COMMUNICATION PROCESSES alone.

She reached the venue earlier than

expected. She was already feeling uncomfortable
AND PRINCIPLES
because she did not find anybody familiar. A few
Tracing the history of communication, we
more minutes passed, and she saw someone
would go back to prehistoric times when basic
familiar across the room. It was Geannie, her
sounds and utterances, symbols, and nonverbal
college friend. Genina pulled a big smile on her
forms of communication existed before writing.
face and started waving at Geannie. Seeing and
Early communication symbols were in the form of
recognizing her, Geannie smiled and waved back.
cave drawings, cave paintings, and boulder art.
Genina hastened to Geannie, and they started
Nonverbal communication was in the form of
talking to each other.
hand signals, body stances, and even smoke.
EXPLANATION
What is Communication? The first person we tend to talk to is
Theorists from different influences defined usually the closest person we know. Why?
the word communication for generations now. For Proxemics would tell us that we tend to
this course, we will use a simple definition of have a closer gravitational pull on people we are
communication. comfortable with in a personal or intimate manner.
The principle of proxemics would also
Communication alter our body language and facial expression.
➢ It came from the Latin word communicare, We tend to have an open body stance and
which means "to share" or "to make movement when comfortable with the person we
common." communicate with. This goes the same with our
➢ It is the exchange of ideas from one facial expressions.
person to another.
➢ It aims to express or send a thought or Genina's, situation is an example of the two-way
message to a single person, a small group, process of the nature of communication. In a
a big audience, or the mass. In return, the situation where Genina has strangeness with the
person, group, audience, or mass who people around her, she needs to communicate
received the message will interpret and with somebody she knows for her to receive
understand its meaning. A response feedback or the reaction she expects.
elicited from the receivers will complete Besides being a two-way process,
the cycle of communication. communication is also a continuing process. It is
This cycle of communication is what connects a cycle; it will continue until both parties decide to
human beings. stop.
Communication may be formal or
Communicating informal depending on the situation the
➢ can initiate, maintain, and terminate communicators are in and the environment at
relationships; present. Most of the communication process is
➢ can influence and persuade others; it can nonverbal, and only a few percent is verbal.
air concerns, fears, desires, questions and Communication can be personal or impersonal,
answers; depending on the relationship between the
➢ can manage and resolve personal, sender and the receiver.
national and international issues.
The survival of humanity depends on how What are the factors involved when you
effective and efficient inner and interpersonal communicate with somebody?
communication is. In communication, there are factors that
we need to consider before we start delivering
EXAMPLE our message to our receiver.
Genina's boss asked her to represent the
company at a promotional event sponsored by First, we need to identify the content to be
one of their suppliers. She was very nervous covered.
because it was her first time attending an event
 ➢ Are we going to give instructions to the THREE SENSORY PROCESS TYPES
person or group? 1. Visual.
➢ Do we plan to surprise them with good People who use this sensory
news? process use pictures in their minds when
➢ Do we plan to share ideas? storing messages and remembering
➢ Are we going to evaluate something with information. They have this skill to retain a
them? clear picture of the information and can
Second, we need to know the communication vividly recall and describe things by how
climate. they look.
➢ What feeling would our message 2. Auditory.
accompany? People who use this sensory
➢ What kind of atmosphere would our process focus on sounds when they store
message bring? information in their minds. They learn by
listening well.
Before you engage yourself in communication, 3. Kinesthetic.
you should have a clear picture of the content People who use this sensory
your message will cover. process rely on touch sensations when
➢ If you are going to give instructions, you storing information. They are tactile and
must have the step by step directions on kinesthetic when organizing and making
how to do something. sense of information.
➢ If you plan to surprise them with good
news, you choose words to elicit surprise You can identify what kind of sensory
and excitement. processing a person uses by listening and
➢ If you want to share ideas, you need to observing. People consciously or unconsciously
discuss those ideas. tend to beam out their sensory process types.
