Name: Date:

Structure
DIRECTIONS
Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best
completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question
and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in
the space so that the letter inside the oval cannot be seen.

1. Most geologists believe from the remains of tiny marine plants and animals
that died millions of years ago.
(A) what was formed petroleum
(B) that petroleum was formed
(C) when petroleum formed
(D) petroleum that formed

2. If Earth did not rotate, differences in air pressure would be ,with winds
blowing from high-pressure to low-pressure areas.
(A) primary air flow to cause
(B) the primary cause of air flow
(C) they primarily cause air flow
(D) air flow has a primary cause

3. The ice of a glacier that reaches the sea breaks off ,

(A) and forming icebergs
(B) to form icebergs
(C) icebergs have-formed
(D) when the formation of icebergs

4. South American flamingos can survive in temperatures above the freeing point.
(A) that fewer degrees
(B) if few degrees
(C) only a few degrees
(D) when fewer degrees

5. Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a unified sciences
(A) did ecology emerge
(B) when ecology emerged
(C) ecology emerged
(D) when did ecology emerge
 6. Enid, Oklahoma, a stopping place on die Chisholm Trail in the 1800's, is now the
site of the fourth largest wheat storage space in the world
(A) originally
(B) which originally
(C) was originally
(D) originally where
7. The common barn owl, one of ten species of barn owls found in North America,
is also called the monkey-faced owl because its heart-shaped face looks
of a monkey.

(A) like much that

(B) like that much

(C) much like that
(D) that much like
8. Some subsistence activities such as hunting large animals or netting fish require
to work together.
(A) groups are
(B) groups which
(C) groups
(D) that groups
9. Amanda Way's career as a social reformer
meeting in Indiana, she called for a state woman's rightsinconvention.
1851 when, at an antislavery
(A) begin
(B) began
(C) have begun
(D) to have begun

10. Thomas Paine, , wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the Ameri-
can colonies with the cause of liberty.
(A) writer of eloquent
(B) whose eloquent writing
(C) an eloquent writer
(D) writing eloquent

11. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can
stay underwater fifteen minutes before having to surface for ai r.
(A) as long
(B) as long as
(C) so long
(D) so long that
12. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ends in the mall intestine.

(A) while
(B) and
(C) how
(D) because

13. . When natural gas burns, its into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.
(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking u
(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules
(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up
(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules

14 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Bufalo in New York State, the Eric
Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.
(A) The extension of
(B) The extension
(C) Extending
(D) Extends

15 The chief sources of B12, a water-soluble vitamin stored in the body, include
meat, milk and eggs.
(A) is not
(B) that is not
(C) not that is
(D) that not
 Written Expressien
DIRECTIONS
In questions 16- 40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four
underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one
underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

16. By the end of the nineteenth century, organic chemistry had develop new
A B
methods for the synthesis of dyes, perfumes, explosives, and medicines.
C D
17. Early signs characteristic of the acute phase of viral hepatitis in adults are
A B C
abdominal pain, nausea, and feverish often accompanied by chills.
D
18. The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major center for
A
the collection and display of works of abstract art in the United State
. B C D
19. The right side of the brain is mostly concerned with pictorial, intuitive,
A B
musically and spatial abilities.
C D
20. Many dinosaurs were so much heavy that they spent most of their lives in
A B
swamps and shallow lakes where water could support them.
C D
21. Georgia O'Keefe is known for hers use of organic, abstract forms painted in
A B C
clear, strong colors.
D
22. Until the George Washington Bridge was built, modern suspension bridges
A B
were stiffened with steel trusses and beams to limited their motion in traffic
C D
and wind.
 23. Independence political of newspapers became a common feature of
A B C
journalism in the United States of the 1840's and 1850's.
D
24. Transistors exhibit a high amplification factor, operate without distorted over
A C
a wide frequency range, and can be made extremely small.
C D

25. The chemical element chlorine is a corrosive, greenish-yellow gas that has
A B
sharp odor and has 2 1/2 times heavier than air.
C D

26. Hair grows more quickly in summer than in winter and more slowly at
A B

the night than during the day.

