller by using PC
interface
9. Warranty 64
10. List of Contents 64

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Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the product.
To avoid any personal injury, or damage to the product, or any products connected to
it;
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your Safety:
Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this product.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument : This product is grounded through the protective earth
conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock
the grounding conductor must be connected to the
earth ground. Before making connections to the input
terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.

Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.

Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this product.

Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the

manual.
1. Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
2. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
3. Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.

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Introduction
Scientech TechBooks are compact and user friendly learning platforms to provide a
modern, portable, comprehensive and practical way to learn Technology. Each
TechBook is provided with detailed Multimedia learning material which covers basic
theory, step by step procedure to conduct the experiment and other useful information.
Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer is designed to explain concept of
Pressure measurement. It helps students & industry professionals to understand
operation of Pressure Transducer in detail. Built-in On/Off Controller is also provided
with audio & visual indicators. It also has a PC interface through USB for more
interactive understanding of Transducer characteristics.
Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer has a wide range of experiments
with user friendly software.

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Features

· Differential input Pressure Transducer

· Precise Signal conditioning
· Self-contained and easy to operate
· Data acquisition using USB
· Sensitive, Linear, Stable & Accurate
· Functional blocks indicated on board mimic
· On board Digital Voltmeter
· On board Indicators: Buzzer & LED
· On board On/Off Controller
· Graphical representation
· User friendly software
· On Board Touch Switch

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Technical Specifications

Pressure Transducer : 0 to 100 psi, Differential input

Pressure Gauge : 0 to 100 psi
Pressure Vessel : 0 to 100 psi
Safety Valve : 0 to 100 psi
Hoses : 1.5 m
Foot Pump : 0 to 150 psi
V-I Specification : 0 to 5 VDC input, 4 to 20 mA output
Buzzer Indicator : 5 V DC
LED Indicator : 5 V DC
Digital Voltmeter : 0 to 10 V
Test Points : 18 nos.
Dimensions (mm) : W 326 x D 252 x H 52
Power Supply : 100V - 240V AC, 50/60Hz
Weight : 1.5 Kg. (approximately)
Operating Conditions : 0-40oC, 85% RH
Included Accessories : PU -Tube - 1 meter
Foot Pump-1no, USB cable-1no.
Pressure Vessel-1no, Mains cord -1 no.
TechBook Power Supply-1no.
Patch cord 16” (2mm) - 10 nos.

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Pressure Transducer Explorer

Figure 1

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Controls and Indicators

· Amplifier Gain Adjustment:

Control used to adjust the gain of amplifier.
· On/Off Controller Adjustment:
Control used to adjust reference level for ‘On/Off’ controller.
· On-board LED:
Visual indication for ‘On/Off’ controller’s output.
· On-board Buzzer:
Audio indication for ‘On/Off’ controller’s output.
· On-board Digital Voltmeter:
Measure and Display the voltage applied on it.
· Data Acquisition Card:
USB connector for connecting the trainer to computer.

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Theory
What is Pressure:
The Earth is 7,900 miles (12,715 Kms) in diameter and is enveloped by a layer of
gases about 60 miles (96.6 Kms) thick, which is called “Atmosphere”. This mixture
of gases is comprised of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen plus trace amounts of many
other gases which collectively make up the atmospheric “air” that we all breathe.
The Earth’s gravitational field holds the atmosphere so that it rotates with the Earth
and the atmospheric pressure exerted at any altitude is simply the sum of the weight
of all the air molecules in a column above that point. As altitude increases air density
decreases and as a consequence there shall be fewer molecules in the shorter column
above the measurement point, so it is easy to understand why the atmospheric
pressure decreases with the increase in the altitude. At an altitude of 62 miles
(100Kms) and beyond, atmospheric pressure almost approaches zero, but even in the
deep outer space there are still a few gas molecules per cubic kilometer so a true
absolute zero pressure is not achieved even though it is very close to zero.
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is defined as a mean atmospheric
pressure of 29.92” Hg (760mm Hg) at 59°F (15°C) in dry air at the sea level. Other
equivalent units are 14.72 psia, 1 bar and 101.3 KPa. The instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure is a barometer, and atmospheric pressure is commonly called
barometric pressure so the two terms can be used interchangeably.
In addition to altitude, atmospheric pressure is affected by air temperature, local
weather conditions, and other variables to a lesser extent. The atmosphere is disturbed
by weather systems which can cause either “high or low” pressure systems by
increasing or decreasing the local atmospheric layer thickness. What we usually hear
from a weather forecaster is that the barometric pressure is “falling” and bringing in a
storm, or, that the barometric pressure is “rising” so sunny days are forecasted.
Different Types of Pressure:
Atmospheric Pressure:
There is a thin layer of atmosphere surrounding the earth, which is held in place by
gravity. Although it is only 1/100 the diameter of the earth, this film increases in
density as it approaches the surface of the earth. At the surface, the weight of the
mixture of mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) that we call "air" creates a
pressure on the surface of the earth that we measure at approximately 14.7 psia
(pounds per square inch absolute). This pressure varies depending on your position
and altitude and is reported by your local weather service in "Inches of Mercury"
rather than psia. The barometer (a means of measuring atmospheric pressure) will be
"29.95 and falling".

