1.

What are the possible ways to create objects in

JavaScript
There are many ways to create objects in javascript as mentioned
below:

i. Object literal syntax:

The object literal syntax (or object initializer), is a comma-

separated set of name-value pairs wrapped in curly braces.

var object = {
name: "Sudheer",
age: 34
};

Object literal property values can be of any data type, including

array, function, and nested object.

Note: This is one of the easiest ways to create an object.

ii. Object constructor:

The simplest way to create an empty object is using

the Object constructor. Currently this approach is not
recommended.
var object = new Object();

The Object() is a built-in constructor function so "new" keyword is

not required. The above code snippet can be re-written as:
var object = Object();

iii. Object's create method:

The create method of Object is used to create a new object by

passing the specificied prototype object and properties as
arguments, i.e., this pattern is helpful to create new objects
 based on existing objects. The second argument is optional and
it is used to create properties on a newly created object.

The following code creates a new empty object whose prototype

is null.

var object = Object.create(null);

iv. Function constructor:

In this approach, create any function and apply the new operator
to create object instances.

function Person(name) {
this.name = name;
this.age = 21;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");

v. Function constructor with prototype:

This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for

their properties and methods,

function Person() {}
Person.prototype.name = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();

This is equivalent to creating an instance with Object.create

method with a function prototype and then calling that function
with an instance and parameters as arguments.

function func() {}

new func(x, y, z);

(OR)

// Create a new instance using function prototype.

var newInstance = Object.create(func.prototype)

// Call the function

var result = func.call(newInstance, x, y, z),

// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise just

use the new instance.
console.log(result && typeof result === 'object' ? result :
newInstance);

vi. ES6 Class syntax:

 ES6 introduces class feature to create objects.

class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}

var object = new Person("Sudheer");

vii. Singleton pattern:

A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time.

Repeated calls to its constructor return the same instance. This
way one can ensure that they don't accidentally create multiple
instances.

var object = new (function () {

this.name = "Sudheer";
})();

2. What is a prototype chain

Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on
existing ones. It is similar to inheritance in a class based language.

The prototype on object instance is available

through Object.getPrototypeOf(object) or __proto__ property
whereas prototype on constructors function is available
through Object.prototype.

3. What is the difference between Call, Apply and

Bind
The difference between Call, Apply and Bind can be explained with
below examples,

Call: The call() method invokes a function with a given this value and
arguments provided one by one
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " +
greeting2
);
}

invite.call(employee1, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson,

How are you?
invite.call(employee2, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily,
How are you?

Apply: Invokes the function with a given this value and allows you to
pass in arguments as an array
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " +
greeting2
);
}

invite.apply(employee1, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello John

Rodson, How are you?
invite.apply(employee2, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello Jimmy
Baily, How are you?

Bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass any number of

arguments

var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };

var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " +
greeting2
);
}

var inviteEmployee1 = invite.bind(employee1);

var inviteEmployee2 = invite.bind(employee2);
inviteEmployee1("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are
you?
inviteEmployee2("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are
you?

Call and Apply are pretty much interchangeable. Both execute the
current function immediately. You need to decide whether it’s easier to
send in an array or a comma separated list of arguments. You can
 remember by treating Call is for comma (separated list) and Apply is
for Array.

Bind creates a new function that will have this set to the first
parameter passed to bind().

4. What is JSON and its common operations

JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax,
which was popularized by Douglas Crockford. It is useful when you want
to transmit data across a network. It is basically just a text file with an
extension of .json, and a MIME type of application/json

Parsing: Converting a string to a native object

JSON.parse(text);

Stringification: Converting a native object to a string so that it can be

transmitted across the network

JSON.stringify(object);

5. What is the purpose of the array slice method

The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array as a new
array object. It selects the elements starting at the given start
argument, and ends at the given optional end argument without
including the last element. If you omit the second argument then it
selects till the end of the array.

Some of the examples of this method are,

let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegers.slice(0, 2); // returns [1,2]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegers.slice(2, 3); // returns [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegers.slice(4); //returns [5]

Note: Slice method doesn't mutate the original array but it returns the
subset as a new array.

6. What is the purpose of the array splice method

 The splice() method adds/removes items to/from an array, and then
returns the removed item. The first argument specifies the array
position/index for insertion or deletion whereas the optional second
argument indicates the number of elements to be deleted. Each
additional argument is added to the array.

Some of the examples of this method are:

let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegersOriginal1.splice(0, 2); // returns

[1, 2]; original array: [3, 4, 5]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegersOriginal2.splice(3); // returns [4,
5]; original array: [1, 2, 3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegersOriginal3.splice(3, 1, "a", "b",
"c"); //returns [4]; original array: [1, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c", 5]

Note: Splice method modifies the original array and returns the
deleted array.

7. What is the difference between slice and splice

Some of the major differences in a tabular form:

Slice Splice

Doesn't modify the original

Modifies the original array(mutable)
array(immutable)

Returns the subset of original array Returns the deleted elements as array

Used to insert/delete elements to/from

Used to pick the elements from array
array

8. How do you compare Object and Map

Objects are similar to Maps in that both let you set keys to values,
retrieve those values, delete keys, and detect whether something is
stored at a key. Due to this reason, Objects have been used as Maps
 historically. But there are important differences that make using a Map
preferable in certain cases:

i. The keys of an Object can be Strings and Symbols, whereas they

can be any value for a Map, including functions, objects, and any
primitive.
ii. The keys in a Map are ordered while keys added to Object are
not. Thus, when iterating over it, a Map object returns keys in the
order of insertion.
iii. You can get the size of a Map easily with the size property, while
the number of properties in an Object must be determined
manually.
iv. A Map is an iterable and can thus be directly iterated, whereas
iterating over an Object requires obtaining its keys in some
fashion and iterating over them.
v. An Object has a prototype, so there are default keys in an object
that could collide with your keys if you're not careful. As of ES5
this can be bypassed by creating an object(which can be called a
map) using Object.create(null), but this practice is seldom done.
vi. A Map may perform better in scenarios involving frequent
addition and removal of key pairs.

9. What is the difference between == and ===

operators
JavaScript provides both strict(===, !==) and type-converting(==, !=)
equality comparison. The strict operators take type of variable in
consideration, while non-strict operators make type
correction/conversion based upon values of variables. The strict
operators follow the below conditions for different types,

i. Two strings are strictly equal when they have the same
sequence of characters, same length, and same characters in
corresponding positions.
ii. Two numbers are strictly equal when they are numerically equal,
i.e., having the same number value. There are two special cases
in this,
a. NaN is not equal to anything, including NaN.
b. Positive and negative zeros are equal to one another.
iii. Two Boolean operands are strictly equal if both are true or both
are false.
iv. Two objects are strictly equal if they refer to the same Object.
 v. Null and Undefined types are not equal with ===, but equal with
==, i.e, null===undefined --> false, but null==undefined -->
true

Some of the example which covers the above cases:

0 == false // true
0 === false // false
1 == "1" // true
1 === "1" // false
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false
[]==[] or []===[] //false, refer different objects in memory
{}=={} or {}==={} //false, refer different objects in memory

10. What are lambda or arrow functions

An arrow function is a shorter syntax for a function expression and
does not have its own this, arguments, super, or new.target.
These functions are best suited for non-method functions, and they
cannot be used as constructors.

11. What is a first class function

In Javascript, functions are first class objects. First-class functions
means when functions in that language are treated like any other
variable.

For example, in such a language, a function can be passed as an

argument to other functions, can be returned by another function and
can be assigned as a value to a variable. For example, in the below
example, handler functions assigned to a listener

const handler = () => console.log("This is a click handler function");

document.addEventListener("click", handler);

12. What is a first order function

A first-order function is a function that doesn’t accept another function
as an argument and doesn’t return a function as its return value.
 const firstOrder = () => console.log("I am a first order function!");

13. What is a higher order function

A higher-order function is a function that accepts another function as
an argument or returns a function as a return value or both.

const firstOrderFunc = () =>

console.log("Hello, I am a First order function");
const higherOrder = (ReturnFirstOrderFunc) => ReturnFirstOrderFunc();
higherOrder(firstOrderFunc);

14. What is a unary function

A unary function (i.e. monadic) is a function that accepts exactly one
argument. It stands for a single argument accepted by a function.

Let us take an example of unary function,

const unaryFunction = (a) => console.log(a + 10); // Add 10 to the

given argument and display the value

15. What is the currying function

Currying is the process of taking a function with multiple arguments
and turning it into a sequence of functions each with only a single
argument. Currying is named after a mathematician Haskell Curry.
By applying currying, an n-ary function turns into a unary function.

Let's take an example of n-ary function and how it turns into a currying
function,

const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;

console.log(multiArgFunction(1, 2, 3)); // 6

const curryUnaryFunction = (a) => (b) => (c) => a + b + c;

curryUnaryFunction(1); // returns a function: b => c => 1 + b + c
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2); // returns a function: c => 3 + c
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2)(3); // returns the number 6

Curried functions are great to improve code

reusability and functional composition.
16. What is a pure function
A Pure function is a function where the return value is only
determined by its arguments without any side effects. i.e, If you call a
function with the same arguments 'n' number of times and 'n' number
of places in the application then it will always return the same value.

Let's take an example to see the difference between pure and impure
functions,

//Impure
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = (number) => numberArray.push(number);
//Pure
const pureAddNumber = (number) => (argNumberArray) =>
argNumberArray.concat([number]);

//Display the results

console.log(impureAddNumber(6)); // returns 1
console.log(numberArray); // returns [6]
console.log(pureAddNumber(7)(numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]
console.log(numberArray); // returns [6]

As per the above code snippets, the Push function is impure itself by
altering the array and returning a push number index independent of
the parameter value, whereas Concat on the other hand takes the
array and concatenates it with the other array producing a whole new
array without side effects. Also, the return value is a concatenation of
the previous array.

Remember that Pure functions are important as they simplify unit

testing without any side effects and no need for dependency injection.
They also avoid tight coupling and make it harder to break your
application by not having any side effects. These principles are coming
together with the Immutability concept of ES6: giving preference
to const over let usage.

17. What is the purpose of the let keyword

The let statement declares a block scope local variable. Hence the
variables defined with let keyword are limited in scope to the block,
statement, or expression on which it is used. Whereas variables
declared with the var keyword used to define a variable globally, or
locally to an entire function regardless of block scope.
 Let's take an example to demonstrate the usage,

let counter = 30;

if (counter === 30) {
let counter = 31;
console.log(counter); // 31
}
console.log(counter); // 30 (because the variable in if block won't
exist here)

18. What is the difference between let and var

You can list out the differences in a tabular format

var let

It has been available from the beginning of JavaScript Introduced as part of ES6

It has function scope It has block scope

Variables will be hoisted Hoisted but not initialized

Let's take an example to see the difference,

function userDetails(username) {
if (username) {
console.log(salary); // undefined due to hoisting
console.log(age); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'age' before
initialization
let age = 30;
var salary = 10000;
}
console.log(salary); //10000 (accessible due to function scope)
console.log(age); //error: age is not defined(due to block scope)
}
userDetails("John");

19. What is the reason to choose the name let as

a keyword
letis a mathematical statement that was adopted by early
programming languages like Scheme and Basic. It has been borrowed
 from dozens of other languages that use let already as a traditional
keyword as close to var as possible.

20. How do you redeclare variables in a switch

block without an error
If you try to redeclare variables in a switch block then it will cause
errors because there is only one block. For example, the below code
block throws a syntax error as below,
let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0:
let name;
break;

case 1:
let name; // SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}

To avoid this error, you can create a nested block inside a case clause
and create a new block scoped lexical environment.

let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0: {
let name;
break;
}
case 1: {
let name; // No SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
}

21. What is the Temporal Dead Zone

The Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior in JavaScript that occurs when
declaring a variable with the let and const keywords, but not with var.
In ECMAScript 6, accessing a let or const variable before its declaration
(within its scope) causes a ReferenceError. The time span when that
happens, between the creation of a variable’s binding and its
declaration, is called the temporal dead zone.

Let's see this behavior with an example,

 function somemethod() {
console.log(counter1); // undefined
console.log(counter2); // ReferenceError
var counter1 = 1;
let counter2 = 2;
}

22. What is an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function

Expression)
IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a JavaScript function
that runs as soon as it is defined. The signature of it would be as
below,

(function () {
// logic here
})();

The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because

any variables declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the
outside world. i.e, If you try to access variables from the IIFE then it
throws an error as below,

(function () {
var message = "IIFE";
console.log(message);
})();
console.log(message); //Error: message is not defined

23. How do you decode or encode a URL in

JavaScript?
encodeURI() function is used to encode an URL. This function requires a
URL string as a parameter and return that encoded
string. decodeURI() function is used to decode an URL. This function
requires an encoded URL string as parameter and return that decoded
string.
Note: If you want to encode characters such as / ? : @ & = + $ # then
you need to use encodeURIComponent().
let uri = "employeeDetails?name=john&occupation=manager";
let encoded_uri = encodeURI(uri);
let decoded_uri = decodeURI(encoded_uri);
24. What is memoization
Memoization is a functional programming technique which attempts to
increase a function’s performance by caching its previously computed
results. Each time a memoized function is called, its parameters are
used to index the cache. If the data is present, then it can be returned,
without executing the entire function. Otherwise the function is
executed and then the result is added to the cache. Let's take an
example of adding function with memoization,

const memoizAddition = () => {

let cache = {};
return (value) => {
if (value in cache) {
console.log("Fetching from cache");
return cache[value]; // Here, cache.value cannot be used as
property name starts with the number which is not a valid JavaScript
identifier. Hence, can only be accessed using the square bracket
notation.
} else {
console.log("Calculating result");
let result = value + 20;
cache[value] = result;
return result;
}
};
};
// returned function from memoizAddition
const addition = memoizAddition();
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 calculated
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 cached

25. What is Hoisting

Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables, function
declarations and classes are moved to the top of their scope before
code execution. Remember that JavaScript only hoists declarations, not
initialisation. Let's take a simple example of variable hoisting,

console.log(message); //output : undefined

var message = "The variable Has been hoisted";

The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,

var message;
console.log(message);
message = "The variable Has been hoisted";

In the same fashion, function declarations are hoisted too

 message("Good morning"); //Good morning

function message(name) {
console.log(name);
}

This hoisting makes functions to be safely used in code before they are
declared.

26. What are classes in ES6

In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactic sugar over
JavaScript’s existing prototype-based inheritance. For example, the
prototype based inheritance written in function expression as below,

function Bike(model, color) {

this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}

Bike.prototype.getDetails = function () {
return this.model + " bike has" + this.color + " color";
};

Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative

class Bike {
constructor(color, model) {
this.color = color;
this.model = model;
}

getDetails() {
return this.model + " bike has" + this.color + " color";
}
}

27. What are closures

A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment
within which that function was declared. i.e, It is an inner function that
has access to the outer or enclosing function’s variables. The closure
has three scope chains

i. Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets

ii. Outer function’s variables
 iii. Global variables

Let's take an example of closure concept,

function Welcome(name) {
var greetingInfo = function (message) {
console.log(message + " " + name);
};
return greetingInfo;
}
var myFunction = Welcome("John");
myFunction("Welcome "); //Output: Welcome John
myFunction("Hello Mr."); //output: Hello Mr.John

As per the above code, the inner function(i.e, greetingInfo) has access
to the variables in the outer function scope(i.e, Welcome) even after
the outer function has returned.

28. What are modules

Modules refer to small units of independent, reusable code and also act
as the foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the
JavaScript modules export an object literal, a function, or a constructor

29. Why do you need modules

Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem

i. Maintainability
ii. Reusability
iii. Namespacing

30. What is scope in javascript

Scope is the accessibility of variables, functions, and objects in some
particular part of your code during runtime. In other words, scope
determines the visibility of variables and other resources in areas of
your code.
31. What is a service worker
A Service worker is basically a script (JavaScript file) that runs in the
background, separate from a web page and provides features that
don't need a web page or user interaction. Some of the major features
of service workers are Rich offline experiences(offline first web
application development), periodic background syncs, push
notifications, intercept and handle network requests and
programmatically managing a cache of responses.

32. How do you manipulate DOM using a service

worker
Service worker can't access the DOM directly. But it can communicate
with the pages it controls by responding to messages sent via
the postMessage interface, and those pages can manipulate the DOM.

33. How do you reuse information across service

worker restarts
The problem with service worker is that it gets terminated when not in
use, and restarted when it's next needed, so you cannot rely on global
state within a service worker's onfetch and onmessage handlers. In this
case, service workers will have access to IndexedDB API in order to
persist and reuse across restarts.

34. What is IndexedDB

IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of larger amounts
of structured data, including files/blobs. This API uses indexes to
enable high-performance searches of this data.

35. What is web storage

Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers
can store key/value pairs locally within the user's browser, in a much
 more intuitive fashion than using cookies. The web storage provides
two mechanisms for storing data on the client.

i. Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no

expiration date.
ii. Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is
lost when the browser tab is closed.

36. What is a post message

Post message is a method that enables cross-origin communication
between Window objects.(i.e, between a page and a pop-up that it
spawned, or between a page and an iframe embedded within it).
Generally, scripts on different pages are allowed to access each other
if and only if the pages follow same-origin policy(i.e, pages share the
same protocol, port number, and host).

37. What is a Cookie

A cookie is a piece of data that is stored on your computer to be
accessed by your browser. Cookies are saved as key/value pairs. For
example, you can create a cookie named username as below,

document.cookie = "username=John";

38. Why do you need a Cookie

Cookies are used to remember information about the user profile(such
as username). It basically involves two steps,
 i. When a user visits a web page, the user profile can be stored in a
cookie.
ii. Next time the user visits the page, the cookie remembers the
user profile.

39. What are the options in a cookie

There are few below options available for a cookie,

i. By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but

you can change this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC
time).

document.cookie = "username=John; expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:00

UTC";

ii. By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell
the browser what path the cookie belongs to using a path
parameter.

document.cookie = "username=John; path=/services";

40. How do you delete a cookie

You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date.
You don't need to specify a cookie value in this case. For example, you
can delete a username cookie in the current page as below.

document.cookie =
"username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";

Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you
delete the right cookie. Some browsers doesn't allow to delete a cookie
unless you specify a path parameter.

41. What are the differences between cookie,

local storage and session storage
Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and
session storage,
 Local Session
Feature Cookie
storage storage

Accessed on client or Both server-side & client-side client-side

server side client-side only only

As configured using until tab is

Lifetime until deleted
Expires option closed

Not Not
SSL support Supported
supported supported

Maximum data size 4KB 5 MB 5MB

42. What is the main difference between

localStorage and sessionStorage
LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data
even when the browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration
time) whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when the page
session ends.

43. How do you access web storage

The Window object implements
the WindowLocalStorage and WindowSessionStorage objects which
has localStorage(window.localStorage)
and sessionStorage(window.sessionStorage) properties respectively.
These properties create an instance of the Storage object, through
which data items can be set, retrieved and removed for a specific
domain and storage type (session or local). For example, you can read
and write on local storage objects as below
localStorage.setItem("logo", document.getElementById("logo").value);
localStorage.getItem("logo");
44. What are the methods available on session
storage
The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and clearing
the session data

// Save data to sessionStorage

sessionStorage.setItem("key", "value");

// Get saved data from sessionStorage

let data = sessionStorage.getItem("key");

// Remove saved data from sessionStorage

sessionStorage.removeItem("key");

// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage

sessionStorage.clear();

45. What is a storage event and its event handler

The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been
changed in the context of another document. Whereas onstorage
property is an EventHandler for processing storage events. The syntax
would be as below

window.onstorage = functionRef;

Let's take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs
the storage key and it's values

window.onstorage = function (e) {

console.log(
"The " +
e.key +
" key has been changed from " +
e.oldValue +
" to " +
e.newValue +
"."
);
};

46. Why do you need web storage

 Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored
locally, without affecting website performance. Also, the information is
never transferred to the server. Hence this is a more recommended
approach than Cookies.

47. How do you check web storage browser

support
You need to check browser support for localStorage and
sessionStorage before using web storage,

if (typeof Storage !== "undefined") {

// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}

48. How do you check web workers browser

support
You need to check browser support for web workers before using it

if (typeof Worker !== "undefined") {

// code for Web worker support.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}

49. Give an example of a web worker

You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for counting
example

i. Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to

increment the count value. Let's name it as counter.js

let i = 0;

function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()", 500);
 }

timedCount();

Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the

HTML page

ii. Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker object
by checking for browser support. Let's name this file as
web_worker_example.js

if (typeof w == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("counter.js");
}

and we can receive messages from web worker

w.onmessage = function (event) {

document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = event.data;
};

iii. Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for
messages (even after the external script is finished) until it is
terminated. You can use the terminate() method to terminate
listening to the messages.

w.terminate();

iv. Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to
undefined you can reuse the code

w = undefined;

50. What are the restrictions of web workers on

DOM
WebWorkers don't have access to below javascript objects since they
are defined in an external files

i. Window object
ii. Document object
iii. Parent object
51. What is a promise
A promise is an object that may produce a single value some time in
the future with either a resolved value or a reason that it’s not
resolved(for example, network error). It will be in one of the 3 possible
states: fulfilled, rejected, or pending.

