‎⁨ملزمه General English⁩

General English
Chapter One
Animals
(Unit One)
2
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Kiwi)
 New Vocabulary
 Simple present tense (grammar)
3
Learning outcomes
Dear Students, At the end of the course, you will be able to:
 Show comprehension of simple reading passages

 Define the meaning of new vocabulary items from context
 Recognize and use simple present tense.
4
Reading a Passage (The Kiwi)
The kiwi lives only in New Zealand. It is a very strange bird because it cannot fly. The
kiwi is the same size as a chicken. It has no wings or tail. It does not have feathers like
other birds. Its feathers look like hair. Each foot has four toes. Its beak is very long.
A kiwi likes to have a lot of trees around it. It sleeps during the day because the
sunlight hurts its eyes. It can smell things very well. It smells things better than most
birds do. The kiwi's eggs are very big.
There are only a few kiwis in New Zealand now.
People do not often see them. The government says that people cannot kill kiwis. New
Zealanders want their kiwis to live.
There is a picture of a kiwi on New Zealand money. People from New Zealand are
sometimes called "kiwis."
5
New Vocabulary
(wings –tail- feathers- beak -hurts -smells -government)
 My leg hurts. I can’t walk on it.

 A bluebird has blue feathers.
 Some students have a scholarship from their government.
 An airplane can fly because it has wings.
 Most cats have a long tail.
 A person has a mouth. A bird has a beak.
 What are you cooking? It smells good.
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The simple present tense (Grammar)
The form of the simple present tense is:
 Subject + base form of the verb
I walk to work every day
 For third person singular (he, She and It) + (s/es), (I, they, we and you) (without
s/es)
She watches TV in the evening.

They eat breakfast at 7 am
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The simple present tense is used to:
 Present habits or routines: (I always drink coffee in the morning.)

 General truths or facts: (The sun rises in the east)
 Scheduled events: (The concert starts at 8 pm tonight.)
 Stories or narration: (The cat jumps on the table and knocks over a vase.)
 Instructions or directions: (First, you mix the ingredients together.)
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Negative form of simple present tense:
(do) or (does) + not + base form of the verb.
I do not like spicy food.

She does not play tennis.
 Do ( I, they, we and you)

 Does (he, she and it)
9
Self Evaluation
Choose the correct answers:
1- Kiwis live in ( ).
a- Australia and New Zealand b- France c- Brazil
2- My leg ( ). I can’t walk on it.
a- feathers b- hurts c- wing
3- He ( ) playing football.
a- like b- likes c- liking
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Chapter One
Animals
)Unit Two(
11
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The camel)
 Building New Vocabulary
12
Learning Outcomes

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Reading a Passage (The camel)
The camel can go without water for a long time. Some people think it stores water in its
hump. This is not true. It stores food in its hump. The camel's body changes the food
into fat. Then the fat is stored in the hump. A camel cannot store the fat all over its
body. Fat all over an animal's body keeps the animal warm. Camels live in the desert.
They do not want to be warm during the day.
The desert is very hot. The camel gets hotter and hotter during the day. It stores this
heat in its body because the nights are cool. The Arabian camel has one hump. The
Bactrian camel of Central Asia has two humps. It also has long, thick hair, because the
winters are cold in Central Asia.
There is a lot of sand in the desert. The camel has long eyelashes. The eyelashes keep
the sand out of the camel's eyes.
Arabic has about 150 words to describe a camel. Many people who speak Arabic need
all these words because the camel is very important to them.
14
Building new Vocabulary
(Stores - all over – cool - heat - also - about - describe)
Word Meaning Examples

Stores keeps We store vegetables in the refrigerator
all over everywhere on There are different animals all over the world.
heat noun for hot We cook food with heat from a stove.
cool a little cold Fall is cool in Canada
also too Winter is cold in Canada. Winter is also cold in Russia.
about more or less Tom is about 25 year sold. Maybe he is 24 o 27.
describe to tell about Can you describe an elephant? What does it look like
15
Yes or No question form of the simple present tense is:
(do) or (does) + subject + base form of the verb.
Do you like pizza?
I Do I like coffee? He Does he like coffee?

You Do you go to a collage? Does She Does she play football?
Do we Do we play tennis? It Does it have wings ?
they Do they travel every year?
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Giving a short answer for yes or no questions
Do you like drink tea? You I (yes, I do)

Do you play basketball? You we (No, we do not)
Does she speak English? Yes, she does

No, she does not
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Asking information questins with (where )
where + (do) or (does) + subject + base form of the verb.
Where do you live?
Where does she eat breakfast every day?

Where do they play fottbal every Friday?
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Self Evaluation
1- The camel can go without ( ) for a long time
a- food b- water c- fat
2- It stores ( ) in its hump
a- heat b- food c- hair
3- We live in an apartment. ( ) live in an apartment ?
a- Does you b- Do you C- Does he
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Chapter One
Animals
(Unit Three)
20
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Polar Bear )
 Building New Vocabulary
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Learning outcomes

22
Reading a Passage (The polar bear)
The polar bear is a very big white bear. We call it the polar bear because it lives inside
the Arctic Circle near the North Pole. There are no polar bears at the South Pole.
The polar bear lives in the snow and ice. At the North Pole, there is only snow, ice, and
water. There is not any land. People cannot see the polar bear in the snow very well
because its coat is yellow-white. It has a very warm coat because the weather is cold
north of the Arctic Circle.
This bear is three meters long, and it weighs 450 kilos (kilograms). It can stand up on its
back legs because it has very wide feet. It can use its front legs like arms. The polar bear
can swim very well. It can swim 120 kilometers out into the water. It catches fish and
sea animals for food. It goes into the sea when it is afraid.
Some people want to kill the polar bear for its beautiful white coat. The governments
of the United States and Russia say that no one can kill polar bears now. They do not
want all of these beautiful animals to die.
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23
Building new Vocabulary
(North - South - snow - warm - weigh - wide - catch – afraid)
 How much do you weigh, Fifty kilos ?

 Sometimes children are afraid of animals.
 Italy is South of France
 There is snow all over Canada in the winter.
 The Sahara Desert is in North Africa.
 Can you catch the ball?
 Winter is cold. Spring is warm.
 Tenth Street is a wide street.
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Vocabulary Review
Write C before the words or phrases about camels. Write K before the words or
phrases about kiwis.
1. _______ stores heat in its body.

2. _______ hump
3. _______ tail
4. _______ big eggs
5. ________ goes without water.
6. _______ long, thick hair
7. _______ eyelashes.
8. _______ beak.
9. ________ desert.
10. _______ wing
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Adverbs of frequency:
Adverbs of frequency are words that describe how often an action occurs.
1. Always - I always eat breakfast before leaving for work.

2. Usually - I usually go to the gym in the morning.
3. Often - I often drink coffee in the afternoon.
4. Sometimes - Sometimes I take a nap after lunch.
5. Rarely - I rarely eat fast food.
6. Hardly ever - I hardly ever watch TV.
7. Never - I never skip my morning routine.
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Asking information questins with (when / what time)
when/ what time + (do) or (does) + subject + base form of the verb.
when do you go to class ?
When does she eat breakfast every day? At seven o’ clock

What time do they play fottbal every Friday? At the evening
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Self Evaluation
1- Roses ( ) beautiful.
a- swim b- smell c- catch
2- My hand ( ), I can’t write.
a- flies b- catches c-hurts
3- He wakes up at 6:00 a.m. ( ) he wake up?
a- what time b- Do you C- Does she
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Chapter Two
How? Why?
(Unit One)
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Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Why Do We Yawn?)
 New Vocabulary
 Using Be (grammar)
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Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use verb Be.
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Reading a Passage (Why do we yawn?)
Bears yawn. Camels yawn. Most mammals yawn. Why do we yawn? No one really
knows the answer. We do know that everyone yawns in the same way. First you open
your mouth slowly. Your mouth stays open for about five seconds. Then you quickly
close your mouth.
We also know that yawning is contagious, or catching. When you see someone yawn,
you yawn, too. Many people say that they yawn because they are bored or tired. This
might be true. However, we know that people also yawn when they are excited or
nervous. Olympic runners, for example, often yawn before a race. Why is that?
Some scientists believe that yawning makes you more alert. When you yawn, you
breathe more deeply. You also stretch the muscles in your face and neck. Maybe this
makes you feel more alert.
Scientists don't spend much time studying yawning. That is probably because yawning
doesn't hurt. It is just something we do.
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New Vocabulary
(boring – contagious- however- muscles - quickly – might- yawn )
 Soccer players have strong leg muscles because they run a lot.
 I might go to the wedding party, but I’m not sure.
 A kiwi is a bird. However, it doesn't have wings
 Headaches are not contagious
 Do you breathe quickly when you are afraid?
 Do you cover your mouth when you yawn ?
 He thinks traveling is boring, but I think it’s exciting.
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Using Be (Grammar)
Using verb Be : is
 Noun + Is + noun: singular
Saudi Arabi is a country
 English is a language
 Red is a color
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Using Be(Grammar)
The article in singular noun: a and an
 A and an, frequently come with singular nouns :
A horse is an animal
 A: is used in front of words that begin with consonants: b, c, d, f, ….
A bed , a cat, a friend
 An: is used in front of words that begin with a, e, i, and o.
an animal, an ear, an island, an orange
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Using Be (Grammar)
Using verb Be : are
 Plural means “two, three, or more

 Plurals nouns ends in -s
 A and an are not used in plural nouns
 Noun + are + noun: plural
cats are Animals
 Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are countries
36
Self Evaluation
1- Kiwis live in When you yawn, Your mouth stays open for about
( )seconds
a- five b- seven c- ten
2- Headaches are not ( )
a- muscles b- contagious c- might
3- ( ) commuter is a machine
a- an b- are c- a
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Chapter Two
How? Why?
(Unit two)
38
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Why Is the Sea Salty )
 New Vocabulary
 Using Be (grammar)
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Learning outcomes

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Reading a Passage (Why Is the Sea Salty ?)
There is a lot of salt on the Earth, and it mixes very world well with water.
There is some salt in all water. Water on the land runs into lakes and rivers. The water
from most lakes goes into rivers. These rivers run into the seas and oceans. They carry a
little salt with them. Some of seas the ocean water moves into the air and clouds. It
evaporates. Salt cannot evaporate. It stay s in the ocean.
The water in the oceans has more salt than the water in rivers. Ocean water is about
31% (three and a half percent) salt. Some seas have more salt than others.
Some lakes do not have a river to carry the water and salt away. Some of the water
evaporates, but the salt cannot. These lakes are very salty. There are two famous lakes
like this. They are the Dead Sea in the Middle East and the Great Salt Lake in the state
of Utah in the United States. They are much saltier than the Atlantic Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean
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New Vocabulary
(evaporates- salt- clouds- carry- ocean- mix- Earth- ocean )
 Two of the students always carry the chairs into our room.
 The Earth is round.
 Many people put salt on their food.
 Some people put sugar in their coffee. Then they mix it with a spoon.
 Some of the water in a swimming pool evaporates
 The Pacific ocean is bigger than the Atlantic Ocean.
 There are beautiful white clouds in the sky today.
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Using Be (Grammar)
Using verb Be with pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, they, you)
 Pronoun + Be + noun
I Am
He
She Is
He is a student
They are students It
I am a teacher They
We Are
 Zainab and Norah are students
You
 You are a doctor
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Using Be(Grammar)
Contractions with Be:
 Contraction of pronoun + Be are used in speaking and writing
pronoun + Be contraction
I + am = I’m I’m a student

H + Is = He’s He’s a student
They + are = they’re they’re students
We + are = we’re We’re students
44
Using Be (Grammar)
Negative with Be :
 Pronoun + are + not
ants are not Animals
 He is not a student ( he’s not / he isn’t )

 They are not doctors (they’re not / they aren’t)
45
Self Evaluation
1- There are beautiful white ( ) in the sky today.
a- salt b- clouds c- ocean
2- they ( ) teachers
a- are b- is c- am
3- he ( ) a pilot
a- is’t b- is’nt c- isno’ t
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Chapter Two
How? Why?
(Unit three)
47
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (How Can a Plant Kill?)
 New Vocabulary
 Using Be (Grammar)
48
Learning outcomes

49
Reading a Passage (How Can a Plant Kill?)
People kill. Animals kill. Animals and people kill for food, or they kill their enemies.
People and animals can move aroud and find something to kill. They can run away from
an enemy. They can kill it if it is necessary.
Many kinds of animals eat plants. The plants cannot run away from their enemies.
Some plants are poisonous. If an animal eats part of the plant, it gets sick or dies.
Animals learn to stay away from these plants. There are many kinds of plants that make
poison. Most of them grow in the desert or in the tropics.
Farmers use many kinds of poison on their farms. Most of these poisons come from
petroleum, but petroleum is expensive. Scientists collect poisonous plants and study
them. Maybe farmers can use cheap poison from plants instead of expensive poison
from petroleum.
50
New Vocabulary
(enemies - kinds - tropics – expensive- cheap)
 Enemies: not friendly

 Kinds: type
 Tropics : hot, wet parts of the world
 Expensive: costs a lot
 Cheap: not expensive
51
Using Be (Grammar)
Using verb Be with adjectives
 Noun/ pronoun + Be + adjective
he is intelligent
balls are round
 Zainab and Norah are hungry

 I am happy
 You are young
52
Using Be (Grammar)
Using verb Be with place:
 noun/ pronoun + Be + place
he is here
cats are upstairs
 Sami is inside.
 We are downtown.
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Using Be (Grammar)
Using verb Be with place:
 Noun/ Pronoun + are + preposition + place
books are on the tables

at the library
 I am at home
on the bus
 He is in the room Fatimah is
in her room
next to Sarah
54
Self Evaluation
1- Kind means ( )
a- costs a lot b- type c- not friendly
2- they are ( ) the library
a- on b- in c- at
3- He ( ) in the room
a-is b- am c- are
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Chapter Three
Plants
(Unit One)
56
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Date Palm )
 New Vocabulary
 Using Be (making questions and giving short answer)
57
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use Be (making questions and giving short answers)
58
Reading a Passage (The Date Palm )
The date palm is a wonderful tree. People eat dates. They feed them to their animals.
They use the leaves and the wood to build houses. They use the wood to build boats.
They make baskets from the leaves. They bum the other parts of the tree to cook their
food.
The date palm came from the Middle East. Seven thousand (7,000) years ago, people in
Syria and Egypt ate dates. They made pictures of date palms on their
stone buildings. Today date palms grow in the Middle East, parts of Asia and Africa,
southern Europe, and other warm parts of the world.
There are more than 2,700 kinds of palm trees. Most of them cannot grow in the
Middle East because it is too dry. The date palm grows there very well.
Hundreds of years ago, people in southern Europe and some Arab countries made
pictures of palm trees and palm flowers on some of their buildings. Today we can see
these pictures in art museums. People think that the palm tree is beautiful. People
thought the same thing a long time ago.
59
New Vocabulary
(Southern- palm- wonderful - feed- ago- basket- dates- leaves - museum )
 Some trees have very lrge green leaves

 Argentina is in the southern part of South America.
 Marie started to study English five years ago
 A science museum is a very interesting place.
 There is a basket of fruit on the table.
 One kind of palm tree gives oil. People make soap from it.
 People dry dates and keep them for a long time.
 He has a wonderful house. It's beautiful.
 They feed The camels several times a day.
60
Using Be (making questions and giving short answer)
Yes/No question with Be:
 Be + subject/ noun
Is Sarah a student?
He is a doctor = Is he a doctor ?
 Are they Saudis?