Absolute pressure = (Gauge pressure) + (Barometric pressure)

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Gauge Pressure:
Pressure gauges, and most other pressure measuring devices, generally measure gauge
pressure rather than absolute pressure. In other words, a gauge not attached to any
pressure source will show the "gauge" pressure as "0" even though, as stated above,
the "absolute" pressure is actually 14.7 psia. In general, we are interested in the
difference between the atmospheric pressure and what is in our compressor, so we
want to know the "gauge pressure" of our tank or compressor. From figure 1, it can
be concluded that
Gauge pressure = (Absolute Pressure) – (Atmospheric Pressure)
In PSI units it should be referred to as PSIg but the g is generally assumed and left
off. By convention, measurements in psia always include the "a". As a rule, pressure
gauges read gauge pressure.
Barometric Pressure (Atmospheric pressure):
Barometric Pressure is the term used to describe the actual atmospheric pressure that
exists at any given moment. Barometric pressure may be measured by a simple
mercury column as shown in figure 2 or by a specially designed instrument called an
aneroid barometer

Simple Barometer Arrangement

Figure 2

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Relationship between different types of Pressure:
A vacuum is created when pressure is reduced below atmospheric level. The
theoretical limit of pressure reduction is absolute zero or perfect vacuum. Vacuums
are measured as absolute pressure in inches of mercury. Pump suction reduces
atmospheric pressure at the point of intake. This allows atmospheric pressure on the
source of supply to push liquids into the pump. Figure 3 shows the relationship
between atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, vacuum, and absolute pressure.

Any Pressure above Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure
Gauge
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Barometric

At Atmosphere level
variable
Vacuum
Barometric Pressure or, Absolute

Any Pressure Below

Atmospheric
Atmospheric Pressure

Absolute Pressure
Pressure

Absolute Zero of Pressure, Perfect

Vacuum

Relationship between Different types of Pressure

Figure 3

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Differential Pressure Measurement Technique:
For applications like filter monitors, we are also interested in differential pressures or
the difference between two measured pressures. Differential pressure measurements
are designated with the suffix-d so that in English units the pressure might be
measured in PSID or,
Differential pressure = the difference between two referenced pressures. So gauge
pressure is actually a sort of differential pressure where one of the referenced
pressures is atmospheric pressure.
One of the earliest pressure measuring instruments is still in wide use today because
of its inherent accuracy and simplicity of operation. Its the U-tube manometer, which
is a U-shaped glass tube partially filled with liquid. This manometer has no moving
parts and requires no calibration. Manometer measurements are functions of gravity
and the liquid’s density, both physical properties that make the U-tube manometer a
standard for accuracy.
As shown in figure 4, with each leg of a U-tube manometer exposed to the
atmosphere, the height of liquid in the columns is equal. Using this point as a
reference and connecting each leg to an unknown pressure, the difference in column
heights indicates the difference in pressures (figure 5)

Same Liquid Level showing same Pressure on both the Legs of the U-tube
Figure 4

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Different Liquid Level showing Pressure Difference on the Legs of the U-tube
Figure 5
The fundamental relationship for pressure expressed by a liquid column is:
∆p = P2-P1 = ρgh
Where,
∆p = Differential Pressure
P1 = Pressure at low pressure connection
P2 = Pressure at high pressure connection
ρ = Density of indicating fluid (at specific temperature)
g = Acceleration due to gravitation (at specific latitude and elevation)
h = Difference in column heights
The resulting pressure is the difference between forces exerted per unit of surface area
of the liquid columns, with pounds per square inch (psi) or Newton per square meter
(Pascal’s) as the units. The manometer is so often used to measure pressure that the
difference in column heights is also a common unit. This is expressed in inches or
centimetres of water or mercury at a specific temperature, which can be changed to
standard units of pressure.
All pressure measurements are differential. The reference can be zero absolute
pressure (a total vacuum), atmospheric pressure (the barometric pressure), or another
pressure. With one leg of a manometer open to the atmosphere (figure 6) the
measured pressure is that which exceeds atmospheric pressure, which at sea level is
14.7 psi, 101.3 KPa, or 76 cm Hg.

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Gauge Pressure Measurement

Figure 6
A manometer can be designed to directly measure absolute pressure. The manometer
in figure 7 measures the pressure compared to zero absolute pressure in a sealed leg
above a mercury column. The most common form of this manometer is the
conventional mercury barometer used to measure atmospheric pressure. With just one
connection, this configuration can measure pressures above and below atmospheric
pressure.

Figure 7

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Variations on the U-Tube Manometer:
The differential pressure is always the difference in column heights, regardless of the
size or shape of the tubes. As shown in figure 8(A), the legs of both manometers are
open to the atmosphere and the indicating fluids are at the same level. Connecting the
same pressure to the left leg of each manometer causes its level to lower. Because of
the variation in volume in the manometer legs, the fluid in each column moves a
different distance. However, the difference between the fluid levels in both
manometers is identical figure 8(B).

Pressure Measurement using Manometer

Figure 8
Carrying this variation in tube sizes further is the well-type (or reservoir) manometer
figure. As pressure is applied to the well, the level falls slightly as compared to the
level rise in the column. By compensating the column’s scale graduations to correct
for the well drop, it is possible to make a direct reading of differential pressure. There
are connection guidelines placed on well-type manometers, compared to the U-tube
style:

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· Connect pressure higher than atmospheric to the well; connect pressure lower
than atmospheric to the tube.
· For differential measurements, connect the higher pressure to the well.
· For raised-well manometers, the well connection can be used for gauge and
vacuum measurements.

Figure 9
In a well-type manometer, the cross-sectional area of one leg (the well) is much
larger than the other leg. When pressure is applied to the well, the fluid lowers only
slightly compared to the fluid rise in the other leg.
A variation of the well-type manometer is the inclined-tube (or draft gauge)
manometer in figure 10. With an inclined indicating tube, 1 in. of a vertical rise is
stretched over several inches of scale length. The inclined-tube manometer has better
sensitivity and resolution for low pressures.

Figure 10
Low pressure and low differentials are better handled with an inclined-tube
manometer, where 1 in. of vertical liquid height can be stretched to 12 in. of scale
length.

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Types of Pressure Transducer:
Mechanical methods of measuring pressure have been known for centuries. U-tube
manometers were amongst the first pressure indicators. Originally, these tubes were
made of glass, and scales were added to them as needed. But manometers are large,
cumbersome, and not well suited for integration into automatic control loops.
Therefore, manometers are usually found in the laboratory or used as local indicators.
Depending on the reference pressure used, they could indicate absolute, gauge, and
differential pressure.
Differential pressure transducers often are used in flow measurement where they can
measure the pressure differential across a venture, orifice, or other type of primary
element. The detected pressure differential is related to the flowing velocity and
therefore to volumetric flow. Many features of modern pressure transmitters have
come from the differential pressure transducer. In fact, one might consider the
differential pressure transmitter, the model for all pressure transducers.