The syntax of Promise creation looks like below,

const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

// promise description
});

The usage of a promise would be as below,

const promise = new Promise(

(resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("I'm a Promise!");
}, 5000);
},
(reject) => {}
);

promise.then((value) => console.log(value));

The action flow of a promise will be as below,

52. Why do you need a promise
Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations. They provide an
alternative approach for callbacks by reducing the callback hell and
writing the cleaner code.

53. What are the three states of promise

Promises have three states:

i. Pending: This is an initial state of the Promise before an

operation begins
ii. Fulfilled: This state indicates that the specified operation was
completed.
 iii. Rejected: This state indicates that the operation did not
complete. In this case an error value will be thrown.

54. What is a callback function

A callback function is a function passed into another function as an
argument. This function is invoked inside the outer function to
complete an action. Let's take a simple example of how to use callback
function

function callbackFunction(name) {
console.log("Hello " + name);
}

function outerFunction(callback) {
let name = prompt("Please enter your name.");
callback(name);
}

outerFunction(callbackFunction);

55. Why do we need callbacks

The callbacks are needed because javascript is an event driven
language. That means instead of waiting for a response javascript will
keep executing while listening for other events. Let's take an example
with the first function invoking an API call(simulated by setTimeout)
and the next function which logs the message.

function firstFunction() {
// Simulate a code delay
setTimeout(function () {
console.log("First function called");
}, 1000);
}
function secondFunction() {
console.log("Second function called");
}
firstFunction();
secondFunction();

Output;
// Second function called
// First function called
 As observed from the output, javascript didn't wait for the response of
the first function and the remaining code block got executed. So
callbacks are used in a way to make sure that certain code doesn’t
execute until the other code finishes execution.

56. What is a callback hell

Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which
makes code hard to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous
logic. The callback hell looks like below,

async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});

57. What are server-sent events

Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a
browser to receive automatic updates from a server via HTTP
connection without resorting to polling. These are a one way
communications channel - events flow from server to client only. This
has been used in Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news
feeds etc.

58. How do you receive server-sent event

notifications
The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event
notifications. For example, you can receive messages from server as
below,

if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {

var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
source.onmessage = function (event) {
document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";
};
 }

59. How do you check browser support for server-

sent events
You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using it
as below,

if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {

// Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
} else {
// No server-sent events supported
}

60. What are the events available for server sent

events
Below are the list of events available for server sent events

Event Description

onopen It is used when a connection to the server is opened

onmessage This event is used when a message is received

onerror It happens when an error occurs

61. What are the main rules of promise

A promise must follow a specific set of rules:

i. A promise is an object that supplies a standard-

compliant .then() method
ii. A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected
state
iii. A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition
into any other state.
 iv. Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.

62. What is callback in callback

You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the
actions sequentially one by one. This is known as callbacks in
callbacks.

loadScript("/script1.js", function (script) {

console.log("first script is loaded");

loadScript("/script2.js", function (script) {

console.log("second script is loaded");

loadScript("/script3.js", function (script) {

console.log("third script is loaded");
// after all scripts are loaded
});
});
});

63. What is promise chaining

The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after
another using promises is known as Promise chaining. Let's take an
example of promise chaining for calculating the final result,

new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 1
return result * 2;
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 2
return result * 3;
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 6
return result * 4;
});

In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then()

handlers with the below work flow,
 i. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,
ii. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and
then return a promise with the value of result * 2.
iii. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging
the result(2) and return a promise with result * 3.
iv. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the
result(6) and return a promise with result * 4.

64. What is promise.all

Promise.all is a promise that takes an array of promises as an input (an
iterable), and it gets resolved when all the promises get resolved or
any one of them gets rejected. For example, the syntax of promise.all
method is below,

Promise.all([Promise1, Promise2, Promise3]) .then(result) =>

{ console.log(result) }) .catch(error => console.log(`Error in
promises ${error}`))

Note: Remember that the order of the promises(output the result) is

maintained as per input order.

65. What is the purpose of the race method in

promise
Promise.race() method will return the promise instance which is firstly
resolved or rejected. Let's take an example of race() method where
promise2 is resolved first

var promise1 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(resolve, 500, "one");
});
var promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, "two");
});

Promise.race([promise1, promise2]).then(function (value) {

console.log(value); // "two" // Both promises will resolve, but
promise2 is faster
});
66. What is a strict mode in javascript
Strict Mode is a new feature in ECMAScript 5 that allows you to place a
program, or a function, in a “strict” operating context. This way it
prevents certain actions from being taken and throws more exceptions.
The literal expression "use strict"; instructs the browser to use the
javascript code in the Strict mode.

67. Why do you need strict mode

Strict mode is useful to write "secure" JavaScript by notifying "bad
syntax" into real errors. For example, it eliminates accidentally
creating a global variable by throwing an error and also throws an error
for assignment to a non-writable property, a getter-only property, a
non-existing property, a non-existing variable, or a non-existing object.

68. How do you declare strict mode

The strict mode is declared by adding "use strict"; to the beginning of a
script or a function. If declared at the beginning of a script, it has
global scope.

"use strict";
x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared

and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope

x = 3.14; // This will not cause an error.

myFunction();

function myFunction() {
"use strict";
y = 3.14; // This will cause an error
}

69. What is the purpose of double exclamation

The double exclamation or negation(!!) ensures the resulting type is a
boolean. If it was falsey (e.g. 0, null, undefined, etc.), it will be false,
otherwise, it will be true. For example, you can test IE version using
this expression as below,
 let isIE8 = false;
isIE8 = !!navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/);
console.log(isIE8); // returns true or false

If you don't use this expression then it returns the original value.

console.log(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/)); // returns either

an Array or null

Note: The expression !! is not an operator, but it is just twice of !

operator.

70. What is the purpose of the delete operator

The delete operator is used to delete the property as well as its value.

var user = { firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe", age: 20 };

delete user.age;

console.log(user); // {firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe"}

71. What is typeof operator

You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a
JavaScript variable. It returns the type of a variable or an expression.

typeof "John Abraham"; // Returns "string"

typeof (1 + 2); // Returns "number"
typeof [1, 2, 3]; // Returns "object" because all arrays are also
objects

72. What is undefined property

The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been assigned
a value, or declared but not initialized at all. The type of undefined
value is undefined too.

var user; // Value is undefined, type is undefined

console.log(typeof user); //undefined

Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.

user = undefined;
73. What is null value
The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value.
It is one of JavaScript's primitive values. The type of null value is
object. You can empty the variable by setting the value to null.

var user = null;

console.log(typeof user); //object

74. What is the difference between null and

undefined
Below are the main differences between null and undefined,

Null Undefined

It is an assignment value which It is not an assignment value where a

indicates that variable points to no variable has been declared but has not yet
object. been assigned a value.

Type of null is object Type of undefined is undefined

The null value is a primitive value that The undefined value is a primitive value
represents the null, empty, or non- used when a variable has not been
existent reference. assigned a value.

Indicates the absence of a value for a

Indicates absence of variable itself
variable

Converted to zero (0) while Converted to NaN while performing

performing primitive operations primitive operations

75. What is eval

 The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string.
The string can be a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or
sequence of statements.

console.log(eval("1 + 2")); // 3

76. What is the difference between window and

document
Below are the main differences between window and document,

Window Document

It is the root level element in It is the direct child of the window object. This is
any web page also known as Document Object Model(DOM)

By default window object is You can access it via window.document or

available implicitly in the page document.

It has methods like alert(),

It provides methods like getElementById,
confirm() and properties like
getElementsByTagName, createElement etc
document, location

77. How do you access history in javascript

The window.history object contains the browser's history. You can load
previous and next URLs in the history using back() and next() methods.

function goBack() {
window.history.back();
}
function goForward() {
window.history.forward();
}

Note: You can also access history without window prefix.

78. How do you detect caps lock key turned on or
not
The mouseEvent getModifierState() is used to return a boolean value that
indicates whether the specified modifier key is activated or not. The
modifiers such as CapsLock, ScrollLock and NumLock are activated
when they are clicked, and deactivated when they are clicked again.

Let's take an input element to detect the CapsLock on/off behavior

with an example,

<input type="password" onmousedown="enterInput(event)" />

<p id="feedback"></p>

<script>
function enterInput(e) {
var flag = e.getModifierState("CapsLock");
if (flag) {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML = "CapsLock
activated";
} else {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML =
"CapsLock not activated";
}
}
</script>

79. What is isNaN

The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal
number (Not-a-Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the
value equates to NaN. Otherwise it returns false.

isNaN("Hello"); //true
isNaN("100"); //false

80. What are the differences between undeclared

and undefined variables
Below are the major differences between undeclared(not defined) and
undefined variables,
 undeclared undefined

These variables declared in the

These variables do not exist in a program
program but have not assigned any
and are not declared
value

If you try to read the value of an If you try to read the value of an
undeclared variable, then a runtime error undefined variable, an undefined value
is encountered is returned.

81. What are global variables

Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of
the code without any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a local
variable but if you omit it then it will become global variable

msg = "Hello"; // var is missing, it becomes global variable

82. What are the problems with global variables

The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of
local and global scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code
that relies on global variables.

83. What is NaN property

The NaN property is a global property that represents "Not-a-Number"
value. i.e, It indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is very rare
to use NaN in a program but it can be used as return value for few
cases

Math.sqrt(-1);
parseInt("Hello");

84. What is the purpose of isFinite function

 The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a
finite, legal number. It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or
NaN (Not-a-Number), otherwise it returns true.

isFinite(Infinity); // false
isFinite(NaN); // false
isFinite(-Infinity); // false

isFinite(100); // true

85. What is an event flow

Event flow is the order in which event is received on the web page.
When you click an element that is nested in various other elements,
before your click actually reaches its destination, or target element, it
must trigger the click event for each of its parent elements first,
starting at the top with the global window object. There are two ways
of event flow

i. Top to Bottom(Event Capturing)

ii. Bottom to Top (Event Bubbling)

86. What is event bubbling

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first
triggers on the innermost target element, and then successively
triggers on the ancestors (parents) of the target element in the same
nesting hierarchy till it reaches the outermost DOM element.

87. What is event capturing

Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first
captured by the outermost element, and then successively triggers on
the descendants (children) of the target element in the same nesting
hierarchy till it reaches the innermost DOM element.

88. How do you submit a form using JavaScript

 You can submit a form using document.forms[0].submit(). All the form
input's information is submitted using onsubmit event handler
function submit() {
document.forms[0].submit();
}

89. How do you find operating system details

The window.navigator object contains information about the visitor's
browser OS details. Some of the OS properties are available under
platform property,

console.log(navigator.platform);

90. What is the difference between document

load and DOMContentLoaded events
The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML document has
been completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for
assets(stylesheets, images, and subframes) to finish loading. Whereas
The load event is fired when the whole page has loaded, including all
dependent resources(stylesheets, images).

91. What is the difference between native, host

and user objects
Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language
defined by the ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math,
RegExp, Object, Function etc core objects defined in the ECMAScript
spec. Host objects are objects provided by the browser or runtime
environment (Node). For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM
nodes etc are considered as host objects. User objects are objects
defined in the javascript code. For example, User objects created for
profile information.

92. What are the tools or techniques used for

debugging JavaScript code
 You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript

i. Chrome Devtools
ii. debugger statement
iii. Good old console.log statement

93. What are the pros and cons of promises over

callbacks
Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks,

Pros:

i. It avoids callback hell which is unreadable

ii. Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
iii. Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with Promise.all()
iv. Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the
callback too late, too early, many times and swallow
errors/exceptions)

Cons:

v. It makes little complex code

vi. You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported

94. What is the difference between an attribute

and a property
Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are
defined on the DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2
attributes type and value,

<input type="text" value="Name:">

You can retrieve the attribute value as below,

const input = document.querySelector("input");

console.log(input.getAttribute("value")); // Good morning
console.log(input.value); // Good morning
 And after you change the value of the text field to "Good evening", it
becomes like

console.log(input.getAttribute("value")); // Good evening

console.log(input.value); // Good evening

95. What is same-origin policy

The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from making
requests across domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a
combination of URI scheme, hostname, and port number. If you enable
this policy then it prevents a malicious script on one page from
obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page using
Document Object Model(DOM).

96. What is the purpose of void 0

Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be helpful
to eliminate the unwanted side-effect, because it will return the
undefined primitive value. It is commonly used for HTML documents
that use href="JavaScript:Void(0);" within an <a> element. i.e, when
you click a link, the browser loads a new page or refreshes the same
page. But this behavior will be prevented using this expression. For
example, the below link notify the message without reloading the page
<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="alert('Well done!')">
Click Me!
</a>

97. Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted

language
JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An
interpreter in the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets
each line, and runs it. Nowadays modern browsers use a technology
known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles JavaScript to
executable bytecode just as it is about to run.

98. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language

 Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords,
variables, function & object names, and any other identifiers must
always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

99. Is there any relation between Java and

JavaScript
No, they are entirely two different programming languages and have
nothing to do with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented
Programming languages and like many other languages, they follow
similar syntax for basic features(if, else, for, switch, break, continue
etc).

100. What are events

Events are "things" that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript is
used in HTML pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some of the
examples of HTML events are,

i. Web page has finished loading

ii. Input field was changed
iii. Button was clicked

Let's describe the behavior of click event for button element,

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function greeting() {
alert('Hello! Good morning');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="greeting()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>

101. Who created javascript

 JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at
Netscape Communications. Initially it was developed under the
name Mocha, but later the language was officially called LiveScript when
it first shipped in beta releases of Netscape.

102. What is the use of preventDefault method

The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable,
meaning that the default action or behaviour that belongs to the event
will not occur. For example, prevent form submission when clicking on
submit button and prevent opening the page URL when clicking on
hyperlink are some common use cases.

document
.getElementById("link")
.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
});

Note: Remember that not all events are cancelable.

103. What is the use of stopPropagation method

The stopPropagation method is used to stop the event from bubbling
up the event chain. For example, the below nested divs with
stopPropagation method prevents default event propagation when
clicking on nested div(Div1)

<p>Click DIV1 Element</p>

<div onclick="secondFunc()">DIV 2
<div onclick="firstFunc(event)">DIV 1</div>
</div>

<script>
function firstFunc(event) {
alert("DIV 1");
event.stopPropagation();
}

function secondFunc() {
alert("DIV 2");
}
</script>
104. What are the steps involved in return false
usage
The return false statement in event handlers performs the below steps,

i. First it stops the browser's default action or behaviour.

ii. It prevents the event from propagating the DOM
iii. Stops callback execution and returns immediately when called.

105. What is BOM

The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to "talk to" the
browser. It consists of the objects navigator, history, screen, location
and document which are children of the window. The Browser Object
Model is not standardized and can change based on different browsers.

106. What is the use of setTimeout

The setTimeout() method is used to call a function or evaluate an
expression after a specified number of milliseconds. For example, let's
log a message after 2 seconds using setTimeout method,

setTimeout(function () {
console.log("Good morning");
}, 2000);

107. What is the use of setInterval

 The setInterval() method is used to call a function or evaluate an
expression at specified intervals (in milliseconds). For example, let's
log a message after 2 seconds using setInterval method,

setInterval(function () {
console.log("Good morning");
}, 2000);

108. Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded

JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language
specification does not allow the programmer to write code so that the
interpreter can run parts of it in parallel in multiple threads or
processes. Whereas languages like java, go, C++ can make multi-
threaded and multi-process programs.

109. What is an event delegation

Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you
delegate a parent element as the listener for all of the events that
happen inside it.

For example, if you wanted to detect field changes in inside a specific

form, you can use event delegation technique,

var form = document.querySelector("#registration-form");

// Listen for changes to fields inside the form

form.addEventListener(
"input",
function (event) {
// Log the field that was changed
console.log(event.target);
},
false
);

110. What is ECMAScript

ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of JavaScript.
ECMAScript standardized by the ECMA International standards
 organization in the ECMA-262 and ECMA-402 specifications. The first
edition of ECMAScript was released in 1997.

111. What is JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format that is used
for data interchanging. It is based on a subset of JavaScript language in
the way objects are built in JavaScript.

112. What are the syntax rules of JSON

Below are the list of syntax rules of JSON

i. The data is in name/value pairs

ii. The data is separated by commas
iii. Curly braces hold objects
iv. Square brackets hold arrays

113. What is the purpose JSON stringify

When sending data to a web server, the data has to be in a string
format. You can achieve this by converting JSON object into a string
using stringify() method.

var userJSON = { name: "John", age: 31 };

var userString = JSON.stringify(userJSON);
console.log(userString); //"{"name":"John","age":31}"

114. How do you parse JSON string

When receiving the data from a web server, the data is always in a
string format. But you can convert this string value to a javascript
object using parse() method.

var userString = '{"name":"John","age":31}';

var userJSON = JSON.parse(userString);
console.log(userJSON); // {name: "John", age: 31}
115. Why do you need JSON
When exchanging data between a browser and a server, the data can
only be text. Since JSON is text only, it can easily be sent to and from a
server, and used as a data format by any programming language.

116. What are PWAs

Progressive web applications (PWAs) are a type of mobile app
delivered through the web, built using common web technologies
including HTML, CSS and JavaScript. These PWAs are deployed to
servers, accessible through URLs, and indexed by search engines.

117. What is the purpose of clearTimeout method

The clearTimeout() function is used in javascript to clear the timeout
which has been set by setTimeout()function before that. i.e, The return
value of setTimeout() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed
into the clearTimeout() function to clear the timer.

For example, the below setTimeout method is used to display the

message after 3 seconds. This timeout can be cleared by the
clearTimeout() method.

<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
msg =setTimeout(greeting, 3000);

function stop() {
clearTimeout(msg);
}
</script>
118. What is the purpose of clearInterval method
The clearInterval() function is used in javascript to clear the interval
which has been set by setInterval() function. i.e, The return value
returned by setInterval() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed
into the clearInterval() function to clear the interval.

For example, the below setInterval method is used to display the

message for every 3 seconds. This interval can be cleared by the
clearInterval() method.

<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
msg = setInterval(greeting, 3000);

function stop() {
clearInterval(msg);
}
</script>

119. How do you redirect new page in javascript

In vanilla javascript, you can redirect to a new page using
the location property of window object. The syntax would be as follows,
function redirect() {
window.location.href = "newPage.html";
}

120. How do you check whether a string contains a

substring
There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a
substring or not,

i. Using includes: ES6 provided String.prototype.includes method

to test a string contains a substring

var mainString = "hello",

 subString = "hell";
mainString.includes(subString);

ii. Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environment, you can

use String.prototype.indexOf which returns the index of a
substring. If the index value is not equal to -1 then it means the
substring exists in the main string.

var mainString = "hello",

subString = "hell";
mainString.indexOf(subString) !== -1;

iii. Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular

expression's test method(RegExp.test), which allows for testing
for against regular expressions

var mainString = "hello",

regex = /hell/;
regex.test(mainString);

121. How do you validate an email in javascript

You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is
recommended to do validations on the server side instead of the client
side. Because the javascript can be disabled on the client side.

function validateEmail(email) {
var re =
/^(([^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+(\.[^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+)*)|(".+"))@((\
[[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\])|(([a-zA-Z\-0-9]+\.)+
[a-zA-Z]{2,}))$/;
return re.test(String(email).toLowerCase());
}

The above regular expression accepts unicode characters.

122. How do you get the current url with javascript

You can use window.location.href expression to get the current url path
and you can use the same expression for updating the URL too. You
can also use document.URL for read-only purposes but this solution has
issues in FF.
console.log("location.href", window.location.href); // Returns full URL
123. What are the various url properties of location
object
The below Location object properties can be used to access URL
components of the page,

i. href - The entire URL

ii. protocol - The protocol of the URL
iii. host - The hostname and port of the URL
iv. hostname - The hostname of the URL
v. port - The port number in the URL
vi. pathname - The path name of the URL
vii. search - The query portion of the URL
viii. hash - The anchor portion of the URL

124. How do get query string values in javascript

You can use URLSearchParams to get query string values in javascript.
Let's see an example to get the client code value from URL query
string,

const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);

const clientCode = urlParams.get("clientCode");

125. How do you check if a key exists in an object

You can check whether a key exists in an object or not using three
approaches,

i. Using in operator: You can use the in operator whether a key

exists in an object or not

"key" in obj;

and If you want to check if a key doesn't exist, remember to use

parenthesis,

!("key" in obj);
 ii. Using hasOwnProperty method: You can
use hasOwnProperty to particularly test for properties of the object
instance (and not inherited properties)

obj.hasOwnProperty("key"); // true

iii. Using undefined comparison: If you access a non-existing

property from an object, the result is undefined. Let’s compare
the properties against undefined to determine the existence of
the property.

const user = {
name: "John",
};

console.log(user.name !== undefined); // true

console.log(user.nickName !== undefined); // false

126. How do you loop through or enumerate

javascript object
You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You can
also make sure that the key you get is an actual property of an object,
and doesn't come from the prototype using hasOwnProperty method.
var object = {
k1: "value1",
k2: "value2",
k3: "value3",
};

for (var key in object) {

if (object.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
console.log(key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1 ...
}
}

127. How do you test for an empty object

There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions

i. Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries

length along with constructor type.
 Object.entries(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object; //
Since date object length is 0, you need to check constructor check as
well

ii. Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length
along with constructor type.