 Is Zaynab a nurse?
61
Short answer to Yes/No questions:
He is a pilot = is he a pilot? Yes, he is

No, he is not / isn’t
 Are you engineers? Yes, we are

No, we are not/ aren’t
 Are you an Engineer? Yes, I am

No, I am not
62
Question with Be: using where:
Omar is at the library
Be + subject/ noun Where + Be + subject/ noun
is Omar at the library? Where Is Omar ?
yes, he is at the library
63
Self Evaluation
1- There is a ( ) of fruit on the table.
a- palm b- basket c- leaves
2- ( ) they students ?
a- is b- am c- are
3- Where is Sarah ? ( )
a- yes, is she b- at home c- No, is not she
64
Chapter Three
Plants
(Unit two)
65
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Rice )
 New Vocabulary
 Using Have/has and possessive pronouns
66
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use Have/has and possessive pronouns
67
Reading a Passage (Rice)
People all over the world eat rice. Millions of people in Asia, Africa, and South America
eat it every day of their lives. Some people eat almost nothing but rice. Rice is a kind of
grass. There are more than 7,000 kinds of rice. Farmers grow rice in many countries,
even in the southern part of the United States and in eastern Australia
There are two main ways to grow rice. Upland rice grows in dry soil. Most rice grows in
wet soil. People in many countries do all of the work of growing rice by hand. This is
the same way farmers worked hundreds of years ago. In some countries, people now
use machines on their rice farms. The farmers all use fertilizer. Some insects are
enemies of rice. Farmers poison them.
People use every part of the rice plant. They make animal feed and rice oil from it. They
also make baskets, brooms, rugs, sandal s, and roofs for their houses. They burn dry
rice plants in fires for cooking.
68
New Vocabulary
(broom- grass -rice- sandals -roofs -insects)
 In the summer, people like to wear sandals instead of shoes.

 Chicken, rice, and salad make a good dinner.
 We can have our picnic on the grass under that tree.
 Nasser cleaned the garage floor with a broom.
 The rain comes through the roof of the old house.
 Some insects live together in a group.
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Using Using Have/has
Using have and has

Has Have
singular Plural I
He has a pen They have pens You
They + have
She has a pen We have pens We
It has a blue ink you have pens He
She + has
It
 You + have for plural and singular
you have a pen / you have pens
 I + have I have a pen
70
Using possessive pronouns
Using possessive pronouns:
i My My book is red
You Your Your car is blue
He His His name is Saleh
She her Her bag is blck
They Their Their sandales are white
We Our Our lesson is English
71
Singular plural
I have a car /My car is white We have boots / Our boots are brown
You have a bsaket / Your basket is yellow You have houses/ Your houses are big
She has a blouse / Her blouse is pink They have jeans/ Their jeans are blue
He has a watch / His watch is expensive
72
Self Evaluation
1- In the summer, people like to wear ( ) instead of shoes
a- sandals b- soil c- grass
2- She ( ) a blue jeans
a- is b- has c- have
3- They have cars. ( ) cars are red
a- their b- my c- our
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Chapter Three
Plants
(Unit three)
74
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Coffee Plant )
 New Vocabulary
 Using this /that and these/ those
 Asking question with what and who + Be
75
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use this /that and these/ those
 Ask question with what and who + Be
76
Reading a Passage (The Coffee Plant )
How many cups of coffee did you drink yesterday? Where did the coffee come from?
There is a good chance that your coffee came from one of these countries:Brazil,
Colombia, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, or Ethiopia. These five countries produce most of the
coffee in the world today. Brazil produces about half of the world's so% crop of coffee
beans. The coffee plant is really a small tree with shiny leaves. A coffee plant grows for
about three years before it produces any fruit. After that, it produces fruit for about 40
years. The coffee bean is the seed of the fruit. It's difficult to pick coffee beans.
Machines can't doit well, so people pick most of the coffee beans by hand. Workers
typically pick between 20 and 40 pounds of coffee beans a day
The old way to grow coffee plants is under largetrees. The trees protect the coffee plant
from the sun.The trees are also home to many kinds of birds. On
many modem farms, however, farmers cut down the trees. They grow thecoffee plants
under the sun. Largefarms can produce more coffee this way. Unfortunately,the coffee
plants on these farms need more water and
more fertilizer. And without the trees, the birds don't
have a place to live
77
New Vocabulary
(Protect- produces- modern – chance- pick- typically )
 Feathers protect a bird from the cold.

 Modern cars have air bags to protect people.
 How do people pick dates from a date palm?
 The date palm produces dates.
 Polar bears typically live in cold places.
 There is no chance that she will come with us.
78
Using this / that
Using this and that
 This and that are used to refer to singular item/ person
this that
Near Far
This is a book That is a book
This is my brother That is my car
79
Using these / those
Using these and those
 This and that are used to refer to plural items/ people
these those
Near Far
These are books Those are books
These are my brothers Those are my cars
80
Asking question with what and who + Be
Using what and who with Be:
Who/ what + be
Who is this?
what are these ?
who = people who is this ? This is my brother.

what = things what are those? Those are my pens?
81
Self Evaluation
1- There is no ( ) that she will come with us.
a- modern b- feathers c- chance
2- ( ) are my sisters
a- these b- this c- that
3- ( ) that man?. He is my father

a- who is b- what is c- who are
82
Chapter Four
Music
(Unit One)
83
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Music and Behavior)
 New Vocabulary
 Using the present progressive tense
84
Learning outcomes
 Show comprehension of simple reading passages.

 Define the meaning of new vocabulary items from context.
 Recognize and use the present progressive tense.
85
Reading a Passage (Music and Behavior)
 Where did you go yesterday? Did you hear music at any of those places?
There is a good chance that you did. Today most stores and restaurants
play music. You might even hear music in an office or on a farm.
 Scientists believe that music affects the way people behave. According to
some scientists, the sound of western classical music (Mozart and Bach)
makes people feel richer. When a restaurant plays classical music,
people spend more money on food and drinks. When the restaurant plays
modem music, people spend less money. With no background music,
people spend even less.
 Scientists also believe that loud, fast music makes people eat faster.
People actually chew their food faster when the music gets faster. Some
restaurants play fast music during their busy hours. This gets people to
eat faster and leave quickly. Restaurants can make more money this way.
 Some scientists think that music makes you think and learn better. They
say that music helps students to be more alert. It is true that people learn
better when they are relaxed. And listening to music can help
you relax.
86
New Vocabulary
(Affect – behave – chew– music – loud - background )
 You should chew your food well. You don't want to get a stomachache.
 The children can't go to the movies this week because they didn’t behave
well at school.
 We couldn't study because there was a loud noise in the background
 What is your favorite kind of music ?
 loud music can hurt your ears.
 Laughtercan Affect your feelings. Usually, it makes you feel better.
87
Using the present progressive tense
BE + -ING: THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
am + ing = I am sitting in class right now  When I say the first sentence, the
action (sitting) is happening right
is + ing = Sami is sitting in class right now now, and I am saying the sentence
at the same time
are + ing = You are sitting in class right now  am, is, are = helping verbs
sitting = the main virb
 am, is, are + -ing = the present
progressive tense
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SPELLING OF –ING
End of verb + ing form
Rule 1 a consonant *  Drop the -e and add –ing

write  writing
Rule 2 one vowel* + one consonant  double the consonant
and Add –ing
Sit  sitting
Rule 3 Two vowel + one consonant  add -ing ; do not double the consonant
Read  reading
Rule 4 Two consonants  add –ing ; do not double The consonant
stand  standing
*Vowels = a, e, i, o,u
*Consonants = b, c, d, f, g. h,j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z
89
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: NEGATIVES
I am not sleeping. I am awake. Present progressive negative:
Ali isn't listening. He's daydreaming. am

Is + not + ing
Norah and Fatimah aren't watching TV. They are are
reading
90
Self Evaluation
1- Scientists ( ) that music affects the way people behave
a- believe b- chew c- background
2- Mohammed ( ) now
a- sleeps b- are sleepiing c- is sleeping
3- I am ( ) right now
a- writeing b- writing c- writting
91
Chapter Four
Music
(Unit Two)
92
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Rock and Roll).
 New Vocabulary.
 Using the present progressive tense.
93
Learning outcomes

94
Reading a Passage (Rock and Roll )
 Blues and jazz became very popular in the twentieth century. A person
who "sings the blues" feels sad. Usually he or she lost something-a
person, or maybe money or a job. Blues songs express sad feelings,
sometimes in a funny way. People played the blues first with only one or
two instruments, for example, a guitar, a harmonica, or sometimes a
piano. Sometimes they sang without any instruments. Some famous
blues musicians and singers are Bessie Smith, John Lee Hooker, and B.
B. King. B. B. King named his guitar "Lucille."
 Jazz came soon after blues. Composers added more musical
instruments. Jazz can be happier than the blues and is often faster.
Some famous jazz musicians are Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Miles
Davis, and Wynton Marsalis.
 Musicians who play blues and jazz change the music to express their
feelings. They play the music differently each time. People all over the
world still like to listen to blues and jazz.
95
New Vocabulary
(popular – express – add– instrument)
 Some people express their feelings by crying or laughing.

 The piano is a musical instrument
 The dolphin is a popular animal at an aquarium
 Can you add these numbers? 456 + 142 + 862 =?
96
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS
Question  Short answer + (long answer)
BE + SUBIECT+ -ING
Is Mariam sleeping?  Yes, she is ((She's sleeping)

 No, she's not. (She's not sleeping)
 No, she isn't. (She isn't sleeping)
Are you watching TV?  Yes, I am. (I'm watching TV.)

 No, l’m not. (I'm not watching TV.)
97
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS
Question  Short answer + (long answer)
Q-WORD + SUBJECT + BE + -ING
Where is Norah sleeping ?  In bed. (She's sleeping in bed.)
What is Ali is watching ?  A movie. (Ali is watching a movie).
Why are you watching TV?  Because I like this program. (I'm
watching TV because I like this
program.)
98
THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Statements The SIMPLE PRESENT expresses

habits or usual activities, as in (a)
a) I sit in class every day. and (c)
b) I am sitting in class right now. The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
expresses actions that are
Question happening right now, as in (b)
and (d)
c) Does the teacher write on the board every day?
d) Is the teacher writing on the board right now? The SIMPLE PRESENT uses do and
Negative does as helping verbs in
questions. The PRESENT
e) I don't sit in class every day. PROGRESSIVE uses am, is, and
f) I'm not sitting in class right now are in questions.
99
Self Evaluation
1- The dolphin is a ( ) animal at an aquarium
a- popular b- add c- express
2- ( ) watching TV now ?
a- You are b- Are you c- Is you
3- ( ) is Saleh sleeping ? In bed
a- Where b- What c- Why
100
Chapter Four
Music
(Unit Three)
101
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Latin Music and Salsa).
 New Vocabulary.
 Using the present progressive tense.
102
Learning outcomes

103
Reading a Passage (Latin Music and Salsa )
 Latin music is very common in countries where people speak Spanish or Portuguese.
However, people all over the world can enjoy it. This music comes from Mexico, the
Caribbean, Central America, and South America.
 Latin music is a mixture of European music and African music. It has a strong beat.
Many years ago, people played Latin music mostly on guitars with drums, but now
whole orchestras with lots of other instruments play it. Composers of Latin music
express their feelings in their music. Sometimes they are very happy, and sometimes
they are sad. Ruben Blades and Juan Luis Guerra are two famous modern Latin
American composers. They perform their own music with their own orchestras.
 People play salsa and other Latin music at home or when they visit their friends.
Sometimes salsa fans play cards in the afternoon or at night on weekends or holidays
while they listen to Latin music. Some people bring guitars and play them while they
sing. The other people relax and enjoy the music, but they don't stop playing cards.
They roast or bake food in the oven or fry it on top of the stove in oil. When the food
is ready, they stop playing cards. They listen to the music while they eat. The food
tastes good.
104
New Vocabulary
(common – enjoy – roast– bake- oven- fry )
 Carmen baked a chocolate cake yesterday.

