Syllabus for JEE (Main) - 2025

Syllabus for JEE Main Paper 1 (B.E./B.Tech.)- Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

MATHEMATICS UNIT 1: SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS:

Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and
their algebraic properties; Power set; Relations, type of relations, equivalence
relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of
functions.
UNIT 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS:
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers
in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of
complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number,
Quadratic equations in real and complex number systems and their solutions;
Relations between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, the formation of
quadratic equations with given roots.
UNIT3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:
Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants and matrices of
order two and three, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using
determinants; Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix; Test of consistency and
solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices.
UNIT 4: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS:
The fundamental principle of counting, permutations and combinations; Meaning
of P(n, r) and C(n, r). Simple applications.
UNIT 5: BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS:
Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term and
simple applications.
UNIT 6: SEQUENCE AND SERIES:
Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means
between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M.
UNIT 7: LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY:
Real–valued functions, algebra of functions; polynomial, rational, trigonometric,
logarithmic and exponential functions; inverse functions. Graphs of simple
functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum,
difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of
trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and
implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two, Applications of derivatives:
Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-Increasing and decreasing functions,
Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.
UNIT 8: INTEGRAL CALCULAS:
Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental integrals involving algebraic,
trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution,
by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities.
Evaluation of simple integrals of the type
 The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals.
Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by
simple curves by simple curves in standard forms.
UNIT 9: DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS :
Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree, the solution of differential
equation by the method of separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous
��
and linear differential equation of the type �� + � � � = �(�).

UNIT 10: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY :

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections
formula, locus and its equation, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular
lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis.
Straight line: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles
between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a
point form a line, co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a
triangle.
Circle, conic sections: A standard form of equations of a circle, the general
form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when
the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle
with the centre at the origin and sections of conics, equations of conic sections
(parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms.
UNIT 11: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY :
Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section
formula, direction ratios and direction cosines and the angle between two
intersecting lines. Equation of a line; Skew lines, the shortest distance between
them and its equation.

UNIT 12: VECTOR ALGEBRA :

Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two
dimensions and three-dimensional spaces, scalar and vector products.
UNIT 13: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY :

Measures of dispersion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and

ungrouped data, calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean
deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event,
addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability
distribution of a random variable.
UNIT 14: TRIGONOMETRY :
Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical
functions their properties.
 Syllabus for JEE (Main) - 2025
PHYSICS
UNIT 1: Units and Measurements
Units of measurements, System of units, SI Units, fundamental and derived units,
least count, significant figures, Errors in measurements. Dimensions of Physics
quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT 2: Kinematics
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, speed and velocity, uniform
and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly
accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly
accelerated motion, relative velocity.
Motion in a plane, projectile motion, uniform circular motion.
UNIT 3: Laws of Motion
Force and inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, momentum, Newton’s second
Law of motion, impulse, Newton’s third Law of motion. Law of conservation of
linear momentum and its applications, equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion, centripetal force and its applications:
vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.
UNIT 4: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and a variable force, kinetic and potential energies,
work-energy theorem, power.
The potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy,
conservative and non- conservative forces, motion in a vertical circle. Elastic
and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
UNIT 5: Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, centre of mass of a rigid body. Basic
concepts of rotational motion, moment of a force, torque, angular momentum,
conservation of angular momentum and its applications.
The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for
simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their
applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of
rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.
UNIT 6: Gravitation
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation
with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential
energy, gravitational potential. Escape velocity, motion of a satellite, orbital
velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

UNIT 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law, Young's modulus,
bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity.
 Pressure due to a fluid column, Pascal's law and its applications, effect of gravity
on fluid pressure, viscosity, Stoke’s law, terminal velocity, streamline and
turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's principle and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a
curved surface, application of surface tension: drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry,
change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.
UNIT 8: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and the concept of temperature, zeroth law of
thermodynamics, heat, work and internal energy. The first law of
thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes. The second law of
thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

UNIT 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, kinetic
theory of gases: assumptions, the concept of pressure, kinetic interpretation of
temperature, RMS speed of gas molecules, degrees of freedom, law of
equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases,
mean free path, Avogadro's number.

UNIT 10: Oscillations and Waves

Oscillations and periodic motion: time period, frequency, displacement as a
function of time, periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its
equation, phase, oscillations of a spring: restoring force and force constant,
energy in S.H.M.: kinetic and potential energies, simple pendulum: derivation
of expression for its time period.
Wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of the travelling wave,
displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of
waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes,
fundamental mode and harmonics, beats.