Object.keys(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object; // Since

date object length is 0, you need to check constructor check as well

iii. Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can

use a for-in loop along with hasOwnProperty.

function isEmpty(obj) {
for (var prop in obj) {
if (obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
return false;
}
}

return JSON.stringify(obj) === JSON.stringify({});

}

128. What is an arguments object

The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside functions
that contains the values of the arguments passed to that function. For
example, let's see how to use arguments object inside sum function,

function sum() {
var total = 0;
for (var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; ++i) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}

sum(1, 2, 3); // returns 6

Note: You can't apply array methods on arguments object. But you
can convert into a regular array as below.

var argsArray = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);

129. How do you make first letter of the string in
an uppercase
You can create a function which uses a chain of string methods such as
charAt, toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with the
first letter in uppercase.

function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
}

130. What are the pros and cons of for loop

The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has
both pros and cons

Pros

i. Works on every environment

ii. You can use break and continue flow control statements

Cons

iii. Too verbose

iv. Imperative
v. You might face one-by-off errors

131. How do you display the current date in

javascript
You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing the
current date and time. For example, let's display the current date in
mm/dd/yyyy
var today = new Date();
var dd = String(today.getDate()).padStart(2, "0");
var mm = String(today.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, "0"); //January is 0!
var yyyy = today.getFullYear();

today = mm + "/" + dd + "/" + yyyy;

document.write(today);
132. How do you compare two date objects
You need to use date.getTime() method to compare date values
instead of comparison operators (==, !=, ===, and !== operators)

var d1 = new Date();

var d2 = new Date(d1);
console.log(d1.getTime() === d2.getTime()); //True
console.log(d1 === d2); // False

133. How do you check if a string starts with

another string
You can use ECMAScript 6's String.prototype.startsWith() method to
check if a string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet
supported in all browsers. Let's see an example to see this usage,
"Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true
"Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false

134. How do you trim a string in javascript

JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any
whitespaces present at the beginning or ending of the string.

" Hello World ".trim(); //Hello World

If your browser(<IE9) doesn't support this method then you can use
below polyfill.

if (!String.prototype.trim) {
(function () {
// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
String.prototype.trim = function () {
return this.replace(rtrim, "");
};
})();
}

135. How do you add a key value pair in javascript

 There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object.
Let's take a simple object to explain these solutions.

var object = {
key1: value1,
key2: value2,
};

i. Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the
name of the property

object.key3 = "value3";

ii. Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when

the name of the property is dynamically determined.

obj["key3"] = "value3";

136. Is the !-- notation represents a special

operator
No,that's not a special operator. But it is a combination of 2 standard
operators one after the other,

i. A logical not (!)

ii. A prefix decrement (--)

At first, the value decremented by one and then tested to see if it is

equal to zero or not for determining the truthy/falsy value.

137. How do you assign default values to variables

You can use the logical or operator || in an assignment expression to
provide a default value. The syntax looks like as below,
var a = b || c;

As per the above expression, variable 'a 'will get the value of 'c' only if
'b' is falsy (if is null, false, undefined, 0, empty string, or NaN),
otherwise 'a' will get the value of 'b'.
138. How do you define multiline strings
You can define multiline string literals using the '\' character followed
by line terminator.

var str =
"This is a \
very lengthy \
sentence!";

But if you have a space after the '\' character, the code will look
exactly the same, but it will raise a SyntaxError.

139. What is an app shell model

An application shell (or app shell) architecture is one way to build a
Progressive Web App that reliably and instantly loads on your users'
screens, similar to what you see in native applications. It is useful for
getting some initial HTML to the screen fast without a network.

140. Can we define properties for functions

Yes, We can define properties for functions because functions are also
objects.

fn = function (x) {
//Function code goes here
};

fn.name = "John";

fn.profile = function (y) {

//Profile code goes here
};

141. What is the way to find the number of

parameters expected by a function
You can use function.length syntax to find the number of parameters
expected by a function. Let's take an example of sum function to
calculate the sum of numbers,
function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4) {
 return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
}
sum.length; // 4 is the number of parameters expected.

142. What is a polyfill

A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality on
older browsers that do not natively support it. For example, Silverlight
plugin polyfill can be used to mimic the functionality of an HTML
Canvas element on Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.

143. What are break and continue statements

The break statement is used to "jump out" of a loop. i.e, It breaks the
loop and continues executing the code after the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) {
break;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

The continue statement is used to "jump over" one iteration in the

loop. i.e, It breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition
occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) {
continue;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

144. What are js labels

The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript.
We can then use these labels to refer back to the code later. For
example, the below code with labels avoids printing the numbers when
they are same,

var i, j;
 loop1: for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
loop2: for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i === j) {
continue loop1;
}
console.log("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
}
}

// Output is:
// "i = 1, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 1"

145. What are the benefits of keeping declarations

at the top
It is recommended to keep all declarations at the top of each script or
function. The benefits of doing this are,

i. Gives cleaner code

ii. It provides a single place to look for local variables
iii. Easy to avoid unwanted global variables
iv. It reduces the possibility of unwanted re-declarations

146. What are the benefits of initializing variables

It is recommended to initialize variables because of the below benefits,

i. It gives cleaner code

ii. It provides a single place to initialize variables
iii. Avoid undefined values in the code

147. What are the recommendations to create new

object
It is recommended to avoid creating new objects using new Object().
Instead you can initialize values based on it's type to create the
objects.
 i. Assign {} instead of new Object()
ii. Assign "" instead of new String()
iii. Assign 0 instead of new Number()
iv. Assign false instead of new Boolean()
v. Assign [] instead of new Array()
vi. Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
vii. Assign function (){} instead of new Function()

You can define them as an example,

var v1 = {};
var v2 = "";
var v3 = 0;
var v4 = false;
var v5 = [];
var v6 = /()/;
var v7 = function () {};

148. How do you define JSON arrays

JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and arrays contain
javascript objects. For example, the JSON array of users would be as
below,

"users":[
{"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
{"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
{"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
]

149. How do you generate random integers

You can use Math.random() with Math.floor() to return random
integers. For example, if you want generate random integers between
1 to 10, the multiplication factor should be 10,

Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1

to 10
Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1
to 100

Note: Math.random() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive),

and 1 (exclusive)
150. Can you write a random integers function to
print integers with in a range
Yes, you can create a proper random function to return a random
number between min and max (both included)

function randomInteger(min, max) {

return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
}
randomInteger(1, 100); // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
randomInteger(1, 1000); // returns a random integer from 1 to 1000

151. What is tree shaking

Tree shaking is a form of dead code elimination. It means that unused
modules will not be included in the bundle during the build process and
for that it relies on the static structure of ES2015 module syntax,( i.e.
import and export). Initially this has been popularized by the ES2015
module bundler rollup.

152. What is the need of tree shaking

Tree Shaking can significantly reduce the code size in any application.
i.e, The less code we send over the wire the more performant the
application will be. For example, if we just want to create a “Hello
World” Application using SPA frameworks then it will take around a few
MBs, but by tree shaking it can bring down the size to just a few
hundred KBs. Tree shaking is implemented in Rollup and Webpack
bundlers.

153. Is it recommended to use eval

No, it allows arbitrary code to be run which causes a security problem.
As we know that the eval() function is used to run text as code. In most
of the cases, it should not be necessary to use it.
154. What is a Regular Expression
A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search
pattern. You can use this search pattern for searching data in a text.
These can be used to perform all types of text search and text replace
operations. Let's see the syntax format now,

/pattern/modifiers;

For example, the regular expression or search pattern with case-

insensitive username would be,

/John/i;

155. What are the string methods available in

Regular expression
Regular Expressions has two string methods: search() and replace().
The search() method uses an expression to search for a match, and
returns the position of the match.

var msg = "Hello John";

var n = msg.search(/John/i); // 6

The replace() method is used to return a modified string where the

pattern is replaced.

var msg = "Hello John";

var n = msg.replace(/John/i, "Buttler"); // Hello Buttler

156. What are modifiers in regular expression

Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive and global searches.
Let's list down some of the modifiers,

Modifier Description

i Perform case-insensitive matching

g Perform a global match rather than stops at first match

 Modifier Description

m Perform multiline matching

Let's take an example of global modifier,

var text = "Learn JS one by one";

var pattern = /one/g;
var result = text.match(pattern); // one,one

157. What are regular expression patterns

Regular Expressions provide a group of patterns in order to match
characters. Basically they are categorized into 3 types,

i. Brackets: These are used to find a range of characters. For

example, below are some use cases,
a. [abc]: Used to find any of the characters between the
brackets(a,b,c)
b. [0-9]: Used to find any of the digits between the brackets
c. (a|b): Used to find any of the alternatives separated with |
ii. Metacharacters: These are characters with a special meaning
For example, below are some use cases,
a. \d: Used to find a digit
b. \s: Used to find a whitespace character
c. \b: Used to find a match at the beginning or ending of a
word
iii. Quantifiers: These are useful to define quantities For example,
below are some use cases,
a. n+: Used to find matches for any string that contains at
least one n
b. n*: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero
or more occurrences of n
c. n?: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero
or one occurrences of n

158. What is a RegExp object

 RegExp object is a regular expression object with predefined properties
and methods. Let's see the simple usage of RegExp object,

var regexp = new RegExp("\\w+");

console.log(regexp);
// expected output: /\w+/

159. How do you search a string for a pattern

You can use the test() method of regular expression in order to search
a string for a pattern, and return true or false depending on the result.

var pattern = /you/;

console.log(pattern.test("How are you?")); //true

160. What is the purpose of exec method

The purpose of exec method is similar to test method but it executes a
search for a match in a specified string and returns a result array, or
null instead of returning true/false.

var pattern = /you/;

console.log(pattern.exec("How are you?")); //["you", index: 8, input:
"How are you?", groups: undefined]

161. How do you change the style of a HTML

element
You can change inline style or classname of a HTML element using
javascript

i. Using style property: You can modify inline style using style
property

document.getElementById("title").style.fontSize = "30px";

ii. Using ClassName property: It is easy to modify element class

using className property

document.getElementById("title").className = "custom-title";
162. What would be the result of 1+2+'3'
The output is going to be 33. Since 1 and 2 are numeric values, the
result of the first two digits is going to be a numeric value 3. The next
digit is a string type value because of that the addition of numeric
value 3 and string type value 3 is just going to be a concatenation
value 33.

163. What is a debugger statement

The debugger statement invokes any available debugging
functionality, such as setting a breakpoint. If no debugging
functionality is available, this statement has no effect. For example, in
the below function a debugger statement has been inserted. So
execution is paused at the debugger statement just like a breakpoint in
the script source.

function getProfile() {
// code goes here
debugger;
// code goes here
}

164. What is the purpose of breakpoints in

debugging
You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger
statement is executed and the debugger window pops up. At each
breakpoint, javascript will stop executing, and let you examine the
JavaScript values. After examining values, you can resume the
execution of code using the play button.

165. Can I use reserved words as identifiers

No, you cannot use the reserved words as variables, labels, object or
function names. Let's see one simple example,

var else = "hello"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token else

166. How do you detect a mobile browser
You can use regex which returns a true or false value depending on
whether or not the user is browsing with a mobile.

window.mobilecheck = function () {
var mobileCheck = false;
(function (a) {
if (
/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|
compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |
maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|
phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.
(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i.test(
a
) ||
/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|
s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|
attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|
bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|
craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|
ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|
g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|
hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|
go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|
v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|
xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|
xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|
t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|
n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|
op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|
pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-
[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|
va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|
sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|
v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|
tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|
v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|
80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|
your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(
a.substr(0, 4)
)
)
mobileCheck = true;
})(navigator.userAgent || navigator.vendor || window.opera);
return mobileCheck;
};
167. How do you detect a mobile browser without
regexp
You can detect mobile browsers by simply running through a list of
devices and checking if the useragent matches anything. This is an
alternative solution for RegExp usage,

function detectmob() {
if (
navigator.userAgent.match(/Android/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/webOS/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPhone/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPad/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPod/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/BlackBerry/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/Windows Phone/i)
) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}

168. How do you get the image width and height

using JS
You can programmatically get the image and check the
dimensions(width and height) using Javascript.

var img = new Image();

img.onload = function () {
console.log(this.width + "x" + this.height);
};
img.src = "http://www.google.com/intl/en_ALL/images/logo.gif";

169. How do you make synchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to
make synchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript

function httpGet(theUrl) {
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.open("GET", theUrl, false); // false for synchronous
request
xmlHttpReq.send(null);
return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
 }

170. How do you make asynchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to
make asynchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript by passing the 3rd
parameter as true.

function httpGetAsync(theUrl, callback) {

var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (xmlHttpReq.readyState == 4 && xmlHttpReq.status == 200)
callback(xmlHttpReq.responseText);
};
xmlHttp.open("GET", theUrl, true); // true for asynchronous
xmlHttp.send(null);
}

171. How do you convert date to another timezone

in javascript
You can use the toLocaleString() method to convert dates in one
timezone to another. For example, let's convert current date to British
English timezone as below,

console.log(event.toLocaleString("en-GB", { timeZone: "UTC" }));

//29/06/2019, 09:56:00

172. What are the properties used to get size of

window
You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight
properties of windows, document element and document body objects
to find the size of a window. Let's use them combination of these
properties to calculate the size of a window or document,

var width =
window.innerWidth ||
document.documentElement.clientWidth ||
document.body.clientWidth;

var height =
 window.innerHeight ||
document.documentElement.clientHeight ||
document.body.clientHeight;

173. What is a conditional operator in javascript

The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that
takes three operands which acts as a shortcut for if statements.

var isAuthenticated = false;

console.log(
isAuthenticated ? "Hello, welcome" : "Sorry, you are not
authenticated"
); //Sorry, you are not authenticated

174. Can you apply chaining on conditional

operator
Yes, you can apply chaining on conditional operators similar to if …
else if … else if … else chain. The syntax is going to be as below,

function traceValue(someParam) {
return condition1
? value1
: condition2
? value2
: condition3
? value3
: value4;
}

// The above conditional operator is equivalent to:

function traceValue(someParam) {
if (condition1) {
return value1;
} else if (condition2) {
return value2;
} else if (condition3) {
return value3;
} else {
return value4;
}
}
175. What are the ways to execute javascript after
page load
You can execute javascript after page load in many different ways,

i. window.onload:

window.onload = function ...

ii. document.onload:

document.onload = function ...

iii. body onload:

<body onload="script();">

176. What is the difference between proto and

prototype
The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup
chain to resolve methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that is
used to build __proto__ when you create an object with new.
new Employee().__proto__ === Employee.prototype;
new Employee().prototype === undefined;

There are few more differences,

feature Prototype proto

All the function constructors All the objects have __proto__

Access
have prototype properties. property

Used in lookup chain to

Used to reduce memory wastage
Purpose resolve methods, constructors
with a single copy of function
etc.

ECMAScript Introduced in ES6 Introduced in ES5

Usage Frequently used Rarely used

177. Give an example where do you really need
semicolon
It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in
JavaScript. For example, in the below case it throws an error ".. is not a
function" at runtime due to missing semicolon.

// define a function
var fn = (function () {
//...
})(
// semicolon missing at this line

// then execute some code inside a closure

function () {
//...
}
)();

and it will be interpreted as

var fn = (function () {
//...
})(function () {
//...
})();

In this case, we are passing the second function as an argument to the

first function and then trying to call the result of the first function call
as a function. Hence, the second function will fail with a "... is not a
function" error at runtime.

178. What is a freeze method

The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object
does not allow adding new properties to an object,prevents from
removing and prevents changing the enumerability, configurability, or
writability of existing properties. i.e, It returns the passed object and
does not create a frozen copy.

const obj = {
prop: 100,
};

Object.freeze(obj);
 obj.prop = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode

console.log(obj.prop); //100

Remember freezing is only applied to the top-level properties in

objects but not for nested objects. For example, let's try to freeze user
object which has employment details as nested object and observe
that details have been changed.

const user = {
name: "John",
employment: {
department: "IT",
},
};

Object.freeze(user);
user.employment.department = "HR";

Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.

179. What is the purpose of freeze method

Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,

i. It is used for freezing objects and arrays.

ii. It is used to make an object immutable.

180. Why do I need to use freeze method

In the Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain
elements that are not intended to be extended, modified, or re-used
outside of their current context. Hence it works as the final keyword
which is used in various languages.

181. How do you detect a browser language

preference
You can use navigator object to detect a browser language preference
as below,

var language =
 (navigator.languages && navigator.languages[0]) || // Chrome /
Firefox
navigator.language || // All browsers
navigator.userLanguage; // IE <= 10

console.log(language);

182. How to convert string to title case with

javascript
Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You
can convert a string to title case using the below function,

function toTitleCase(str) {
return str.replace(/\w\S*/g, function (txt) {
return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() +
txt.substring(1).toLowerCase();
});
}
toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John

183. How do you detect javascript disabled in the

page
You can use the <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not. The
code block inside <noscript> gets executed when JavaScript is disabled,
and is typically used to display alternative content when the page
generated in JavaScript.
<script type="javascript">
// JS related code goes here
</script>
<noscript>
<a href="next_page.html?noJS=true">JavaScript is disabled in the
page. Please click Next Page</a>
</noscript>

184. What are various operators supported by

javascript
An operator is capable of manipulating(mathematical and logical
computations) a certain value or operand. There are various operators
supported by JavaScript as below,
 i. Arithmetic Operators: Includes + (Addition),– (Subtraction), *
(Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus), + + (Increment) and –
– (Decrement)
ii. Comparison Operators: Includes = =(Equal),!= (Not Equal),
===(Equal with type), > (Greater than),> = (Greater than or
Equal to),< (Less than),<= (Less than or Equal to)
iii. Logical Operators: Includes &&(Logical AND),||(Logical OR),!
(Logical NOT)
iv. Assignment Operators: Includes = (Assignment Operator), +=
(Add and Assignment Operator), – = (Subtract and Assignment
Operator), *= (Multiply and Assignment), /= (Divide and
Assignment), %= (Modules and Assignment)
v. Ternary Operators: It includes conditional(: ?) Operator
vi. typeof Operator: It uses to find type of variable. The syntax
looks like typeof variable

185. What is a rest parameter

Rest parameter is an improved way to handle function parameters
which allows us to represent an indefinite number of arguments as an
array. The syntax would be as below,

function f(a, b, ...theArgs) {

// ...
}

For example, let's take a sum example to calculate on dynamic

number of parameters,

function sum(...args) {
let total = 0;
for (const i of args) {
total += i;
}
return total;
}

console.log(sum(1, 2)); //3

console.log(sum(1, 2, 3)); //6
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4)); //13
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); //15

Note: Rest parameter is added in ES2015 or ES6

186. What happens if you do not use rest
parameter as a last argument
The rest parameter should be the last argument, as its job is to collect
all the remaining arguments into an array. For example, if you define a
function like below it doesn’t make any sense and will throw an error.

function someFunc(a,…b,c){
//You code goes here
return;
}

187. What are the bitwise operators available in

javascript
Below are the list of bitwise logical operators used in JavaScript

i. Bitwise AND ( & )

ii. Bitwise OR ( | )
iii. Bitwise XOR ( ^ )
iv. Bitwise NOT ( ~ )
v. Left Shift ( << )
vi. Sign Propagating Right Shift ( >> )
vii. Zero fill Right Shift ( >>> )

188. What is a spread operator

Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be
expanded into single arguments/elements. Let's take an example to
see this behavior,

function calculateSum(x, y, z) {
return x + y + z;
}

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

console.log(calculateSum(...numbers)); // 6
189. How do you determine whether object is
frozen or not
Object.isFrozen() method is used to determine if an object is frozen or
not.An object is frozen if all of the below conditions hold true,

i. If it is not extensible.
ii. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
iii. If all its data properties are non-writable. The usage is going to
be as follows,

const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
Object.freeze(object);
console.log(Object.isFrozen(object));

190. How do you determine two values same or not

using object
The Object.is() method determines whether two values are the same
value. For example, the usage with different types of values would be,

Object.is("hello", "hello"); // true

Object.is(window, window); // true
Object.is([], []); // false

Two values are the same if one of the following holds:

i. both undefined
ii. both null
iii. both true or both false
iv. both strings of the same length with the same characters in the
same order
v. both the same object (means both object have same reference)
vi. both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and
both not NaN and both have the same value.

191. What is the purpose of using object is method

Some of the applications of Object's is method are follows,
 i. It is used for comparison of two strings.
ii. It is used for comparison of two numbers.
iii. It is used for comparing the polarity of two numbers.
iv. It is used for comparison of two objects.

192. How do you copy properties from one object

to other
You can use the Object.assign() method which is used to copy the
values and properties from one or more source objects to a target
object. It returns the target object which has properties and values
copied from the source objects. The syntax would be as below,

Object.assign(target, ...sources);

Let's take example with one source and one target object,

const target = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const source = { b: 3, c: 4 };

const returnedTarget = Object.assign(target, source);

console.log(target); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }

console.log(returnedTarget); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }

As observed in the above code, there is a common property( b) from

source to target so it's value has been overwritten.

193. What are the applications of assign method

Below are the some of main applications of Object.assign() method,

i. It is used for cloning an object.

ii. It is used to merge objects with the same properties.