 Many people enjoy playing football.
 Sometimes we fry meat in oil on top of the stove. We bake or roast food in the oven.
 Classical music is common all over the world.
105
NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENTPROGRESSIVE
a) I'm hungry right now. I want an apple. Some verbs are NOT used in the present
progressive. They are called "nonaction
INCORRECT: I am wanting an apple verbs."* In (a): Want is a nonaction verb.
Want expresses a physical or emotional
a) I hear a siren. Do you hear it too? need, not an action.
In (b): Hear is a nonaction verb. Hear
INCORRECT: I’m hearing a siren. Are you expresses a sensory experience, not an
hearing it too? action.
* NONACTION VERBS: dislike- hate- like- love- need- Want - hear- see- smell- taste-
believe- know- understand.
106
SEE, LOOKAT, and WATCH
In (a): see = a nonaction verb. Seeing

a) I see many things in this room happens because my eyes are open.
Seeing is a physical reaction, not a
b) I'm looking at the clock. I want to know the planned action.
time.
In (b): look at = an action verb. Looking
c) Ali is watching TV. at is a planned or purposeful action.
Looking happens for a reason.
In (c): watch = an action verb. I watch

something for a long time, but I look at
something for a short time
107
HEAR AND LISTEN TO
a) I'm in my apartment. I'm trying to study. I In (a): hear = a nonaction verb.

hear music from the next apartment. The Hearing is an unplanned act. It
music is loud expresses a physical reaction.
b) I'm in my apartment. I'm studying. I have a In (b): listen (to) = an action verb.
tape recorder; I'm listening to music. I like to Listening happens for a purpose,.
listen to music when I study.
108
Self Evaluation
1- Many people ( ) playing football
a- bake b- oven c- enjoy
2- I ( ) many things in this room
a- see b- seeing c- am seeing
3- I'm ( ) to music now.

a- listen b- listening c- listened
109
Chapter five
Work and Leisure
(Unit One)
110
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Work Hours)
 New Vocabulary
 Talking about the present
111
Learning outcomes
 Recognize and talking about the present
112
Reading a Passage (Work and Leisure )
Many people say that they are working too many hours. They don't have enough time
with their families. They can't take care of things at home. They don't have time to relax.
Work hours vary from one country to another. In France, people spend about 1,646
hours a year at work. In Japan, however, people work about 2,159 hours a year. That
means a Japanese employee works 513 more hours a year than a French employee. That
is more than 12 weeks, or three months, of extra work!
Why do people work so many hours? Some people work extra hours because they want
to earn more money. However, many companies don't pay overtime. Their employees
don't get extra pay for extra work. These people work extra hours because they think it's
their duty. Some people are afraid they will lose their job if they don't work extra hours.
Many people say that their vacations are too short. In France, people get five weeks of
paid vacation. In Germany, they get from four to six weeks. In the United States, two
weeks of vacation is the average. Many people don't even use all of their vacation days.
In one study in Great Britain, fewer than half of workers used all their vacation days. In
English, people say, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." If that is true, there are
a lot of dull people in the world.
113
New Vocabulary
(enough – vary – dull– employees – vacation – earn- extra )
 They left early because the movie was very dull
 She didn't buy the book because she didn't have enough money.
 In some places, the weather vary from day to day.
 He wants to get a job so he can earn some money
 Florida is a popular place for a vacation.
 How many employee does his company have ?
 Do you want an extra piece of cake?
114
Talking about the present
USING IT TO TALK ABOUT TIME
Question Answer
a) What day is it?  It's Monday,

b) What month is it?  It's September.
c) What year is it?  It’s 2013
d) What's the date today?  It's September 15th.

 It's the 15th of September.
e) What time is it ?  t's 9:00 am

 It's nine.
 It's nine o'clock.
 It's nine (o'clock) A.M.
115
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
at a) We have class at one o'clock.  at + a specific time on

b) I have an appointment at 3:00. the clock
c) We sleep at night.  at + night
in d) My birthday is in October.  in + a specific month

e) I was born in 1989  in + a specific year
f) We have class in the morning.  in + the morning
g) Bob has class in the afternoon.  in + the afternoon
h) I study in the evening.  in + the evening
on i) I have class on Monday  on + a specific day of the

week
j) I was born on October 31, 1991  on + a specific date
116
USING IT TO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER
a) It's sunny today.  In English, people usually use it when

they talk about the weather
b) It’s hot and humid today.
c) It's a nice day today
d) What's the weather like in Riyadh in  People commonly ask about the
January weather by saying What's the weather
like? OR How' the weather?
e) How's the weather in Dubai in the
summer?
117
Self Evaluation
1- He wants to get a job, so he can ( ) some money .
a- vary b- earn c- dull
2- Florida is a popular place for a ( ).
a- vacation b- employee c- extra
3- What month is it? It is ( ).
a-Monday b- September c- 2023
118
Chapter five
Work and Leisure
(Unit Two)
119
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Salaries )
 New Vocabulary
120
Learning outcomes
121
Reading a Passage (Salaries)
In the United States, you probably shouldn't ask the question "How much money do you
earn?" Many people trunk that their salary is private information. However, you can find
out the typical salary for different jobs on the Internet.
What are the best-paying jobs? In the United States, doctors, dentists, and pilots get the
highest salaries. Why is that? Maybe it's because it takes many years of study to enter
these professions. Which jobs pay the lowest salaries? All of the lowest-paying jobs are
connected to food. Cooks in fast-food restaurants and waiters get the lowest salaries in
the United States.
Of course, your salary is not just the money you earn every week or month. In many
jobs, you get a salary and benefits. Benefits are the extra things your employer gives you.
Common benefits are health insurance and paid vacations. Benefits equal about 25% of
an employee's salary. For example, a person with a salary of $40,000 plus benefits is
really earning about $50,000. That's a lot of extra money
122
New Vocabulary
(salary – private – dentists – pilots – professions - benefits )
 When you have a toothache, you should go to a dentist.

 If the sign on a door says private, you shouldn't enter.
 Her father changed professions several times during his life. First , he was a
doctor, and then he became a businessman and then a teacher.
 One of the benefits of the Internet is that you get lots of free information.
 Is your salary higher this year than last year?
 There are usually two pilots on an airplane.
123
THERE + BE
There + be + subject + place  There + be is used to say that something

exists in a particular place.
a) There is a bird in the tree.
 Notice: The subject follows be:
b) There are four birds in the tree.
there + is + singular noun
there + are + plural noun
 CONTRACTIONS:
c) There's a bird in the tree.
There + is = There’s
d) There're four birds in the tree. There + are = There're
124
THERE + BE: YES/INO QUESTIONS
Question Short answer
Be + there + subject
a) Is there any juice in the refrigerator?  Yes, there is.

 No, here isn’t.
b) Are there any eggs in the refrigerator?  Yes, there are.

 No, there aren't.
125
THERE + BE: ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY
Question Short answer

How many + subject + Be + there
a) How many chapters are there in this book?  Sixteen. (There are 16
chapters in this book.)
b) How many provinces are there in Canada?  Ten. (There are ten
provinces in Canada.)
c) How many words do you see? Notice: The noun that

follows how many is plural.
INCORRECT: How many word do you see?
126
Self Evaluation
1- Is your ( ) higher this year than last year?
a- privet b- salary c- dentist
2- ( ) any juice in the refrigerator
a- there b- are there c- Is there
3- How many chapters ( ) in this book?
a- are there b- there are c- is there
127
Chapter five
Work and Leisure
(Unit Three)
128
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Work Clothes)
 New Vocabulary
129
Learning outcomes
130
Reading a Passage (Work Clothes)
W For some people, it's easy to get dressed for work. Pilots and police officers, for
example, don't have to make decisions about their work clothes. They wear uniforms to
work every day.
For many office workers, however, it is more difficult to choose clothes for work. They do
not wear uniforms to the office. Also, many employers are changing their dress codes.
They are allowing their employees to wear casual clothes to work.
The change to casual work clothes began in the 1990s. At first, many companies in the
United States allowed employees to wear casual clothes on one day of
the week-Friday. Friday became "Casual Friday" or "Dress-down Friday." Today, however,
many companies are allowing their employees to wear casual clothes every day of the
week.
Why are companies allowing their employees to wear casual clothes? Some studies show
that people are more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes. Employees
also like the casual dress code because they don't need to buy special clothes for work.
They can save money this way.
131
New Vocabulary
(get dressed – police officers – decide – uniforms – dress codes -)
 Why did she decide to become a pilot?

 There are more male police officers than female ones.
 Most schools have uniforms.
 How long does it take you to get dressed in the morning?
 Soccer players wear their team's dress codes .
132
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
a) My book is on my desk.  In (a): on = a preposition

my desk = object of the preposition
on my desk = a prepositional phrase
d) Tom lives in the United States.  A person lives:

He lives in New York City.
c) He lives on Hill Street. in a country and in a city

d) He lives at 4472 Hill Street on a street, avenue, road, etc.
at a street address
133
SOME PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
a) The book is beside the cup.

b)The book is next to the cup
c)The book is near the cup
d)The book is between two cups.
e)The book is far away from the cup
f)The cup is under the book
g)The cup is above the book.
134
NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN INFINITIVE
Verb + noun  Need is stronger than want. Need gives

the idea that something is very
a) We need food important.
b) I want a cup of tea.  Need and want are followed by a noun

or by an infinitive.
Verb + infinitive  An infinitive = to + the simple form of a

verb.
c) We need to eat.
 The simple form of a verb = a verb
d) I want to drink a cup of tea without -s, -ed, or -ing.
 Examples of the simple form of a verb:
come, help
 Examples of infinitives: to come, to

help, to answer, to write.
135
Self Evaluation
1- Why did she ( ) to become a pilot?
a- uniform b- decide c- get dressed
2- Saleh lives ( ) Al-hafouf
a- in b- on c- at
3- They need ( ) water .
a- drink b- drinking c- to drink

136
Chapter six
Interesting People of the
World
(Unit One)
137
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Sami of Northern Europe)
 New Vocabulary
 Nouns and pronouns
138
Learning outcomes

 Recognize nouns and pronouns
139
Reading a Passage (The Sami of Northern Europe)
The Sami live in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. There are only about
32,000 of them, and most of them live a modern life on the coast or in the forests. Only
a few of them live a traditional life. These few Sami are called nomads because they
move from one place to another with their reindeer. Their life is almost the same as it
was a thousand years ago.
In winter, the reindeer dig through the snow to find plants for their food. In spring,
these plants become very dry, and there are lots of insects. Then the Sami move their
reindeer to the coast. The deer live on the thick grass there until winter. When the
snow becomes deep, the Sami and their reindeer begin moving slowly back to their
winter homes. There is less snow there.
These nomads live in tents because they move so often. They make shoes, jackets, and
pants of reindeer skin. They also wear beautiful blue and red traditional clothes. They
walk or travel on skis. They have sleds, too. Reindeer pull the sleds.
The long trips, often in bad weather, make life very hard for these nomads. More and
more of them are staying in villages on the coast. Sometimes a mother and her children
travel by car and meet the father in their winter home.
140
New Vocabulary
(Forests – tent – nomads – trip – dug – sleds – less – ski – coast – traditions )
 Janet and Tom are going to take a trip to England next year.
 Eastern Canada has large forests. There are millions of trees
 In northern countries, children like to play on their sleds in winter. They also like to
ski
 The Baker family likes to go camping .They sleep in a tent.
 Nomads in the Sahara Desert travel with their camels.
 Twelve is less than fifteen.
 People who live on the coast often eat a lot of fish.
 They dug a hole that was two meters deep.
 One of our holiday traditions is to sing special songs in the morning.
141
Nouns and pronouns
NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS NOUN
Subject verb  A NOUN is used as the subject of a

sentence.
a) Birds fly  A NOUN is used as the object of a verb.
 In (a) and (b): Birds and Norah are
b) Norah Studies hard NOUNS.
 It is used as the subject of the sentence.
Subject object
c) Ali is holding a pen.  In (c) and (d): a pen and an apple are
d) Zainab is eating an apple NOUNS.
 They have the article a in front of them;
a pen and an apple are used as the
objects of the verb is holding and is
eating
142
Nouns and pronouns
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
 An adjective describes a noun. In

a) I don't like cold weather. grammar, we say that adjectives "modify”
nouns. Adjectives give a little different
b) Abdullah is a happy child. meaning to a noun: cold weather, hot
weather, nice weather, bad weather.
c) The hungry boy has a fresh apple.
 Adjectives come in front of nouns.
 An adjective can also follow be, the

i) The weather is cold adjective describes the subject of the
sentence.
143
Nouns and pronouns
USING IT TO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBIECT PRONOUNS  A pronoun has the same

meaning as a noun.
a) I speak English. b) Saleh knows me.  In (o): he has the same
c) You speak English d) Saleh knows you. meaning as Sami.
e) She speaks English. f) Saleh knows her.  In (p): him has the same
g) He speaks English. h) Saleh knows him meaning as Ali.
i) It starts at 8:00. j) Saleh knows it
k) We speak English. l) Saleh talks to us  In grammar, we say that a
m) They speak English. n) Norah talks to them pronoun "refers to" a noun.
The pronouns he and him refer
to the noun Sami And Ali.
o) I know Sami. He is a friendly person.
p) I like Ali. I know him well
144
Self Evaluation
1- ( ) in the Sahara Desert travel with their camels.
a- Dig b- Forests c- Nomads
2- In winter, the reindeer ( ) through the snow to find plants for their
food.
a- tent b- dig c- coast
3- I know Fatimah . I meet ( ) everyday.
a- her b- him c- us
145
Chapter six
World
(Unit Two)
146
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Ainu of Japan)
 New Vocabulary
 Nouns and pronouns
147
Learning outcomes

148
Reading a Passage (The Ainu of Japan)
The Ainu live in northern Japan on the island of Hokkaido. They do not look like other
Japanese people. They have round, dark brown eyes and wavy hair. Their skin is not
dark but light. The men have beards and moustaches. Where did these people come
from? Did they come from Europe across Russia to Japan? Did they come from
Indonesia? Are they completely different from all the other people in the world?
Nobody knows the answers to these questions.
The Ainu are hunters and farmers. They eat fish and grow rice and vegetables on their
farms. The men hunt for brown bears in the forests. They eat the meat and sell the
skins. The bear is also important in their religion.
The Ainu people make their houses from a kind of grass. There is only one room inside.
It has a dirt floor with an open fire in the middle. Their religion tells them that the
house must have one window on the east side.
The Ainu were on Hokkaido 7,000 years ago. In the 1800s, many Japanese people
moved north to Hokkaido. They brought new diseases to Ainu villages, and many
people died. The Ainu people also lost much of their farming and hunting land. Their
children had to attend Japanese schools and speak only Japanese. Over time, the Ainu
people began to forget their traditions and language.
149
New Vocabulary
(wavy- island– attend– middle – moustache –completely –hunting –beard –

religions – light)
 The students completely finished the book. They did every page.
 There are ten questions in this exercise. Number 5 is in the middle.
 Carlos has a wavy dark brown hair. He has a beard and a moustache too.
 Where did you attend high school?
 hunting is a popular sport in some countries.
 We went to a beautiful island for our holiday.
 Do not go out in the sun. Your skin is too light.
 Islam and Christianity are kinds of religions.
150
Nouns and pronouns
NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL
SINGULAR PLURAL
a) one pen two pens  To make the plural form of most nouns, add -s.
b) Baby babies  End of noun: consonant + -y
c) Boy boys Plural form: change y to i, add -es.
d) Wife wives  End of noun: vowel + -y
e) Dish dishes Plural form: add -s.
f) Tomato tomatoes  End of noun: -fe or -f
g) Radio radios Plural form: change f to v, add –es
 End of noun: -sh, -ch, -ss, -x
Plural form: add -es.
Pronunciation: (z)
 End of noun: consonant + -o
Plural form: add -es.
 End of noun: vowel + -o
Plural form: add -s.
151
Nouns and pronouns
NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL
SINGULAR PLURAL Examples
a) child children Cook has two children.

b) foot feet I have two feet.
c) man men I see two men on the street.
d) mouse mice Cats like to catch mice.
e) tooth teeth My teeth are white.
f) woman women There are ten women in your class.
g) Sheep Sheep Khaled drew a picture of one sheep. Sarah drew a

h) fish Fish picture of two sheep.
people There are fifteen people in this room.