C D
27. Different fourteen crops were being grown 8,600 years ago by some of the
B
world's earliest farmers.

28. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies
A B C D
29. Wood from the ash tree ecomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.
A B C D

30. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive
A B
animals to maintain their balance as they walk
C D
31. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, by
A B
volcanic activity, and by earthquakes.
C D

32 The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was Wash
A B C
ington Irving, who wrote many stories, included" Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legendс

of Sleepy Hollow"
33. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature

trees, the use of proper harvesting methods, and provide for an environment that

supports reproduction.

34. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum
A B C
Eefficiency is achieved

35. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only

by New York City and San Francisco.

36. North American bison difer from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.

37. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers

to return to the beaches where they themselves were hatched.

Name: Date:

Reading Comprehension
Question 1-9
Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present
movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice. A fresh
snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in
Line the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink
(5) and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more
dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of
granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or
more old, which has little pore space.

Further burial and slow cementation-a process by which crystals become bound together
(10) in a mosaic of inter grown ice crystals-finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of
recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is
reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The
whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer.
The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers art converted into ice.

(15) In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is
at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the
ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as
small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.

Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus
(20) weight) suficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock
deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice
flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in
directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The up down leads
to the eventual melting of ice.

1.which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The effect of glaciers on climate
B. Damage from glaciers
C. Glacier formation
D. The location of glaciers

2. which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?
A. Increased water and air content
B. Pressure from the weight of new snow
C. Long periods of darkness and temperature variations
D. Movement of the glacier
3.The word "bound" in line 9 is closest in meaning to?
A. Covered
B. Chosen
C. Planned
D. Held

4. Which of the following will be lost in a glacier forms?

A. Air
B. Pressure
C. Weight
D. Rocks

5. According to the passage, which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary for
glacial ice to form?
A. Several months
B. Several years
C. At least fifty years
D. A century

6. The word "converted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

A. Changed
B. Delayed
C. Promoted
D. Dissolved

7. What is the purpose of the material in paragraph three (lines 15-18)

A. To define two types of glaciers
B. To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice
C. To present theories of glacier formation
D. To discuss the similarities between glacial types

8. Intemperate glaciers, where is water found?

A. Only near the surface
B. In pools a: various depths
C. In a thin layer below the firm
D. In tunnels

9. The word "it" in line 19 refers to

A. formation
B. ice
C. thickness
D. weight
 Question 10-19
A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first
is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of
language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication
Line through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a
(5) tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent
within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that ar flowing and regular or uneven
and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before
a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At
interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words
(10) chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously
reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety,
enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public
performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own
techniques for obtaining effects by voice and/or gesture. The motivation derived from the
(15) text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills,
personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political,
or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception by a

tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to
(20) name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask
of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a
speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given
conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or
discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic
sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and
lethargic qualities of the depressed.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The function of the voice in performance
B. The connection between voice and personality
C. Communication styles
D. The production of speech

11. What does the author mean by stating that "At interpersonal levels, tone may re-
flect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen" (lines 9-10)?
A. Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.
B. The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.
C. A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.
D. Feelings are more dificult to express than ideas.
12. The word "Here" in line 10 refers to
A. interpersonal interactions
B. the tone
C. ideas and feelings
D. words chosen

13. The word "derived" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

A. discussed
B. prepared
C. registered
D. obtained

14. Why does the author mention "artistic, political, or pedagogic communication" in
line 16-17?
A. As examples of public performance
B. As examples of basic styles of communication
C. To contrast them to singing
D. To introduce the idea of self-image

15. According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of person's
A. general physical health
B. personality
C. ability to communicate
D. vocal quality

16. According to the passage, an overconfident front may hide

A. hostility
B. shyness
C. friendliness
D. strength

17. The word "drastically" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

A. frequently
B. exactly
C. severely
D. easily

18. The word "evidenced" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

A. questioned
B. repeated
C. indicated
D. exaggerated

19. According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?
A. Lethargy
B. Depression
C. Boredom
D. Anger
Question 20-27
In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged
in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent.
People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often

Line
participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured
(5) meats, silversmiths, candle or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities.
Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or
barns, relying on help of family.
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to
the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged
(10) on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural
resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available
on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply.
Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million
immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in
(15) factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads
that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to
industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial
unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with
20) farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular
paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social
opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor
cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters
allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus
(25) making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.
The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work
was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled
craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products
from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less
creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass
production of goods at less expense.