Borden Tube Designs

Figure 11
Often, the terms pressure gauge, sensor, transducer, and transmitter are used
interchangeably. The term pressure gauge usually refers to a self-contained indicator
that converts the detected process pressure into the mechanical motion of a pointer as
shown in figure 11, the different types of Borden Tube. A pressure transducer might
combine the sensor element of a gauge with a mechanical-to-electrical or mechanical-
to-pneumatic converter and a power supply. A pressure transmitter is a standardized
pressure measurement package consisting of three basic components: a pressure
transducer, its power supply, and a signal conditioner/retransmitted that converts the
transducer signal into a standardized output.
Pressure transmitters can send the process pressure of interest using an analog
pneumatic (3-15 psig), analog electronic (4-20 mA DC), or digital electronic signal.
When transducers are directly interfaced with digital data acquisition systems and are
located at some distance from the data acquisition hardware, high output voltage
signals is preferred. These signals must be protected against both electromagnetic and
radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI) when traveling longer distances.
Transducer accuracy refers to the degree of conformity of the measured value to an
accepted standard. It is usually expressed as a percentage of either the full scale or of
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the actual reading of the instrument. In case of percent-full-scale devices, error
increases as the absolute value of the measurement drops. Repeatability refers to the
closeness of agreement among a number of consecutive measurements of the same
variable. Linearity is a measure of how well the transducer output increases linearly
with increasing pressure. Hysteresis error describes the phenomenon whereby the
same process pressure results in different output signals depending upon whether the
pressure is approached from a lower or higher pressure.
Different Type of Differential Pressure Transducer:
A strain gauge is used to measure the deflection of an elastic diaphragm or Bourdon
tube; it becomes a component in a pressure transducer. Strain gauge-type pressure
transducers are widely used.
Strain-gauge transducers are used for narrow-span pressure and for differential
pressure measurements. Essentially, the strain gauge is used to measure the
displacement of an elastic diaphragm due to a difference in pressure across the
diaphragm. These devices can detect gauge pressure if the low pressure port is left
open to the atmosphere or differential pressure if connected to two process pressures.
If the low pressure side is a sealed vacuum reference, the transmitter will act as an
absolute pressure transmitter.

Differential Pressure Transducers Figure 12

Strain Gauge Transducer:
Strain gauge transducers are available for pressure ranges as low as 3 inches of water
to as high as 200,000 psig (1400 MPa). Figure 12 (a) and (b) shows the differential
pressure transducer (plastic package) for low pressure and high pressure (SS package
used in industries) respectively. Inaccuracy ranges from 0.1% of span to 0.25% of full
scale. Additional error sources can be a 0.25% of full scale drifts over six months and
a 0.25% full scale temperature effect per 1000 F.

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Capacitive Pressure Transducer:
Capacitance pressure transducers were originally developed for use in low vacuum
research. This capacitance change results from the movement of a diaphragm element
as shown in figure 13. The diaphragm is usually metal or metal-coated quartz and is
exposed to the process pressure on one side and to the reference pressure on the other.
Depending on the type of pressure, the capacitive transducer can either be an absolute,
gauge, or differential pressure transducer.
Stainless steel is the most common diaphragm material used, but for corrosive service,
high-nickel steel alloys, such as Inconel or Hastelloy, give better performance.
Tantalum also is used for highly corrosive, high temperature applications. As a special
case, silver diaphragms can be used to measure the pressure of chlorine, fluorine, and
other halogens in their elemental state.
In a capacitance-type pressure sensor, a high-frequency, high-voltage oscillator is
used to charge the sensing electrode elements. In a two-plate capacitor sensor design,
the movement of the diaphragm between the plates is detected as an indication of the
changes in process pressure.

Capacitor Pressure Transducer

Figure 13

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As shown in figure 13, the deflection of the diaphragm causes a change in capacitance
that is detected by a bridge circuit. This circuit can be operated in either a balanced or
unbalanced mode. In balanced mode, the output voltage is fed to a null detector and
the capacitor arms are varied to maintain the bridge at null. Therefore, in the balanced
mode, the null setting itself is a measure of process pressure. When operated in
unbalanced mode, the process pressure measurement is related to the ratio between
the output voltage and the excitation voltage.
Single-plate capacitor designs are also common. In this design, the plate is located on
the back side of the diaphragm and the variable capacitance is a function of deflection
of the diaphragm. Therefore, the detected capacitance is an indication of the process
pressure. The capacitance is converted into either a direct current or a voltage signal
that can be read directly by panel meters or microprocessor-based input/output boards.
Capacitance pressure transducers are widespread in part because of their wide range
ability, from high vacuums in the micron range to 10,000 psig (70 MPa). Differential
pressures as low as 0.01 inches of water can readily be measured. And, compared
with strain gage transducers, they do not drift much. Better designs are available that
are accurate to within 0.1% of reading or 0.01% of full scale. A typical temperature
effect is 0.25% of full scale per 1000 F.
Capacitance-type sensors are often used as secondary standards, especially in low-
differential and low-absolute pressure applications. They also are quite responsive,
because the distance the diaphragm must physically travel is only a few microns.
Newer capacitance pressure transducers are more resistant to corrosion and are less
sensitive to stray capacitance and vibration effects that used to cause "reading jitters"
in older designs.
Potentiometer Pressure Transducer:
The potentiometer pressure sensor provides a simple method for obtaining an
electronic output from a mechanical pressure gauge. The device consists of a
precision potentiometer, whose wiper arm is mechanically linked to a Bourdon or
bellows element. The movement of the wiper arm across the potentiometer converts
the mechanically detected sensor deflection into a resistance measurement, using a
Wheatstone bridge circuit as shown in the figure 14.
The mechanical nature of the linkages connecting the wiper arm to the Bourdon tube,
bellows, or diaphragm element introduces unavoidable errors into this type of
measurement. Temperature effects cause additional errors because of the differences
in thermal expansion coefficients of the metallic components of the system. Errors
will also be developed due to mechanical wear of the components and of the contacts.
Potentiometer transducers can be made extremely small and installed in very tight
quarters, such as inside the housing of a 4.5” dial pressure gauge. They also provide a
strong output that can be read without additional amplification. This permits them to
be used in low power applications. They are also inexpensive. Potentiometer
transducers can detect pressures between 5 and 10,000 psig (35 KPa to 70 MPa).
Their accuracy falls between 0.5% and 1% of full scale, not including drift and the
effects of temperature.