➢ If you need to evaluate something with
them, you need to make clear the criteria EXAMPLE
both of you will be using during the 1. A visual learner may use visually-oriented
evaluation. terms and say:
➢ "Let me tell you what the
It is not enough to have a clear picture of the marketing strategy looks like to
content of your message to ensure a successful me."
communication flow, you should consider the ➢ "Do you see what I mean?"
communication climate because it will affect how ➢ "Was he able to get the picture?"
you communicate. ➢ "The students need a clearer
There are two kinds of communication climate: vision of the plan."
positive and negative communication climate. In a 2. An auditory learner may say:
positive communication climate, you would find it ➢ "This is what his suggestion
easier to express your thoughts or feelings, solve sounds like to me."
problems, and make good decisions. In a ➢ "That word rings a bell."
negative communication climate, there tension ➢ "Is she hearing what I mean?"
and uneasiness. ➢ "To maintain good production, the
workers need to have more
After identifying the content of the message harmony in this factory.”
and the communication climate, you must now ➢ "They are not in tune with this."
learn how to tune in to the other person. Tuning in 3. A kinesthetic learner may say:
means finding out how the person processes and ➢ "Here's what it feels like to me."
stores the information they receive. ➢ "Were they able to grasp my
message?"
➢ "I am facing a rough situation."
➢ "He is dealing with a heavy
burden."
 ➢ "What happened was a weighty Culture can also affect how people
issue." deliver information and their attitudes
towards conflict.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
➢ It refers to the delivery of messages Nonverbal communication is a significant
without the use of words. part of the message you send or receive. It will be
➢ It includes the following: body language, an advantage if you know how to communicate
proxemics, paralanguage, and cultural nonverbally and understand the nonverbal of your
and environmental conditions. listener or audience.
In communicating, you should be
1. Body language conscious of how you portray yourself in front of
➢ It is a range of nonverbal signals that the person you are talking to or the audience
you can use to communicate your listening to and watching you. Do you look like
feelings and intentions. somebody willing to listen? Do your facial
➢ These include your posture, facial expressions tell people that you are unfriendly?
expressions, and hand gestures. Do your body stances send a message that you
➢ Your ability to understand and do not care? Is the way you dress up reflecting
interpret other people's body language your sloppy habits? Is your tone assertive?
can help you to pick up on unspoken All these non-verbal forms of
issues or feelings. communication are relevant when you send
2. Proxemics messages to people.
➢ a form of nonverbal communication or
body language in which messages are Benjamin Franklin once said:
conveyed from one person to another "Power is with the person who can
by the changing space that separates communicate well."
them during a conversation.
➢ For example:
when people are close to each
other, they tend to speak softly and
gently
when they are far apart, they tend
to speak loudly and clearly.
3. Paralanguage
➢ a form of nonverbal communication
that allows people to add layers of
meaning to their spoken utterances
through the manipulation of the
manner of speech, or the way they say To communicate well, you should not only
things. practice how you speak but learn to use non-
➢ refers to the conveyance of meaning verbal communication effectively and understand
through non-lexical tokens (or non- the communication process.
words, such as "huh," "hmm," or
"well") such as qualities of prosody
(or the rhythm, stress, and sound of THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
speech). A basic illustration of a communication
4. Cultural and Environmental Conditions process involves a sender, a message, a channel,
➢ affect how people communicate in a receiver, and feedback. These components are
different ways. present in oral, written, non-verbal, public, or
➢ For example mass communication.
it may affect communication styles ➢ The sender, or source, conceptualizes an
in aspects such as phrases, words, idea before formulating and organizing the
gestures, and languages used. message he will send.
 ➢ A message is the final concept of the idea So, before sending your message, you
the sender composed. can vividly visualize it first and know why you
➢ After finalizing the message, the sender wanted to communicate this to your receiver.
encodes it in a comprehensible language Then be clear about the expectations that you
or symbol for the receiver. have from your receiver/s.