194. What is a proxy object

The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental
operations such as property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function
invocation, etc. The syntax would be as follows,
 var p = new Proxy(target, handler);

Let's take an example of proxy object,

var handler = {
get: function (obj, prop) {
return prop in obj ? obj[prop] : 100;
},
};

var p = new Proxy({}, handler);

p.a = 10;
p.b = null;

console.log(p.a, p.b); // 10, null

console.log("c" in p, p.c); // false, 100

In the above code, it uses get handler which define the behavior of the
proxy when an operation is performed on it

195. What is the purpose of seal method

The Object.seal() method is used to seal an object, by preventing
new properties from being added to it and marking all existing
properties as non-configurable. But values of present properties can
still be changed as long as they are writable. Let's see the below
example to understand more about seal() method

const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
Object.seal(object);
object.property = "Welcome to object world";
console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // true
delete object.property; // You cannot delete when sealed
console.log(object.property); //Welcome to object world

196. What are the applications of seal method

Below are the main applications of Object.seal() method,

i. It is used for sealing objects and arrays.

ii. It is used to make an object immutable.
197. What are the differences between freeze and
seal methods
If an object is frozen using the Object.freeze() method then its
properties become immutable and no changes can be made in them
whereas if an object is sealed using the Object.seal() method then the
changes can be made in the existing properties of the object.

198. How do you determine if an object is sealed or

not
The Object.isSealed() method is used to determine if an object is
sealed or not. An object is sealed if all of the below conditions hold true

i. If it is not extensible.
ii. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
iii. If it is not removable (but not necessarily non-writable). Let's see
it in the action

const object = {
property: "Hello, Good morning",
};

Object.seal(object); // Using seal() method to seal the object

console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // checking whether the object is

sealed or not

199. How do you get enumerable key and value

pairs
The Object.entries() method is used to return an array of a given
object's own enumerable string-keyed property [key, value] pairs, in
the same order as that provided by a for...in loop. Let's see the
functionality of object.entries() method in an example,

const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};

for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(object)) {

console.log(`${key}: ${value}`); // a: 'Good morning'
 // b: 100
}

Note: The order is not guaranteed as object defined.

200. What is the main difference between

Object.values and Object.entries method
The Object.values() method's behavior is similar to Object.entries()
method but it returns an array of values instead [key,value] pairs.

const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};

for (let value of Object.values(object)) {

console.log(`${value}`); // 'Good morning'
100;
}

201. How can you get the list of keys of any object
You can use the Object.keys() method which is used to return an array
of a given object's own property names, in the same order as we get
with a normal loop. For example, you can get the keys of a user object,
const user = {
name: "John",
gender: "male",
age: 40,
};

console.log(Object.keys(user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']

202. How do you create an object with prototype

The Object.create() method is used to create a new object with the
specified prototype object and properties. i.e, It uses an existing object
as the prototype of the newly created object. It returns a new object
with the specified prototype object and properties.

const user = {
name: "John",
 printInfo: function () {
console.log(`My name is ${this.name}.`);
},
};

const admin = Object.create(user);

admin.name = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set on

"admin" but not on "user" object

admin.printInfo(); // My name is Nick

203. What is a WeakSet

WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held
objects. The syntax would be as follows,

new WeakSet([iterable]);

Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

var ws = new WeakSet();

var user = {};
ws.add(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the set
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed

204. What are the differences between WeakSet

and Set
The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong
while references to objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in
WeakSet can be garbage collected if there is no other reference to it.
Other differences are,

i. Sets can store any value Whereas WeakSets can store only
collections of objects
ii. WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
iii. WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values,
entries, forEach.
iv. WeakSet is not iterable.
205. List down the collection of methods available
on WeakSet
Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet,

i. add(value): A new object is appended with the given value to the

weakset
ii. delete(value): Deletes the value from the WeakSet collection.
iii. has(value): It returns true if the value is present in the WeakSet
Collection, otherwise it returns false.

Let's see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,

var weakSetObject = new WeakSet();

var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// add(value)
weakSetObject.add(firstObject);
weakSetObject.add(secondObject);
console.log(weakSetObject.has(firstObject)); //true
weakSetObject.delete(secondObject);

206. What is a WeakMap

The WeakMap object is a collection of key/value pairs in which the keys
are weakly referenced. In this case, keys must be objects and the
values can be arbitrary values. The syntax is looking like as below,

new WeakMap([iterable]);

Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

var ws = new WeakMap();

var user = {};
ws.set(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the map
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed

207. What are the differences between WeakMap

and Map
The main difference is that references to key objects in Map are strong
while references to key objects in WeakMap are weak. i.e, A key object
 in WeakMap can be garbage collected if there is no other reference to
it. Other differences are,

i. Maps can store any key type Whereas WeakMaps can store only
collections of key objects
ii. WeakMap does not have size property unlike Map
iii. WeakMap does not have methods such as clear, keys, values,
entries, forEach.
iv. WeakMap is not iterable.

208. List down the collection of methods available

on WeakMap
Below are the list of methods available on WeakMap,

i. set(key, value): Sets the value for the key in the WeakMap
object. Returns the WeakMap object.
ii. delete(key): Removes any value associated to the key.
iii. has(key): Returns a Boolean asserting whether a value has been
associated to the key in the WeakMap object or not.
iv. get(key): Returns the value associated to the key, or undefined if
there is none. Let's see the functionality of all the above methods
in an example,

var weakMapObject = new WeakMap();

var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// set(key, value)
weakMapObject.set(firstObject, "John");
weakMapObject.set(secondObject, 100);
console.log(weakMapObject.has(firstObject)); //true
console.log(weakMapObject.get(firstObject)); // John
weakMapObject.delete(secondObject);

209. What is the purpose of uneval

The uneval() is an inbuilt function which is used to create a string
representation of the source code of an Object. It is a top-level function
and is not associated with any object. Let's see the below example to
know more about it's functionality,

var a = 1;
 uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"

The uneval() function has been deprecated. It is recommended to

use toString() for functions and JSON.toStringify() for other cases.
function user() {}
console.log(user.toString()); // returns "(function user(){})"

210. How do you encode an URL

The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has
special characters except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.

var uri = "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы";

var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB
%D0%BB%D1%8B

211. How do you decode an URL

The decodeURI() function is used to decode a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI) previously created by encodeURI().

var uri = "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы";

var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB
%D0%BB%D1%8B
try {
console.log(decodeURI(encoded)); // "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы"
} catch (e) {
// catches a malformed URI
console.error(e);
}

212. How do you print the contents of web page

The window object provided a print() method which is used to print the
contents of the current window. It opens a Print dialog box which lets
you choose between various printing options. Let's see the usage of
print method in an example,

<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" />

 Note: In most browsers, it will block while the print dialog is open.

213. What is the difference between uneval and

eval
The uneval function returns the source of a given object; whereas
the eval function does the opposite, by evaluating that source code in
a different memory area. Let's see an example to clarify the difference,
var msg = uneval(function greeting() {
return "Hello, Good morning";
});
var greeting = eval(msg);
greeting(); // returns "Hello, Good morning"

214. What is an anonymous function

An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous
functions are commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a
callback function. The syntax would be as below,

function (optionalParameters) {
//do something
}

const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to a

variable
//do something
};

[1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a

callback function
//do something
});

Let's see the above anonymous function in an example,

var x = function (a, b) {

return a * b;
};
var z = x(5, 10);
console.log(z); // 50
215. What is the precedence order between local
and global variables
A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same
name. Let's see this behavior in an example.

var msg = "Good morning";

function greeting() {
msg = "Good Evening";
console.log(msg); // Good Evening
}
greeting();

216. What are javascript accessors

ECMAScript 5 introduced javascript object accessors or computed
properties through getters and setters. Getters uses the get keyword
whereas Setters uses the set keyword.
var user = {
firstName: "John",
lastName: "Abraham",
language: "en",
get lang() {
return this.language;
},
set lang(lang) {
this.language = lang;
},
};
console.log(user.lang); // getter access lang as en
user.lang = "fr";
console.log(user.lang); // setter used to set lang as fr

217. How do you define property on Object

constructor
The Object.defineProperty() static method is used to define a new
property directly on an object, or modify an existing property on an
object, and returns the object. Let's see an example to know how to
define property,

const newObject = {};

Object.defineProperty(newObject, "newProperty", {
value: 100,
 writable: false,
});

console.log(newObject.newProperty); // 100

newObject.newProperty = 200; // It throws an error in strict mode due

to writable setting

218. What is the difference between get and

defineProperty
Both have similar results until unless you use classes. If you use get the
property will be defined on the prototype of the object whereas
using Object.defineProperty() the property will be defined on the
instance it is applied to.

219. What are the advantages of Getters and

Setters
Below are the list of benefits of Getters and Setters,

i. They provide simpler syntax

ii. They are used for defining computed properties, or accessors in
JS.
iii. Useful to provide equivalence relation between properties and
methods
iv. They can provide better data quality
v. Useful for doing things behind the scenes with the encapsulated
logic.

220. Can I add getters and setters using

defineProperty method
Yes, You can use the Object.defineProperty() method to add Getters
and Setters. For example, the below counter object uses increment,
decrement, add and subtract properties,
var obj = { counter: 0 };

// Define getters
 Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
get: function () {
this.counter++;
},
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
get: function () {
this.counter--;
},
});

// Define setters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
set: function (value) {
this.counter += value;
},
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
set: function (value) {
this.counter -= value;
},
});

obj.add = 10;
obj.subtract = 5;
console.log(obj.increment); //6
console.log(obj.decrement); //5

221. What is the purpose of switch-case

The switch case statement in JavaScript is used for decision making
purposes. In a few cases, using the switch case statement is going to
be more convenient than if-else statements. The syntax would be as
below,

switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
statementDefault;
}
 The above multi-way branch statement provides an easy way to
dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of the
expression.

222. What are the conventions to be followed for

the usage of switch case
Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,

i. The expression can be of type either number or string.

ii. Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
iii. The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to
switch does not match with any case value then the statement
within default case will be executed.
iv. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a
statement sequence.
v. The break statement is optional. But if it is omitted, the
execution will continue on into the next case.

223. What are primitive data types

A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no
properties or methods). There are 7 types of primitive data types.

i. string
ii. number
iii. boolean
iv. null
v. undefined
vi. bigint
vii. symbol

224. What are the different ways to access object

properties
There are 3 possible ways for accessing the property of an object.
 i. Dot notation: It uses dot for accessing the properties

objectName.property;

ii. Square brackets notation: It uses square brackets for

property access

objectName["property"];

iii. Expression notation: It uses expression in the square brackets

objectName[expression];

225. What are the function parameter rules

JavaScript functions follow below rules for parameters,

i. The function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.

ii. Do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
iii. Do not check the number of arguments received. i.e, The below
function follows the above rules,

function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {

console.log(parameter1); // 1
}
functionName(1);

226. What is an error object

An error object is a built in error object that provides error information
when an error occurs. It has two properties: name and message. For
example, the below function logs error details,

try {
greeting("Welcome");
} catch (err) {
console.log(err.name + "<br>" + err.message);
}

227. When you get a syntax error

 A SyntaxError is thrown if you try to evaluate code with a syntax error.
For example, the below missing quote for the function parameter
throws a syntax error

try {
eval("greeting('welcome)"); // Missing ' will produce an error
} catch (err) {
console.log(err.name);
}

228. What are the different error names from error

object
There are 6 different types of error names returned from error object,

Error Name Description

EvalError An error has occurred in the eval() function

An error has occurred with a number "out of

RangeError
range"

ReferenceErro
An error due to an illegal reference
r

SyntaxError An error due to a syntax error

TypeError An error due to a type error

URIError An error due to encodeURI()

229. What are the various statements in error

handling
Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,

i. try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors

ii. catch: This statement is used to handle the error
 iii. throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
iv. finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and
catch regardless of the result.

230. What are the two types of loops in javascript

i. Entry Controlled loops: In this kind of loop type, the test
condition is tested before entering the loop body. For example,
For Loop and While Loop comes under this category.
ii. Exit Controlled Loops: In this kind of loop type, the test
condition is tested or evaluated at the end of the loop body. i.e,
the loop body will execute at least once irrespective of test
condition true or false. For example, do-while loop comes under
this category.

231. What is nodejs

Node.js is a server-side platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime
for easily building fast and scalable network applications. It is an event-
based, non-blocking, asynchronous I/O runtime that uses Google's V8
JavaScript engine and libuv library.

232. What is an Intl object

The Intl object is the namespace for the ECMAScript
Internationalization API, which provides language sensitive string
comparison, number formatting, and date and time formatting. It
provides access to several constructors and language sensitive
functions.

233. How do you perform language specific date

and time formatting
You can use the Intl.DateTimeFormat object which is a constructor for
objects that enable language-sensitive date and time formatting. Let's
see this behavior with an example,
 var date = new Date(Date.UTC(2019, 07, 07, 3, 0, 0));
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-GB").format(date)); //
07/08/2019
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-AU").format(date)); //
07/08/2019

234. What is an Iterator

An iterator is an object which defines a sequence and a return value
upon its termination. It implements the Iterator protocol with
a next() method which returns an object with two properties: value (the
next value in the sequence) and done (which is true if the last value in
the sequence has been consumed).

235. How does synchronous iteration works

Synchronous iteration was introduced in ES6 and it works with below
set of components,

Iterable: It is an object which can be iterated over via a method

whose key is Symbol.iterator. Iterator: It is an object returned by
invoking [Symbol.iterator]() on an iterable. This iterator object wraps
each iterated element in an object and returns it via next() method one
by one. IteratorResult: It is an object returned by next() method. The
object contains two properties; the value property contains an iterated
element and the done property determines whether the element is the
last element or not.

Let's demonstrate synchronous iteration with an array as below,

const iterable = ["one", "two", "three"];

const iterator = iterable[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'one', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'two', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'three', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'undefined, done: true }

236. What is an event loop

The event loop is a process that continuously monitors both the call
stack and the event queue and checks whether or not the call stack is
 empty. If the call stack is empty and there are pending events in the
event queue, the event loop dequeues the event from the event queue
and pushes it to the call stack. The call stack executes the event, and
any additional events generated during the execution are added to the
end of the event queue.

Note: The event loop allows Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O

operations, even though JavaScript is single-threaded, by offloading
operations to the system kernel whenever possible. Since most
modern kernels are multi-threaded, they can handle multiple
operations executing in the background.

237. What is call stack

Call Stack is a data structure for javascript interpreters to keep track of
function calls(creates execution context) in the program. It has two
major actions,

i. Whenever you call a function for its execution, you are pushing it
to the stack.
ii. Whenever the execution is completed, the function is popped out
of the stack.

Let's take an example and it's state representation in a diagram format

function hungry() {
eatFruits();
}
function eatFruits() {
return "I'm eating fruits";
}

// Invoke the `hungry` function

hungry();

The above code processed in a call stack as below,

iii. Add the hungry() function to the call stack list and execute the
code.
iv. Add the eatFruits() function to the call stack list and execute the
code.
v. Delete the eatFruits() function from our call stack list.
vi. Delete the hungry() function from the call stack list since there
are no items anymore.
238. What is an event queue
The event queue follows the queue data structure. It stores async
callbacks to be added to the call stack. It is also known as the Callback
Queue or Macrotask Queue.

Whenever the call stack receives an async function, it is moved into

the Web API. Based on the function, Web API executes it and awaits
the result. Once it is finished, it moves the callback into the event
queue (the callback of the promise is moved into the microtask queue).

The event loop constantly checks whether or not the call stack is
empty. Once the call stack is empty and there is a callback in the
event queue, the event loop moves the callback into the call stack. But
if there is a callback in the microtask queue as well, it is moved first.
The microtask queue has a higher priority than the event queue.

239. What is a decorator

A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that
takes the target, name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also, it
optionally returns a decorator descriptor to install on the target object.
Let's define admin decorator for user class at design time,

function admin(isAdmin) {
return function(target) {
target.isAdmin = isAdmin;
}
 }

@admin(true)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //true

@admin(false)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //false

240. What are the properties of Intl object

Below are the list of properties available on Intl object,

i. Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive

string comparison.
ii. DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-
sensitive date and time formatting.
iii. ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-
sensitive list formatting.
iv. NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive
number formatting.
v. PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and
language-specific rules for plurals.
vi. RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive
relative time formatting.

241. What is an Unary operator

The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a number.If the
variable cannot be converted, it will still become a number but with the
value NaN. Let's see this behavior in an action.

var x = "100";
var y = +x;
console.log(typeof x, typeof y); // string, number

var a = "Hello";
var b = +a;
console.log(typeof a, typeof b, b); // string, number, NaN
242. How do you sort elements in an array
The sort() method is used to sort the elements of an array in place and
returns the sorted array. The example usage would be as below,

var months = ["Aug", "Sep", "Jan", "June"];

months.sort();
console.log(months); // ["Aug", "Jan", "June", "Sep"]

243. What is the purpose of compareFunction while

sorting arrays
The compareFunction is used to define the sort order. If omitted, the
array elements are converted to strings, then sorted according to each
character's Unicode code point value. Let's take an example to see the
usage of compareFunction,

let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];

numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
console.log(numbers); // [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

244. How do you reversing an array

You can use the reverse() method to reverse the elements in an array.
This method is useful to sort an array in descending order. Let's see
the usage of reverse() method in an example,

let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];

numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
numbers.reverse();
console.log(numbers); // [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5]

245. How do you find min and max value in an

array
You can use Math.min and Math.max methods on array variables to find
the minimum and maximum elements within an array. Let's create two
functions to find the min and max value with in an array,
var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
function findMin(arr) {
return Math.min.apply(null, arr);
 }
function findMax(arr) {
return Math.max.apply(null, arr);
}

console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));

246. How do you find min and max values without

Math functions
You can write functions which loop through an array comparing each
value with the lowest value or highest value to find the min and max
values. Let's create those functions to find min and max values,

var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];

function findMin(arr) {
var length = arr.length;
var min = Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] < min) {
min = arr[length];
}
}
return min;
}

function findMax(arr) {
var length = arr.length;
var max = -Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] > max) {
max = arr[length];
}
}
return max;
}

console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));

247. What is an empty statement and purpose of it

The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement
will be executed, even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is
no action with an empty statement you might think that it's usage is
quite less, but the empty statement is occasionally useful when you
 want to create a loop that has an empty body. For example, you can
initialize an array with zero values as below,

// Initialize an array a
for (let i = 0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0);

248. How do you get metadata of a module

You can use the import.meta object which is a meta-property exposing
context-specific meta data to a JavaScript module. It contains
information about the current module, such as the module's URL. In
browsers, you might get different meta data than NodeJS.
<script type="module" src="welcome-module.js"></script>;
console.log(import.meta); // { url: "file:///home/user/welcome-
module.js" }

249. What is a comma operator

The comma operator is used to evaluate each of its operands from left
to right and returns the value of the last operand. This is totally
different from comma usage within arrays, objects, and function
arguments and parameters. For example, the usage for numeric
expressions would be as below,

var x = 1;
x = (x++, x);

console.log(x); // 2

250. What is the advantage of a comma operator

It is normally used to include multiple expressions in a location that
requires a single expression. One of the common usages of this comma
operator is to supply multiple parameters in a for loop. For example,
the below for loop uses multiple expressions in a single location using
comma operator,
for (var a = 0, b =10; a <= 10; a++, b--)

You can also use the comma operator in a return statement where it
processes before returning.

function myFunction() {
 var a = 1;
return (a += 10), a; // 11
}

251. What is typescript

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that
adds optional types, classes, async/await, and many other features,
and compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular built entirely in TypeScript
and used as a primary language. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeting(name: string): string {

return "Hello, " + name;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

console.log(greeting(user));

The greeting method allows only string type as argument.

252. What are the differences between javascript

and typescript
Below are the list of differences between javascript and typescript,

feature typescript javascript

Language Object oriented

Scripting language
paradigm programming language

Typing support Supports static typing It has dynamic typing

Modules Supported Not supported

Interface It has interfaces concept Doesn't support interfaces

 feature typescript javascript

Optional Functions support optional No support of optional

parameters parameters parameters for functions

253. What are the advantages of typescript over

javascript
Below are some of the advantages of typescript over javascript,

i. TypeScript is able to find compile time errors at the development

time only and it makes sures less runtime errors. Whereas
javascript is an interpreted language.
ii. TypeScript is strongly-typed or supports static typing which
allows for checking type correctness at compile time. This is not
available in javascript.
iii. TypeScript compiler can compile the .ts files into ES3,ES4 and
ES5 unlike ES6 features of javascript which may not be
supported in some browsers.