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Figure 14
Potentiometer type Pressure Transducer
Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer:
When pressure, force or acceleration is applied to a quartz crystal, a charge is
developed across the crystal that is proportional to the force applied. The fundamental
difference between these crystal sensors and static-force devices such as strain gauges
is that the electric signal generated by the crystal decays rapidly. This characteristic
makes these sensors unsuitable for the measurement of static forces or pressures but
useful for dynamic measurements
Piezoelectric devices can further be classified according to the crystal’s electrostatic
charge, its resistivity, or its resonant frequency of electrostatic charge is measured.
Depending on this phenomenon, the crystal sensor can be called electrostatic,
piezoresistive, or resonant.
When pressure is applied to a crystal, it is elastically deformed. This deformation
results in a flow of electric charge (which lasts for a period of a few seconds). The
resulting electric signal can be measured as an indication of the pressure which was
applied to the crystal. These sensors cannot detect static pressures, but are used to
measure rapidly changing pressures resulting from blasts, explosions, pressure
pulsations (in rocket motors, engines, compressors) or other sources of shock or
vibration. Some of these rugged sensors can detect pressure events having “rise
times” approximately a millionth of a second.

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Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer

Figure 15

Cut-Section of Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer

Figure 16

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Inductive/ Reductive Type Pressure Transducer:
A number of early pressure transducer designs were based on magnetic phenomenon.
These included the use of inductance, reluctance, and eddy currents. Inductance is that
property of an electric circuit that expresses the amount of electromotive force (emf)
induced by a given rate of change of current flow in the circuit. Reluctance is
resistance to magnetic flow, the opposition offered by a magnetic substance to
magnetic flux. In these sensors, a change in pressure produces a movement, which in
turn changes the inductance or reluctance of an electric circuit.

Figure 17
Figure17 illustrates the use of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) as the
working element of a pressure transmitter. The LVDT operates on the inductance
ratio principle. In this design, three coils are wired onto an insulating tube containing
an iron core, which is positioned within the tube by the pressure sensor.
Alternating current is applied to the primary coil in the center, and if the core also is
centered, equal voltages will be induced in the secondary coils (#1 and #2). Because
the coils are wired in series, this condition will result in a zero output. As the process
pressure changes and the core moves, the difference in the voltages induced in the
secondary coils is proportional to the pressure causing the movement.
LVDT-type pressure transducers are available with 0.5% full scale accuracy and with
ranges from 0-30 psig (0-210 KPa) to 0-10,000 psig (0-70 MPa). They can detect
absolute, gauge or differential pressures. Their main limitations are susceptibility to
mechanical wear and sensitivity to vibration and magnetic interference.
Reluctance is the equivalent of resistance in a magnetic circuit. If a change in pressure
changes the gaps in the magnetic flux paths of the two cores, the ratio of inductances
L1/L2 will be related to the change in process pressure. Reluctance-based pressure
transducers have a very high output signal (on the order of 40 mV/volt of excitation),
but must be excited by AC voltage. They are susceptible to stray magnetic fields and
to temperature effects of about 2% per 1000 0 F. Because of their very high output
signals, they are often used in applications where high resolution over a relatively
small range is desired. They can cover pressure ranges from 1” water to 10,000 psig
(250 Pa to 70 MPa). Typical accuracy is 0.5% of full scale.

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Optical Type Pressure Transducer:
Optical pressure transducers detect the effects of minute motions due to changes in
process pressure and generate a corresponding electronic output signal as shown in
the figure 18. A light emitting diode (LED) is used as the light source, and a vane
blocks some of the light as it is moved by the diaphragm. As the process pressure
moves the vane between the source diode and the measuring diode, the amount of
infrared light received changes.
The optical transducer must compensate for aging of the LED light source by means
of a reference diode, which is never blocked by the vane. This reference diode also
compensates the signal for build-up of dirt or other coating materials on the optical
surfaces. The optical pressure transducer is immune to temperature effects, because
the source, measurement and reference diodes are affected equally by changes in
temperature. Moreover, because the amount of movement required to make the
measurement is very small (under 0.5 mm), hysteresis and repeatability errors are
nearly zero.
Optical pressure transducers do not require much maintenance. They have excellent
stability and are designed for long-duration measurements. They are available with
ranges from 5 psig to 60,000 psig (35 KPA to 413 MPa) and with 0.1% full scale
accuracy.