➢ The sender will send this encoded Example: Gerycho is releasing a new
message via a channel. In oral product in the market; he wants to convince his
communication, this channel is called target market to try it. Gerycho can do this by
sound waves. From the sender, sound addressing the specific benefits that the
waves will transport the message to the prospective customers can get from his product
receiver. or focusing on the unique quality of his product
➢ The receiver is the person with whom the against those already existing in the market.
sender communicates.
➢ After receiving the message, the receiver Encoding
decodes it so that he understands After making a vivid picture of your
because, without understanding, the message, you need to encode it in an
receiver cannot respond or give feedback. understandable format or presentation for your
With understanding, on the other hand, receiver/s. No matter how clear your message is
the receiver can react or send feedback. to you, it will be useless if your receiver/s will not
➢ The feedback is the response of the understand it because you encoded it in a format
receiver to the message he received. or presentation alien to them.
When this happens, the receiver plays the What do you need to do to ensure that
role of the sender and the sender vice your format or presentation is not alien to
versa. your receiver/s?
The cycle of communication will continue until Simple: know your audience. In a dyadic
one of the party stops. form of communication, it sometimes helps to let
the other person do most of the speaking first.
You can get hints about the person's personality
while listening to him. This way, it will be easier
for you to communicate your ideas. In a small
group, public, or mass communication, it is best
to research or ask who your audience are before
you send a message.
Example: Gerycho's product is a Polypen.
This Polypen is a pen, flash drive, and mini
flashlight fused. Gerycho's target will be students,
so his idea for the advertisement is the
bandwagon type. He researched the popular
Sender language used by the students and incorporated
As the initiator in the communication this language into the advertisement.
process, you should be clear about the message
you would like to send. If the idea in your mind is Channel
unclear, there is a big chance that the receiver Having the correct format or presentation,
will not understand the message; the you are now ready to choose a channel. The
communication process will fail. channel is the technique or method you use to
You also need to realize that if you are transmit your message. The type of technique or
communicating with more than one person, they method that you choose may either positively or
will interpret your message differently because negatively affect the communication process.
each receiver is unique. Their perspectives, Channels include:
culture, experiences, and opinions may or not the ➢ written communications
same. ➢ printed communications
➢ telephone calls
 ➢ any form of advertisement benefits of the product. She may not have a
➢ newspaper laptop, but the flash drive can be very useful in
➢ magazine storing school-related data. She also liked the
➢ video conferences idea of bringing just one gadget with three uses.
➢ radio and television broadcasting These two students received and
➢ text messages interpreted the Polypen advertisement differently.
➢ emails ➢ Genina closed the possibility of
➢ messenger entertaining the Polypen ad because of
➢ other social media platforms. her prejudice.
Each of these unique channels of ➢ Sandra, on the other hand, took time to
communication has benefits and drawbacks, so realize the product's benefits.
you must be able to choose the correct medium
for your message. Knowing how you can effectively play your
Example: Gerycho chose to broadcast his part in the communication process can be an
advertisement on television and social media. assurance that the communication process will
Why did he choose these channels? Students flow smoothly. There is just one thing to
spend more of their time on social media and remember: always listen and be sensitive to the
television, which is why there is a substantial feedback or reactions that you receive.
chance for them to view advertisements. Being a good communicator takes
practice. When we say practice, it does not mean
Receiver doing the same thing repeatedly. What practice
If you are the receiver, this is the stage means, in this context, is learning from your
where you decrypt or interpret the message. You mistakes and developing your communication
need to be equipped with proper communication skills from those mistakes.
skills to decode messages sent to you. Without Always remember that an effective
the appropriate skills, the communication cycle communicator is not someone who speaks well
will fail. but someone who:
What skills do you need to decode the ➢ has a clear picture of his message
message? ➢ knows when to send the message
As the receiver, you should: ➢ is aware of his audience
➢ listen attentively ➢ can distinguish what medium to use in
➢ read comprehensively communicating his message
➢ and interpret pictures correctly. ➢ is sensitive to feedback.