254. What is an object initializer

An object initializer is an expression that describes the initialization of
an Object. The syntax for this expression is represented as a comma-
delimited list of zero or more pairs of property names and associated
values of an object, enclosed in curly braces ({}). This is also known as
literal notation. It is one of the ways to create an object.

var initObject = { a: "John", b: 50, c: {} };

console.log(initObject.a); // John

255. What is a constructor method

The constructor method is a special method for creating and initializing
an object created within a class. If you do not specify a constructor
 method, a default constructor is used. The example usage of
constructor would be as below,

class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

console.log(employeeObject.name); // John

256. What happens if you write constructor more

than once in a class
The "constructor" in a class is a special method and it should be
defined only once in a class. i.e, If you write a constructor method
more than once in a class it will throw a SyntaxError error.
class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
constructor() { // Uncaught SyntaxError: A class may only have
one constructor
this.age = 30;
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

console.log(employeeObject.name);

257. How do you call the constructor of a parent

class
You can use the super keyword to call the constructor of a parent class.
Remember that super() must be called before using 'this' reference.
Otherwise it will cause a reference error. Let's the usage of it,
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = "Square";
}

get area() {
 return this.width * this.height;
}

set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}

258. How do you get the prototype of an object

You can use the Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) method to return the
prototype of the specified object. i.e. The value of the
internal prototype property. If there are no inherited properties
then null value is returned.
const newPrototype = {};
const newObject = Object.create(newPrototype);

console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(newObject) === newPrototype); // true

259. What happens If I pass string type for

getPrototype method
In ES5, it will throw a TypeError exception if the obj parameter isn't an
object. Whereas in ES2015, the parameter will be coerced to an Object.
// ES5
Object.getPrototypeOf("James"); // TypeError: "James" is not an object
// ES2015
Object.getPrototypeOf("James"); // String.prototype

260. How do you set prototype of one object to

another
You can use the Object.setPrototypeOf() method that sets the prototype
(i.e., the internal Prototype property) of a specified object to another
object or null. For example, if you want to set prototype of a square
object to rectangle object would be as follows,
Object.setPrototypeOf(Square.prototype, Rectangle.prototype);
Object.setPrototypeOf({}, null);
261. How do you check whether an object can be
extendable or not
The Object.isExtensible() method is used to determine if an object is
extendable or not. i.e, Whether it can have new properties added to it
or not.
const newObject = {};
console.log(Object.isExtensible(newObject)); //true

Note: By default, all the objects are extendable. i.e, The new
properties can be added or modified.

262. How do you prevent an object to extend

The Object.preventExtensions() method is used to prevent new
properties from ever being added to an object. In other words, it
prevents future extensions to the object. Let's see the usage of this
property,
const newObject = {};
Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // NOT extendable

try {
Object.defineProperty(newObject, "newProperty", {
// Adding new property
value: 100,
});
} catch (e) {
console.log(e); // TypeError: Cannot define property newProperty,
object is not extensible
}

263. What are the different ways to make an object

non-extensible
You can mark an object non-extensible in 3 ways,

i. Object.preventExtensions
ii. Object.seal
iii. Object.freeze

var newObject = {};

Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // Prevent objects are non-

extensible
 Object.isExtensible(newObject); // false

var sealedObject = Object.seal({}); // Sealed objects are non-

extensible
Object.isExtensible(sealedObject); // false

var frozenObject = Object.freeze({}); // Frozen objects are non-

extensible
Object.isExtensible(frozenObject); // false

264. How do you define multiple properties on an

object
The Object.defineProperties() method is used to define new or modify
existing properties directly on an object and returning the object. Let's
define multiple properties on an empty object,
const newObject = {};

Object.defineProperties(newObject, {
newProperty1: {
value: "John",
writable: true,
},
newProperty2: {},
});

265. What is MEAN in javascript

The MEAN (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and Node.js) stack is the
most popular open-source JavaScript software tech stack available for
building dynamic web apps where you can write both the server-side
and client-side halves of the web project entirely in JavaScript.

266. What Is Obfuscation in javascript

Obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating obfuscated javascript
code(i.e, source or machine code) that is difficult for humans to
understand. It is something similar to encryption, but a machine can
understand the code and execute it. Let's see the below function
before Obfuscation,

function greeting() {
 console.log("Hello, welcome to JS world");
}

And after the code Obfuscation, it would be appeared as below,

eval(
(function (p, a, c, k, e, d) {
e = function (c) {
return c;
};
if (!"".replace(/^/, String)) {
while (c--) {
d[c] = k[c] || c;
}
k = [
function (e) {
return d[e];
},
];
e = function () {
return "\\w+";
};
c = 1;
}
while (c--) {
if (k[c]) {
p = p.replace(new RegExp("\\b" + e(c) + "\\b", "g"), k[c]);
}
}
return p;
})(
"2 1(){0.3('4, 7 6 5 8')}",
9,
9,
"console|greeting|function|log|Hello|JS|to|welcome|
world".split("|"),
0,
{}
)
);

267. Why do you need Obfuscation

Below are the few reasons for Obfuscation,

i. The Code size will be reduced. So data transfers between server

and client will be fast.
ii. It hides the business logic from outside world and protects the
code from others
iii. Reverse engineering is highly difficult
 iv. The download time will be reduced

268. What is Minification

Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary
characters(empty spaces are removed) and variables will be renamed
without changing it's functionality. It is also a type of obfuscation .

269. What are the advantages of minification

Normally it is recommended to use minification for heavy traffic and
intensive requirements of resources. It reduces file sizes with below
benefits,

i. Decreases loading times of a web page

ii. Saves bandwidth usages

270. What are the differences between Obfuscation

and Encryption
Below are the main differences between Obfuscation and Encryption,

Feature Obfuscation Encryption

Changing the form of any Changing the form of information to

Definition
data in any other form an unreadable format by using a key

A key to It can be decoded without

It is required
decode any key

Target data It will be converted to a

Converted into an unreadable format
format complex form
271. What are the common tools used for
minification
There are many online/offline tools to minify the javascript files,

i. Google's Closure Compiler

ii. UglifyJS2
iii. jsmin
iv. javascript-minifier.com/
v. prettydiff.com

272. How do you perform form validation using

javascript
JavaScript can be used to perform HTML form validation. For example,
if the form field is empty, the function needs to notify, and return false,
to prevent the form being submitted. Lets' perform user login in an
html form,

<form name="myForm" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="post">

User name: <input type="text" name="uname" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

And the validation on user login is below,

function validateForm() {
var x = document.forms["myForm"]["uname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("The username shouldn't be empty");
return false;
}
}

273. How do you perform form validation without

javascript
You can perform HTML form validation automatically without using
javascript. The validation enabled by applying the required attribute to
prevent form submission when the input is empty.
<form method="post">
<input type="text" name="uname" required />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
 </form>

Note: Automatic form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9

or earlier.

274. What are the DOM methods available for

constraint validation
The below DOM methods are available for constraint validation on an
invalid input,

i. checkValidity(): It returns true if an input element contains valid

data.
ii. setCustomValidity(): It is used to set the validationMessage
property of an input element. Let's take an user login form with
DOM validations

function myFunction() {
var userName = document.getElementById("uname");
if (!userName.checkValidity()) {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML =
userName.validationMessage;
} else {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML =
"Entered a valid username";
}
}

275. What are the available constraint validation

DOM properties
Below are the list of some of the constraint validation DOM properties
available,

i. validity: It provides a list of boolean properties related to the

validity of an input element.
ii. validationMessage: It displays the message when the validity is
false.
iii. willValidate: It indicates if an input element will be validated or
not.
276. What are the list of validity properties
The validity property of an input element provides a set of properties
related to the validity of data.

i. customError: It returns true, if a custom validity message is set.

ii. patternMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value does not
match its pattern attribute.
iii. rangeOverflow: It returns true, if an element's value is greater
than its max attribute.
iv. rangeUnderflow: It returns true, if an element's value is less than
its min attribute.
v. stepMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid
according to step attribute.
vi. tooLong: It returns true, if an element's value exceeds its
maxLength attribute.
vii. typeMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid
according to type attribute.
viii. valueMissing: It returns true, if an element with a required
attribute has no value.
ix. valid: It returns true, if an element's value is valid.

277. Give an example usage of rangeOverflow

property
If an element's value is greater than its max attribute then
rangeOverflow property returns true. For example, the below form
submission throws an error if the value is more than 100,

<input id="age" type="number" max="100" />

<button onclick="myOverflowFunction()">OK</button>
function myOverflowFunction() {
if (document.getElementById("age").validity.rangeOverflow) {
alert("The mentioned age is not allowed");
}
}

278. Is enums feature available in javascript

 No, javascript does not natively support enums. But there are different
kinds of solutions to simulate them even though they may not provide
exact equivalents. For example, you can use freeze or seal on object,

var DaysEnum = Object.freeze({"monday":1, "tuesday":2,

"wednesday":3, ...})

279. What is an enum

An enum is a type restricting variables to one value from a predefined
set of constants. JavaScript has no enums but typescript provides built-
in enum support.

enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}

280. How do you list all properties of an object

You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyNames() method which returns an
array of all properties found directly in a given object. Let's the usage
of it in an example,
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};

console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(newObject));
["a", "b", "c"];

281. How do you get property descriptors of an

object
You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors() method which
returns all own property descriptors of a given object. The example
usage of this method is below,
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};
 const descriptorsObject = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(newObject);
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.writable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.configurable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.enumerable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.value); // 1

282. What are the attributes provided by a

property descriptor
A property descriptor is a record which has the following attributes

i. value: The value associated with the property

ii. writable: Determines whether the value associated with the
property can be changed or not
iii. configurable: Returns true if the type of this property descriptor
can be changed and if the property can be deleted from the
corresponding object.
iv. enumerable: Determines whether the property appears during
enumeration of the properties on the corresponding object or
not.
v. set: A function which serves as a setter for the property
vi. get: A function which serves as a getter for the property

283. How do you extend classes

The extends keyword is used in class declarations/expressions to create
a class which is a child of another class. It can be used to subclass
custom classes as well as built-in objects. The syntax would be as
below,
class ChildClass extends ParentClass { ... }

Let's take an example of Square subclass from Polygon parent class,

class Square extends Rectangle {

constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = "Square";
}

get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
 set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}

284. How do I modify the url without reloading the

page
The window.location.href property will be helpful to modify the url but it
reloads the page. HTML5 introduced
the history.pushState() and history.replaceState() methods, which
allow you to add and modify history entries, respectively. For example,
you can use pushState as below,
window.history.pushState("page2", "Title", "/page2.html");

285. How do you check whether an array includes a

particular value or not
The Array#includes() method is used to determine whether an array
includes a particular value among its entries by returning either true or
false. Let's see an example to find an element(numeric and string)
within an array.
var numericArray = [1, 2, 3, 4];
console.log(numericArray.includes(3)); // true

var stringArray = ["green", "yellow", "blue"];

console.log(stringArray.includes("blue")); //true

286. How do you compare scalar arrays

You can use length and every method of arrays to compare two
scalar(compared directly using ===) arrays. The combination of these
expressions can give the expected result,

const arrayFirst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(
arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length &&
arrayFirst.every((value, index) => value === arraySecond[index])
); // true
 If you would like to compare arrays irrespective of order then you
should sort them before,

const arrayFirst = [2, 3, 1, 4, 5];

const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(
arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length &&
arrayFirst.sort().every((value, index) => value ===
arraySecond[index])
); //true

287. How to get the value from get parameters

The new URL() object accepts the url string and searchParams property of
this object can be used to access the get parameters. Remember that
you may need to use polyfill or window.location to access the URL in
older browsers(including IE).
let urlString = "http://www.some-domain.com/about.html?
x=1&y=2&z=3"; //window.location.href
let url = new URL(urlString);
let parameterZ = url.searchParams.get("z");
console.log(parameterZ); // 3

288. How do you print numbers with commas as

thousand separators
You can use the Number.prototype.toLocaleString() method which
returns a string with a language-sensitive representation such as
thousand separator,currency etc of this number.
function convertToThousandFormat(x) {
return x.toLocaleString(); // 12,345.679
}

console.log(convertToThousandFormat(12345.6789));

289. What is the difference between java and

javascript
Both are totally unrelated programming languages and no relation
between them. Java is statically typed, compiled, runs on its own VM.
Whereas Javascript is dynamically typed, interpreted, and runs in a
 browser and nodejs environments. Let's see the major differences in a
tabular format,

Feature Java JavaScript

It's a strongly typed

Typed It's a dynamic typed language
language

Object oriented
Paradigm Prototype based programming
programming

Scoping Block scoped Function-scoped

Concurrency Thread based event based

Uses less memory. Hence it will be used

Memory Uses more memory
for web pages

290. Does JavaScript supports namespace

JavaScript doesn’t support namespace by default. So if you create any
element(function, method, object, variable) then it becomes global and
pollutes the global namespace. Let's take an example of defining two
functions without any namespace,

function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
func1(); // This is a second definition

It always calls the second function definition. In this case, namespace

will solve the name collision problem.

291. How do you declare namespace

Even though JavaScript lacks namespaces, we can use Objects , IIFE to
create namespaces.

i. Using Object Literal Notation: Let's wrap variables and

functions inside an Object literal which acts as a namespace.
After that you can access them using object notation

var namespaceOne = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
}
var namespaceTwo = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
}
namespaceOne.func1(); // This is a first definition
namespaceTwo.func1(); // This is a second definition

ii. Using IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression): The

outer pair of parentheses of IIFE creates a local scope for all the
code inside of it and makes the anonymous function a function
expression. Due to that, you can create the same function in two
different function expressions to act as a namespace.

(function () {
function fun1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
fun1();
})();

(function () {
function fun1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
fun1();
})();

iii. Using a block and a let/const declaration: In ECMAScript 6,

you can simply use a block and a let declaration to restrict the
scope of a variable to a block.

{
let myFunction = function fun1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.
 {
let myFunction = function fun1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.

292. How do you invoke javascript code in an

iframe from parent page
Initially iFrame needs to be accessed using
either document.getElementBy or window.frames. After
that contentWindow property of iFrame gives the access for
targetFunction
document.getElementById("targetFrame").contentWindow.targetFunction();
window.frames[0].frameElement.contentWindow.targetFunction(); //
Accessing iframe this way may not work in latest versions chrome and
firefox

293. How do get the timezone offset from date

You can use the getTimezoneOffset method of the date object. This
method returns the time zone difference, in minutes, from current
locale (host system settings) to UTC
var offset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();
console.log(offset); // -480

294. How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically

You can create both link and script elements in the DOM and append
them as child to head tag. Let's create a function to add script and
style resources as below,

function loadAssets(filename, filetype) {

if (filetype == "css") {
// External CSS file
var fileReference = document.createElement("link");
fileReference.setAttribute("rel", "stylesheet");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/css");
fileReference.setAttribute("href", filename);
} else if (filetype == "js") {
 // External JavaScript file
var fileReference = document.createElement("script");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript");
fileReference.setAttribute("src", filename);
}
if (typeof fileReference != "undefined")
document.getElementsByTagName("head")
[0].appendChild(fileReference);
}

295. What are the different methods to find HTML

elements in DOM
If you want to access any element in an HTML page, you need to start
with accessing the document object. Later you can use any of the
below methods to find the HTML element,

i. document.getElementById(id): It finds an element by Id

ii. document.getElementsByTagName(name): It finds an element
by tag name
iii. document.getElementsByClassName(name): It finds an element
by class name

296. What is jQuery

jQuery is a popular cross-browser JavaScript library that provides
Document Object Model (DOM) traversal, event handling, animations
and AJAX interactions by minimizing the discrepancies across
browsers. It is widely famous with its philosophy of “Write less, do
more”. For example, you can display welcome message on the page
load using jQuery as below,

$(document).ready(function () {
// It selects the document and apply the function on page load
alert("Welcome to jQuery world");
});

Note: You can download it from jquery's official site or install it from
CDNs, like google.

297. What is V8 JavaScript engine

 V8 is an open source high-performance JavaScript engine used by the
Google Chrome browser, written in C++. It is also being used in the
node.js project. It implements ECMAScript and WebAssembly, and runs
on Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.12+, and Linux systems that use
x64, IA-32, ARM, or MIPS processors. Note: It can run standalone, or
can be embedded into any C++ application.

298. Why do we call javascript as dynamic

language
JavaScript is a loosely typed or a dynamic language because variables
in JavaScript are not directly associated with any particular value type,
and any variable can be assigned/reassigned with values of all types.

let age = 50; // age is a number now

age = "old"; // age is a string now
age = true; // age is a boolean

299. What is a void operator

The void operator evaluates the given expression and then returns
undefined(i.e, without returning value). The syntax would be as below,
void expression;
void expression;

Let's display a message without any redirection or reload

<a href="javascript:void(alert('Welcome to JS world'))">

Click here to see a message
</a>

Note: This operator is often used to obtain the undefined primitive

value, using "void(0)".

300. How to set the cursor to wait

The cursor can be set to wait in JavaScript by using the property
"cursor". Let's perform this behavior on page load using the below
function.

function myFunction() {
 window.document.body.style.cursor = "wait";
}

and this function invoked on page load

<body onload="myFunction()"></body>

301. How do you create an infinite loop

You can create infinite loops using for and while loops without using
any expressions. The for loop construct or syntax is better approach in
terms of ESLint and code optimizer tools,

for (;;) {}
while (true) {}

302. Why do you need to avoid with statement

JavaScript's with statement was intended to provide a shorthand for
writing recurring accesses to objects. So it can help reduce file size by
reducing the need to repeat a lengthy object reference without
performance penalty. Let's take an example where it is used to avoid
redundancy when accessing an object several times.

a.b.c.greeting = "welcome";
a.b.c.age = 32;

Using with it turns this into:

with (a.b.c) {
greeting = "welcome";
age = 32;
}

But this with statement creates performance problems since one

cannot predict whether an argument will refer to a real variable or to a
property inside the with argument.

303. What is the output of below for loops

304. for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
305. // global scope
306. setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
307. }
308.
309. for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
310. // block scope
311. setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}

The output of the above for loops is 4 4 4 4 and 0 1 2 3

Explanation: Due to the event queue/loop of javascript,

the setTimeout callback function is called after the loop has been
executed. Since the variable i is declared with the var keyword it
became a global variable and the value was equal to 4 using iteration
when the time setTimeout function is invoked. Hence, the output of the
first loop is 4 4 4 4.
Whereas in the second loop, the variable i is declared as
the let keyword it becomes a block scoped variable and it holds a new
value(0, 1 ,2 3) for each iteration. Hence, the output of the first loop
is 0 1 2 3.

312. List down some of the features of ES6

Below are the list of some new features of ES6,

i. Support for constants or immutable variables

ii. Block-scope support for variables, constants and functions
iii. Arrow functions
iv. Default parameters
v. Rest and Spread Parameters
vi. Template Literals
vii. Multi-line Strings
viii. Destructuring Assignment
ix. Enhanced Object Literals
x. Promises
xi. Classes
xii. Modules

313. What is ES6

ES6 is the sixth edition of the javascript language and it was released
in June 2015. It was initially known as ECMAScript 6 (ES6) and later
 renamed to ECMAScript 2015. Almost all the modern browsers support
ES6 but for the old browsers there are many transpilers, like Babel.js
etc.

314. Can I redeclare let and const variables

No, you cannot redeclare let and const variables. If you do, it throws
below error

Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'someVariable' has already been

declared

Explanation: The variable declaration with var keyword refers to a

function scope and the variable is treated as if it were declared at the
top of the enclosing scope due to hoisting feature. So all the multiple
declarations contributing to the same hoisted variable without any
error. Let's take an example of re-declaring variables in the same
scope for both var and let/const variables.
var name = "John";
function myFunc() {
var name = "Nick";
var name = "Abraham"; // Re-assigned in the same function block
alert(name); // Abraham
}
myFunc();
alert(name); // John

The block-scoped multi-declaration throws syntax error,

let name = "John";

function myFunc() {
let name = "Nick";
let name = "Abraham"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'name' has
already been declared
alert(name);
}

myFunc();
alert(name);

315. Is const variable makes the value immutable

No, the const variable doesn't make the value immutable. But it
disallows subsequent assignments(i.e, You can declare with
assignment but can't assign another value later)
 const userList = [];
userList.push("John"); // Can mutate even though it can't re-assign
console.log(userList); // ['John']

316. What are default parameters

In ES5, we need to depend on logical OR operators to handle default
values of function parameters. Whereas in ES6, Default function
parameters feature allows parameters to be initialized with default
values if no value or undefined is passed. Let's compare the behavior
with an examples,

//ES5
var calculateArea = function (height, width) {
height = height || 50;
width = width || 60;

return width * height;

};
console.log(calculateArea()); //300

The default parameters makes the initialization more simpler,

//ES6
var calculateArea = function (height = 50, width = 60) {
return width * height;
};

console.log(calculateArea()); //300

317. What are template literals

Template literals or template strings are string literals allowing
embedded expressions. These are enclosed by the back-tick (`)
character instead of double or single quotes. In ES6, this feature
enables using dynamic expressions as below,

var greeting = `Welcome to JS World, Mr. ${firstName} ${lastName}.`;

In ES5, you need break string like below,

var greeting = 'Welcome to JS World, Mr. ' + firstName + ' ' +

lastName.`

Note: You can use multi-line strings and string interpolation features
with template literals.
318. How do you write multi-line strings in
template literals
In ES5, you would have to use newline escape characters('\n') and
concatenation symbols(+) in order to get multi-line strings.

console.log("This is string sentence 1\n" + "This is string sentence

2");

Whereas in ES6, You don't need to mention any newline sequence

character,

console.log(`This is string sentence

'This is string sentence 2`);

319. What are nesting templates

The nesting template is a feature supported within template literals
syntax to allow inner backticks inside a placeholder ${ } within the
template. For example, the below nesting template is used to display
the icons based on user permissions whereas outer template checks
for platform type,

const iconStyles = `icon ${

isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: `icon-${user.isAuthorized ? "submit" : "disabled"}`
}`;

You can write the above use case without nesting template features as
well. However, the nesting template feature is more compact and
readable.