Optical Pressure Transducer

Figure 18

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Working of Differential Pressure Transducer SX100DN:
This pressure transducer is working on the principle of “Strain Gauge” i.e when any
pressure (force) is exerted on the strain gauge, there is corresponding change in its
resistance. This change in resistance will produce an electrical output in the range of
millivolts that is proportional to the applied pressure.
The Differential Pressure Transducer used in the trainer is SX100DN as shown in the
figure 19. These transducers are available in N Housing Package with operating
pressure range of 0 to 150 psi. It is provided with two input terminal, named as P1 and
P2 as shown in figure 19. To identify the leads, look at the “White Spot” on the right
side of the transducer (not yours). According to the given convention-
Pin 1----------- Gnd
Pin 2----------- (+Output)
Pin 3------------+Vs (12 VDC supply)
Pin 4------------ (- Output)
Pressure Input-2 (P2)

Pressure Input-1 (P1)

White Spot

Differential Pressure Transducer (SX100DN)

Figure 19
When two different pressure input applied to input terminal P1 and P2 of transducer,
the diaphragm at the centre of the two inputs experienced the pressure difference.
Thereafter, the four strain gauges two in the upper face and two in lower face
expansion and contraction respectively. As a result of which an electrical output is
generated in the range of millivolts that is proportional to the pressure difference of
two input terminals.
In this situation, there can be three possible cases as
i) P1 = P2,
ii) P1 > P2 and
iii) P2 > P1

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Case 1: When P1 = P2
When there is no pressure difference between P1 and P2 i.e, P1 = P2. Then the
diaphragm will not experience any force and it will be in its stationary state as shown
in figure 20 In this case as no expansion and contraction of strain gauges occurs, as a
result of which there will be no output, i.e, Vout = 0 as shown in figure 20.

When no pressure -applied to transducer P1 = P2.

Figure 20
The four gauges namely, G1, G2, G3 and G4 are connected to form a Bridge circuit as
shown in figure 21.

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Gauges connected in the form of Bridge Circuit, P1=P2

Figure 21
Case 2: When P1 > P2
When the input terminal pressure P1 is greater than the terminal pressure P2, there
exists a pressure difference between P1 and P2 i.e., P1 > P2. Then the diaphragm will
experience a force and as a result the diaphragm bends towards low pressure direction
as shown in figure 22. In this case, G2 & G3 undergoes expansion and G1 & G4
undergoes contraction of strain gauges, so there will be output across pin 2 and pin 4
that is proportional to pressure difference as shown in figure 22.

When pressure difference P1 > P2 applied to the Transducer

Figure 22

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The four gauges namely, G1, G2, G3 and G4 are connected to form a Bridge circuit as
shown in figure 23. In this case, there exist an output across pin 2 and pin 4, Vout.

Gauges connected in the form of Bridge Circuit, P1=P2

Figure 23
Case 3: When P2 > P1
When the input terminal pressure P2 is greater than the terminal pressure P1, there
exists a pressure difference between P1 and P2 i.e., P2 > P1.Then the diaphragm will
experience a force and as a result the diaphragm bends towards low pressure direction
as shown in figure 24. In this case, strain gauges G 1 & G4 undergoes expansion and
G 2 & G3 undergoes contraction, so there will be output across pin 2 and pin 4 that is
proportional to pressure difference as shown in figure 24.

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When pressure difference P2 > P1 applied to transducer

Figure 24
The four gauges namely, G1, G2, G3 and G4 are connected to form a Bridge circuit as
shown in figure 25. In this case, there exist an output across pin 2 and pin 4, Vout.

Gauges connected in the form of Bridge Circuit, P2>P1

Figure 25

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Scientech 2308
Block Diagram of Pressure Transducer Explorer:

Block Diagram of Pressure Transducer with associative blocks

Figure 26

Functional description of Individual Block:

Pressure Transducer Section:
The function of this block is to sense the pressure difference of the two-inlet terminal
and convert it into an electrical signal. The electrical signal obtained is very weak in
nature, so it needs to be amplified for other purpose.
Buffer Amplifier Section:
Buffer amplifier (sometimes simply called a buffer) is one that provides electrical
impedance transformation from one circuit to another. Two main types of buffer exist:
the Voltage buffer and the Current buffer.
Properties of an Ideal Buffer amplifier is as follows:
1. The input resistance is infinite, the output resistance zero
2. The ideal buffer has perfect linearity, regardless of signal amplitudes.
3. Instant output response, regardless of the speed of the input signal
The voltage buffer amplifier is circuit used to transfer a voltage from a first circuit,
having a high output impedance level, to a second circuit with a low input impedance
level. The interposed buffer amplifier prevents the second circuit from loading the
first circuit unacceptably and interfering with its desired operation.
If the voltage is transferred unchanged (the voltage gain Av is 1), the amplifier is a
unity gain buffer; also known as a Voltage follower because the output voltage
follows or tracks the input voltage. Although the voltage gain of a voltage buffer
amplifier may be (approximately) unity, it usually provides considerable current gain
and thus power gain. However, it is common to say that it has a gain of 1 (or the
equivalent 0 dB), referring to the voltage gain. If we provide voltage gain then the
buffer is known as Buffer Amplifier.
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Scientech 2308
Differential Amplifier Section:
Differential Amplifiers, amplifies the difference between two voltages as shown in
figure 27 are commonly used in cases where sensitive signals are required to be
amplified, where signal-carrying cables may pass through noisy environments and
extremely long distance, etc. The idea for noisy environments is that each signal
connection may be affected by noise or “pick-up,” but if they closely follow the same
path (for example being twisted together), they will pick up the same amount of noise.
Integrity of sensitive or low-level signals may be compromised by use of the general
“ground” as one “side” of the signal connection. This possibility arises since
conductors are not perfect; thus sharing a ground path with a high-current or “noisy”
signal will add a varying voltage only onto the ground side of the signal. If the added
signal is comparable to the signal, the overall transmission is significantly degraded.
In this case, the use of differential signal transmission avoids using the “noisy”
ground. In summary therefore, taking the difference in voltages between the two wires
will maintain the desired signal while cancelling the noise as indicated in the relations
below.

Differential Amplifier Circuit

Figure 27
Fundamentally, operational amplifiers are “differential amplifiers.” Consequently, we
can create differential circuits with appropriate use of resistors based upon the ideas
presented and discussed above for the basic amplifier circuits, the standard differential
configuration is shown and analyzed below.