If you do not have these skills, then there
is a possibility that the sender needs to resend ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
the message. Lexical Component
When decoding the message, you should ➢ The lexical or verbal component of
consider the sender's goal before allowing your communication refers to the word or chain
prejudice to influence your interpretation. Know of words used to create meaning.
that the sender has considered you before ➢ Lexical components are words, parts of
sending the message, so do your part and be words, phrasal verbs, collocations, idioms,
objective in decoding the message. and sentence frames.
Example: Genina, a college freshman, When using verbal or lexical communication
viewed the Polypen advertisement. She does not you should choose words carefully to make the
have a laptop, and she already has a torch in her right impression. Using the right words is
mobile phone, so she did not find the need to paramount in enhancing your message or in
purchase the Polypen because she believes it will being understood, the reason it is important to
not be of much use to her. understand the lexical component of
Sandra, another college freshman, viewed communication.
the Polypen advertisement too. Just like Genina, 1. Words
she also does not have a laptop, and she has a ➢ are a unique meaningful
torch on her mobile phone. But Sandra saw the component of speech. Words may
 be used alone or with others to ➢ heavy drinker (somebody who
form a sentence. consumes more than
Examples: recommended)
➢ woman My father is a heavy drinker.
➢ collect ➢ keep in mind (to remember
➢ animals something or someone)
➢ flying Always keep me in mind.
➢ plants 5. Sentence frames
➢ sick ➢ are a group of words that provide a
2. Parts of words structure or a skeleton for a
➢ denote a single letter, a prefix, or a complete sentence.
suffix added to words. Examples:
Examples: ➢ Acknowledging ideas
➢ s in animals My idea is similar to/related to
➢ ly in timely ___________’s idea.
➢ un in untold I agree with ___________ that
➢ ence in difference ___________.
➢ er in speaker ➢ Predicting
➢ ed in patented I hypothesize that ___________.
3. Phrasal verbs Based on ___________ I infer that
➢ are verbs followed by a preposition ___________.
or an adverb ➢ Paraphrasing
Examples: So, you are saying that
➢ point out (to direct attention to ___________.
something) What I hear you saying is
The teacher pointed out the glitch ___________.
in their programming ➢ Holding the floor
➢ fill out (to complete a form) As I was saying ___________.
Please do not forget to fill out the What I was trying to say was
evaluation form ___________.
➢ pass away (to die) ➢ Individual reporting
He passed away last year. I discovered from ___________
➢ clamp down on (to strictly prevent that ___________.
something) ___________ pointed out to me
The barangay officials decided to that ___________.
clamp down on the sidewalk
vendors. Non- lexical Component
➢ dress up (to wear elegant clothes) You have learned the importance of the
We need to dress up for the non-lexical component of communication from
awards night previous lessons. Understanding the proper use
4. Collocations of non-lexical or nonverbal communication is an
➢ are a pair or group of words paired advantage for you as a communicator.
habitually, that they sound correct The non-lexical or nonverbal component
together. of communication refers to delivering messages
Examples: without words. It includes the following:
➢ major problem (a big problem) 1. Body language
His absence created a major 2. Proxemics
problem. 3. Paralanguage
➢ strong coffee (coffee with a 4. Presuppositions
strong flavor or strong caffeine) 5. Cultural and environmental conditions
Espresso is an example of a
strong coffee.
BODY LANGUAGE her facial expression to show strong
➢ is a kind of non-lexical communication emotion, happiness
where you express ideas or messages 2. De-intensify.
using your body. It includes gestures, This technique involves controlling
facial expressions, eye contact, and body your feelings because you might hurt
stance. someone, or you do not want people
1. Gestures to notice how you feel.
➢ are usually, hand or head Example:
movements that indicate a specific An employee recently promoted
meaning or support an idea so you might smile less or look less happy if
can better persuade your audience. he finds out about the demotion of his
Examples: colleague. He is de-intensifying his
➢ The "okay sign." You can do this feelings.