//Without nesting templates

const iconStyles = `icon ${
isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: user.isAuthorized
? "icon-submit"
: "icon-disabled"
}`;
320. What are tagged templates
Tagged templates are the advanced form of templates in which tags
allow you to parse template literals with a function. The tag function
accepts the first parameter as an array of strings and remaining
parameters as expressions. This function can also return manipulated
strings based on parameters. Let's see the usage of this tagged
template behavior of an IT professional skill set in an organization,

var user1 = "John";

var skill1 = "JavaScript";
var experience1 = 15;

var user2 = "Kane";

var skill2 = "JavaScript";
var experience2 = 5;

function myInfoTag(strings, userExp, experienceExp, skillExp) {

var str0 = strings[0]; // "Mr/Ms. "
var str1 = strings[1]; // " is a/an "
var str2 = strings[2]; // "in"

var expertiseStr;
if (experienceExp > 10) {
expertiseStr = "expert developer";
} else if (skillExp > 5 && skillExp <= 10) {
expertiseStr = "senior developer";
} else {
expertiseStr = "junior developer";
}

return `${str0}${userExp}${str1}${expertiseStr}${str2}${skillExp}`;
}

var output1 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user1} is a/an ${experience1} in $

{skill1}`;
var output2 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user2} is a/an ${experience2} in $
{skill2}`;

console.log(output1); // Mr/Ms. John is a/an expert developer in

JavaScript
console.log(output2); // Mr/Ms. Kane is a/an junior developer in
JavaScript

321. What are raw strings

ES6 provides a raw strings feature using the String.raw() method which
is used to get the raw string form of template strings. This feature
allows you to access the raw strings as they were entered, without
 processing escape sequences. For example, the usage would be as
below,
var calculationString = String.raw`The sum of numbers is \n${
1 + 2 + 3 + 4
}!`;
console.log(calculationString); // The sum of numbers is \n10!

If you don't use raw strings, the newline character sequence will be
processed by displaying the output in multiple lines

var calculationString = `The sum of numbers is \n${1 + 2 + 3 + 4}!`;

console.log(calculationString);
// The sum of numbers is
// 10!

Also, the raw property is available on the first argument to the tag
function

function tag(strings) {
console.log(strings.raw[0]);
}

322. What is destructuring assignment

The destructuring assignment is a JavaScript expression that makes it
possible to unpack values from arrays or properties from objects into
distinct variables. Let's get the month values from an array using
destructuring assignment

var [one, two, three] = ["JAN", "FEB", "MARCH"];

console.log(one); // "JAN"
console.log(two); // "FEB"
console.log(three); // "MARCH"

and you can get user properties of an object using destructuring

assignment,

var { name, age } = { name: "John", age: 32 };

console.log(name); // John
console.log(age); // 32

323. What are default values in destructuring

assignment
 A variable can be assigned a default value when the value unpacked
from the array or object is undefined during destructuring assignment.
It helps to avoid setting default values separately for each assignment.
Let's take an example for both arrays and object use cases,

Arrays destructuring:

var x, y, z;

[x = 2, y = 4, z = 6] = [10];
console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6

Objects destructuring:

var { x = 2, y = 4, z = 6 } = { x: 10 };

console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6

324. How do you swap variables in destructuring

assignment
If you don't use destructuring assignment, swapping two values
requires a temporary variable. Whereas using a destructuring feature,
two variable values can be swapped in one destructuring expression.
Let's swap two number variables in array destructuring assignment,

var x = 10,
y = 20;

[x, y] = [y, x];

console.log(x); // 20
console.log(y); // 10

325. What are enhanced object literals

Object literals make it easy to quickly create objects with properties
inside the curly braces. For example, it provides shorter syntax for
common object property definition as below.

//ES6
var x = 10,
 y = 20;
obj = { x, y };
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
//ES5
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x: x, y: y };
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}

326. What are dynamic imports

The dynamic imports using import() function syntax allows us to load
modules on demand by using promises or the async/await syntax.
Currently this feature is in stage4 proposal. The main advantage of
dynamic imports is reduction of our bundle's sizes, the size/payload
response of our requests and overall improvements in the user
experience. The syntax of dynamic imports would be as below,
import("./Module").then((Module) => Module.method());

327. What are the use cases for dynamic imports

Below are some of the use cases of using dynamic imports over static
imports,

i. Import a module on-demand or conditionally. For example, if you

want to load a polyfill on legacy browser

if (isLegacyBrowser()) {
import(···)
.then(···);
}

ii. Compute the module specifier at runtime. For example, you can
use it for internationalization.

import(`messages_${getLocale()}.js`).then(···);

iii. Import a module from within a regular script instead a module.

328. What are typed arrays

 Typed arrays are array-like objects from ECMAScript 6 API for handling
binary data. JavaScript provides 8 Typed array types,

i. Int8Array: An array of 8-bit signed integers

ii. Int16Array: An array of 16-bit signed integers
iii. Int32Array: An array of 32-bit signed integers
iv. Uint8Array: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers
v. Uint16Array: An array of 16-bit unsigned integers
vi. Uint32Array: An array of 32-bit unsigned integers
vii. Float32Array: An array of 32-bit floating point numbers
viii. Float64Array: An array of 64-bit floating point numbers

For example, you can create an array of 8-bit signed integers as below

const a = new Int8Array();

// You can pre-allocate n bytes
const bytes = 1024;
const a = new Int8Array(bytes);

329. What are the advantages of module loaders

The module loaders provides the below features,

i. Dynamic loading
ii. State isolation
iii. Global namespace isolation
iv. Compilation hooks
v. Nested virtualization

330. What is collation

Collation is used for sorting a set of strings and searching within a set
of strings. It is parameterized by locale and aware of Unicode. Let's
take comparison and sorting features,

i. Comparison:

var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas
in Swedish, "ä" sorts after "z"
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
 console.log(l10nDE.compare("ä", "z") === -1); // true
console.log(l10nSV.compare("ä", "z") === +1); // true

ii. Sorting:

var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas
in Swedish, "ä" sorts after "z"
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(list.sort(l10nDE.compare)); // [ "a", "ä", "z" ]
console.log(list.sort(l10nSV.compare)); // [ "a", "z", "ä" ]

331. What is for...of statement

The for...of statement creates a loop iterating over iterable objects or
elements such as built-in String, Array, Array-like objects (like
arguments or NodeList), TypedArray, Map, Set, and user-defined
iterables. The basic usage of for...of statement on arrays would be as
below,

let arrayIterable = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

for (let value of arrayIterable) {

value++;
console.log(value); // 11 21 31 41 51
}

332. What is the output of below spread operator

array
[..."John Resig"];

The output of the array is ['J', 'o', 'h', 'n', '', 'R', 'e', 's', 'i',
'g'] Explanation: The string is an iterable type and the spread
operator within an array maps every character of an iterable to one
element. Hence, each character of a string becomes an element within
an Array.

333. Is PostMessage secure

Yes, postMessages can be considered very secure as long as the
programmer/developer is careful about checking the origin and source
 of an arriving message. But if you try to send/receive a message
without verifying its source will create cross-site scripting attacks.

334. What are the problems with postmessage

target origin as wildcard
The second argument of postMessage method specifies which origin is
allowed to receive the message. If you use the wildcard “*” as an
argument then any origin is allowed to receive the message. In this
case, there is no way for the sender window to know if the target
window is at the target origin when sending the message. If the target
window has been navigated to another origin, the other origin would
receive the data. Hence, this may lead to XSS vulnerabilities.

targetWindow.postMessage(message, "*");

335. How do you avoid receiving postMessages

from attackers
Since the listener listens for any message, an attacker can trick the
application by sending a message from the attacker’s origin, which
gives an impression that the receiver received the message from the
actual sender’s window. You can avoid this issue by validating the
origin of the message on the receiver's end using the “message.origin”
attribute. For examples, let's check the sender's
origin http://www.some-sender.com on receiver side www.some-
receiver.com,

//Listener on http://www.some-receiver.com/
window.addEventListener("message", function(message){
if(/^http://www\.some-sender\.com$/.test(message.origin)){
console.log('You received the data from valid sender',
message.data);
}
});

336. Can I avoid using postMessages completely

You cannot avoid using postMessages completely(or 100%). Even
though your application doesn’t use postMessage considering the risks,
 a lot of third party scripts use postMessage to communicate with the
third party service. So your application might be using postMessage
without your knowledge.

337. Is postMessages synchronous

The postMessages are synchronous in IE8 browser but they are
asynchronous in IE9 and all other modern browsers (i.e, IE9+, Firefox,
Chrome, Safari).Due to this asynchronous behaviour, we use a callback
mechanism when the postMessage is returned.

338. What paradigm is Javascript

JavaScript is a multi-paradigm language, supporting
imperative/procedural programming, Object-Oriented Programming
and functional programming. JavaScript supports Object-Oriented
Programming with prototypical inheritance.

339. What is the difference between internal and

external javascript
Internal JavaScript: It is the source code within the script
tag. External JavaScript: The source code is stored in an external
file(stored with .js extension) and referred with in the tag.

340. Is JavaScript faster than server side script

Yes, JavaScript is faster than server side scripts. Because JavaScript is
a client-side script it does not require any web server’s help for its
computation or calculation. So JavaScript is always faster than any
server-side script like ASP, PHP, etc.

341. How do you get the status of a checkbox

 You can apply the checked property on the selected checkbox in the
DOM. If the value is true it means the checkbox is checked, otherwise it
is unchecked. For example, the below HTML checkbox element can be
access using javascript as below:
<input type="checkbox" id="checkboxname" value="Agree" /> Agree the
conditions<br />
console.log(document.getElementById(‘checkboxname’).checked); // true
or false

342. What is the purpose of double tilde operator

The double tilde operator(~~) is known as double NOT bitwise
operator. This operator is a slightly quicker substitute for Math.floor().

343. How do you convert character to ASCII code

You can use the String.prototype.charCodeAt() method to convert string
characters to ASCII numbers. For example, let's find ASCII code for the
first letter of 'ABC' string,
"ABC".charCodeAt(0); // returns 65

Whereas String.fromCharCode() method converts numbers to equal

ASCII characters.
String.fromCharCode(65, 66, 67); // returns 'ABC'

344. What is ArrayBuffer

An ArrayBuffer object is used to represent a generic, fixed-length raw
binary data buffer. You can create it as below,

let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16); // create a buffer of length 16

alert(buffer.byteLength); // 16

To manipulate an ArrayBuffer, we need to use a “view” object.

//Create a DataView referring to the buffer

let view = new DataView(buffer);

345. What is the output of below string expression

 console.log("Welcome to JS world"[0]);

The output of the above expression is "W". Explanation: The bracket

notation with specific index on a string returns the character at a
specific location. Hence, it returns the character "W" of the string.
Since this is not supported in IE7 and below versions, you may need to
use the .charAt() method to get the desired result.

346. What is the purpose of Error object

The Error constructor creates an error object and the instances of error
objects are thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object can
also be used as a base object for user-defined exceptions. The syntax
of error object would be as below,

new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw user defined exceptions or errors using Error object in
try...catch block as below,

try {
if (withdraw > balance)
throw new Error("Oops! You don't have enough balance");
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.name + ": " + e.message);
}

347. What is the purpose of EvalError object

The EvalError object indicates an error regarding the
global eval() function. Even though this exception is not thrown by
JavaScript anymore, the EvalError object remains for compatibility. The
syntax of this expression would be as below,
new EvalError([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw EvalError with in try...catch block as below,

try {
throw new EvalError('Eval function error', 'someFile.js', 100);
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message, e.name, e.fileName); // "Eval
function error", "EvalError", "someFile.js"
348. What are the list of cases error thrown from
non-strict mode to strict mode
When you apply 'use strict'; syntax, some of the below cases will throw
a SyntaxError before executing the script

i. When you use Octal syntax

var n = 022;

ii. Using with statement

iii. When you use delete operator on a variable name
iv. Using eval or arguments as variable or function argument name
v. When you use newly reserved keywords
vi. When you declare a function in a block

if (someCondition) {
function f() {}
}

Hence, the errors from above cases are helpful to avoid errors in
development/production environments.

349. Do all objects have prototypes

No. All objects have prototypes except for the base object which is
created by the user, or an object that is created using the new
keyword.

350. What is the difference between a parameter

and an argument
Parameter is the variable name of a function definition whereas an
argument represents the value given to a function when it is invoked.
Let's explain this with a simple function

function myFunction(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {

console.log(arguments[0]); // "argument1"
console.log(arguments[1]); // "argument2"
console.log(arguments[2]); // "argument3"
}
myFunction("argument1", "argument2", "argument3");
351. What is the purpose of some method in arrays
The some() method is used to test whether at least one element in the
array passes the test implemented by the provided function. The
method returns a boolean value. Let's take an example to test for any
odd elements,

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

var odd = (element) => element % 2 !== 0;

console.log(array.some(odd)); // true (the odd element exists)

352. How do you combine two or more arrays

The concat() method is used to join two or more arrays by returning a
new array containing all the elements. The syntax would be as below,

array1.concat(array2, array3, ..., arrayX)

Let's take an example of array's concatenation with veggies and fruits

arrays,

var veggies = ["Tomato", "Carrot", "Cabbage"];

var fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pears"];
var veggiesAndFruits = veggies.concat(fruits);
console.log(veggiesAndFruits); // Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Apple,
Orange, Pears

353. What is the difference between Shallow and

Deep copy
There are two ways to copy an object,

Shallow Copy: Shallow copy is a bitwise copy of an object. A new

object is created that has an exact copy of the values in the original
object. If any of the fields of the object are references to other objects,
just the reference addresses are copied i.e., only the memory address
is copied.

Example
 var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};

to create a duplicate

var empDetailsShallowCopy = empDetails; //Shallow copying!

if we change some property value in the duplicate one like this:

empDetailsShallowCopy.name = "Johnson";

The above statement will also change the name of empDetails, since we
have a shallow copy. That means we're losing the original data as well.

Deep copy: A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of
dynamically allocated memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy
occurs when an object is copied along with the objects to which it
refers.

Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};

Create a deep copy by using the properties from the original object
into new variable

var empDetailsDeepCopy = {
name: empDetails.name,
age: empDetails.age,
expertise: empDetails.expertise,
};

Now if you change empDetailsDeepCopy.name, it will only

affect empDetailsDeepCopy & not empDetails

354. How do you create specific number of copies

of a string
The repeat() method is used to construct and return a new string which
contains the specified number of copies of the string on which it was
called, concatenated together. Remember that this method has been
 added to the ECMAScript 2015 specification. Let's take an example of
Hello string to repeat it 4 times,
"Hello".repeat(4); // 'HelloHelloHelloHello'

355. How do you return all matching strings

against a regular expression
The matchAll() method can be used to return an iterator of all results
matching a string against a regular expression. For example, the below
example returns an array of matching string results against a regular
expression,
let regexp = /Hello(\d?))/g;
let greeting = "Hello1Hello2Hello3";

let greetingList = [...greeting.matchAll(regexp)];

console.log(greetingList[0]); //Hello1
console.log(greetingList[1]); //Hello2
console.log(greetingList[2]); //Hello3

356. How do you trim a string at the beginning or

ending
The trim method of string prototype is used to trim on both sides of a
string. But if you want to trim especially at the beginning or ending of
the string then you can
use trimStart/trimLeft and trimEnd/trimRight methods. Let's see an
example of these methods on a greeting message,
var greeting = " Hello, Goodmorning! ";

console.log(greeting); // " Hello, Goodmorning! "

console.log(greeting.trimStart()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimLeft()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "

console.log(greeting.trimEnd()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"

console.log(greeting.trimRight()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"

357. What is the output of below console

statement with unary operator
Let's take console statement with unary operator as given below,

console.log(+"Hello");
 The output of the above console log statement returns NaN. Because
the element is prefixed by the unary operator and the JavaScript
interpreter will try to convert that element into a number type. Since
the conversion fails, the value of the statement results in NaN value.

358. Does javascript uses mixins

Mixin is a generic object-oriented programming term - is a class
containing methods that can be used by other classes without a need
to inherit from it. In JavaScript we can only inherit from a single object.
ie. There can be only one [[prototype]] for an object.

But sometimes we require to extend more than one, to overcome this

we can use Mixin which helps to copy methods to the prototype of
another class.

Say for instance, we've two classes User and CleanRoom. Suppose we
need to add CleanRoom functionality to User, so that user can clean the
room at demand. Here's where concept called mixins comes into
picture.
// mixin
let cleanRoomMixin = {
cleanRoom() {
alert(`Hello ${this.name}, your room is clean now`);
},
sayBye() {
alert(`Bye ${this.name}`);
},
};

// usage:
class User {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}

// copy the methods

Object.assign(User.prototype, cleanRoomMixin);

// now User can clean the room

new User("Dude").cleanRoom(); // Hello Dude, your room is clean now!

359. What is a thunk function

 A thunk is just a function which delays the evaluation of the value. It
doesn’t take any arguments but gives the value whenever you invoke
the thunk. i.e, It is used not to execute now but it will be sometime in
the future. Let's take a synchronous example,

const add = (x, y) => x + y;

const thunk = () => add(2, 3);

thunk(); // 5

360. What are asynchronous thunks

The asynchronous thunks are useful to make network requests. Let's
see an example of network requests,

function fetchData(fn) {
fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1")
.then((response) => response.json())
.then((json) => fn(json));
}

const asyncThunk = function () {

return fetchData(function getData(data) {
console.log(data);
});
};

asyncThunk();

The getData function won't be called immediately but it will be invoked

only when the data is available from API endpoint. The setTimeout
function is also used to make our code asynchronous. The best real
time example is redux state management library which uses the
asynchronous thunks to delay the actions to dispatch.

361. What is the output of below function calls

Code snippet:

const circle = {
radius: 20,
diameter() {
return this.radius * 2;
},
perimeter: () => 2 * Math.PI * this.radius,
 };
console.log(circle.diameter());
console.log(circle.perimeter());

Output:

The output is 40 and NaN. Remember that diameter is a regular

function, whereas the value of perimeter is an arrow function.
The this keyword of a regular function(i.e, diameter) refers to the
surrounding scope which is a class(i.e, Shape object). Whereas this
keyword of perimeter function refers to the surrounding scope which is
a window object. Since there is no radius property on window objects it
returns an undefined value and the multiple of number value returns
NaN value.

362. How to remove all line breaks from a string

The easiest approach is using regular expressions to detect and
replace newlines in the string. In this case, we use replace function
along with string to replace with, which in our case is an empty string.

function remove_linebreaks( var message ) {

return message.replace( /[\r\n]+/gm, "" );
}

In the above expression, g and m are for global and multiline flags.

363. What is the difference between reflow and

repaint
A repaint occurs when changes are made which affect the visibility of
an element, but not its layout. Examples of this include outline,
visibility, or background color. A reflow involves changes that affect the
layout of a portion of the page (or the whole page). Resizing the
browser window, changing the font, content changing (such as user
typing text), using JavaScript methods involving computed styles,
adding or removing elements from the DOM, and changing an
element's classes are a few of the things that can trigger reflow.
Reflow of an element causes the subsequent reflow of all child and
ancestor elements as well as any elements following it in the DOM.
364. What happens with negating an array
Negating an array with ! character will coerce the array into a boolean.
Since Arrays are considered to be truthy So negating it will
return false.
console.log(![]); // false

365. What happens if we add two arrays

If you add two arrays together, it will convert them both to strings and
concatenate them. For example, the result of adding arrays would be
as below,

console.log(["a"] + ["b"]); // "ab"

console.log([] + []); // ""
console.log(![] + []); // "false", because ![] returns false.