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Scientech 2308

V1 – V– V – V0
I= = 1
R2 R1
V1 V0 æ 1 1 ö æ R 1 +R 2 ö
+ =V –ç + ÷=V –ç ÷
R 2 R1 R
è 1 R 2 ø R R
è 1 2 ø
V1 V0 æ V2 ö æ R 1 +R 2 ö
+ = R1 ç ÷ç ÷
R 2 R1 è R 1 +R 2 ø è R 1R 2 ø
V1 V0 V2
+ =
R 2 R1 R 2
R1
V0 = ( V2 – V1 )
R2
Gain Amplifier Section:
If a current of 1 mA is made to flow to the inverting input pin through the 1K ohm
input resistor, R1, the Op Amp tries to maintain equilibrium, i.e., no current flows in
that input pin. It generates an output voltage of the opposite polarity, which maintains
that 1 milliamp to flow through the 10 K feedback resistor, R2 to the output. Because
the feedback resistor is ten times the value of the input resistor, it will require ten
times the voltage to cause that same 1 mA to flow. The view from the input pin: there
is a current of 1 milliamp coming down the input resistor, and at the same time, there
is a current of 1 milliamp coming from the feedback resistor. There is no current left
over for the input pin, therefore satisfying the zero current requirement of the Op
Amp.

Gain Amplifier Circuit Figure 28

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Scientech 2308
Because no matter (within reason) how much current was made to flow in the input
resistor, no voltage change was seen at the other end of the input pin. If the resistor
had been attached to ground, the effect would have been the same: current flow into
the resistor; no voltage at the other end. Let us say you use a CMOS Op-Amp having
input impedance is of, with the same resistor values as the example above. You apply
a signal generator that has an output impedance of 1000 ohms. We know that if we
apply that generator to a 1000 ohm load, the output voltage of the generator will drop
by 6dB (50%). Now apply this generator to our CMOS Op-Amp and measure the
generator output level before and after. In fact, nothing has changed, whether its a
CMOS or a BJT Op-Amp, the principle is the same: if the Op-Amp has enough gain,
the device itself has no discernible effect on the circuit.
Digital Voltmeter:
The digital voltmeter provided is Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) type. It can be use to
measure the voltages ranging from -10V to +10 V. It has the accuracy of two digits
after decimal. You can connect the output of any section as mentioned above to the
voltmeter’s input. But while connecting; be sure about the terminal connection, if you
would like to test any voltages from outside sources. But in that case it should be in
between the range as mentioned above.
Voltage to Current Converter:
Sometimes we want a voltage to current converter that will turn a voltage into a
proportional current. Of course, a simple resistor can do this, but then the current will
depend on the load resistance. Ideally, a current source should have an infinite output
resistance (so that any load resistance would be a negligible fraction, keeping the
current constant), and a simple resistor does not satisfy this requirement very well.
The circuit shown here has a nearly infinite output resistance, since the output current
is equal to the current through resistor R, which is V1/R. The output of the op-amp
changes its voltage so that this current flows, whatever the load resistance. Use your
meter on a current scale for the load. Connect a resistance (say, 1K) in series with the
meter to see that you get the same current.
The previous circuit had the disadvantage that neither terminal of the load was at
ground. Such a load is said to float, and must be allowed to vary as the circuit
requires. The present circuit has a load with one terminal grounded, which is usually
much more convenient. The analysis of this circuit can start by assuming some
unknown voltage v at nodes a and b as shown in the figure 29. The feedback will keep
these nodes at the same potential, in the usual fashion. Now the currents in the
branches to the left of these nodes can be written down, and the voltage at the third
node, c, can be determined. Now all currents flowing into node b can be found, and
the load current is found to be the input voltage divided by the resistance in the other
input, 1K in this case.

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Scientech 2308

Voltage to current converter circuit

Figure 29
Comparator as ‘On / Off’ Controller:
A Comparator is a circuit that compares two input voltages. One voltage is called the
reference voltage (Vref) and the other is called the input voltage (Vin).When Vin rises
above or falls below Vref, the output changes polarity (+ ve becomes - ve).

Figure 30

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Scientech 2308
Data Acquisition Card:
Data acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be
manipulated by a computer. Sometimes abbreviated DAQ or DAS, data acquisition
typically involves acquisition of signals and waveforms and processing the signals to
obtain desired information. The components of data acquisition systems include an
appropriate sensor that converts measurement parameter to an electrical signal, which
is acquired by data acquisition hardware.
Thereafter signal conditioning output signal are fed to the computer using USB
interface. The hardware of the data acquisition card converts these signals into digital
form and further processed by the program.
Pressure Vessel:

Pressure Vessel
Figure 31
The pressure vessel with all its components is shown in the figure 31. Its pressure
storage capacity is 60 to 70 psi. (Don’t go beyond this range). The pressure inside the
vessel is indicated by the pressure gauge as shown in the figure 31.
Non-returning Valve: is a one way valve i.e., air can only flow into the vessel and
can’t flow in opposite direction that is out of the vessel, even if the pressure inside the
vessel is more than the source pressure.
The Ball Valve: is used to control the out flow rate of air from the vessel by moving
the lever in clock or antilock wise direction. The valve gets opened, when the lever is
perpendicular to the flow line and closed when parallel to the flow line. Don’t open
the ball valve suddenly; open it slowly in steps, so that the compressed air can escape
smoothly. Otherwise it may lead to any sort of accident.
Safety Valve: is used for the purpose of safety. It is set to preset pressure, so that as
soon as it reaches that pressure, it starts releasing the excess pressure (as in the case of
a pressure cooker).
Pressure Gauge: is used to indicate pressure inside the vessel at that particular
instant of time.

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Scientech 2308
Software installation
· Double click on to icon below shown in figure 32.

Figure 32
· After above step install shield Wizard window open click on to Next Tab shown
in below figure 33.

Figure 33

36
Scientech 2308
· After above step License Agreement Window will open, click on to I accept the
term in License Agreement Check box then click on to Next tab shown in below
figure 34.