 Notice: People does not have a final -s.
152
Nouns and pronouns
Review
a) My sister and I live together. Our parents often call us on the telephone.
b) Khalid has a broken leg. I visit him every day.
c) Bassam and I are good friends. We spend a lot of time together.
d) Our children enjoy the zoo. We often take them to the zoo.
e) Mona drives an old car. She takes good care of it.
153
Self Evaluation
1- Where did you ( ) high school?
a- light b- attend c- religions
2- They have three ( ).
a- babies b- babys c- baby
3-Sarah drew a picture of two ( ).
a- sheeps b- sheep c- sheepes
154
Chapter six
World
(Unit Three)
155
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Hopi of Arizona)
 New Vocabulary
 Count and noncount nouns
156
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use count and noncount nouns
157
Reading a Passage (The Hopi of Arizona)
The Hopi people live in the north-eastern part of Arizona in the United States. The
United States is a very modern country. Tall buildings, highways, computers, and
hundreds of other modem things are a part of every American's life. Somehow, with
modern things all around them, the Hopi keep their traditions.
There are about 10,000 Hopi, and they live in twelve villages in the desert. The weather
is very hot in summer, but in winter it freezes. The wind blows hard. Farming is difficult.
Corn is the Hopi's main food, but they plant vegetables, too. They raise sheep,
goats, and cattle. They also eat hamburgers and ice cream and drink soft drinks. They
live in traditional stone houses, but many of them have telephones, radios, and
television. They have horses, but they also have trucks.
"Kachinas" are an important part of the Hopi religion. Kachinas are spirits of dead
people, of rocks, plants, and animals, and of the stars. Men dress as kachinas and do
religious dances. People also make wooden kachinas. No two wooden kachinas are
alike.
The children attend school and learn English and other subjects. They also learn the
Hopi language, dances, and stories. A few Hopi go to universities. Some of the adults
live and work in nearby towns. The Hopi want a comfortable, modern life, but they
don't want to lose their traditions.
158
New Vocabulary
(truck- dead- adults- goats- somehow- freezes- alike- nearby- rock)
 Young people can somehow understand the words in rap videos.

 Do you and your brother look alike or very different?
 Today most cowboys have a truck and a horse.
 Some people like to eat meat from goats.
 President John F. Kennedy died in 1963. He is dead.
 Water freezes at 0°C and changes into ice.
159
Nouns and pronouns
NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT
SINGULAR PLURAL
Count noun a book two books A count noun
 SINGULAR:
one book Some books a + noun
one + noun
books a lot of books
 PLURAL:
noun + -s
A noncount noun
noncount noun mail  SINGULAR:
Do not use a.
some mail (NO plural form) Do not use one.
a lot of mail PLURAL:

A noncount noun does not
have a plural form.
160
Nouns and pronouns
PLURAL COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS
advice mail bread pepper

furniture money cheese rice
help music coffee salt
homework traffic food soup
information vocabulary fruit sugar
jewellery weather meat tea
luck work milk water
161
Nouns and pronouns
USING AN vs. A
 A and an are used in front of singular

a) A dog is an animal. count nouns. In (a): dog and animal are
singular count nouns.
b) I work in an office.  Use an in front of words that begin with

c) Mr. AlKhaldi is an old man. the vowels a, e, i, and o:
d) I have an uncle.  Use a if a word that begins with ”U" has a

e) He works at a university. /u/ sound: a usual event
f) I need an hour to finish my work.  In some words that begin with "h," the "h"
g) I live in a house. He lives in a hotel. is silent. Instead, the word begins with a
vowel sound and an is used: an honor.
 Use a if the "h" is pronounced.
162
Self Evaluation
1- Today most cowboys have a ( ) and a horse.
a- truck b- adults c- somehow
2- I have a lot of ( ).
a- mail b- mails c- a mail
3-He works at ( ) university
a- nothing to add b- a c- an
163
Chapter Seven
Exploration and Adventure
(Unit One)
164
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (A Giraffe in Central Asia)
 New Vocabulary
 Count and noncount nouns
165
Learning outcomes

166
Reading a Passage (A Giraffe in Central Asia)
Tamerlane was a very strong Mongol leader. He and his soldiers fought until Tamerlane
became the ruler of all Central Asia. Rulers of other countries wanted to make friends
with Tamerlane. It was safer to be friends than enemies.
Ambassadors from many countries took gifts to Tamerlane. They took beautiful cloth,
jewellery, gold, and silver. They often tried to take something unusual as a gift, too.
In 1404, near the end of Tamerlane's life, an Egyptian ambassador arrived in
Samarkand. This was where Tamerlane lived. The ambassador and his men travelled on
horses and camels. They brought a giraffe from Africa as a gift.
Egyptian camels and horses were used to walking in the desert. They did it all the time.
A giraffe is not used to the desert. But this giraffe walked 5,000 kilometres from Cairo
to Samarkand.
We know about the Egyptian ambassador 's gift because several people wrote about it.
No one wrote that Tamerlane liked it. However, we suppose that he was very pleased
to have this strange African animal in Central Asia.
167
New Vocabulary
(giraffe- suppose- used to- leader- silver- jewellery- ruler- gifts –soldiers-
pleased - ambassador )
 Who is your country's ambassador to the United Kingdome?

 A giraffe has a very long neck.
 Silver jewellery less expensive than gold.
 Some women like to wear a lot of jewellery.
 Reem has never been absent from class, but she is not here today. I
suppose she is sick.
 King Salman is the ruler of Saudi Arabia. He is also the Leader of his
people.
 When Saudi students study in Japan, they can't get used to the food
because it is very strange to them.
 Ali got an excellent grade on his quiz. He was pleased
 People usually get gifts on their birthdays.
168
Count and noncount nouns
USING A / AN vs. SOME
a) I have a pen  A/An is used in front of singular count

nouns.
b) I have some pens. In (a): The word pen is a singular count
noun.
 Some is used in front of plural count
nouns.
In (b): The word pens is a plural count
noun.
c) I have some rice.
 Some is used in front of noncount
nouns.
In (c): The word rice is a noncount noun.
 Noncount nouns do not have a plural

form.
 Noncount nouns are grammatically
singular.
169
MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS
 Units of measure are used with noncount

a) I would like some water. nouns to express a specific quantity. For
b) I would like a glass of water. example: a glass of, a cup of, a piece of.
c) I would like a cup of coffee.  In (a): some water = an unspecific
d) I would like a piece of fruit. quantity.
 In (b): a glass of water = a specific
quantity.
COMMON EXPRESSIONS OF MEASURE
a bag of rice a bunch of bananas a head of lettuce a sheet of paper

a bar of soap a can of corn a jar of pickles a tube of toothpaste
a bottle of olive oil a carton of milk a piece of cheese
170
USING MANY, MUCH, A FEW, A LITTLE
a) I don't get many letters.  In (a): many is used with PLURAL COUNT nouns.
b) I don't get much mail.  In (b): much is used with NONCOUNT nouns.
c) Fatimah gets a few letters.  In (c): a few is used with PLURAL COUNT nouns.
d) Khalid gets a little mail.  In (d): a little is used with NONCOUNT nouns.
171
Self Evaluation
1- A ( ) has a very long neck.
a- soldiers b- giraffe c- silver
2- I would like ( ) water.
a- a glass of b- a c- an
3- I don't get ( ) letters.
a- a b- many c- much
172
Chapter Seven
(Unit two)
173
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The First Woman on Mount Everest)
 New Vocabulary
 Using (THE) and using (SOME AND ANY)
174
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use (THE) and (SOME AND ANY)
175
Reading a Passage (The First Woman on Mount Everest)
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. It is in the Himalayas between
Nepal and China, and it is 8,900 meters high.
Junko Tabei, a Japanese from Hokkaido, was the first woman to make this difficult
climb. A Tokyo newspaper-television company organized the Mount Everest climb in
1975. They chose fifteen women from mountaineering clubs to go to Nepal. The group
climbed for several days. Then there was an avalanche. The heavy ice and snow injured
ten of the women. They had to stop climbing. The other five continued.
Only Ms. Tabei was able to climb the last 70 meters. She was standing on top of the
world. She was the first woman there.
Ms. Tabei was 35 years old at the time. She started climbing mountains in 1960. She
still climbs mountains. She is not an ordinary Japanese housewife. Her husband works
for Honda Motor Company. He likes to climb mountains, too. But he can't get enough
vacation from his work to go with his wife all the time. So he stays home to work and
take care of the house.
In 1992, Ms. Tabei became the first woman to climb the highest mountain on each of
the seven continents. Now her goal is to climb the highest mountain in every country of
the world. To do this, she travels to foreign countries several times a year. Ms. Tabei
also helps an organization that is working to protect mountain environments.
.
176
New Vocabulary
(Injured - was able to – goal - ordinary – still- mountainous- climbed- organize -

continent)
 The smallest continent In the world is Australia.

 Abdullah took the test four times. He pass was able to it the fourth time.
 He climbed a ladder to get to the roof of the house.
 The students are going to organize a party for the last day of classes.
 Robert injured his leg while he was skiing.
 There was nothing ordinary about the food at his house. It was very special.
 Switzerland is a mountainous country. That's why a lot of people there can ski.
 His goal is to become a teacher.
 He walked 20 kilometres, but he still wasn't tired.
177
Using (THE)
USING (THE)
a) Where’s Mohammed?  A speaker uses the when the speaker

He's in the kitchen. and the listener have the same thing or
person in mind. The shows that a noun
is specific.
In (a): Both A and B have the same kitchen
in mind.
 The is used with:singular count nouns

plural count nouns.
noncount nouns
b) Mike has a pen and a pencil.  the speaker is using the for the second
The pen is blue. mention of a noun. When the speaker
The pencil is yellow. mentions a noun for a second time,
both the speaker and listener are now
thinking about the same thing.
178
Using (THE)
USING 🚫 (NO ARTICLE) TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS
a) 🚫 Apples are good for you.  No article (symbolized by 🚫) is used to

b) 🚫 Students use 🚫 pens and 🚫 pencils. make generalizations with
c) I like to listen to 🚫 music.
d) 🚫Rice is good for you.  plural count nouns, as in (a) and (b),
and noncount nouns, as in (c) and (d).
179
Using (SOME AND ANY)
USING (SOME) and (ANY)
STATEMENT a) Ali has some money.  Use some in affirmative

statements.
NEGATIVE b) Ali doesn't have any money.  Use any in negative

statements.
QUESTION c) Does Ali have any money?  Use either some or any in a
d) Does Ali have some money? question.
e) I don't have any money. (noncount noun)  Any is used with noncount
f) I don't have any matches. (plural count noun) nouns and plural count
nouns.
180
Self Evaluation
1- His ( ) is to become a teacher.
a- Injured b- climbed- c- goal
2- Where’s Mohammed? He's in ( ) kitchen

a- the b- a c- an
3- Ali doesn't have ( ) money
a- some b- any c- an
181
Chapter Seven
(Unit three)
182
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Sailing Alone)
 New Vocabulary
 Expressing Past Time
183
Learning outcomes
 Recognize and use Past Time
184
Reading a Passage (Sailing Alone)
In 1996, Subaru Takahashi sailed alone across the Pacific Ocean. Many other people did
this before Subaru, but he was special. At age 14, he was the youngest person to sail
across the Pacific by himself.
Subaru left Tokyo on July 22, 1996. His boat was 9 meters long. In the boat he had a two-
month supply of food and water. He also had a radio and other modem equipment for
sailing.
The beginning of the trip went very well. Subaru often talked to his parents by radio. He
didn't have any problems with his boat. Then, on August 11, the engine in his boat quit.
Suddenly, Subaru was without electricity. This affected his navigation equipment. Then,
five days later, his radio quit. Now he wasn't able to communicate with anyone. And he
was still 4,490 kilometres away from his destination San Francisco.
By the end of August, many people believed that Subaru was lost. No one was able to
contact him by radio. His parents expected him to arrive in San Francisco on September
3, but he didn't. Then, on September 13, Subaru sailed into San Francisco. After 55 days
in his boat, his trip was finally over.
Many people believe that Subaru was too young to sail alone. They say that parents
shouldn't allow children to make such dangerous trips. However, other people say that
children should have adventures, too. What do you think?
185
New Vocabulary
(Equipment- quit – Sudden - electricity – communicate – destination - over )
 It's faster to communicate someone by phone than by letter.