366. What is the output of prepend additive

operator on falsy values
If you prepend the additive(+) operator on falsy values(null, undefined,
NaN, false, ""), the falsy value converts to a number value zero. Let's
display them on browser console as below,

console.log(+null); // 0
console.log(+undefined); // NaN
console.log(+false); // 0
console.log(+NaN); // NaN
console.log(+""); // 0

367. How do you create self string using special

characters
The self string can be formed with the combination of []()!
+ characters. You need to remember the below conventions to achieve
this pattern.

i. Since Arrays are truthful values, negating the arrays will produce
false: ![] === false
 ii. As per JavaScript coercion rules, the addition of arrays together
will toString them: [] + [] === ""
iii. Prepend an array with + operator will convert an array to false,
the negation will make it true and finally converting the result
will produce value '1': +(!(+[])) === 1

By applying the above rules, we can derive below conditions

(![] + [] === "false" + !+[]) === 1;

Now the character pattern would be created as below,

s e l f
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

(![] + [])[3] + (![] + [])[4] + (![] + [])[2] + (![] + [])[0]

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+[]]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]
+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]

368. How do you remove falsy values from an array

You can apply the filter method on the array by passing Boolean as a
parameter. This way it removes all falsy values(0, undefined, null, false
and "") from the array.

const myArray = [false, null, 1, 5, undefined];

myArray.filter(Boolean); // [1, 5] // is same as myArray.filter(x =>
x);

369. How do you get unique values of an array

You can get unique values of an array with the combination of Set and
rest expression/spread(...) syntax.
console.log([...new Set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3])]); // [1, 2, 4, 3]

370. What is destructuring aliases

 Sometimes you would like to have a destructured variable with a
different name than the property name. In that case, you'll use a :
newName to specify a name for the variable. This process is called
destructuring aliases.
const obj = { x: 1 };
// Grabs obj.x as as { otherName }
const { x: otherName } = obj;

371. How do you map the array values without

using map method
You can map the array values without using the map method by just
using the from method of Array. Let's map city names from Countries
array,
const countries = [
{ name: "India", capital: "Delhi" },
{ name: "US", capital: "Washington" },
{ name: "Russia", capital: "Moscow" },
{ name: "Singapore", capital: "Singapore" },
{ name: "China", capital: "Beijing" },
{ name: "France", capital: "Paris" },
];

const cityNames = Array.from(countries, ({ capital }) => capital);

console.log(cityNames); // ['Delhi, 'Washington', 'Moscow',
'Singapore', 'Beijing', 'Paris']

372. How do you empty an array

You can empty an array quickly by setting the array length to zero.

let cities = ["Singapore", "Delhi", "London"];

cities.length = 0; // cities becomes []

373. How do you rounding numbers to certain

decimals
You can round numbers to a certain number of decimals
using toFixed method from native javascript.
let pie = 3.141592653;
pie = pie.toFixed(3); // 3.142
374. What is the easiest way to convert an array to
an object
You can convert an array to an object with the same data using
spread(...) operator.

var fruits = ["banana", "apple", "orange", "watermelon"];

var fruitsObject = { ...fruits };
console.log(fruitsObject); // {0: "banana", 1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3:
"watermelon"}

375. How do you create an array with some data

You can create an array with some data or an array with the same
values using fill method.
var newArray = new Array(5).fill("0");
console.log(newArray); // ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0"]

376. What are the placeholders from console

object
Below are the list of placeholders available from console object,

i. %o — It takes an object,
ii. %s — It takes a string,
iii. %d — It is used for a decimal or integer These placeholders can
be represented in the console.log as below

const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };

console.log(
"Hello %s, your details %o are available in the object form",
"John",
user
); // Hello John, your details {name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi"} are
available in object

377. Is it possible to add CSS to console messages

 Yes, you can apply CSS styles to console messages similar to html text
on the web page.

console.log(
"%c The text has blue color, with large font and red background",
"color: blue; font-size: x-large; background: red"
);

The text will be displayed as

below,

Note: All CSS styles can be applied to console messages.

378. What is the purpose of dir method of console

object
The console.dir() is used to display an interactive list of the properties
of the specified JavaScript object as JSON.
const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };
console.dir(user);

The user object displayed in JSON

representation
379. Is it possible to debug HTML elements in
console
Yes, it is possible to get and debug HTML elements in the console just
like inspecting elements.

const element = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];

console.log(element);

It prints the HTML element in the console,

380. How do you display data in a tabular format

using console object
The console.table() is used to display data in the console in a tabular
format to visualize complex arrays or objects.
const users = [
{ name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" },
{ name: "Max", id: 2, city: "London" },
{ name: "Rod", id: 3, city: "Paris" },
];
console.table(users);

The data visualized in a table format,

 Not: Remember that console.table() is not supported in IE.

381. How do you verify that an argument is a

Number or not
The combination of IsNaN and isFinite methods are used to confirm
whether an argument is a number or not.

function isNumber(n) {
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}

382. How do you create copy to clipboard button

You need to select the content(using .select() method) of the input
element and execute the copy command with execCommand (i.e,
execCommand('copy')). You can also execute other system commands
like cut and paste.

document.querySelector("#copy-button").onclick = function () {
 // Select the content
document.querySelector("#copy-input").select();
// Copy to the clipboard
document.execCommand("copy");
};

383. What is the shortcut to get timestamp

You can use new Date().getTime() to get the current timestamp. There is
an alternative shortcut to get the value.
console.log(+new Date());
console.log(Date.now());

384. How do you flattening multi dimensional

arrays
Flattening bi-dimensional arrays is trivial with Spread operator.

const biDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, 55], [66, 77], 88, 99];
const flattenArr = [].concat(...biDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44,
55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

But you can make it work with multi-dimensional arrays by recursive

calls,

function flattenMultiArray(arr) {
const flattened = [].concat(...arr);
return flattened.some((item) => Array.isArray(item))
? flattenMultiArray(flattened)
: flattened;
}
const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]],
99]]];
const flatArr = flattenMultiArray(multiDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33,
44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

Also you can use the flat method of Array.

const arr = [1, [2, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]];
const fllattenArr = arr.flat(); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

// And for multiDemensional arrays

const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]],
99]]];
const oneStepFlat = multiDimensionalArr.flat(1); // [11, 22, 33, 44,
[55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]
const towStep = multiDimensionalArr.flat(2); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55,
66, [77, [88]], 99]
 const fullyFlatArray = multiDimensionalArr.flat(Infinity); // [11, 22,
33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

385. What is the easiest multi condition checking

You can use indexOf to compare input with multiple values instead of
checking each value as one condition.
// Verbose approach
if (
input === "first" ||
input === 1 ||
input === "second" ||
input === 2
) {
someFunction();
}
// Shortcut
if (["first", 1, "second", 2].indexOf(input) !== -1) {
someFunction();
}

386. How do you capture browser back button

The beforeunload event is triggered when the window, the document
and its resources are about to be unloaded. This event is helpful to
warn users about losing the current data and detect back button event.
window.addEventListener('beforeunload', () => {
console.log('Clicked browser back button');
});

You can also use popstate event to detect the browser back
button. Note: The history entry has been activated
using history.pushState method.
window.addEventListener('popstate', () => {
console.log('Clicked browser back button');
box.style.backgroundColor = 'white';
});

const box = document.getElementById('div');

box.addEventListener('click', () => {
box.style.backgroundColor = 'blue';
window.history.pushState({}, null, null);
});
In the preceeding code, When the box element clicked, its background color
appears in blue color and changed to while color upon clicking the browser
back button using `popstate` event handler. The `state` property of
`popstate` contains the copy of history entry's state object.

**[ ](#table-of-contents)**

379. How do you disable right click in the web

page
The right click on the page can be disabled by returning false from
the oncontextmenu attribute on the body element.
<body oncontextmenu="return false;"></body>

380. What are wrapper objects

Primitive Values like string,number and boolean don't have properties
and methods but they are temporarily converted or coerced to an
object(Wrapper object) when you try to perform actions on them. For
example, if you apply toUpperCase() method on a primitive string
value, it does not throw an error but returns uppercase of the string.

let name = "john";

console.log(name.toUpperCase()); // Behind the scenes treated as

console.log(new String(name).toUpperCase());

i.e, Every primitive except null and undefined have Wrapper Objects
and the list of wrapper objects are String,Number,Boolean,Symbol and
BigInt.

381. What is AJAX

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and it is a group of
related technologies(HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest API etc)
used to display data asynchronously. i.e. We can send data to the
server and get data from the server without reloading the web page.

382. What are the different ways to deal with

Asynchronous Code
Below are the list of different ways to deal with Asynchronous code.
 i. Callbacks
ii. Promises
iii. Async/await
iv. Third-party libraries such as async.js,bluebird etc

383. How to cancel a fetch request

Until a few days back, One shortcoming of native promises is no direct
way to cancel a fetch request. But the new AbortController from js
specification allows you to use a signal to abort one or multiple fetch
calls. The basic flow of cancelling a fetch request would be as below,

i. Create an AbortController instance

ii. Get the signal property of an instance and pass the signal as a
fetch option for signal
iii. Call the AbortController's abort property to cancel all fetches that
use that signal For example, let's pass the same signal to
multiple fetch calls will cancel all requests with that signal,

const controller = new AbortController();

const { signal } = controller;

fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal })
.then((response) => {
console.log(`Request 1 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if (e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal })
.then((response) => {
console.log(`Request 2 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if (e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

// Wait 2 seconds to abort both requests

setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 2000);
384. What is web speech API
Web speech API is used to enable modern browsers recognize and
synthesize speech(i.e, voice data into web apps). This API has been
introduced by W3C Community in the year 2012. It has two main parts,

i. SpeechRecognition (Asynchronous Speech Recognition or

Speech-to-Text): It provides the ability to recognize voice
context from an audio input and respond accordingly. This is
accessed by the SpeechRecognition interface. The below example
shows on how to use this API to get text from speech,

window.SpeechRecognition =
window.webkitSpeechRecognition || window.SpeechRecognition; //
webkitSpeechRecognition for Chrome and SpeechRecognition for FF
const recognition = new window.SpeechRecognition();
recognition.onresult = (event) => {
// SpeechRecognitionEvent type
const speechToText = event.results[0][0].transcript;
console.log(speechToText);
};
recognition.start();

In this API, browser is going to ask you for permission to use your
microphone

ii. SpeechSynthesis (Text-to-Speech): It provides the ability to

recognize voice context from an audio input and respond. This is
accessed by the SpeechSynthesis interface. For example, the
below code is used to get voice/speech from text,

if ("speechSynthesis" in window) {
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance("Hello World!");
speech.lang = "en-US";
window.speechSynthesis.speak(speech);
}

The above examples can be tested on chrome(33+) browser's

developer console. Note: This API is still a working draft and only
available in Chrome and Firefox browsers(ofcourse Chrome only
implemented the specification)

385. What is minimum timeout throttling

Both browser and NodeJS javascript environments throttles with a
minimum delay that is greater than 0ms. That means even though
 setting a delay of 0ms will not happen
instantaneously. Browsers: They have a minimum delay of 4ms. This
throttle occurs when successive calls are triggered due to callback
nesting(certain depth) or after a certain number of successive
intervals. Note: The older browsers have a minimum delay of
10ms. Nodejs: They have a minimum delay of 1ms. This throttle
happens when the delay is larger than 2147483647 or less than 1. The
best example to explain this timeout throttling behavior is the order of
below code snippet.

function runMeFirst() {
console.log("My script is initialized");
}
setTimeout(runMeFirst, 0);
console.log("Script loaded");

and the output would be in

Script loaded
My script is initialized

If you don't use setTimeout, the order of logs will be sequential.

function runMeFirst() {
console.log("My script is initialized");
}
runMeFirst();
console.log("Script loaded");

and the output is,

My script is initialized
Script loaded

386. How do you implement zero timeout in

modern browsers
You can't use setTimeout(fn, 0) to execute the code immediately due
to minimum delay of greater than 0ms. But you can use
window.postMessage() to achieve this behavior.

387. What are tasks in event loop

A task is any javascript code/program which is scheduled to be run by
the standard mechanisms such as initially starting to run a program,
run an event callback, or an interval or timeout being fired. All these
 tasks are scheduled on a task queue. Below are the list of use cases to
add tasks to the task queue,

i. When a new javascript program is executed directly from console

or running by the <script> element, the task will be added to the
task queue.
ii. When an event fires, the event callback added to task queue
iii. When a setTimeout or setInterval is reached, the corresponding
callback added to task queue

388. What is microtask

Microtask is the javascript code which needs to be executed
immediately after the currently executing task/microtask is completed.
They are kind of blocking in nature. i.e, The main thread will be
blocked until the microtask queue is empty. The main sources of
microtasks are Promise.resolve, Promise.reject, MutationObservers,
IntersectionObservers etc

Note: All of these microtasks are processed in the same turn of the
event loop.

389. What are different event loops

In JavaScript, there are multiple event loops that can be used
depending on the context of your application. The most common event
loops are:

390. The Browser Event Loop

391. The Node.js Event Loop

- Browser Event Loop: The Browser Event Loop is used in client-side

JavaScript applications and is responsible for handling events that occur
within the browser environment, such as user interactions (clicks,
keypresses, etc.), HTTP requests, and other asynchronous actions.

- The Node.js Event Loop is used in server-side JavaScript applications and

is responsible for handling events that occur within the Node.js runtime
environment, such as file I/O, network I/O, and other asynchronous actions.

**[ ](#table-of-contents)**

390. What is the purpose of queueMicrotask

 The queueMicrotask function is used to schedule a microtask, which is a
function that will be executed asynchronously in the microtask queue.
The purpose of queueMicrotask is to ensure that a function is executed
after the current task has finished, but before the browser performs
any rendering or handles user events.

Example:

console.log("Start"); //1

queueMicrotask(() => {
console.log("Inside microtask"); // 3
});

console.log("End"); //2

By using queueMicrotask, you can ensure that certain tasks or

callbacks are executed at the earliest opportunity during the JavaScript
event loop, making it useful for performing work that needs to be done
asynchronously but with higher priority than
regular setTimeout or setInterval callbacks.

391. How do you use javascript libraries in

typescript file
It is known that not all JavaScript libraries or frameworks have
TypeScript declaration files. But if you still want to use libraries or
frameworks in our TypeScript files without getting compilation errors,
the only solution is declare keyword along with a variable declaration.
For example, let's imagine you have a library called customLibrary that
doesn’t have a TypeScript declaration and have a namespace
called customLibrary in the global namespace. You can use this library
in typescript code as below,
declare var customLibrary;

In the runtime, typescript will provide the type to

the customLibrary variable as any type. The another alternative without
using declare keyword is below
var customLibrary: any;

392. What are the differences between promises

and observables
Some of the major difference in a tabular form
 Promises Observables

Emits multiple values over a period of

Emits only a single value at a time time(stream of values ranging from 0 to
multiple)

Eager in nature; they are going to be Lazy in nature; they require subscription to
called immediately be invoked

Promise is always asynchronous Observable can be either synchronous or

even though it resolved immediately asynchronous

Provides operators such as map, forEach,

Doesn't provide any operators
filter, reduce, retry, and retryWhen etc

Cannot be canceled Canceled by using unsubscribe() method

393. What is heap

Heap(Or memory heap) is the memory location where objects are
stored when we define variables. i.e, This is the place where all the
memory allocations and de-allocation take place. Both heap and call-
stack are two containers of JS runtime. Whenever runtime comes
across variables and function declarations in the code it stores them in
the Heap.
394. What is an event table
Event Table is a data structure that stores and keeps track of all the
events which will be executed asynchronously like after some time
interval or after the resolution of some API requests. i.e Whenever you
call a setTimeout function or invoke async operation, it is added to the
Event Table. It doesn't not execute functions on it’s own. The main
purpose of the event table is to keep track of events and send them to
the Event Queue as shown in the below diagram.
395. What is a microTask queue
Microtask Queue is the new queue where all the tasks initiated by
promise objects get processed before the callback queue. The
microtasks queue are processed before the next rendering and
painting jobs. But if these microtasks are running for a long time then
it leads to visual degradation.

396. What is the difference between shim and

polyfill
A shim is a library that brings a new API to an older environment, using
only the means of that environment. It isn't necessarily restricted to a
web application. For example, es5-shim.js is used to emulate ES5
features on older browsers (mainly pre IE9). Whereas polyfill is a piece
of code (or plugin) that provides the technology that you, the
developer, expect the browser to provide natively. In a simple
sentence, A polyfill is a shim for a browser API.
397. How do you detect primitive or non primitive
value type
In JavaScript, primitive types include boolean, string, number, BigInt,
null, Symbol and undefined. Whereas non-primitive types include the
Objects. But you can easily identify them with the below function,

var myPrimitive = 30;

var myNonPrimitive = {};
function isPrimitive(val) {
return Object(val) !== val;
}

isPrimitive(myPrimitive);
isPrimitive(myNonPrimitive);

If the value is a primitive data type, the Object constructor creates a

new wrapper object for the value. But If the value is a non-primitive
data type (an object), the Object constructor will give the same object.

398. What is babel

Babel is a JavaScript transpiler to convert ECMAScript 2015+ code into
a backwards compatible version of JavaScript in current and older
browsers or environments. Some of the main features are listed below,

i. Transform syntax
ii. Polyfill features that are missing in your target environment
(using @babel/polyfill)
iii. Source code transformations (or codemods)

399. Is Node.js completely single threaded

Node is a single thread, but some of the functions included in the
Node.js standard library(e.g, fs module functions) are not single
threaded. i.e, Their logic runs outside of the Node.js single thread to
improve the speed and performance of a program.

400. What are the common use cases of

observables
 Some of the most common use cases of observables are web sockets
with push notifications, user input changes, repeating intervals, etc

401. What is RxJS

RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for implementing
reactive programming using observables that makes it easier to
compose asynchronous or callback-based code. It also provides utility
functions for creating and working with observables.

402. What is the difference between Function

constructor and function declaration
The functions which are created with Function constructor do not create
closures to their creation contexts but they are always created in the
global scope. i.e, the function can access its own local variables and
global scope variables only. Whereas function declarations can access
outer function variables(closures) too.

Let's see this difference with an example,

Function Constructor:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return new Function("return a;");
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 100

Function declaration:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return function func() {
return a;
};
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 200

403. What is a Short circuit condition

 Short circuit conditions are meant for condensed way of writing simple
if statements. Let's demonstrate the scenario using an example. If you
would like to login to a portal with an authentication condition, the
expression would be as below,

if (authenticate) {
loginToPorta();
}

Since the javascript logical operators evaluated from left to right, the
above expression can be simplified using && logical operator

authenticate && loginToPorta();

404. What is the easiest way to resize an array

The length property of an array is useful to resize or empty an array
quickly. Let's apply length property on number array to resize the
number of elements from 5 to 2,

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

console.log(array.length); // 5

array.length = 2;
console.log(array.length); // 2
console.log(array); // [1,2]

and the array can be emptied too

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

array.length = 0;
console.log(array.length); // 0
console.log(array); // []

405. What is an observable

An Observable is basically a function that can return a stream of values
either synchronously or asynchronously to an observer over time. The
consumer can get the value by calling subscribe() method. Let's look at
a simple example of an Observable
import { Observable } from "rxjs";

const observable = new Observable((observer) => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next("Message from a Observable!");
}, 3000);
 });

observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));

Note: Observables are not part of the JavaScript language yet but they
are being proposed to be added to the language

406. What is the difference between function and

class declarations
The main difference between function declarations and class
declarations is hoisting. The function declarations are hoisted but not
class declarations.

Classes:

const user = new User(); // ReferenceError

class User {}

Constructor Function:

const user = new User(); // No error

function User() {}
407. What is an async function
An async function is a function declared with the async keyword which
enables asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a
cleaner style by avoiding promise chains. These functions can contain
zero or more await expressions.

Let's take a below async function example,

async function logger() {

let data = await fetch("http://someapi.com/users"); // pause until
fetch returns
console.log(data);
}
logger();

It is basically syntax sugar over ES2015 promises and generators.

408. How do you prevent promises swallowing

errors
While using asynchronous code, JavaScript’s ES6 promises can make
your life a lot easier without having callback pyramids and error
handling on every second line. But Promises have some pitfalls and the
biggest one is swallowing errors by default.

Let's say you expect to print an error to the console for all the below
cases,

Promise.resolve("promised value").then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

Promise.reject("error value").catch(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

throw new Error("error");
});

But there are many modern JavaScript environments that won't print
any errors. You can fix this problem in different ways,
 i. Add catch block at the end of each chain: You can add catch
block to the end of each of your promise chains

ii. Promise.resolve("promised value")

iii. .then(function () {
iv. throw new Error("error");
v. })
vi. .catch(function (error) {
vii. console.error(error.stack);
});

But it is quite difficult to type for each promise chain and verbose
too.

viii. Add done method: You can replace first solution's then and
catch blocks with done method

ix. Promise.resolve("promised value").done(function () {

x. throw new Error("error");
});

Let's say you want to fetch data using HTTP and later perform
processing on the resulting data asynchronously. You can
write done block as below,
getDataFromHttp()
.then(function (result) {
return processDataAsync(result);
})
.done(function (processed) {
displayData(processed);
});

In future, if the processing library API changed to synchronous

then you can remove done block as below,
getDataFromHttp().then(function (result) {
return displayData(processDataAsync(result));
});

and then you forgot to add done block to then block leads to silent
errors.

xi. Extend ES6 Promises by Bluebird: Bluebird extends the ES6

Promises API to avoid the issue in the second solution. This
library has a “default” onRejection handler which will print all
errors from rejected Promises to stderr. After installation, you
can process unhandled rejections

xii. Promise.onPossiblyUnhandledRejection(function (error) {

xiii. throw error;
});

and discard a rejection, just handle it with an empty catch

 Promise.reject("error value").catch(function () {});

409. What is deno

Deno is a simple, modern and secure runtime for JavaScript and
TypeScript that uses V8 JavaScript engine and the Rust programming
language.

410. How do you make an object iterable in

javascript
By default, plain objects are not iterable. But you can make the object
iterable by defining a Symbol.iterator property on it.

Let's demonstrate this with an example,

const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[Symbol.iterator]() {
const values = Object.keys(this);
let i = 0;
return {
next: () => {
return {
value: this[values[i++]],
done: i > values.length,
};
},
};
},
};

const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();

console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 1, done: false}

console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: undefined, done: true}

The above process can be simplified using a generator function,

const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
 [Symbol.iterator]: function* () {
for (let key in this) {
yield this[key];
}
},
};
const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 1, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: undefined, done: true}

411. What is a Proper Tail Call

First, we should know about tail call before talking about "Proper Tail
Call". A tail call is a subroutine or function call performed as the final
action of a calling function. Whereas Proper tail call(PTC) is a
technique where the program or code will not create additional stack
frames for a recursion when the function call is a tail call.