sign by joining your thumb and 3. Neutralize.
forefinger in a circle. The This technique involves not
remaining fingers should be showing any feelings while talking to
straight. Generally, we understand somebody.
this gesture to mean everything is Example:
fine or what you did was good. But A boss is reprimanding an
this gesture has different meanings employee because the project did not
in some countries, like Iran, Brazil, turn out well. This employee may
and Europe; this is an obscene neutralize his expression by not
gesture or an insult, especially if showing any facial expression.
the three remaining fingers are 4. Mask.
separated. This technique involves wanting to
➢ The nod. You can do this by tilting convince somebody to do something;
your head up and down. when we ask a favor from that person;
Generally, this gesture is an or when we do not want to hurt his
expression of approval, but in feelings.
Bulgaria, when the head is shaken Example:
quickly, it means that the person A salesperson is negotiating
doing it is asking you to move sponsorship for an event. He might
along with the topic. look absorbed and keen while listening
2. Facial expressions to the person he is talking with, but
➢ are body language using facial deep inside, he is not interested in the
muscles. Even without uttering a product.
word, you can transmit your
thoughts to others via facial PROXEMICS
expressions. It usually shows ➢ Proxemics, as coined by Hall, refers to the
emotions such as anger, surprise, study of people's use of space as à
contempt etc. special elaboration of culture.
There are four techniques for ➢ In non-lexical communication, it is your
managing facial expressions: nearness or closeness to the audience.
1. Intensify. ➢ It is how you, as a speaker, use space
This technique involves using when you communicate.
exaggerated facial muscles to show Consciously or unconsciously, you create a
strong emotions. personal: personal space when you interact or
Example: communicate with people. According to Burgoon
A real estate agent closing a (1978), personal space is the "invisible, variable
deal with a client might smile broadly volume of space surrounding an individual that
with raised eyebrows. She intensifies defines that individual's preferred distance from
others.
 When you like or know someone well, you ➢ When you see that most of
tend to stand by or sit with them closer because your audience is yawning, it
you feel comfortable. may mean they are bored or
Some people are comfortable with being with uninterested.
the same gender, while others are comfortable ➢ Whispering to your friend
when they are with the opposite gender. You while somebody is speaking
might be comfortable speaking in front of an may mean you are negatively
intimate audience, while some of your classmates commenting about the speaker.
are comfortable speaking in front of a large 2. Vocal qualifiers
audience. The space you create depends on your ➢ include tone, tempo, rhythm,
culture, your experiences, the situation you are in, pitch, volume, intensity, and
and your surroundings. extent.
Examples:
There are FOUR PROXEMICS ZONES, ➢ Speaking fast in a high pitch
according to Hall (1966): may mean that you are being
➢ the intimate zone (0"-1.5") defensive or you are lying.
➢ the personal zone (1.5"-4") ➢ Speaking in a sing-song beat
➢ the social zone (4"-12") may mean that you are
➢ and the public zone (12"- infinity) nervous.
Each defines and identifies the person or 3. Vocal segregates
audience you communicate with. ➢ include sounds like "uh-uh",
"mmm", "uh", and even silent
pauses.
Examples:
➢ "uh-uh" may mean
disapproval.
➢ "mmm" may mean you do not
believe what the speaker said.

PRESUPPOSITIONS
➢ A presupposition is an assumption of
something you believe is implied in an
utterance;
➢ it happens even without confirmation.
PARALANGUAGE ➢ For successful communication, the
➢ Paralanguage is a kind of non-lexical context of the utterance must be
component of communication, that you appropriate.
use everyday, sometimes consciously and ➢ A presupposition should be mutually
other times unconsciously. known or assumed by the speaker and the
➢ It alter the meaning and reflects your addressee.
impression of the person you are talking Why do we have presuppositions?
with also hints at the role and experiences ➢ Presuppositions are linguistic shorthand.
you had with that person. ➢ When you use them, you lessen the words
There are three groups of paralanguages: you say.
