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    Lec1b.Soil and Water Relationship

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    reviewerforabele2024

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    Lec1b.Soil and Water Relationship

    Uploaded by

    reviewerforabele2024
    7 views18 pages

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    Lec1b.Soil-and-water-relationship

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    7 views18 pages

    Lec1b.Soil and Water Relationship

    Uploaded by

    reviewerforabele2024

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Basic Soil and Water Relations

    SOIL
    a storehouse of nutrients

    a habitat for soil organisms


    and plant roots

    a reservoir of water to meet


    the evapotranspiration
    demands of plants
    In a soil system of total volume VT and total weight or mass WT:

    VT = Va +Vw +Vs
    VV = Va + Vw
    WT = Wa +Ww + Ws

    where: VT = total or bulk volume of the soil (volume units: cm3, m3)
    Va = volume occupied by air
    Vw= volume occupied by water
    Vs= volume occupied by soil particles
    VV =volume occupied by voids or void volume
    WT = total wet weight of the soil (weight units: g, kg)
    Wa = weight of air (negligible, assumed 0)
    Ww = weight of water
    Ws= dry weight of the soil particles
    Soil Texture - the relative proportion of
    primary particles (sand, silt and clay) in the
    soil
    the relative proportion
    of variously sized
    groups of mineral
    particles in a specific
    soil or horizon

    SOIL TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION


    Soil Structure - the arrangements of primary
    particles in the soil into units or peds
    Soil Structure

    the arrangement
    and organization of
    soil particles into
    natural units of
    aggregation
    The Soil System
    Porosity (n) – “pore space” the ratio of the void
    volume to the total soil volume (unitless)

    VV Va + Vw VT VS
    n= = =
    VT VT VT
    Moisture contents (unitless)
    1.on a dry weight basis (mcw) – the ratio of the
    weight of water to the dry weight of the soil

    1.on a volume basis or volumetric moisture content


    (mcv) – the ratio of the volume of water to the total
    soil volume
    Vw
    mc v =
    VT
    Densities (units: g/cm3, kg/m3)

    •Bulk density (ρB) – the ratio of the dry weight of the soil
    to the total soil volume
    Ws
    ρB =
    VT

    •Particle density (ρP) - the ratio of the dry weight of the soil to the
    volume of the soil particles
    Ws
    ρP =
    Vs
    Specific Gravities (unitless)

    Apparent Specific Gravity (As) – ratio of the bulk density of the


    soil with the density of water; it is the ratio of the weight of soil to
    the weight of water with volume equal to the total soil volume

    ρB Ws
    As = =
    ρw ρ w VT
    Real Specific Gravity (Rs) – ratio of the particle density of the soil
    with the density of water; it is the ratio of the weight of soil to the
    weight of water with volume equal to the volume of the soil particles
    alone

    ρP Ws
    Rs = =
    ρw ρ w VS
    Depth of water (units: mm, cm, m, and inch)

    a. present in the soil (dw)- the equivalent depth of water in the soil
    at a given condition
    dw = mcv x D
    dw = mcw x As x D

    where: D – depth of crop root zone or depth or height of soil


    column under consideration
    Depth of water (units: mm, cm, m, and inch)

    needed (dwn) - to increase the moisture content from an initial


    value (mci) to a final value (mcf)

    dwn = (mcvf – mcvi) x D


    dwn = (mcwf-mcwi) x As x D

    where: mcvf - final soil volumetric moisture content


    mcvi - initial soil volumetric moisture content
    mcwf - final soil moisture content on dry weight basis
    mcwi - initial soil volumetric on dry weight basis
    Volume of irrigation water (Viw) – volume of water to be applied to
    increase the soil moisture content from an initial to final value (units:
    liters, cm3, and m3)

    Viw = dwn x A

    where: A – area of the land in consideration

    NOTE:
    The density of water, ρw = 1 g/cm3 or 1,000 kg/m3
    The following relationships hold true:

    mcv = mcw x As
    As = Rs (1-n)
    Sample Problem: A sharp edged cylinder 7.5 cm in diameter is carefully driven into
    the soil so that negligible compaction occurs. A 12-cm column of soil is obtained.
    The fresh and dry masses of the soil sample are 910.6 and 736.3 grams respectively.
    Assume that the particle density of the soil is 2.60 g/cm3. Determine:
    a. Apparent specific gravity
    b. Percent porosity
    c. Soil moisture content by dry weight
    d. Soil moisture content by volume
    e. Depth of water present in the soil column

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