For example, the below classic or head recursion of factorial function

relies on stack for each step. Each step need to be processed upto n *
factorial(n - 1)
function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1;
}
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120

But if you use Tail recursion functions, they keep passing all the
necessary data it needs down the recursion without relying on the
stack.

function factorial(n, acc = 1) {

if (n === 0) {
return acc;
}
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120

The above pattern returns the same output as the first one. But the
accumulator keeps track of total as an argument without using stack
memory on recursive calls.
412. How do you check an object is a promise or
not
If you don't know if a value is a promise or not, wrapping the value
as Promise.resolve(value) which returns a promise
function isPromise(object) {
if (Promise && Promise.resolve) {
return Promise.resolve(object) == object;
} else {
throw "Promise not supported in your environment";
}
}

var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});

console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true

Another way is to check for .then() handler type

function isPromise(value) {
return Boolean(value && typeof value.then === "function");
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});

console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true

413. How to detect if a function is called as

constructor
You can use new.target pseudo-property to detect whether a function
was called as a constructor(using the new operator) or as a regular
function call.

i. If a constructor or function invoked using the new operator,

new.target returns a reference to the constructor or function.
ii. For function calls, new.target is undefined.

function Myfunc() {
if (new.target) {
console.log("called with new");
} else {
 console.log("not called with new");
}
}

new Myfunc(); // called with new

Myfunc(); // not called with new
Myfunc.call({}); // not called with new

414. What are the differences between arguments

object and rest parameter
There are three main differences between arguments object and rest
parameters

i. The arguments object is an array-like but not an array. Whereas

the rest parameters are array instances.
ii. The arguments object does not support methods such as sort,
map, forEach, or pop. Whereas these methods can be used in
rest parameters.
iii. The rest parameters are only the ones that haven’t been given a
separate name, while the arguments object contains all
arguments passed to the function

415. What are the differences between spread

operator and rest parameter
Rest parameter collects all remaining elements into an array. Whereas
Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be
expanded into single arguments/elements. i.e, Rest parameter is
opposite to the spread operator.

416. What are the different kinds of generators

There are five kinds of generators,

i. Generator function declaration:

ii. function* myGenFunc() {

iii. yield 1;
iv. yield 2;
 v. yield 3;
vi. }
const genObj = myGenFunc();

vii. Generator function expressions:

viii. const myGenFunc = function* () {

ix. yield 1;
x. yield 2;
xi. yield 3;
xii. };
const genObj = myGenFunc();

xiii. Generator method definitions in object literals:

xiv. const myObj = {

xv. *myGeneratorMethod() {
xvi. yield 1;
xvii. yield 2;
xviii. yield 3;
xix. },
xx. };
const genObj = myObj.myGeneratorMethod();

xxi. Generator method definitions in class:

xxii. class MyClass {

xxiii. *myGeneratorMethod() {
xxiv. yield 1;
xxv. yield 2;
xxvi. yield 3;
xxvii. }
xxviii. }
xxix. const myObject = new MyClass();
const genObj = myObject.myGeneratorMethod();

xxx. Generator as a computed property:

xxxi. const SomeObj = {

xxxii. *[Symbol.iterator]() {
xxxiii. yield 1;
xxxiv. yield 2;
xxxv. yield 3;
xxxvi. },
xxxvii. };
xxxviii.
console.log(Array.from(SomeObj)); // [ 1, 2, 3 ]

417. What are the built-in iterables

Below are the list of built-in iterables in javascript,
 i. Arrays and TypedArrays
ii. Strings: Iterate over each character or Unicode code-points
iii. Maps: iterate over its key-value pairs
iv. Sets: iterates over their elements
v. arguments: An array-like special variable in functions
vi. DOM collection such as NodeList

418. What are the differences between for...of and

for...in statements
Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over js data structures. The
only difference is over what they iterate:

i. for..in iterates over all enumerable property keys of an object

ii. for..of iterates over the values of an iterable object.

Let's explain this difference with an example,

let arr = ["a", "b", "c"];

arr.newProp = "newVlue";

// key are the property keys

for (let key in arr) {
console.log(key); // 0, 1, 2 & newValue
}

// value are the property values

for (let value of arr) {
console.log(value); // a, b, c
}

Since for..in loop iterates over the keys of the object, the first loop logs
0, 1, 2 and newProp while iterating over the array object. The for..of
loop iterates over the values of a arr data structure and logs a, b, c in
the console.

419. How do you define instance and non-instance

properties
 The Instance properties must be defined inside of class methods. For
example, name and age properties defined inside constructor as
below,

class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}

But Static(class) and prototype data properties must be defined

outside of the ClassBody declaration. Let's assign the age value for
Person class as below,

Person.staticAge = 30;
Person.prototype.prototypeAge = 40;

420. What is the difference between isNaN and

Number.isNaN?
i. isNaN: The global function isNaN converts the argument to a
Number and returns true if the resulting value is NaN.
ii. Number.isNaN: This method does not convert the argument.
But it returns true when the type is a Number and value is NaN.

Let's see the difference with an example,

isNaN(‘hello’); // true
Number.isNaN('hello'); // false

421. How to invoke an IIFE without any extra

brackets?
Immediately Invoked Function Expressions(IIFE) requires a pair of
parenthesis to wrap the function which contains set of statements.

(function (dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
})(new Date());

Since both IIFE and void operator discard the result of an expression,
you can avoid the extra brackets using void operator for IIFE as below,
void (function (dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
 })(new Date());

422. Is that possible to use expressions in switch

cases?
You might have seen expressions used in switch condition but it is also
possible to use for switch cases by assigning true value for the switch
condition. Let's see the weather condition based on temparature as an
example,

const weather = (function getWeather(temp) {

switch (true) {
case temp < 0:
return "freezing";
case temp < 10:
return "cold";
case temp < 24:
return "cool";
default:
return "unknown";
}
})(10);

423. What is the easiest way to ignore promise

errors?
The easiest and safest way to ignore promise errors is void that error.
This approach is ESLint friendly too.

await promise.catch((e) => void e);

424. How do style the console output using CSS?

You can add CSS styling to the console output using the CSS format
content specifier %c. The console string message can be appended
after the specifier and CSS style in another argument. Let's print the
red the color text using console.log and CSS specifier as below,

console.log("%cThis is a red text", "color:red");

It is also possible to add more styles for the content. For example, the
font-size can be modified for the above text
 console.log(
"%cThis is a red text with bigger font",
"color:red; font-size:20px"
);

425. What is nullish coalescing operator (??)?

It is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its
left-hand side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its
left-hand side operand. This can be contrasted with the logical OR (||)
operator, which returns the right-hand side operand if the left operand
is any falsy value, not only null or undefined.

console.log(null ?? true); // true

console.log(false ?? true); // false
console.log(undefined ?? true); // true

426. How do you group and nest console output?

The console.group() can be used to group related log messages to be
able to easily read the logs and use console.groupEnd()to close the
group. Along with this, you can also nest groups which allows to output
message in hierarchical manner.

For example, if you’re logging a user’s details:

console.group("User Details");
console.log("name: Sudheer Jonna");
console.log("job: Software Developer");

// Nested Group
console.group("Address");
console.log("Street: Commonwealth");
console.log("City: Los Angeles");
console.log("State: California");

// Close nested group

console.groupEnd();

// Close outer group

console.groupEnd();

You can also use console.groupCollapsed() instead of console.group() if

you want the groups to be collapsed by default.
427. What is the difference between dense and
sparse arrays?
An array contains items at each index starting from first(0) to
last(array.length - 1) is called as Dense array. Whereas if at least one
item is missing at any index, the array is called as sparse.

Let's see the below two kind of arrays,

const avengers = ["Ironman", "Hulk", "CaptainAmerica"];

console.log(avengers[0]); // 'Ironman'
console.log(avengers[1]); // 'Hulk'
console.log(avengers[2]); // 'CaptainAmerica'
console.log(avengers.length); // 3

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];

console.log(justiceLeague[0]); // 'Superman'
console.log(justiceLeague[1]); // 'Aquaman'
console.log(justiceLeague[2]); // undefined
console.log(justiceLeague[3]); // 'Batman'
console.log(justiceLeague.length); // 4

428. What are the different ways to create sparse

arrays?
There are 4 different ways to create sparse arrays in JavaScript

i. Array literal: Omit a value when using the array literal

ii. const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman',
empty ,'Batman']

iii. Array() constructor: Invoking Array(length) or new

Array(length)
iv. const array = Array(3);
console.log(array); // [empty, empty ,empty]

v. Delete operator: Using delete array[index] operator on the

array
vi. const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];
vii. delete justiceLeague[1];
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', empty, ,'Batman']

viii. Increase length property: Increasing length property of an

array
ix. const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];
x. justiceLeague.length = 5;
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', 'Batman',
empty, empty]
429. What is the difference between setTimeout,
setImmediate and process.nextTick?
i. Set Timeout: setTimeout() is to schedule execution of a one-
time callback after delay milliseconds.
ii. Set Immediate: The setImmediate function is used to execute a
function right after the current event loop finishes.
iii. Process NextTick: If process.nextTick() is called in a given
phase, all the callbacks passed to process.nextTick() will be
resolved before the event loop continues. This will block the
event loop and create I/O Starvation if process.nextTick() is
called recursively.

430. How do you reverse an array without

modifying original array?
The reverse() method reverses the order of the elements in an array
but it mutates the original array. Let's take a simple example to
demonistrate this case,
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.reverse();

console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
console.log(originalArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

There are few solutions that won't mutate the original array. Let's take
a look.

i. Using slice and reverse methods: In this case, just invoke

the slice() method on the array to create a shallow copy
followed by reverse() method call on the copy.
ii. const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
iii. const newArray = originalArray.slice().reverse(); //Slice an
array gives a new copy
iv.
v. console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

vi. Using spread and reverse methods: In this case, let's use the
spread syntax (...) to create a copy of the array followed
by reverse() method call on the copy.
vii. const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
viii. const newArray = [...originalArray].reverse();
 ix.
x. console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

xi. Using reduce and spread methods: Here execute a reducer

function on an array elements and append the accumulated
array on right side using spread syntax

xii. const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

xiii. const newArray = originalArray.reduce((accumulator, value) => {
xiv. return [value, ...accumulator];
xv. }, []);
xvi.
xvii. console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

xviii. Using reduceRight and spread methods: Here execute a

right reducer function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method)
on an array elements and append the accumulated array on left
side using spread syntax

xix. const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

xx. const newArray = originalArray.reduceRight((accumulator, value)
=> {
xxi. return [...accumulator, value];
xxii. }, []);
xxiii.
xxiv. console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

xxv. Using reduceRight and push methods: Here execute a right

reducer function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method) on an
array elements and push the iterated value to the accumulator

xxvi. const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

xxvii. const newArray = originalArray.reduceRight((accumulator, value)
=> {
xxviii. accumulator.push(value);
xxix. return accumulator;
xxx. }, []);
xxxi.
xxxii. console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

431. How do you create custom HTML element?

The creation of custom HTML elements involves two main steps,
 i. Define your custom HTML element: First you need to define
some custom class by extending HTMLElement class. After that
define your component properties (styles,text etc)
using connectedCallback method. Note: The browser exposes a
function called customElements.define inorder to reuse the
element.
ii. class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {
iii. connectedCallback() {
iv. this.innerHTML = "This is a custom element";
v. }
vi. }
customElements.define("custom-element", CustomElement);

vii. Use custome element just like other HTML

element: Declare your custom element as a HTML tag.

<body>
<custom-element>
</body>

432. What is global execution context?

The global execution context is the default or first execution context
that is created by the JavaScript engine before any code is
executed(i.e, when the file first loads in the browser). All the global
code that is not inside a function or object will be executed inside this
global execution context. Since JS engine is single threaded there will
be only one global environment and there will be only one global
execution context.

For example, the below code other than code inside any function or
object is executed inside the global execution context.

var x = 10;

function A() {
console.log("Start function A");

function B() {
console.log("In function B");
}

B();
}

A();

console.log("GlobalContext");
433. What is function execution context?
Whenever a function is invoked, the JavaScript engine creates a
different type of Execution Context known as a Function Execution
Context (FEC) within the Global Execution Context (GEC) to evaluate
and execute the code within that function.

434. What is debouncing?

Debouncing is a programming pattern that allows delaying execution
of some piece of code until a specified time to avoid unnecessary CPU
cycles, API calls and improve performance. The debounce function
make sure that your code is only triggered once per user input. The
common usecases are Search box suggestions, text-field auto-saves,
and eliminating double-button clicks.

Let's say you want to show suggestions for a search query, but only
after a visitor has finished typing it. So here you write a debounce
function where the user keeps writing the characters with in 500ms
then previous timer cleared out using clearTimeout and reschedule API
call/DB query for a new time—300 ms in the future.
function debounce(func, timeout = 500) {
let timer;
return (...args) => {
clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(() => {
func.apply(this, args);
}, timeout);
};
}
function fetchResults() {
console.log("Fetching input suggestions");
}
const processChange = debounce(() => fetchResults());

The debounce() function can be used on input, button and window

events

Input:

<input type="text" onkeyup="processChange()" />

Button:

<button onclick="processChange()">Click me</button>

 Windows event:

window.addEventListener("scroll", processChange);

435. What is throttling?

Throttling is a technique used to limit the execution of an event
handler function, even when this event triggers continuously due to
user actions. The common use cases are browser resizing, window
scrolling etc.

The below example creates a throttle function to reduce the number of

events for each pixel change and trigger scroll event for each 100ms
except for the first event.

const throttle = (func, limit) => {

let inThrottle;
return (...args) => {
if (!inThrottle) {
func.apply(this, args);
inThrottle = true;
setTimeout(() => (inThrottle = false), limit);
}
};
};
window.addEventListener("scroll", () => {
throttle(handleScrollAnimation, 100);
});

436. What is optional chaining?

According to MDN official docs, the optional chaining operator (?.)
permits reading the value of a property located deep within a chain of
connected objects without having to expressly validate that each
reference in the chain is valid.

The ?. operator is like the . chaining operator, except that instead of

causing an error if a reference is nullish (null or undefined), the
expression short-circuits with a return value of undefined. When used
with function calls, it returns undefined if the given function does not
exist.

const adventurer = {
name: "Alice",
cat: {
 name: "Dinah",
},
};

const dogName = adventurer.dog?.name;

console.log(dogName);
// expected output: undefined

console.log(adventurer.someNonExistentMethod?.());
// expected output: undefined

437. What is an environment record?

According to ECMAScript specification 262 (9.1):

Environment Record is a specification type used to define the

association of Identifiers to specific variables and functions, based
upon the lexical nesting structure of ECMAScript code.

Usually an Environment Record is associated with some specific

syntactic structure of ECMAScript code such as a FunctionDeclaration,
a BlockStatement, or a Catch clause of a TryStatement.

Each time such code is evaluated, a new Environment Record is

created to record the identifier bindings that are created by that code.

438. How to verify if a variable is an array?

It is possible to check if a variable is an array instance using 3 different
ways,

i. Array.isArray() method:

The Array.isArray(value) utility function is used to determine

whether value is an array or not. This function returns a true
boolean value if the variable is an array and a false value if it is
not.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const user = { name: "John" };
Array.isArray(numbers); // true
Array.isArray(user); //false

ii. instanceof operator:

 The instanceof operator is used to check the type of an array at
run time. It returns true if the type of a variable is an Array other
false for other type.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

const user = { name: "John" };
console.log(numbers instanceof Array); // true
console.log(user instanceof Array); // false

iii. Checking constructor type:

The constructor property of the variable is used to determine

whether the variable Array type or not.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

const user = { name: "John" };
console.log(numbers.constructor === Array); // true
console.log(user.constructor === Array); // false

439. What is pass by value and pass by reference?

Pass-by-value creates a new space in memory and makes a copy of a
value. Primitives such as string, number, boolean etc will actually
create a new copy. Hence, updating one value doesn't impact the
other value. i.e, The values are independent of each other.

let a = 5;
let b = a;

b++;
console.log(a, b); //5, 6

In the above code snippet, the value of a is assigned to b and the

variable b has been incremented. Since there is a new space created
for variable b, any update on this variable doesn't impact the
variable a.

Pass by reference doesn't create a new space in memory but the new
variable adopts a memory address of an initial variable. Non-primitives
such as objects, arrays and functions gets the reference of the initiable
variable. i.e, updating one value will impact the other variable.

let user1 = {
name: "John",
age: 27,
};
let user2 = user1;
user2.age = 30;
 console.log(user1.age, user2.age); // 30, 30

In the above code snippet, updating the age property of one object will
impact the other property due to the same reference.

440. What are the differences between primitives

and non-primitives?
JavaScript language has both primitives and non-primitives but there
are few differences between them as below,

Primitives Non-primitives

These types are predefined Created by developer

These are immutable Mutable

Compare by value Compare by reference

Stored in Stack Stored in heap

Contain certain value Can contain NULL too

441. How do you create your own bind method

using either call or apply method?
The custom bind function needs to be created on Function prototype
inorder to use it as other builtin functions. This custom function should
return a function similar to original bind method and the
implementation of inner function needs to use apply method call.

The function which is going to bind using custom myOwnBind method act
as the attached function(boundTargetFunction) and argument as the
object for apply method call.
Function.prototype.myOwnBind = function (whoIsCallingMe) {
if (typeof this !== "function") {
throw new Error(this + "cannot be bound as it's not callable");
}
 const boundTargetFunction = this;
return function () {
boundTargetFunction.apply(whoIsCallingMe, arguments);
};
};

442. What are the differences between pure and

impure functions?
Some of the major differences between pure and impure function are
as below,

Pure function Impure function

It has no side effects It causes side effects

It is always return the

It returns different result on each call
same result

Easy to read and Difficult to read and debug because they are
debug affected by extenal code

445. What is referential transparency?

An expression in javascript that can be replaced by its value without
affecting the behaviour of the program is called referential transparency.
Pure functions are referentially transparent.

const add = (x, y) => x + y;

const multiplyBy2 = (x) => x * 2;

//Now add (2, 3) can be replaced by 5.

multiplyBy2(add(2, 3));

446. What are the possible side-effects in

javascript?
 A side effect is the modification of the state through the invocation of a
function or expression. These side effects make our function impure by
default. Below are some side effects which make function impure,

 Making an HTTP request. Asynchronous functions such as fetch and

promise are impure.
 DOM manipulations
 Mutating the input data
 Printing to a screen or console: For example, console.log() and alert()
 Fetching the current time
 Math.random() calls: Modifies the internal state of Math object

447. What are compose and pipe functions?

The "compose" and "pipe" are two techniques commonly used in
functional programming to simplify complex operations and make code
more readable. They are not native to JavaScript and higher-order
functions. the compose() applies right to left any number of functions to
the output of the previous function.

448. What is module pattern?

Module pattern is a designed pattern used to wrap a set of variables
and functions together in a single scope returned as an object.
JavaScript doesn't have access specifiers similar to other
languages(Java, Python, etc) to provide private scope. It uses IIFE
(Immediately invoked function expression) to allow for private scopes.
i.e., a closure that protect variables and methods.

The module pattern looks like below,

(function () {
// Private variables or functions goes here.

return {
// Return public variables or functions here.
};
})();

Let's see an example of a module pattern for an employee with private

and public access,
 const createEmployee = (function () {
// Private
const name = "John";
const department = "Sales";
const getEmployeeName = () => name;
const getDepartmentName = () => department;

// Public
return {
name,
department,
getName: () => getEmployeeName(),
getDepartment: () => getDepartmentName(),
};
})();

console.log(createEmployee.name);
console.log(createEmployee.department);
console.log(createEmployee.getName());
console.log(createEmployee.getDepartment());

Note: It mimic the concepts of classes with private variables and

methods.

449. What is Function Composition?

It is an approach where the result of one function is passed on to the
next function, which is passed to another until the final function is
executed for the final result.

//example
const double = (x) => x * 2;
const square = (x) => x * x;

var output1 = double(2);

var output2 = square(output1);
console.log(output2);

var output_final = square(double(2));

console.log(output_final);

450. How to use await outside of async function

prior to ES2022?
Prior to ES2022, if you attempted to use an await outside of an async
function resulted in a SyntaxError.
 await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); // SyntaxError:
await is only valid in async function

But you can fix this issue with an alternative IIFE (Immediately Invoked
Function Expression) to get access to the feature.

(async function () {
await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); // Hello await
})();

In ES2022, you can write top-level await without writing any hacks.

await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); //Hello await

451. What is the purpose of the this keyword in

JavaScript?
 The this keyword in JavaScript is a special variable that is used within a
function to refer to the object on which the function is invoked. The
value of this depends on how the function is called. It allows functions
to access and interact with the object they are bound to.
 The this keyword in JavaScript is a reference to the object that owns or
invokes the current function. Its value is determined by the calling
context. Example 1: this in a Global Context

console.log(this);

 In a global context, this refers to the global object (e.g., window in a

browser).

Example 2: this in a Function

function displayThis() {
console.log(this);
}

displayThis();

 In a regular function, this refers to the global object.

Example 3: this in a Method

const person = {
name: 'John',
greet: function() {
console.log('Hello, ' + this.name);
}
};

person.greet();

 In a method, this refers to the object that owns the method (person in
the case).

Example 4: this in an Event Handler

document.getElementById('myButton').addEventListener('click', function() {
console.log(this);
});

 In an event handler, this refers to the element that triggered the event
(the button in this case).

Source: https://github.com/sudheerj/javascript-interview-questions