 What equipment do you need to play soccer
 Don’t make any sudden movements .You might frighten the animals.
 Don't quit school early. It's good to get a university education.
 She was tired when the test was over
 If your destination is across the ocean, you can't get there by car.
 Are you having any electricity with your car?
186
Expressing Past Time
USING BE: PAST TIME
PRESENT TIME PAST TIME
a) I am in class today. d) I was in class yesterday.

b) Mariam is at the library today. e) Mariam was at the library yesterday.
c) My friends are at home today. f) My friends were at home yesterday.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF BE I

She
Singular Plural He wes
I was we were It
you were (one person) you were (more than one person)
she was they were
he was We
it was You. were
They
187
PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE
a) I was not in class yesterday.  NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS
b) I wasn't in class yesterday. was + not = wasn't

were + not = weren't
c) They were not at home last night.
d) They weren't at home last night.
188
PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS
YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)
be + subject
a) Were you in class yesterday? Yes, I was. (I was in class yesterday.)

No, I wasn’t. (I wasn't in class yesterday.
b) Was Carlos at home last night? Yes, he was. (He was at home last night.)
No, he wasn't.(He wasn't at home last night.)
189
Self Evaluation
1- What ( ) do you need to play soccer
a- equipment b- quit c- destination
2- I( ) in class yesterday.
a- am b- was c- were
3- ( ) in class yesterday? Yes, I was
a- Was you b- Are you c- Were you
190
Chapter eight
Inventions and Inventors
(Unit One)
191
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Zipper )
 New Vocabulary
 Past time
192
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use past time.
193
Reading a Passage (The Zipper )
The zipper is a wonderful invention. How did people ever live without zippers? They are
very common, so we forgot that they are wonderful. They are very strong, but they open
and close very easily. They come in many colours and sizes.
In the 1890s, people in the United States wore high shoes with long row of buttons.
Women’s clothes often had rows of buttons too. People wanted an easier way to put on
and take off clothes.
Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zipper in 1893. He was an engineer in Chicago. He
called the zipper a slide fastener. However, it didn’t stay closed very well. This was
embarrassing, and people didn’t buy many of them. Then Dr Gideon Sundback from
Sweden solved this problem.
A zipper has three parts: 1. there are dozens of metal or plastic hooks (called teeth) on
two rows. 2. These are fastened to two strips of cloth. The cloth strips are flexible. They
bend easily. 3. A fastener slides the other way, it takes the hooks apart.
Dr Sundback put the hooks on the strips of cloth. The cloth holds all the hooks in place.
They don’t come apart very easily. This solved the problem of the zippers.
194
New Vocabulary
(embarrassed -hooks- strips - rows - flexible - zippers)
 Sometimes your face gets red when you feel embarrassed.

 A pencil is not flexible. Paper is.
 Nasser cut a piece of paper into strips.
 Students sit in a circle in some classes. They sit in rows in others.
 People catch fish with hooks.
 Most pants and jackets have zippers.
195
Past time
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED
SIMPLE PRESENT a) I walk to school everyday.

SIMPLE PAST b) I walked to school yesterday.
SIMPLE PRESENT c) Fatimah walks to school everyday.
SIMPLE PAST d) Fatimah walked to school yesterday.
verb + -ed = the simple past tense

I
you
She
he +walked (verb + -ed)
It
we
they
196
Past time
PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO
YESTERDAY LAST AGO
a) Ali was here ... b) Norah was here … c) Saleh was here ...
yesterday. last night. five minutes ago.
yesterday morning. last week. two hours ago.
yesterday afternoon. last month. three days ago.
yesterday evening. last year. a week ago.
last spring. six months ago.
last summer. a year ago.
last fall.
last winter.
last Monday.
last Tuesday.
last Wednesday.
197
Past time
THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS (GROUP 1)
Some verbs do not have -ed forms. Their past forms are irregular.
PRESENT PAST a) I come to class every day.

come - came b) I came to class yesterday.
do - did c) I do my homework every day.
eat - ate d) I did my homework yesterday.
get - got e) Mohammed eats breakfast every morning.
go - went f) Mohammed ate breakfast yesterday morning.
have - had
put - put
see - saw
sit - sat
198
Self Evaluation
1- A pencil is not( ). Paper is.
a- hooks b- rows c- flexible
2- Fatimah( ) to school yesterday.
a- walks b- walked c- walking
3- Mohammed ( ) breakfast yesterday morning.
a- ate b- eated c- easts
199
Chapter eight
(Unit two)
200
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Postage Stamp )
 New Vocabulary
 Past time
201
Learning outcomes

202
Reading a Passage (The Postage Stamp )
Before the invention of the postage stamp, it was difficult to send a letter to another
country. The sender paid for the letter to travel in his or her own country. Then the
person in the other country paid for that part of the trip. If a letter crossed several
countries, the problem was worse.
Rowland Hill, a British teacher, had the idea of a postage stamp with glue on the back.
The British post office made the first stamps in 1840. They were the penny black and the
Twopence Blue. A person bought a stamp and put in on a letter. The post office delivered
the letter. When people received letters, they didn’t have to pay anything. The letters
were prepaid.
Postage stamps became popular in Great Britain immediately. Other countries started
making their own postage stamps very quickly.
There were still problems with international mail. Some countries did not want to accept
any letters with stamps from another country. Finally, in 1874, a German organized the
Universal Postal System. Each country in the UPS agreed to accept letters with prepaid
postage from the other members. Today, the offices of the UPS are in Switzerland.
Almost every country in the world is a member of this organization. It takes care of any
international mail problems.
203
New Vocabulary
 crossed – went across

 delivered – took it to the person
 received – got
 prepaid – paid for before
 immediately – right away, right now
 accept - take
204
Past time
THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE
SUBIECT + DID + NOT + MAIN VERB I

you
a) I did not walk to school yesterday. she
He + did not + main verb*
b) Ali did not walk to school yesterday. It
We
They
INCORRECT: I did not walked to school yesterday.
I didn't walk to school yesterday. NEGATIVE CONTRACTION: did + not = didn't
205
Past time
THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS
DID + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)
a) Did Ahmed walk to school? Yes, she did. (She walked to school.)
No, she didn't. (She didn't walk to school.)
b) Did you come to class? Yes, I did. (I came to class.)

No, I didn’t. )I didn't come to class.(
206
Past time
IRREGULAR VERBS (GROUP 2)
bring - brought drive - drove run - ran

buy-bought read-read* teach – taught
catch - caught ride - rode think - thought
drink - drank
*The past form of read is

pronounced the same as
the colour red.
207
Self Evaluation
1- If a letter ( ) several countries, the problem was worse.
a- crossed b- delivered c- accept
2- Ali ( ) walk to school yesterday
a- did not b- is not c- does not
3- ( ) come to class last week? Yes, I did.
a- You did b- Did you c- Does you
208
Chapter eight
(Unit three)
209
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Umbrellas )
 New Vocabulary
 Past time
210
Learning outcomes

211
Reading a Passage (Umbrellas )
The Umbrella is a very ordinary object. It keeps the rain and the sun off people. Most
umbrellas fold up, so it is easy to carry them.
However, the umbrella did not begin life as an ordinary object. It was a sign of royalty or
importance. Some African tribes still use umbrellas in this way today. Someone carries an
umbrella and walks behind the king or important person.
Umbrellas are very old. The Chinese had them in the eleventh century B.C. From there,
umbrellas travelled to India, Persia, and Egypt. In Greece and Rome, men wouldn’t use
them. They believed umbrellas were only for women.
When the Spanish explorers went to Mexico, they saw the Aztec kings using umbrellas.
English explorers saw Native American princes carrying umbrellas on the east coast of
North America. It seems that people in different parts of the world invented umbrellas at
different times.
England was probably the first country in Europe where ordinary people used umbrellas
against the rain. England has a rainy climate, and umbrellas are very useful there.
Everybody uses umbrellas today. The next time you carry one, remember that for
centuries only great men and women used them. Perhaps you are really a king or queen,
a princess or prince.
212
New Vocabulary
 crossed – went across

 object – thing
 royalty – kings, queens, and their families.
 princes – sons of queens and kings
 princess – daughters of queens, and kings
 Seem – look alike
 Climate – weather
213
Past time
THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME, AND WHY
a) Did you go to school ? Yes, I did.

b) where did you go ? School
c) Did you run because you were late? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
d) Why did you run? Because I was late.
e) Did Sarah come at six? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.
f) When
What time did Ann come? At six.
214
Past time
QUESTIONS WITH WHAT
 What is used to ask questions about things.
(QUESTION WORD + did + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB)
Did Ahmed buy a car? Yes, he did. (He bought a car.)
a) What Did did Ahamed buy a car? A car. (He bought a car.)
215
Past time
QUESTIONS WITH WHO
 Who is used to ask questions about people.
a) What did they see? A boat. (They saw a boat.)
b) Who did they see? Mohammed . (They saw Mohammed.)
216
Self Evaluation
1- It ( ) that people in different parts of the world invented umbrellas

at different times
a- royalty b- seems c- climate
2- ( ) did you go ? I went to school
a- why b- when c- where
3- ( ) did they see? A boat. (They saw a boat.)

a- what when c- who
217
Chapter Nine
Food
(Unit One)
218
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Puffer Fish )
 New Vocabulary
 Past time
219
Learning outcomes

220
Reading a Passage (The Puffer Fish)
Most people avoid eating dangerous foods. They don’t want to get sick. However, there
is one food that may be deadly, yet some people eat it on purpose. It’s called the puffer
fish.
This species of fish, called fugu in Japanese, lives in the Pacific Ocean. Some Japanese die
every year from eating fugu. In fact, the Emperor of Japan is not allowed to touch it.
Why? Well, the insides of the puffer fish are very poisonous. They contain a venom 275
times more powerful than the deadly poison cyanide.
Usually nothing bad happens when fugu in on the menu. Customers leave the restaurant
with happy smiles on their faces. The chefs are trained to remove the insides of the
puffer fish before they serve it to their customers. If they miss even a small amount, the
fish is not safe to eat. If a chef is careless, the customers stop smiling and get sick.
Puffer fish is very expensive. A plate of fugu costs more than $200 in some restaurants in
Tokyo. Besides this, the fish is very ugly, with spines all over its body. Also, it can puff
itself up to double its normal size. That’s the reason for its name. Why do the Japanese
risk so much for such an ugly and dangerous fish? Well, some people like taking risks.
And fugu is absolutely
221
New Vocabulary
(on purpose – species - powerful - customers - reason)
 Henry said he pushed me by accident, but I know he did it on purpose .
 The reason they were late is that their bus had an accident.
 With spiders, the female of the species is often more deadly than the male.
 So many customers ate at Luigi’s restaurant on the first evening that he decided to
hire more waiters.
 She may look shy and weak, but they say she’s one of the most powerful people in
banking.
222
Past time
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (right now)  The present progressive describes an

activity in progress right now, at the
a) It's 10:00 now. Sami is sitting in class. moment of speaking.
 In (a): Right now, it is 10:00. Sami
began to sit before 10:00. Sitting is in
progress at 10:00.
PAST PROGRESSIVE (in progress yesterday)  The past progressive describes an

activity in progress at a particular time
b) It was 10:00. Sami was sitting in class. in the past.
 In (b): Sami began to sit in class
before10:00 yesterday. At 10:00
yesterday, sitting in class was in
progress.
223
Past time
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE : AM, IS, ARE + -ING  The forms of the present
progressive and the past
a) It's 10:00. I am sitting in class. progressive consist of be † -ing.
Sami is sitting in class. The present progressive uses the
We are sitting in class. present forms of be: am, is, and
are + -ing.
PAST PROGRESSIVE FORM: WAS, WERE + -ING  The past progressive uses the past
forms of be: was and were + -ing.
b) It was 10:00. Sami was sitting in class.
We were sitting in class.
224
Past time
USING WHILE WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
a) The phone rang while I was  while + subject + verb = a time clause
sleeping.
 While I was sleeping is a time clause.
OR
b) While I was sleeping, the  A while-clause describes an activity that was in

phone rang. progress at the time another activity happened.
The verb in a while-clause is often past
progressive.
225
Self Evaluation
1- The ( ) they were late is that their bus had an accident.
a- powerful b- species c- reason
2- It's 10:00 now. Sami ( ) in class
a- was sitting b- is sitting c- sit
3- It was 10:00. Sami ( )in class.
a- sit b- is sitting c- was sitting
226
Chapter Nine
Food
(Unit Two)
227
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Foods from Around the World )
 New Vocabulary
 Past time
228
Learning outcomes