Figure 34
· After above step next window will open click on to Install tab is shown in below
figure 35.

Figure 35
37
Scientech 2308
· After above step this window will open, click on to the Finish tab is shown in
below figure 36.

Figure 36
· After above step this window will open shown in below figure 37.

Figure 37

38
Scientech 2308
· After above step Scientech 2308 window will be open is a shown in below
figure 38.

Figure 38
USB Detection
The following steps should be performed when Scientech 2308 Pressure
Transducer Explorer is first connected to a computer or a laptop.
· From the learning material CD, install the setup for Scientech 2308 Pressure
Transducer Explorer.
· Connect a USB cable from the USB port of the Computer or Laptop to the USB
connector provided on Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer.
· When the USB is connected, a message appears on the screen displaying new
device found and a window appears on the screen as shown in the figure 39.

39
Scientech 2308

Figure 39
· In this window we have to provide the drivers for Scientech 2308 Pressure
Transducer Explorer
· Click on “Install from a list or specific location (Advanced)” and then click
Next. The following window appears on the screen.

40
Scientech 2308

Figure 40
· Click on “Browse” and provide the path for the drivers. The drivers are installed
in the “Program files” folder in C drive.

Figure 41

41
Scientech 2308
· By default, the path for the drivers is
C:\Program Files\Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd\Scientech 2308\inf
· Click OK once the path is selected and click “next”. After clicking next the
Computer will perform some operation as shown in figure 42

Figure 42
· After the PC operation, the following window appears on the screen.

Figure 43
42
Scientech 2308
· Select the first option and click next. Another window appears as on the screen
which is as shown by the figure 44.

Figure 44
· Click on “Continue Anyways”. After a few moments the drivers will be installed
and the following window appears on the screen

Figure 45
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Scientech 2308
· Click Finish. Now the device is ready for use. To check whether the drivers
installed properly, right click on “My computer” then select “Properties”. Then
click on “Hardware” and then Device Manager.

Figure 46

44
Scientech 2308
· The following window appears on the screen. Expand the “Ports (COM &
LPT)” tab. There we can see “USB Port “(COM)”. A Default COM no is
provided by the computer or PC to the device. This shows that Scientech 2308
Pressure Transducer Explorer is detected and ready for use

Figure 47
Note: The error of ±5 to ±10 psi is acceptable between software and pressure vessel.

45
Scientech 2308
Experiment 1
Objective: Study of the characteristics of Pressure Transducer
Equipments Needed:
1. Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer
2. Pressure Vessel
3. Foot Pump
4. Connecting Tube (1.5 meters)
5. 2mm Patch Cords (5 pieces)
Circuit diagram:

Figure 32

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Scientech 2308
Procedure:
1. Fill the pressure vessel up to 60 psi (don’t cross the range) with the help of foot
pump, while filling be sure that the outlet valve is closed (Off position).
2. Connect the outlet (valve with lever) of the pressure vessel to any one of the
inlet (either P1 or, P2) of the Pressure Transducer with the help of tube
provided.
3. Keep the other inlet (P1 or, P2) of the Transducer, so that the other pressure will
be the Atmospheric pressure.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in figure32.
5. Switch on the power of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer.
6. Now, very slowly open the valve in order to release the pressure from the vessel
and flow to the transducer.
7. Take the readings at step change of 10 psi, below this step it is difficult to notice
the change in pressure.
8. Note down the reading of pressure from the pressure gauge of vessel and voltage
from Digital voltmeter of trainer in the observation table.
9. Repeat step 5 & 6 to take more readings.
10. Now, plot a graph between pressure versus Voltage.

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Scientech 2308
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Pressure (psi or Kg/cm2) Voltage
(Volts)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Plot the graph between Pressure vs Voltage:

Conclusion:

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Scientech 2308
Experiment 2
Objective: Study of Pressure Control by an ‘On/ Off’ Controller
Equipments Needed:
1. Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer
2. Pressure Vessel
3. Foot Pump
4. Connecting Tube (1.5meters)
5. 2mm Patch Cords (5 pieces)
Circuit diagram:

Figure 33

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Scientech 2308
Procedures:
1. Fill the pressure vessel up to 60 psi (don’t cross the range) with the help of foot
pump, while filling be sure that the outlet valve is closed (Off Position).
2. Connect the outlet (valve with lever) of the Pressure Vessel to any one of the
inlet (either P1 or, P2) of the Pressure Transducer with the help of tube
provided.
3. Keep the other inlet (P1 or, P2) of the Transducer, so that the other pressure will
be the Atmospheric pressure.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in figure33.
5. Switch on the power of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer.
6. To set the referance input of controller, connect the referance input terminal to
+ve terminal TP11 of DVM and -ve terminal TP12 to ground. And now rotate
the potentiometer to fix the ref. voltage (less than 4.5V).
7. Now, very slowly open the valve in order to release the pressure from the vessel
and flow to the transducers input.
8. Now, you can observe that the moment voltage at TP6 crosses the referance
input the LED glows and Buzzer blows.
9. As this mechanism works automatically, so it can be termed as Automatic
‘On/Off’ controller.