1. Vocal characterizers ➢ There is no need to explain every detail of
➢ include the vocal aspect of the the meaning of what you are
following actions yawning, communicating.
whispering, snoring, yelling, ➢ If there are no presuppositions, every idea
laughing, smiling, crying, you try to communicate will be lengthy,
moaning, groaning, sucking, entailing much time to send something.
sneezing, sighing, and hiccups. Examples:
Examples: Gianni no longer enjoys dancing.
 Presupposition: Gianni once enjoyed dancing. ➢ Intrapersonal communication is the type of
Jerych regrets buying Ana's car. communication we use when we talk to or
Presupposition: Ana sold her car to Jerych. communicate with ourselves.
If I were a man, then I would be a hunk. ➢ In our everyday life, we consciously or
Presupposition: The person is a woman. unconsciously do intrapersonal
communication. We process symbolic
CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL messages internally and act as both the
CONDITIONS sender and the receiver of these
➢ Culture, as defined by Merriam-Webster, messages.
refers to the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of Examples:
a particular society, group, place, or time. ➢ Preparing ourselves before facing an
➢ Since each nation or group has a unique audience
set of cultural traits, these may affect ➢ Speaking loudly to remind ourselves of
communication between people from something, repeat what we just heard, or
different countries. console ourselves
➢ As an aspect of nonverbal communication, ➢ Daydreaming
environmental conditions refer to the ➢ Making body movements while thinking
strength of the influence of various factors ➢ Deciding on something
in a particular place or time. ➢ Understanding communication between
➢ The environment may communicate body parts
nonverbal messages to a person, and how ➢ Making sense of non-verbal
this person interprets the messages may communication or written communication
affect how he would act. ➢ Critiquing a speaker or a work of art
➢ If the cultural and environmental ➢ Writing our thoughts
conditions communicate codes that the
receiver can understand, then the receiver INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
can easily adjust or adapt. ➢ Interpersonal communication is the type of
➢ But if the receiver cannot decode the communication with another person or
message sent by the cultural and group.
environmental conditions, then the ➢ It involves both verbal and non-verbal
receiver will not understand, therefore, communication channels.
cannot adjust or adapt. ➢ This type of communication establishes
➢ From the start of this chapter, we have how personal to impersonal our
reiterated the importance of non-lexical relationship is with the receiver/s.
communication. This component of ➢ The form of interpersonal communication
communication is more noticeable than one engages in determines how a
the lexical component. relationship is weighed.
➢ Verbal or lexical communication is just a different forms of interpersonal
small part of the communication flow, communication
therefore, you should not limit your 1. Dyadic communication
development to only the lexical or verbal ➢ occurs when two people
component of communication. communicate face to face.
➢ The lexical component may have the ➢ Topics of communication may
structure of the message you would like to range from common ideas, views,
convey, but the non-lexical component and standards, to questions of
greatly supports and makes (when used existence and death.
correctly) the spoken language clear. ➢ Usually, a person creates an
impact on the other person during
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION dyadic communication.
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION ➢ In this form of interpersonal
communication, the sender is the
one who initiates the conversation
 and encodes the message. The non-lexical reactions to the speech
message will pass through a are considered feedback.
channel called sound waves: Upon The following are three reasons a
receiving and understanding the speaker would deliver a speech in
message, the receiver will give his public:
feedback or reaction. This time, he 1. to entertain - to have the audience
becomes the sender, and the appreciate the event
sender becomes the receiver The 2. to inform- inform-to aid the
exchange of roles as sender- audience in grasping and
receiver will continue until they remembering the presentation.
decide to end the conversation. 3. to persuade - to convince the
2. Small group communication audience to believe the things
➢ occurs when three or more presented.
individuals connected with mutual
objectives, purpose, or identity are MASS COMMUNICATION
communicating. ➢ Mass communication is called the "one is
➢ The task of small group to many" type of communication that uses
communication is primarily to media to communicate to a mass
attain goal accomplishment. audience.