229
Reading a Passage (Foods from Around the World )
Foods that are well known to you may not be familiar to people from other countries.
Here are four people’s experiences with foreign food.
Shao Wong is a student in France. He comes from China. “I’d never tasted cheese or even
milk before I came here. Cattle are rare in my part of China, so there are no dairy
products. I tried milk when I first arrived in France. I hated it! I sampled cheese too, but
couldn’t manage more than one bite. I love ice cream, though, and that’s made from
milk.”
Birgit is from Sweden. She travelled to Australia on vacation. “I was in a restaurant that
specialized in fish, and I heard some other customers order flake. So, I ordered some too
and it was delicious. Later, I found out that flake is an Australian term for shark. After
that pleasant experience, whenever I see a new food, I try it out on purpose. You know
why? I remember how much I enjoyed flake.”
Nathan is American. He taught for a year in China. “My friends gave me some 100-year-
old eggs to eat. I didn’t like the look of them at all. The insides were green, but my
friends said the colour was normal. The Chinese put chemicals on fresh eggs. Then they
bury them in the earth for three months. So, the eggs weren’t really very old. Even so, I
absolutely refused to touch them.”
230
New Vocabulary
(familiar– dairy - bury )
 When our cat died, we decided to bury him under the apple tree.
 His face looks familiar to me.” said Arthur. “ I’ve probably met him somewhere
before.
 Ice cream is a dairy product, and so is cheese.
231
Past time
SIMPLE PAST vs. PAST PROGRESSIVE
 The simple past describes

a) Mohammed called me yesterday. activities or situations that began
b) I talked to Jane for an hour last night. and ended at a particular time in
c) We went to Jack's house last Friday. the past (e.g., yesterday, last
d) What time did you get up this morning? night).
232
Past time
SIMPLE PAST vs. PAST PROGRESSIVE
a) I was studying when Jane called me  The past progressive describes an

yesterday. activity that was in progress (was
b) While I was studying last night, Jane happening) at the time another action
called. happened.
 In (a) and (b): The studying was in
progress when Jane called.
233
Past time
WHILE vs. WHEN IN PAST TIME CLAUSES
a) The mouse appeared while I was studying.  The verb in a while-clause is often
past progressive, as in (a) and (b).
b) While I was studying, the mouse appeared.
 The verb in a when-clause is often
c) When the mouse appeared, I was studying. simple past, as in (c) and (d).
d) I was studying when the mouse appeared.
234
Self Evaluation
1- Ice cream is a ( ) product, and so is cheese.
a- dairy b- familiar c- bury
2- Mohammed ( ) me yesterday
a- was calling b- called c- is calling
3- When the mouse ( ), I was studying.
a- was appearing b- appeared c- is appearing
235
Chapter Nine
Food
(Unit Three)
236
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Chocolate )
 New Vocabulary
 Future time
237
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use future time.
238
Reading a Passage (Chocolate )
We now think of chocolate as sweet, but once it was bitter. We think of it as a candy, but
once it was a medicine. Today, chocolate can be a hot drink, a frozen dessert, or just a
snack. Sometimes it’s an ingredient in the main course of a meal. Mexicans make a hot
chocolate sauce called mole and pour it over chicken. The Mexicans also eat chocolate
with spices like chili peppers.
Chocolate is a product of the tropical cacao tree. Workers must first dry and then roast
the beans. This removes the bitter taste.
The word “chocolate” comes from a Mayan word. The Mayas were an ancient people
who once lived in Mexico. They valued the cacao tree. Some used the beans for money,
while others crushed them to make a drink.
When the Spaniards came to Mexico in the sixteenth century, they started drinking cacao
too. Because the drink was strong and bitter, they thought it was a medicine. No one had
idea of adding sugar. The Spaniards took some beans back to Europe and opened cafes.
Wealthy people drank cacao and said it was good for the digestion.
In the 1800s the owner of a chocolate factory in England discovered that sugar removed
the bitter taste of cacao. It quickly became a cheap and popular drink. Soon afterward, a
factory made the first solid block of sweetened chocolate. Later, another factory mixed
milk and chocolate together. People liked the taste of milk chocolate even better.
239
New Vocabulary
(bitter– ingredient – ancient - solid )
 Most ancient civilizations had some sort of writing system.

 The main ingredient in that cake is chocolate.
 The pond is frozen solid. We can go skating.
 The lemonade was so bitter that nobody wanted to drink it.
240
Past time
FUTURE TIME: USING BE + GOING TO
Be going to expresses (talks about)

a) I am going to go downtown tomorrow. the future.
b) Ali is going to be here tomorrow afternoon.
c) We are going to come to class tomorrow FORM: am
morning. is + going + to + verb
are
241
Past time
a) I'm not going to go downtown tomorrow.

b) Nasser isn't going to study tonight.  NEGATIVE: be + not + going to
242
Past time
a) Are you going to come to class tomorrow?  QUESTION: be + subject + going to
No, I'm not.  A form of be is used in the short

answer to a yes/no question with
b) Is Ali going to be at the meeting tomorrow? be going to, as in (a) and (b).
Yes, he is.
243
Self Evaluation
1- The main ( ) in that cake is chocolate.
a- bitter b- ancient c-ingredient
2- I ( ) go downtown tomorrow.
a- going b- am going to c- go
3-. ( ) Ali going to be at the meeting tomorrow?
a- is b- are c- was
244
Chapter Ten
Mysteries
(Unit One)
245
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Marie Celeste )
 New Vocabulary
 future time
246
Learning outcomes

247
Reading a Passage (The Marie Celeste )
In 1872 the Marie Celeste started on a trip across the Atlantic Ocean with a crew of
ten. Sometime later, the captain of another ship, the Dei Gratia, spotted the Marie
Celeste. There was something strange about her appearance. The captain called out,
but there was no response. The Marie Celeste seemed deserted.
When the captain rowed over to inspect the ship, no one came to meet him. He knew
something was wrong, but there were no signs of violence. Nothing was missing and
there was no damage to the ship’s instruments. Even the lifeboats were still in place.
And strangely enough, the remnants of recent meal were on the table. Where was
everyone? Did all the crew decided to jump from the Marie Celeste at the same time?
Or did a monster come up from the sea onto the ship and take the captain and crew
away?
The captain of the Dei Gratia looked around for clues. The last entry in the Marie
Celeste’s diary was ten days earlier, when the ship was more than 400 miles away.
However, the food on the table was only a few days old. If the crew were on the ship a
few days ago, why weren’t there any later entries in the diary?
No one was able to explain the mystery of the Marie Celeste, but the public had many
opinions. Now that the Marie Celeste lies somewhere at the bottom of the ocean, no
one can ever solve the mystery.
248
New Vocabulary
(response– diary - solve)
 There was no response to the teacher’s question. The class was silent.
 Many young people keep a diary in which they write down all their secrets.
 The school kids tried to solve the puzzle of the third footprint.
249
Future time
WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME
a) Sarah is going to leave at 8:00 tomorrow.  Sometimes the present progressive is

used to express future time.
b) Sarah is leaving at 8:00 tomorrow.
(a) and (b) mean the same thing.
c) We are going to drive to Toronto next (c) and (d) mean the same thing.
week.
 The present progressive is used for
d) We are driving to Toronto next week. future meaning when the speaker is
talking about plans that have already
been made.
COMMON VERBS
come do meet return go leave stay take
drive fly Spend start Spend start
250
Future time
PAST FUTURE PAST: It rained yesterday.

FUTURE: It's going to rain tomorrow.
yesterday tomorrow
yesterday morning tomorrow morning
yesterday afternoon tomorrow afternoon PAST: I was in class yesterday morning.
yesterday evening tomorrow evening
last night tomorrow night FUTURE: I'm going to be in class
tomorrow morning.
251
Future time
PAST FUTURE PAST: Norah went downtown last week.
last week next week FUTURE: Norah is going to go Riyad next

last month next month week.
last year next year
last weekend next weekend PAST: Ali graduated from high school last
last spring next spring spring.
last summer next summer
last fall next fall FUTURE: Ali is going to graduate from high
last winter next winter school next spring.
last Monday, etc. next Monday, etc.
252
Self Evaluation
1- There was no ( ) to the teacher’s question. The class was silent.
a- diary b- response c- solve
2- Sarah ( ) leave at 8:00 tomorrow
a- is going to b- goes c- go
3- It's going to rain ( ).
a- last week b- tomorrow. c- yesterday
253
Chapter Ten
Mysteries
(Unit Two)
254
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Eater Island Statues )
 New Vocabulary
 future time
255
Learning outcomes

256
Reading a Passage (The Eater Island Statues )
When the first sailing ship came to Easter Island in 1722, the captain and crew were
afraid to land. They saw giants looking down at them from the high cliffs. The giants
didn’t move, so the ship gradually sailed closer. Finally, the sailors realized the giants
were only statues. These huge carvings have puzzled the world ever since. Who made
them? How did they get there?
Easter Island is a small dot in the South Pacific Ocean. It is hundreds of miles away from
the nearest shipping route, and it is one of the most isolated places on earth. The
nearest mainland is over 2,000 miles away in South America.
The biggest statue on Easter Island is over 60 feet high and weighs over 100 tons. There
are hundreds of smaller ones, about 15 feet high. All the statues are carved from stone
and some wear stone hats. Their faces are unsmiling.
Earlier inhabitants of Easter Island carved the statues from the rocks in a volcanic crater.
Next, they had to move the statues a long distance, in some cases more than ten miles,
to erect them in their present position.
No one knows for certain how the inhabitants achieved this very difficult feat. Some
scientists say that palm trees grew on Easter Island in the past. They think the
inhabitants cut the trees down and placed the heavy statues on the tree trunks.
257
New Vocabulary
(statues– mainland - achieved)
 Statues of former kings and queens lined the entrance to the castle.
 Ali achieved her heart’s desire when she passed the entrance exam for Yale.
 The island was separated from the mainland by a narrow stretch of water.
258
Future time
PAST FUTURE PAST: I finished my homework five minutes

ago.
... minutes ago in... minutes (from now)
... hours ago in... hours (from now) FUTURE: Ali is going to finish his homework
... days ago in... days (from now) in five minutes.
... weeks ago in... weeks (from now)
... months ago in... months (from now)
... years ago in... years (from now)
259
Future time
FUTURE TIME: USING (WILL)
STATEMENT a) Omar will arrive at 10:00 tomorrow.  (a) and (b) have
basically the same
b) Omar is going to arrive at 10:00 tomorrow. meaning.
c) CORRECT: Mike will go there.  The simple form of a

INCORRECT: Mike will goes there. verb follows will.
INCORRECT: Mike wills go there.
 There is never a final -
d) CORRECT: Mike will arrive at 10:00. s on will for future
INCORRECT: Mike will arrives at 10:00. time.
e) CORRECT: Mike will go there.

INCORRECT: Mike will to go there.  Will is not followed by
an infinitive with to.
260
Future time
CONTRACTIONS I will come. = I'll come.  Will is contracted to ‘Il

You will come. = You'll come. with subject pronouns.
She will come. = She'll come.
He will come. = He'll come.
It will come. = It'll come.  These contractions are
We will come. = We'll come. common in both speaking
They will come. = They'll come. and writing.
261
Self Evaluation
1- Ali ( ) her heart’s desire when she passed the entrance exam for Yale
a- mainland b- statues c- achieved
2- Mohammed is going to finish his homework ( ).
a- in five minutes b- five minutes ago. c- last month
3- Mike ( ) next week.
a- will arrive b- will arrives c- arrived
262
Chapter Ten
Mysteries
(Unit Three)
263
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Roanoke Settlement )
 New Vocabulary
 Future time
264
Learning outcomes

265
Reading a Passage (The Roanoke Settlement )
Only a few Europeans lived on North America in the 1500s. Most of them settled along
the northeast coast. In 1587, a small group of one hundred people decided to go south.
They moved to the small island of Roanoke. That area later became part of the state of
North Carolina.
Unfortunately, the Roanoke settlers weren’t well prepared. They had to ration their food
for winter, and there wasn’t enough grain for future crops. Their leader, Captain White
decided to sail back to England to get fresh provisions. However, there was a war in
Europe, and three years passed before he returned to North America.
When Captain White finally sailed back to Roanoke in 1590, he was eager to see the
settlers. He looked out from his ship as it came into port, but no one was there to meet
him. The settlement was deserted. There were no signs of life. The Roanoke settlers had
simply vanished.
No one knows why they disappeared. Many people thought hostile tribes of Native
Americans killed them, but there were no signs of a fight. Some thought that the settlers
died from hunger or disease, but they couldn’t explain the absence of bodies.
266
New Vocabulary
(Unfortunately– eager - vanished)
 Unfortunately, she left early and didn’t hear the announcement that she’d won the
award.
 Most of the guests vanished after dinner. I think they only came for the food.
 I'm eager to hear what you’ve been doing in my absence
267
Future time
NEGATIVE a) Bob will not be here tomorrow.  Negative contraction:
b) Bob won't be here tomorrow.

will + not = won't
268
Future time
ASKING QUESTIONS WITH (WILL)
Will + SUBTECT + MAIN VERB
a) Will Ali come to school tomorrow ? Yes, he will.

No, he won’t.
b) Will you be at home tonight ? Yes, I will

No, I won’t.
269
Future time
ASKING QUESTIONS WITH (WILL)
QUESTION WORDS + Will + SUBTECT + MAIN VERB
a) When Will Nasser arrive? Next Saturday.
b) What time Will the plane arrive? Three-thirty.
c) Where Will you be tonight ? At home.
270
Self Evaluation

1- ( ), she left early and didn’t hear the announcement that she’d won
the award
a- eager b- Unfortunately c- vanished
2- ( ) Ali come to school tomorrow ?
a- will b- do c- does
3- When Will Nasser arrive? ( )
a- last month b- next week c- last week

271
Chapter Eleven
Business
(Unit One)
272
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The History of Money )
 New Vocabulary
 Verb Summary: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE
273
Learning outcomes

274
Reading a Passage (The History of Money )
Today, our currency is a mixture of coins and paper money. But it wasn’t always that way.
Before metal coins and paper bills existed, people used a lot of unusual things to buy
what they needed. In one part of the world, for example, people used sharks’ teeth for
money. In some places, brightly coloured feathers and rare seashells were money. People
in one area even used the bristles from elephants’ tails for money.
No one knows for sure when people started using metal coins for money. Archaeologists
have found coins dating from 600 B.C., so we know they have been around for a long
time. At first, people used precious metals, such as gold and silver, to make coins. They
stamped the figure of a person or animal on each coin to indicate its value.
In the 1200s, people in China used iron coins for their currency. These coins weren’t
worth very much, so people had to use a lot of them to make their purchases. Because it
was inconvenient to carry around many heavy iron coins, the government started
printing paper receipts. People took these receipts to banks and traded them in for coins.
This is the first example we have of paper money.
275
New Vocabulary
(currency– indicate - receipt)
 The dollar is a strong currency

 If you can indicate what time you’re leaving, then I can suggest what train to catch.
 always make sure you get a receipt
276
Verb Summary
VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE
STATEMENT NEGATIVE QUESTION
Simple present • I eat lunch every • I don't eat breakfast. • Do you eat
day. breakfast?
• He eats lunch every • He doesn't eat
day. breakfast. • Does he eat lunch?
Present • I am eating an • I'm not eating a pear. • Am I eating a

progressive apple right now. banana?
• She is eating an • She isn't eating a • Is he eating a
apple. pear. banana?
• They are eating • They aren't eating • Are they eating
apples. • pears. bananas?
277
Verb Summary
Simple Past • He ate lunch • He didn't eat • Did you eat

yesterday. breakfast. breakfast?
Future (BE + • I am going to eat • I'm not going to eat • Am I going to see
going to) lunch at noon. breakfast tomorrow. you tomorrow?
• She is going to eat • She isn't going to eat • Is she going to eat
lunch at noon. breakfast tomorrow. lunch tomorrow?
• They are going to • They aren't going to • Are they going to
eat lunch at noon. eat breakfast eat lunch
tomorrow. tomorrow?
278
Verb Summary
Future (will) • He will eat lunch • He won't eat breakfast • Will he eat lunch
tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow?
279
Self Evaluation

1- always make sure you get a ( ).
a- indicate b- receipt c- currency
2- He ( ) lunch every day.
a- eats b- eat c- eating
3- I ( ) eat lunch at noon
a- am going to b- is going to c- are going to
280
Chapter Eleven
Business
(Unit Two)
281
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Coca-Cola Story )
 New Vocabulary
 Verb Summary: FORMS OF BE
282
Learning outcomes

283
Reading a Passage (The Coca-Cola Story )
How did Coca-Cola become so popular? One answer is that Asa Candler was a very clever
businessman. He was one of the first people to use mass-marketing techniques. One of
the most important things he did was to make his product unique. When he bought the
rights to Coca-Cola, it was sold in ordinary bottles. It looked like every other drink on the
market. To make Coca-Cola look different, Candler modernized the bottles. He also
designed an eye- catching logo for his product. When other companies tried to imitate
Coca-Cola’s name, Candler took them to court.
In addition to the unique bottle and logo, Candler spent a lot of time and money
promoting his product. He used advertising to create a powerful image of Coca-Cola in
the minds of his customers. He gave away free samples of Coke. He advertised Coca-Cola
in the newspaper, on outdoor posters, and by painting the logo on walls and barns. He
put the name of his drink on pencils, serving trays, Japanese fans, matches and many
other things and then gave them away. 1902, Coca-Cola was the best-known product in
the United States.
Candler was also able to develop memorable themes for his advertisements. For the first
time, famous sports figures portrayed Coca-Cola as a refreshing drink for ordinary
people. There were many advertising campaigns. They included catchy slogans such as
“The Pause That Refreshes.”
284
New Vocabulary
(logo– imitate - campaigns)
 Some political parties spend millions on their political campaigns.

