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    4 Debugging9

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    2 views16 pages

    4 Debugging9

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    of 16

    Termwise

    Syllabus
    2021-22

    Chapter 9
    Error Handling

    Computer Science
    Class XI ( As per CBSE Board)
    Execution/Running a program

    Generally, the programs


    developed in high level
    language like C, C++, Java
    etc. Cannot understand by
    the computer. It can
    understand only low level
    language. So, the program
    written in high level
    language to be converted
    into low level language to
    make it understandable for
    the computer. This
    conversion is performed
    using either Interpreter or
    Compiler. The basic flow of
    any program execution is
    shown in diagram.

    In python IDLE program is executed from run module option of run menu
    Debugging

    Debugging means the process of finding errors, finding


    reasons of errors and techniques of their fixation.
    An error, also known as a bug, is a programming code
    that prevents a program from its successful
    interpretation.
    Errors are of three types –
    • Compile Time Error
    • Run Time Error
    • Logical Error
    Debugging
    Compile time error :
    These errors are basically of 2 types –
    Syntax Error: Violation of formal rules of a programming
    language results in syntax error.
    For ex-
    len('hello') = 5
    File "<stdin>", line 1
    SyntaxError: can't assign to function call
    Semantics Error: Semantics refers to the set of rules
    which sets the meaning of statements. A meaningless
    statement results in semantics error.
    For ex-
    x*y=z
    Debugging
    Logical Error
    If a program is not showing any compile time error or run time
    error but not producing desired output, it may be possible that
    program is having a logical error.
    Some example-
    • Use a variable without an initial value.
    • Provide wrong parameters to a function
    • Use of wrong operator in place of correct operator required for
    operation
    X=a+b (here – was required in place of + as per requirement
    Debugging
    Run time Error
    These errors are generated during a program execution
    due to resource limitation.
    Python is having provision of checkpoints to handle
    these errors.
    For ex-
    a=10
    b=int(input(“enter a number”))
    c=a/b
    Value of b to be entered at run time and user may enter 0 at run
    time, that may cause run time error, because any number can’t be
    divided by 0
    Debugging
    Run time Error
    In Python, try and except clauses are used to handle an
    exception/runtime error which is known as exception
    handling
    try:
    # code with probability of exception will be written
    here.
    a=10
    b=int(input(“enter a number”))
    c=a/b
    except:
    #code to handle exception will be written here.
    print(“device by zero error”)
    Debugging
    Available exception in python
    Exception Name Description
    IOError This exception generates due to problem in input or output.
    NameError This exception generates due to unavailability of an identifier.
    IndexError This exception generates when subscript of a sequence is out of range.
    ImportError This exception generates due to failing of import statement.
    TypeError This exception generates due to wrong type used with an operator or a
    function.
    ValueError This exception generates due to wrong argument passed to a function.
    ZeroDivisionError This exception generates when divisor comes to zero.
    OverFlowError This exception generates when result of a mathematical calculation exceeds the
    limit.
    KeyError This exception generates due to non-availability of key in mapping of dictionary.
    FOFError This exception generates when end-of-file condition comes without reading
    input of a built in function.
    Debugging

    Contents of slides from 10 to 15 are deprecated


    Debugging

    In python debugging can be done through


    • Print line debugger
    • Debugging tool
    Debugging

    Print line debugger


    – At various points in your code, insert print statements that log the
    state of the program
    • You will probably want to print some strings with some variables
    • You could just join things together like this:
    >>>x=9
    >>>print 'Variable x is equal to ' + str(x)
    Output : Variable x is equal to 9
    • … but that gets unwieldy pretty quickly
    • The format function is much nicer:
    >>>x=3
    >>>y=4
    >>>z=9
    >>>print 'x, y, z are equal to {}, {}, {}'.format(x,y,z)
    Output : x, y, z are equal to 6, 4, 8
    Debugging

    Print line debugger


    • Python Debugger: pdb
    – insert the following in your program to set a breakpoint
    – when your code hits these lines, it’ll stop running and launch an
    interactive prompt for you to inspect variables, step through the
    program, etc.
    import pdb
    pdb.set_trace()

    n to step to the next line in the current function


    s to step into a function
    c to continue to the next breakpoint
    you can also run any Python command, like in the interpreter
    Debugging

    Create a.py file with below code and run it in python use n to step
    next line.
    num_list = [500, 600, 700]
    alpha_list = ['x', 'y', 'z']

    import pdb
    pdb.set_trace() #debugging code
    def nested_loop():
    for number in num_list:
    print(number)
    for letter in alpha_list:
    print(letter)

    if name == ' main ':


    nested_loop()

    While executing above code whole program will be traced.


    Another way is to invoke the pdb module from the command line.
    $ python -m pdb mycode.py
    Debugging

    Debugger tool
    Another technique for removing an error is code tracing. In this
    technique, lines are to be executed one by one and their effect on
    variables is to be observed. Debugging tool or debugger tool is
    provided in Python for this.
    In Python3.6.5, to make debugger tool available, click on debugger
    option in debug menu.
    Debugging

    Debugger tool
    Then, a box will be opened and a message will come saying DEBUG
    ON

    Then, we will open our program from file menu and will run it.
    Debugging
    Debugger tool
    Then after it will be shown like this in debugger.

    Click on STEP button for each line execution one by one and result
    will be displayed in output window. When we will get wrong
    value, we can stop the program there and can correct the code.

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