20. What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy
B. The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century
C. The problems associated with the earliest factories
D. The dificulty of farm life in the nineteenth century
21. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of
artisans who
A. maintained their businesses at home
B. were eventually able to use sophisticated technology
C. produced unusual goods and commodities
D. would employ only family members

22. The phrase "hinged on" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

A. recovered from
B. depended on
C. started on
D. contributed to

23. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a rs for the industrial
growth that occurred in the United States before 1914?
A. The availability of natural resources found only in the United States
B. The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances
C. The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation
D. The availability of a large immigrant work force

24. The word "lured" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

A. attracted
B. assigned
C. restricted
D. attached

25. The word "Others" in line 18 refers to other

A. adults
B. promises
C. goods and services
D. social opportunities

26. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that industrialization
A. increased the price of farm products
B. limited the need for new farm machinery
C. created new and interesting jobs on farms
D. reduced the number of people willing to do farm work

27. What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming "capital-intensive
rather than labor-intensive" (lines 20-21)?
A. Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.
B. Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.
C. The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.
D. Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.
Question 28-39
Bees, classified into over 10,000 species, are insects found in almost every
part of the world except the northernmost and southernmost regions. One
commonly known species is the honeybee, the only bee that produces honey and
Line wax. Humans use the wax in making candles, lipsticks and other products, and
(5) they use the honey as a food. While gathering the nectar and pollen with which
they make honey, bees are simultaneously helping to fertilize the flowers on which
they land. Many fruits and vegetables would not survive if bees did not carry the
pollen from blossom to blossom.
Bees live in a structured environment and social structure within a hive,
(10) which is a nest with storage space for the honey. The different types of bees
each perform a unique function. The worker bee carries nectar to the hive in a
special stomach called the honey stomach. Other workers make beeswax and
shape it into a honeycomb, which is a waterproof mass of six-sided
compartments, or cells. The queen lays eggs in completed cells. As the workers
(15) build more cells, the queen lays more eggs.
All workers, like the queen are female, but the workers are smaller than the
queen. The male honeybees are called drones; they do not work and cannot sting.
They are developed from unfertilized eggs, and their only job is to impregnate a
queen. The queen must be fertilized in order to lay worker eggs. During the
(20) season where less honey is available and the drone is of no further use, the
workers block the drones from eating the honey so that they will starve to death.

28. Which of the following is the best title for this reading?
A. The Many Species of Bees
B. The Useless Drone
C. The Honeybee-Its Characteristics and Usefulness
D. Making Honey

29. The word species in the line 1 is closest in meaning to

A. mates
B. varieties
C. killers
D. enemies
30. The word which in line 6 refers to
A. fertilizer
B. flowers
C. honey
D. bees

31. The word simultaneously in line 6 is closest in meaning to

A. stubbornly
B. concurrently
C. skillfully
D. diligently
32. According to the passage, a hive is
A. a type of honey
B. a nest
C. a type of bee
D. a storage space

33. According to the passage, the drone

A. collects less honey than workers
B. mates with the queen and has no other purpose
C. comes from eggs fertilized by other drones
D. can be male or female

33. The author implies that

A. bees are unnecessary in the food chain
B. drones are completely dispensable
C. the queen can be a worker
D. drones are never females

34. According to the passage honey is carried to the hive in a honey stomach by the
A. queens
B. drones
C. males
D. workers
35. In what way does the reading imply that bees are useful in nature?
A. They pollinate fruit and vegetable plants
B. They make marvelous creations from wax
C. They kill the dangerous drones
D. They create storage spaces