 Large businesses pay millions for an artist to design their logo
 A parrot can imitate anything.
285
Verb Summary
VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE
Simple • I am from Saudi • I am not from Jordan. • Am I in the right

present Arabia. • She isn't from China. room?
• He is from Egypt. • They aren't from Italy. • Is she from
• They are from Greece?
Venezuela. • Are they from
Kenya?
Simple past • Fatimah was late • She wasn't on time. • Was she in class?
yesterday. • They weren't on time. • Were they in class?
• They were late
yesterday.
286
Verb Summary
VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE
Future (BE + • I am going to be late. • I'm not going to be on • Am I going to be

going to) time. late?
• She is going to be
late. • She isn't going to be • Is she going to be
on time. late?
• They are going to be
late. • They aren't going to • Are they going to
be on time. be late tomorrow?
287
Verb Summary
Future (will) He will be at home He won't be at home Will he be at home

tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow?
288
Self Evaluation

1- A parrot can ( ) anything.
a- logo b- imitate c- campaigns
2- I ( ) from Saudi Arabia
a- am b- is c- are
3- They ( ) late yesterday.
a- was b- were c- will be
289
Chapter Eleven
Business
(Unit Three)
290
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Bar Code )
 New Vocabulary
 Future time (might/ may)
291
Learning outcomes

292
Reading a Passage (The Coca-Cola Story )
Bar codes are a series of black and white lines of different widths. These lines represent
the price of the product. They are “read all over” by a scanner. The scanner is operated
by a very strong and very narrow ray of electric light called a laser beam. This beam of
light translates the black and white lines into a numbering system that the computer can
understand. The computer transfers the lines into numbers, then prints the price of the
product onto the screen.
The numbers you see at the bottom of the bar code have nothing to do with the price.
They indicate which company made the product and what the item is. In supermarkets,
the first six numbers say which company made the product. The second six say what the
product is and add a little more information. For example, in ne supermarket, 134279
tells the computer the product is a package of cereal weighing one pound.
We see manual scanners in small shops and bookstores or at libraries. Supermarkets
have automatic scanners. They are underneath the glass window at the checkout
counter. These scanners are operated by lasers that look like compact discs. The disc
turns around and takes in the information from the bar code in much the same way as
the manual scanners do. The cashier holds the item over the glass window and the
scanner reads all the information in a few seconds. Now, shopping is a little quicker and a
little easier for everyone.
293
New Vocabulary
(scanner– translates - manual)
 The electric beater was broken, so we used manual methods to mix the ingredients
for the cake.
 Because a scanner now reads the prices and transfer them to a computer, the
customers find there are fewer mistakes
 She translates Arabic into English for international companies.
294
Future time (might/ may)
MAY/MIGHT vs. WILL
a) It may rain tomorrow.  May + verb (simple form) expresses a

b) Anita may be at home now. possibility in the future, as in (a), or a present
possibility, as in (b).
c) It might rain tomorrow.  Might has the same meaning as may.

d) Anita might be at home now.  (a) and (c) have the same meaning.
295
MAY/MIGHT vs. WILL
a) Norah will be at the meeting  In (a): The speaker uses will because he feels
tomorrow. sure about Norah's presence at the meeting
tomorrow.
b) Ali may/might be at the meeting
tomorrow.  In (b): The speaker uses may/might to say, "I
don't know if Ali will be at the meeting, but it
is possible."
296
MAY/MIGHT vs. WILL
a) Saleh may/might not be at the  Negative form: may /might + not

meeting tomorrow.
297
Self Evaluation

1- She ( ) Arabic into English for international companies.
a- scanner b- translates c- manual
2- Norah ( ) at the meeting tomorrow.
a- is b- was be c- will be
3- Saleh ( ) be at the meeting tomorrow.
a- may not b- were c- is
298
Chapter twelve
MYSTERIES
(Unit one)
299
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The lost city of Atlantis)
 New Vocabulary
 Modals: expressing ability
300
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use modals: expressing ability
301
Reading a Passage (The lost city of Atlantis)
Most people have heard the story of the lost city of Atlantis. But is any part of the story
true?
Over two thousand years ago, the Greek writer Plato wrote about Atlantis, an island in
the Atlantic Ocean. The island's people were very rich. They built a big city with many
great buildings. But the people became greedy-they had many things, but they still
wanted more. So, the gods became angry. Earthquakes and large waves began to strike
the island. Finally, Atlantis sank into the sea.
Many explorers have looked for Atlantis. In 2004, explorer Robert Sarmast reported
finding the remains? of a city under the sea near Cyprus. However, Sarmast and other
scientists later realized the structures he found under the sea were not man-made. Mark
Adams, author of the 2016 book Meet Me in Atlantis believes the city was in Morocco.
Plato wrote about red and black stone circles around the cit. Adams found similar red
and black stones in the desert there, very near the
Atlantic Ocean.
Most people, however, think Atlantis is simply a story. The purpose of the story may be
to teach people not to be greedy. Richard Ellis also wrote a book about Atlantis in 1999.
He says "there is not a piece solid evidence" for a real Atlantis.
302
New Vocabulary
(sank– purpose - strike)
 The ship sank after it was struck by a massive wave.

 The purpose of the meeting is to explain the tasks
 Earthquakes strike the island every ten years
303
Modals: expressing ability
USING (CAN)
a) I have some money. I can buy a  Can expresses ability and possibility.
book.
b) We have time and money. We can
go to a movie.
c) Omar is strong. He can lift the
heavy box.
304
USING (CAN)
a) CORRECT: Ali can speak English.  The simple form of the main verb follows can.
In (a): speak is the main verb.
b) INCORRECT: Ali can to speak
English.  An infinitive with to does NOT follow can. In
(b): to speak is incorrect.
c) INCORRECT: Ali can speaks
English.  A main verb following can does not have a
final -s. In (f): speaks is incorrect.
305
USING (CAN)
a) Monera can not come.  NEGATIVE
b) Monera cannot come. can + not = can not OR. cannot
c) Monera can't come.

 CONTRACTION
can + not = can't
306
Self Evaluation
1-The ship ( ) after it was struck by a massive wave.
a- sank b- purpose c- strike
2- Ali ( ) English.
a- can to speak b- can speak c- can speaks
3- Monera ( ) come to the party.
a- can not b- doesn't can c- don’t can
307
Chapter twelve
MYSTERIES
(Unit Two)
308
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (A mysterious visitor)
 New Vocabulary
309
Learning outcomes

310
Reading a Passage (A mysterious visitor)
In October 2017, astronomers in Hawaii saw something surprising. A strange object was
moving through the solar system. They had seen many asteroids before, but this was
something different. The object's speed and direction also showed something surprising.
This was an interstellar' object the first ever seen.
The object was named 'Oumuamua-Hawaiian for "visitor from afar." Nobody is sure
exactly what it is. The simplest idea is that 'Oumuamua is a strangely shaped piece of
rock. Perhaps it was knocked out of afar-off star system. However, astronomers saw that
its speed increased after passing the sun. Some scientists therefore suggest a different
theory.
'Oumuamua could be a piece of alien technology," says Professor Abraham Loeb from
Harvard University. Loeb believes this could explain the object's long, thin shape, and its
change in speed. Maybe "Oumuamua was a spaceship that came to explore our solar
system." Al possibilities should be considered," says Loeb.
Oumuamua can no longer be seen from Earth. But astronomers continue to study the
information they got from it. It is still not clear if the object was a large rock, or
something else altogether. 'Oumuamua will likely be a mystery for many years to come.
311
New Vocabulary
(strange– passing - explore)
 The strange object on the beach caught our attention.

 We saw a passing ship on the horizon.
 Let's explore the nearby forest and see what we can find.
312
USING (CAN) : QUESTIONS
CAN + SUBTECT + MAIN VERB ANSWER
a) Can you speak Arabic? Yes, I can.

No, I can’t.
b) Can Nadia come to the party? Yes, she can.

No, she can't.
313
USING (CAN) : QUESTIONS
(question word ) + CAN + SUBTECT + MAIN VERB ANSWER
a) Where can I buy a hammer? At a hardware store.
b) When can you help me? Tomorrow afternoon.
314
USING (KNOW HOW TO)
a) I can swim.  (a) and (b) have basically the same meaning.
Know how to expresses ability.
b) I know how to swim.
 (c) and (d) have basically the same meaning.
c) Can you cook?
d) Do you know how to cook?
315
Self Evaluation
1-We saw a ( ) ship on the horizon.
a- explore b- strange c- passing
2- ( ) you speak Arabic? Yes, I can.
a- does b- is c- can
3- ( ) can I buy a hammer? At a hardware store.
a- Where b- when c- do
316
Chapter twelve
MYSTERIES
(Unit Three)
317
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Mysterious Object on the

Beach)
 New Vocabulary
318
Learning outcomes

319
Reading a Passage (The Mysterious Object on the Beach)
There was a mysterious object found on the beach. It was a small, silver ball that seemed
to be made of an unknown material. No one knew where it came from or what it was
for. Some people thought it might be an alien artifact, while others believed it was a
secret government experiment gone wrong.
Despite numerous attempts to study the object, no one could figure out its purpose. It
didn't emit any signals or respond to any tests. It just sat there, gleaming in the sunlight.
As time passed, the mysterious object became a local legend. People would come from
all over just to see it and speculate about its origins. Some even claimed to have had
strange experiences while standing near it, like hearing whispers in their ear or feeling a
sudden chill.
Eventually, the object disappeared just as mysteriously as it had appeared. Some say it
was taken away by government agents, while others believe it simply vanished into thin
air. To this day, the mystery of the silver sphere remains unsolved.
320
New Vocabulary
(secret– attempts - disappeared)
 She kept her diary locked and secret.

 After several attempts, he could solve the puzzle.
 The magician disappeared in a puff of smoke
321
USING COULD: PAST OF CAN
a) I am in Hawaii. I can go to the beach every day.  could = the past form of can
b) I was in Hawaii last month. I could go to the

beach every day when I was there.
322
a) I can't go to the movie today. I have to study.  NEGATIVE:
b) I couldn't go to the movie last night. I had to could + not = couldn't

study.
(a) I could not to school yesterday. I was sick.
323
a) Could you speak English before you came here?  QUESTION:
b) Could you swim before you join the swimming a) could + subject + main verb
centre ?
324
Self Evaluation
1- After several ( ) , he could solve the puzzle.
a- disappeared b- secret c- attempts
2- I was in Hawaii last month. I ( ) go to the beach every day when I was
there.
a- could b- can c- was
3- ( ) you speak English before you came here?
a- are b- could c- was
325
Chapter Thirteen
Eating habits around the
world
(Unit one)
326
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Eating habits in Japan)
 New Vocabulary
327
Learning outcomes

328
Reading a Passage (Eating habits in Japan)
Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on fresh, healthy ingredients and beautiful
presentation. The traditional Japanese diet is based on rice, seafood, vegetables, and
fermented foods like miso and soy sauce.
One of the most notable eating habits in Japan is the importance placed on balance and
moderation. Japanese meals often include a variety of small dishes, each with a different
flavour and texture. This allows for a balanced intake of nutrients and prevents
overeating.
Another important aspect of Japanese eating habits is the use of seasonal ingredients.
Japanese cuisine is strongly tied to the changing seasons, and dishes are often created
using ingredients that are in season at the time. This ensures the freshest flavours and
supports local farmers and businesses.
In addition, Japanese culture places a strong emphasis on mindfulness when eating.
Meals are often eaten slowly and with intention, allowing for a greater appreciation of
the food and its flavours.
Finally, communal eating is also an important aspect of Japanese culture. Many Japanese
meals are shared with family or friends, which fosters a sense of community and
togetherness.
329
New Vocabulary
(habits– flavour - local)
 Habits can be hard to break, but it's important to develop healthy ones.
 The flavour of this dish is amazing, I can't get enough of it!
 I love trying local cuisine when I travel to new places.
330
USING (BE ABLE TO)
PRESENT
 (a) and (b) have basically the same meaning.