UNIT 11: Electrostatics

Electric charges: conservation of charge, Coulomb's law forces between two
point charges, forces between multiple charges, superposition principle and
continuous charge distribution.
Electric field: electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric
dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric
field.
Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long
uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and
uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and
system of charges, potential difference, equipotential surfaces, electrical
potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an
electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and
capacitance, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel and capacitance
of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the
plates, energy stored in a capacitor.
UNIT 12: Current Electricity
Electric current: drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current,
Ohm's law, electrical resistance, I-V characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic
conductors, electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity,
series and parallel combinations of resistors, temperature dependence of
resistance.
Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells
in series and parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications, Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge.
UNIT 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop,
Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight
wire and solenoid.
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, force on a
current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, the force between two
parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced
by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its
sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, bar magnet as
an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, magnetic field due to a magnetic
dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a
magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field, para-, dia- and ferromagnetic
substances with examples, the effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
UNIT 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law, induced emf and current, Lenz’s law,
eddy currents, self and mutual inductance.
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage,
reactance and impedance, LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits,
wattless current, AC generator and transformer.
UNIT 15: Electromagnetic Waves
Displacement current, electromagnetic waves and their characteristics,
transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum (radio
waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays),
applications of electromagnetic waves.
UNIT 16: Optics
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at
plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula, total
internal reflection and its applications, magnification, power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism,
microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their
magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens ‘Principle, laws of reflection and
refraction using Huygens principle. Interference: Young's double-slit
experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained
interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
Polarization: plane-polarized light, Brewster's law, uses of plane- polarized
light and Polaroid.
UNIT 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations,
Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature of light. Matter waves: wave
nature of particle, de- Broglie relation.
UNIT 18: Atoms and Nuclei
Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford's model of atom, Bohr model,
energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic
masses, mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its
variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.
UNIT 19: Electronic Devices
Semiconductors, semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and
reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, the photodiode,
solar cell, Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).
UNIT 20: Experimental Skills
Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and
activities:
1. Vernier calipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and
depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the
square of amplitude and time.
4. Metre scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Co-efficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the
terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of
mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
13. The focal length of
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Concave mirror and
(iii)Convex lens, using the parallax method.
14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular
prism.
15. The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown
voltage.
18. Identification of diode, LED, resistor, a capacitor from a mixed collection
of such items
 CHEMISTRY

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory, Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound, Laws of
chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition,
empirical and molecular formulae, Chemical equations and stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model of a
hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the
different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model, dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg
uncertainty principle, elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom
and its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions, variation of � and �
2
with r for 1s and 2s orbitals, various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic
quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum
number, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's
rule, electronic configuration of elements and extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of
lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment, Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the
concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals, resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding,
antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic
molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding and its applications.

UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state
functions, entropy, types of processes.
The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity,
molar heat capacity, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, Enthalpies of bond dissociation,
combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes, Δ S of the universe and Δ G of the
system as criteria for spontaneity. ΔG°(Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction,
percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-
ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non- ideal solutions, Colligative
properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the
elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass using colligative
properties, abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas and solid-gas equilibria,
Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and
Kc) and their significance, the significance of Δ G and Δ G ° in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting
equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst, Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and
bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including
multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect,
hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, solubility products
and buffer solutions.
UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning
oxidation number and balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their
variation with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials
including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its
measurement, Nernst equation and its applications, relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy
change, dry cell and lead accumulator, fuel cells.
UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure
and catalyst, elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate
constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their
characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory,
activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bi-molecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in
properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence,
oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 10: p- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of
elements across the periods and down the groups, unique behaviour of the first element in each group.
UNIT 11: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS
Transition Elements - General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics,
general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation,
interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and Lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
UNIT 12: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory, ligands, coordination number, denticity,
chelation, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism, Bonding: Valence
bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties, importance of
coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography -
principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens,
sulphur and phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative
analysis,
UNIT 14: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of organic
compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur,
homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, stability of
carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
UNITS 15: HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), mechanism of halogenation of
alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens,
water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic
substitution, halogenation, nitration.
Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted
benzene.
UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions, nature of C-X bond, mechanisms of
substitution reactions.
Uses, environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.
UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation,
Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative
reactivities of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions
(addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolf Kishner and
Clemmensen), the acidity of � -hydrogen. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction,
chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary
and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES – Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and
constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
PROTEINS - Elementary idea of � -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction)
UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds, detection of the
following functional groups, hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl
and amino groups in organic compounds.

 The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:

Inorganic compounds, Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
 The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – acids, bases and the use of indicators,
oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
 Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+
Anions- CO32−, S2-, SO42−, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.