➢ The maximum number of people in Mediums for mass communication can be
a small group is not specific or classified into two: old media and new
cannot be set. media.
➢ We can consider a group small if ➢ Old media include books, newspapers,
the purpose or goal of the group is magazines, and other forms of printed
met and nobody gets disconnected. media, radio, television, and film.
It may be proper to say that if a ➢ New media, on the other hand, include
group reaches more than 18 computers and their technologies.
members, it would be difficult to
engage in a smooth flow of ➢ Using televisión as a medium, let us
communication, and there is a analyze the communication process at this
possibility that some members will level. We start with the news anchor as
feel disconnected. the sender, and the message is the news
3. Public Communication report. The message passes through a
➢ is the type of communication that transmitter and is received by the viewers
occurs when a person delivers a via the television. Feedback is indirect in
speech in a public setting. this level of communication.
➢ The speech delivered has a preset
intention that usually affects the COMMUNICATION AND
audience.
GLOBALIZATION
➢ The sender in this level of
GLOBALIZATION
communication is the speaker. He
➢ As defined by the business dictionary, is
prepares the speech according to
the worldwide movement toward
the topic given to him or the topic
economic, financial, trade and
he chooses to share. The
communications integration.
communication channels can be
similar to or exaggerated as those
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
used in interpersonal
➢ In communication, globalization can be:
communication. Although the
audience, who is the receiver of • the increase in social
the message, cannot directly connectedness or the expansion of
interact with the speaker, their one's social community
• the mutual reliance or dependence
of peoples and nations
 • the evolution of a language most • Intra-cultural communication.
countries would understand
• the development of global 1. Interracial communication is the
communication skills or the ability ➢ interaction among people of
to send messages across cultures different races.
through the four macro skills (e.g., Example:
speaking, listening, reading, and ➢ A tourist guide conducts a tour for
writing), and the use of non-verbal a group of people of different
communication. nationalities
➢ Developing one's global communication 2. Interethnic communication
skills can lead to cultural diversity. ➢ is the interaction among people
➢ Cultural diversity refers to people from with different ethnic groups.
different cultures or nations respecting Example:
each other's differences. This respect ➢ A group of social workers
for differences results from their educates the members of the
understanding of cultural divergence, i.e., tribes from Baguio about the
how people process communication, how government benefits allotted to
other people speak, and how these people them.
see and understand the world around 3. International communication
them. ➢ is the interaction between persons
representing different political
COMMUNICATING IN A MULTI-CULTURAL structures.
SETTING Example:
➢ When you interact in a multicultural setting, ➢ The president of a parliamentary
you should learn to observe how government meets the president
communication works in a diverse of a democratic government.
community or organization. 4. Intra-cultural communication
➢ Look for similarities and differences in how ➢ is the interaction that includes all
people from different cultural backgrounds forms of communication among
communicate. members of the same racial, ethnic,
➢ Also, focus on facts and not entertain your and subculture groups.
personal biases to avoid conflict. Example:
➢ The head of the Manobo tribe
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION meets his constituents.
➢ Intercultural communication is the sharing
of meanings with and receiving and FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT
interpreting ideas from people with INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
different cultural backgrounds from yours. The non-verbals used by people from different
➢ Discovering and learning new patterns in countries and by people from diverse cultures may
each other's culture and observing the vary. The following factors can help you understand
these variations.
similarities and differences in non-verbal
communication may be interesting. ➢ Cultural Identity
➢ A deep understanding of each other's ➢ Racial Identity
culture can also lead to earning the ➢ Social Class
respect of the members of society. ➢ Gender and Role Identity
➢ Samovar and Porter (2001) enumerated ➢ Age
some of the variations of intercultural ➢ Individual personality
communication as follows: ➢ Proxemics
➢ Clothing and Physical Appearance
• Interracial communication
➢ Paralanguage
• Interethnic communication,
➢ Facial Expressions and Eye
international communication
Contact
➢ Gestures and Body Stance