a) I am able to touch my toes.
b) I can touch my toes.
331
USING (BE ABLE TO)
FUTURE
a) I will be able to go shopping  (a) and (b) have basically the same meaning.
tomorrow.
b) I can go shopping tomorrow.
332
USING (BE ABLE TO)
PAST
a) I wasn't able to finish my  (a) and (b) have basically the same meaning.
homework last night.
b) I couldn't finish my homework last

night.
333
Self Evaluation
1- I love trying ( ) cuisine when I travel to new places.
a- local b- habits c- flavour
2- ( ) will be able to go shopping tomorrow.
a- was be able b- will be able c- am able
3- I ( ) finish my homework last night.
a- wasn't able to b- will not be able c- am not able

334
Chapter Thirteen
world
(Unit two)
335
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Eating habits in Italy)
 New Vocabulary
 Modals: Advice, Necessity, Requests, Suggestions
336
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use modals: Advice, Necessity, Requests, Suggestions
337
Reading a Passage (Eating habits in Italy)
Italian cuisine is known for its rich flavours, fresh ingredients, and emphasis on family
and community. The traditional Italian diet is based on simple, wholesome ingredients
like pasta, tomatoes, olive oil, and fresh herbs.
One of the most notable eating habits in Italy is the importance placed on mealtime.
Italians take their time when eating and often enjoy long, leisurely meals with family and
friends. They believe that meals should be savoured and enjoyed, rather than rushed or
eaten on-the-go.
Another important aspect of Italian eating habits is the use of fresh, seasonal
ingredients. Italians prefer to eat foods that are in season and locally grown, which
ensures the freshest flavours and supports local farmers and businesses.
Italians believe in the importance of balance and moderation when it comes to food.
They enjoy rich, indulgent dishes like pasta and pizza, but also incorporate plenty of fresh
vegetables and salads into their meals.
Italians also have a strong cultural tradition of communal eating. They often share dishes
with each other at the table, which fosters a sense of community and togetherness.
338
New Vocabulary
(aspect– seasonal - share)
 I love the seasonal change from summer to autumn when the leaves turn colourful.
 The most important aspect of a healthy lifestyle is regular exercise
 Friends often share their toys with each other to have more fun together.
339
Modals: Advice, Necessity, Requests, Suggestions
USING (SHOULD)
a) My clothes are dirty. I should wash

them.
 Should means "This is a good idea. This is good
b) Ali is sleepy. He should go to bed. advice."
c) You're sick. You should see a doctor.
340
USING (SHOULD)
I
You
She  Should is followed by the simple form of a
He should go. verb.
We
They INCORRECT: He should goes.
INCORRECT: He should to go.
341
USING (SHOULD)
 You should not leave your grammar

book at home.
 NEGATIVE: should not
 You need it in class.You shouldn't
leave your grammar book at home.
CONTRACTION: should + not = shouldn't
342
Self Evaluation
1- Friends often( ) their toys with each other to have more fun together.
a- aspect b- share c- seasonal
2- Ali is sleepy. He ( ) to bed
a- should go b- should goes c- should to go
3- I love the ( ) change from summer to autumn when the leaves turn
colourful
a- share b- seasonal c- spect

343
Chapter Thirteen
world
(Unit three)
344
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Eating habits in India)
 New Vocabulary
 Modals: Advice, Necessity, Requests, Suggestions
345
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use modals: Advice, Necessity, Requests, Suggestions
346
Reading a Passage (Eating habits in India)
In India, food plays a central role in daily life and culture. Traditional Indian meals often
consist of a variety of dishes served on a thali, a large metal plate. These dishes typically
include rice, dal (lentil soup), vegetables, and roti (flatbread).
Many Indians follow a vegetarian or plant-based diet, with meat being less common in
traditional cuisine. Spices and herbs are used generously to add flavour and depth to
dishes.
In terms of dining culture, communal eating is also important in India. It is common for
families and friends to gather around a shared meal, often eating with their hands
instead of utensils.
In recent years, there has been a shift towards more processed and fast-food options in
urban areas, but traditional Indian cuisine remains a staple in many households.
347
New Vocabulary
(meals– spices - generous)
 I had three meals yesterday.

 Cinnamon is a common spice used in baking.
 My friend is always generous with his family.
348
USING HAVE + INFINITIVE (HAVE TO / HAS TO)
 (a) and (b) have basically the same meaning.

a) People need to eat food.
 (c) and (d) have basically the same meaning.
b) People have to eat food.
c) Nasser needs to study for his test.

Have + infinitive has a special meaning: it
d) Nasser has to study for his test. expresses the same idea as need.
c) I had to study last night.  PAST FORM: had + infinitive.
349
 QUESTION FORM: do, does, or did is used in

a) Do you have to leave now? questions with have to.
b) What time does Jim have to leave?
c) Why did they have to leave

yesterday?
350
 NEGATIVE FORM: don't, doesn't, or didn't is

a) I don't have to study tonight. used with have to.
b) The concert was free. We didn't
have to buy tickets.
351
Self Evaluation
1- I had three ( ) yesterday.
a- meals b- generous c- spice
2- Do you ( ) leave now?
a- have to b- has to c- have
3- The concert was free. We ( ) have to buy tickets.
a- didn't b- don’t c- doesn’t

352
Chapter Fourteen
Olympic Games
(Unit one)
353
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The History of the Olympics)
 New Vocabulary
354
Learning outcomes

355
Reading a Passage (The History of the Olympics)
The Olympic Games have a fascinating history that stretches back more than two
millennia. Originating in ancient Greece around 776 BC, these games were a way for
various Greek city-states to come together in friendly competition. They were held in
honour of Zeus, the king of the Greek gods. At that time, the Olympics featured events
like running, long jump, shot put, and even chariot races.
The ancient Olympics were quite different from the modern Games we know today.
There were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. Instead, winners were awarded olive
wreaths and gained great honour. The ancient Olympics continued for about 1,000 years,
until they were eventually banned by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I in the 4th
century AD.
Fast forward to the late 19th century when the idea of reviving the Olympics emerged.
Inspired by the ancient Games, Pierre de Coubertin, a Frenchman, founded the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The first modern Olympic Games took
place in Athens in 1896, and they've been held every four years since then, except during
wartime interruptions.
356
New Vocabulary
(fascinating– events - honour)
 The museum had fascinating exhibits to see.

 The show was one of the best events I've ever attended.
 It was an honour to receive the award for my hard work.
357
USING (MUST)
a) People need food. People have to  (a) and (b) have the same meaning: must eat =
eat food. have to eat.
b) People need food. People must eat
food.
I  Must is followed by the simple form of a verb.

You
She INCORRECT: He must works.
He must work. INCORRECT: He must to work.
It
We
They
358
USING (MUST)
a) You must not be late for work if  must not = Don't do this! You don't have a
you want to keep your job. choice.
b) You don't have to go to the movie  don't have to = It's not necessary; you have a
with us if you don't want to. choice.
359
USING (MUST)
Notice the difference between must and should.
MUST SHOULD
SOMETHING IS VERY IMPORTANT. YOU SOMETHING IS A GOOD IDEA, BUT YOU HAVE A
DO NOT HAVE A CHOICE. CHOICE.
a) You must take an English course. b) You should take an English course. It will help
You cannot graduate without it. you.
360
Self Evaluation
1-. The show was one of the best ( ) I've ever attended.
a- fascinating b- events c- honour
2- People need food. People ( ) food.
a- must eat b- must to eat c- must eats
3- You ( ) take an English course. You cannot graduate without it.
a- might b- should c- must
361
Chapter Fourteen
Olympic Games
(Unit Two)
362
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (The Olympic Rings)
 New Vocabulary
 Modals: POLITE QUESTIONS.
363
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use modals: POLITE QUESTIONS:
364
Reading a Passage (The Olympic Rings)
The iconic Olympic rings are a symbol recognized worldwide. Comprising five interlocked
rings of different colours - blue, yellow, black, green, and red - they hold a deep meaning.
These rings represent the unity and universality of the Olympic movement.
Each ring corresponds to one of the world's five continents. Blue symbolizes Europe,
yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Australia, and red for the Americas. The
colours were chosen because every nation's flag contains at least one of these colours.
When these rings come together, they signify the gathering of athletes from all corners
of the globe to participate in the Olympic Games.
The Olympic rings were designed by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern
Olympics, in 1913. They made their official debut at the 1920 Antwerp Games. Since
then, they have become an enduring symbol of international sportsmanship and
cooperation
365
New Vocabulary
(symbol– continent - founder)
 The symbol of our company is a blue bird.

 Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
 Steve Jobs was the founder of Apple Inc.
366
Modals: POLITE QUESTIONS
POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, AND CAN I
a) May I borrow your pen?  (a), (b), and (c) have the same meaning: I
b) Could I borrow your pen? want to borrow your pen. I am asking
c) Can I borrow your pen? politely to borrow your pen.
367
a) May I please borrow your pen?  Please is often used in polite questions.
b) Could I please borrow your pen?
c) Can I please borrow your pen?
368
TYPICAL RESPONSES TYPICAL CONVERSATION:
a) Yes, of course.
b) Of course. A: May I please borrow your pen?
c) Certainly. B: Yes, of course. Here it is.
d) Sure. (informal) A: Thank you. / Thanks.
e) No problem. (informal)
369
Self Evaluation
1- The ( ) of our company is a blue bird.
a- founder b- continents c- symbol
2- Africa is the second largest ( ) in the world.
a- founder b- continent c- symbol
3- ( ) please borrow your pen?
a- I May b- May I c- May be I

370
Chapter Fourteen
Olympic Games
(Unit Three)
371
Unit topics
 Reading a passage: (Olympic Sports)
 New Vocabulary
 Capitalization and Punctuation in a Sentence
372
Learning outcomes

 Recognize and use Capitalization and Punctuation in a Sentence
373
Reading a Passage (Olympic Sports)
The Olympic Games are a celebration of athletic excellence, featuring a wide array of
sports and disciplines. While the ancient Olympics had a limited number of events, the
modern Games have expanded to include a diverse range of sports, catering to various
interests and abilities.
The Summer Olympics typically include sports like swimming, gymnastics, track and
field, basketball, soccer, and tennis. Athletes train for years, striving to qualify for the
Games, where they compete for medals and national pride. Events like the 100-meter
sprint, the marathon, and artistic gymnastics showcase the peak of human physical
performance and skill.
In contrast, the Winter Olympics highlight sports played on snow and ice, such as skiing,
snowboarding, figure skating, and ice hockey. These games are a testament to human
adaptability, as athletes navigate challenging terrain and weather conditions.
The Olympic Games serve as a platform for athletes to not only display their talents but
also promote friendship, understanding, and respect among nations. It's a global event
that transcends borders and unites people from all walks of life in the spirit of
competition and camaraderie.
374
New Vocabulary
(limited– peak - talents)
 My time with my friends is limited due to my busy schedule.

 The peak of the mountain was covered in snow.
 She discovered her talents for painting at a young age.
375
Capitalization and Punctuation In a Sentence
A sentence always begin with a CAPITAL letter.
a) the boxes on the table are heavy. (❌)
b) The boxes on the table are heavy. (✔️)
c) where do you live? (❌)
d) Where do you live? (✔️)
376
A Specific Person One famous person in history is nelson mandela. ❌

One famous person in history is Nelson Mandela. ✔️
A Specific Place My favourite city is new york city. ❌

My favourite city is New York City. ✔️
Languages The most common languages In India are hindi and english. ❌
The most common languages In India are Hindi and English. ✔️
Days and Months The first sunday of july is an important day to me. ❌
The first Sunday of July is an important day to me. ✔️
saudi arabia and qatar are in Asia. ❌

Countries Saudi Arabia and Qatar are in Asia. ✔️
377
Ending a Sentence with a Period
Brazil is a large country (no period) ❌
Brazil is a large country. ✔️
Ending a Sentence with a Question Mark
Is Brazil a large country. ❌
Is Brazil a large country? ✔️
378
Self Evaluation
1- The ( ) of the mountain was covered in snow.
a- talents b- limited c-peak
2- The first ( ) is an important day to me.
a- sunday of July b- Sunday of july c- Sunday of July
3- Is Brazil a large country ( )
a- . b- ? c- no period
379

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General English

 Reading a passage: (The Kiwi)

 Simple present tense (grammar)

 Show comprehension of simple reading passages

(wings –tail- feathers- beak -hurts -smells -government)

 My leg hurts. I can’t walk on it.

The form of the simple present tense is:

 Subject + base form of the verb

I walk to work every day

She watches TV in the evening.

The simple present tense is used to:

 Present habits or routines: (I always drink coffee in the morning.)

Negative form of simple present tense:

(do) or (does) + not + base form of the verb.

I do not like spicy food.

 Do ( I, they, we and you)

Choose the correct answers:

a- Australia and New Zealand b- France c- Brazil

2- My leg ( ). I can’t walk on it.

a- feathers b- hurts c- wing

a- like b- likes c- liking

 Reading a passage: (The camel)

 Building New Vocabulary

 Simple present tense (grammar)

 Show comprehension of simple reading passages

(Stores - all over – cool - heat - also - about - describe)

Word Meaning Examples

Yes or No question form of the simple present tense is:

(do) or (does) + subject + base form of the verb.

Do you like pizza?

I Do I like coffee? He Does he like coffee?

Giving a short answer for yes or no questions

Do you like drink tea? You I (yes, I do)

Does she speak English? Yes, she does

Asking information questins with (where )

where + (do) or (does) + subject + base form of the verb.

Where do you live?

Where does she eat breakfast every day?

Choose the correct answers:

1- The camel can go without ( ) for a long time

a- food b- water c- fat

2- It stores ( ) in its hump

a- heat b- food c- hair

3- We live in an apartment. ( ) live in an apartment ?

a- Does you b- Do you C- Does he

 Reading a passage: (The Polar Bear )

 Building New Vocabulary

 Simple present tense (grammar)

 Show comprehension of simple reading passages

(North - South - snow - warm - weigh - wide - catch – afraid)

 How much do you weigh, Fifty kilos ?

1. _______ stores heat in its body.

1. Always - I always eat breakfast before leaving for work.

Asking information questins with (when / what time)

when do you go to class ?

When does she eat breakfast every day? At seven o’ clock

Choose the correct answers:

a- swim b- smell c- catch

2- My hand ( ), I can’t write.

a- flies b- catches c-hurts