37. All of the following are characteristics of a honeycomb except

A. it contains hexagonal sections
B. it is made of honey
C. it is made of wax
D. it is impermeable

38. The passage implies that bees can be found in each of the following parts of the world
except
A. Africa
B. China
C. Europe
D. Antarctica

39. it can be inferred from the reading that beeswax is

A. absorbent
B. pliable
C. complex in structure
D. sweet
Question 40-50

The term lichen refers to any of over 20,000 species of thallophytic plants that
consists of a symbiotic association of algae and fungi, plural for alga and fungus.
Previously, lichens were classified as single organisms until scientists had the benefit of
Line microscopes, at which time they discovered the association between algae and fungi.
(5) Thus, the lichen itself is not an organism, but the morphological and biochemical product
of the association. Neither a fungus nor an alga alone can produce a lichen.
The intimate symbiotic relationship between these two living components of a lichen
is said to be mutualistic, meaning that both organisms benefit from a relationship. It is
not certain when fungi and algae came together to form lichens for the first time, but it
(10) certainly occurred after the mature development of the separate components.
It appears that the fungus actually gains more benefit from the relationship than
does the alga. Algae form simple carbohydrates that, when excreted, are absorbed by
fungi cells and transformed into a different carbohydrate. Algae also produce vitamins
that the fungi need. Yet, fungi also contribute to the symbiosis by absorbing water
(15) vapor from the air and providing shade for the algae, which are more sensitive to light.

Lichens grow relatively slowly, and it is uncertain how they propagate. Most
botanists agree that reproduction is vegetative because portions of an existing lichen
break off and fall away to begin a new organism nearby.
Lichens are hardy organisms, being found in hostile environments where few other
(20) organisms can survive. Humans have used lichens as food and as sources of medicine
and dye. The presence of lichens is a sign that the atmosphere is pure. Lichens help
reduce erosion by stabilizing soil. They also are a major source of food for the caribou
and reindeer that live in the extreme north.

40. Which of the following is true about the association of the lichen?
A. The association is more beneficial to the alga
B. The association is solely of benefit to the fungus
C. The association is merely a joint living arrangement, with neither organism receiving
any benefit from the other
D. The association is beneficial to each organism, although it provides more benefit to the
fungus

41. The word previously in line 3 is closest in meaning to

A. currently
B. formerly
C. believed
D. no longer
42. Prior to the invention of microscopes, what did scientists believe about lichens?
A. The entire plant was an alga
B. The entire plant was a fungus
C. A lichen constituted a single plant
D. The fungus was the catalyst of the association

43. The word intimate in line 7 is closest in meaning to

A. distant
B. parasitic
C. close
D. unusual

44. The author uses the word mutualistic in line 8 to describe

A. the fungus' benefits from the association
B. the harmful effects of the relationship
C. the joint benefit each organism receives from the relationship
D. the alga's benefits from the association

45. The author implies that

A. neither plant requires carbohydrates to survive
B. the fungus manufacturers carbohydrates on its own
C. the alga receives carbohydrates from the fungus
D. the fungus uses the carbohydrates manufactured by the alga

46. The author states that the relationship between the words fungus/fungi and alga/
algae is
A. singular/plural
B. compound/complex
C. symbiotic/disassociated
D. mutual/separate

47. The author implies that vegetative reproduction means

A. vegetables combine with other vegetables
B. reproduction occurs using vegetable plant growth
C. new organisms are grown from pieces of existing organisms
D. propagation occurs slowly

48. The author states that

A. fungi are more sensitive to light than algae
B. neither plant is sensitive to light
C. neither plant individually can thrive in sunlight
D. algae are more sensitive to light than fungi
49. The word nearby in line 18 is closest in meaning to
A. almost
B. completely
C. connected
D. close

50. The word hardy in line 19 is closest in meaning to

A. tender
B. ubiquitous
C. scarce
D. strong