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Scientech 2308
Experiment 3
Objective: Study of how the Pressure Transducer output in voltage is converted into
current (4 to 20 mA) for transmission purpose.
Equipments Needed:
1. Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer
2. Pressure Vessel
3. Foot Pump
4. Connecting Tube (1.5meters)
5. 2mm Patch Cords (5 pieces)

Circuit diagram:

Figure 34

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Scientech 2308
Procedure:
1. Fill the pressure vessel up to 60 psi (don’t cross the range) with the help of foot
pump, while filling be sure that the outlet valve is closed (Off Position).
2. Connect the outlet (valve with lever) of the Pressure Vessel to any one of the
inlet (either P1 or, P2) of the Pressure Transducer with the help of tube
provided.
3. Keep the other inlet (P1 or, P2) of the Transducer, so that the other pressure will
be the Atmospheric pressure.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 34.
5. Switch on the power of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer.
6. Now, very slowly open the valve in order to release the pressure from the vessel
and flow to the transducer’s input.
7. Now, observe the DVM and Ammeter, and note down the readings in
observation table.
Observation Table:
Sr. No. DVM Voltage Ammeter Current
(Volts) (mA)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Conclusion:

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Scientech 2308
Experiment 4
Objective: Real Time study of Pressure Transducer characteristics with PC interface

Equipments Needed:
1. Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer
2. Pressure Vessel
3. Foot Pump
4. Connecting Tube (1.5meters)
5. 2mm Patch Cords (5 pieces)
Circuit diagram:

Figure 35

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Scientech 2308
Procedure:
1. Fill the pressure vessel up to 60 psi (don’t cross the range) with the help of foot
pump, while filling be sure that the outlet valve is closed (Off Position).
2. Connect the outlet (valve with lever) of the Pressure Vessel to any one of the
inlet (either P1 or, P2) of the Pressure Transducer with the help of tube
provided.
3. Keep the other inlet (P1 or, P2) of the Transducer, so that the other pressure will
be the Atmospheric pressure.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 35.
5. Switch on the power of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer.
6. Start the software of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer. The
Main window will open when the user clicks on the software. The main window
is the one as shown below.

54
Scientech 2308
7. Click on the button that says “Pressure vs Voltage Graph”. Clicking on the
button will open the following page

8. On the top left corner, their will be an empty observation table of pressure and
voltage which the user can fill with the readings that he takes. The observation
table will increase as the user enters the values. User can enter ‘n’ number of
values in the table.
9. When the observation table in filled, click the button that says “Plot Graph”.
When the user clicks the button, a graph is displayed with pressure in the X-axis
and voltage in the Y-axis.

55
Scientech 2308

10. Now to draw another graph, click the button that says “Clear Data”. Clicking
this button will clear the observation table and new values can be entered into
the table.
11. Clicking on the button which says “Back” will go back to the main window.
12. Clicking on the button that says “Exit ” will close the program

Conclusion:

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Scientech 2308
Experiment 5
Objective: Study of Differential Amplifier with Pressure Transducer
Equipments Needed:
1 Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer
2 Pressure Vessel
3 Foot Pump
4 Connecting Tube (1.5meters)
5 2mm Patch Cords (5 pieces)
Circuit diagram:

Connections for Experiment 5

Figure 36

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Scientech 2308
Procedure:
1. Fill the pressure vessel up to 60 psi (don’t cross the range) with the help of foot
pump, while filling be sure that the outlet valve is closed (Off Position).
2. Connect the outlet (valve with lever) of the Pressure Vessel to any one of the
inlet (either P1 or, P2) of the Pressure Transducer with the help of tube
provided.
3. Keep the other inlet (P1 or, P2) of the Transducer, so that the other pressure will
be the Atmospheric pressure.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 36.
5. Switch on the power of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer
6. Now, very slowly open the valve in order to release the pressure from the vessel
and flow to the transducer’s input.
7. Observe the DVM and Pressure Gauge, and note down the readings in
observation table.
8. Plot the Graph according to the readings

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Scientech 2308
Observation Table:

Sr. No. DVM Voltage Pressure Gauge

(volts) (psi)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Plot the graph between pressure vs voltage

Conclusion:

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Scientech 2308
Experiment 6
Objective: Study of Pressure Control by using ‘On/Off’ Controller by using PC
interface
Equipments Needed:
1. Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer
2. Pressure Vessel
3. Foot Pump
4. Connecting Tube (1.5mts)
5. 2mm Patch Cords (5 pieces)
Circuit diagram:

Figure 37

60
Scientech 2308
Procedures:
1. Fill the pressure vessel up to 60 psi (don’t cross the range) with the help of foot
pump, while filling be sure that the outlet valve is closed (Off Position).
2. Connect the outlet (valve with lever) of the Pressure Vessel to any one of the
inlet (either P1 or, P2) of the Pressure Transducer with the help of tube
provided.
3. Keep the other inlet (P1 or, P2) of the Transducer, so that the other pressure will
be the Atmospheric pressure.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 37.
5. Switch on the power of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer.
6. Start the software of Scientech 2308 Pressure Transducer Explorer. The
Main window will open when the user clicks on the software. The main window
is the one as shown below.

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Scientech 2308
7. Click on the button that says ‘On/Off’ Controller”. Clicking on the button will
open the following page

8. This window contains a Pressure Meter which displays the Pressure, an

onscreen Voltmeter which displays the voltage and an indicator LED.
9. Now select the set point from the up/down control. Selecting this control will
move the Red line in the graph up and down according to the set point value.
10. When the set point is set, click on the button that says “Open Port”. When the
button is clicked, a Pressure graph with respect to Time will start to displayed.
11. Corresponding voltage readings will also be displayed on the onscreen
voltmeter.
12. Whenever the Pressure goes above the Set Point, the indicator LED turns Red
and whenever it goes below the Set Point LED again turns Green. This is shown
below

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Scientech 2308

13. Clicking on the button that says “Close Port” will stop the motion of the graph
14. Clicking on the button which says “Back” will go back to the main window.
15. Clicking on the button that says “Exit ” will close the program

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Scientech 2308
Warranty
1. We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 12 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2. The guarantee will become void, if
a. The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
b. The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c. The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d. Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3. The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
Hope you enjoyed the Scientech Experience.

List of Contents
1. PU -Tube................................................................................................. 1 meter
2. 2 mm Patch Cord 16” (Red-8 & Black-2) ................................................10 Nos.
3. Foot Pump ................................................................................................ 1 No.
4. USB Cable ............................................................................................... 1 No.
5. Pressure Vessel ........................................................................................ 1 No.
6. Mains Cord ............................................................................................... 1 No.
7. TechBook Power Supply ............................................................................1 No

64