Resource Booklet (2024-25)

Class X
Subject: Physics

Ch – 9 Light - Reflection and Refraction

Question 1. Define the principal focus of concave mirrors.

Answer 1: Principal focus of a concave mirror is the point on the principal axis. At this point, all the
incident rays parallel to the principal axis meet or converge after the reflection from the concave mirror.

Question 2: A spherical mirror’s radius of curvature is 20 cm. Calculate the focal length.

Answer 2: f = R/2 = 20/2 = 10 cm.

Question 3: Name a mirror that gives an erect and enlarged image of an object.

Answer 3: This is the concave mirror that gives such an image.

Question 4: Why are convex mirrors preferred in vehicles?

Answer 4: This is because of the following reasons:

● It produces a virtual image.

● The image is erect.
● The size of the image is smaller than the object.

In a small mirror, this view is responsible for providing the driver with a wide field of view.

Question 5: A light ray travels in the air and enters obliquely into water. Is it bending away from or
towards normal?Explain

Answer 5: The ray of light bends toward the normal. The light’s speed is lower in a dense medium
compared to a rarer medium. Water has a greater optical density than air.

Question 6. Identify the device used as a spherical mirror or lens in the given cases when the images
formed are virtual and erect in the cases given below:

● The object is placed between the device and the focus, and the image is formed behind it and
enlarged.
● When the object is placed between the focus and the device, the image is formed on the same
 side as that of the object, and the image is enlarged.
● The object is placed between the device and infinity, and the diminished image is formed
between the focus and the optical centre on the same side as the object.
● The image formed between the pole and focus diminishes when the object is placed between
infinity and the device.

Answer 6:

1. Concave mirror
2. Convex lens
3. Concave lens
4. Convex mirror.

Question 7:The pencil dipped in water appears to be bent at the air and water interface when dipped in
water in a glass tumbler. Will the pencil bend if a liquid like kerosene or turpentine is used instead of
water? Give a reason for your answer.

Answer 7: No. The refractive index of the liquid in whichthe pencil is dipped is responsible for this.

Refractive index = real depth/apparent depth.

As per this relation, the tip at the bottom will elevate.

Question 8: Sudha finds that a sharp image of the windowpane of her science laboratory is formed from
the lens at a distance of 15 cm. Then she tries to focus on the building, which is visible to her outside the
window, instead of the windowpane without disturbing the lens. To obtain a sharp image of the building,
in which direction will she move the screen? What is the optimal focal length of this lens?

Answer 8: Sudha will move the screen toward the lens so that the final image is in focus. The focal
length is less than 15 cm, as the building can be treated as an object at an infinite distance.

Question 9. How is there a relationship between the power and the focal length? There are two lenses
with focal lengths of 20 cm and 40 cm, respectively. Which of the following lenses will form more
convergent light?

Answer 9: The lens power is the reciprocal of the focal length.

P= 1f in m= 100f in cm

P 20 = 100/20 = 5D.

P 40 = 100/40 = 2.5 D

There will be more convergence in the lens with a focal length of 20 cm.
Question 10. The candle flame image on the screen is obtained from the lens on the other side. When an
image is three times the flame size and the distance between the lens and the image is 80 cm, then
calculate the distance of the candle placed from the lens. Add a note on the type of the image at a
distance of 80 cm and the lens.

Answer 10:

Since m = hi/ho = v/u for a lens.

Image is real

m = -3 = v/u

v = 80 cm

u = v/-3 = 80/-3 cm

there will be a convex lens

80/3 = 26.6 cm, which shows that the candle is placed at a distance of 26.6 cm to the left of the convex
lens so that a real image is formed at 80 cm distance on the right side of the lens.

Question 11. Draw the images for the following AB object with suitable rays:

Answer 11:

The following image is formed when the object is kept between the pole and the focus point of the
concave mirror.

In the given diagram, the object is placed between the centre of curvature C and the focus point F. Image
of object AB can be obtained as

In the diagram given below, the object is placed at the centre of the curvature of a concave mirror. The
image formed is given below.

Question 12. List the image characteristics formed by plane mirrors.

Answer 12: The image formed by the plane mirror has the following characteristics:

● Image distance and object distance are equal.

● Virtual and erect image is formed.
● The size of the image and the object are equal.
● The image formed is laterally inverted.

Question 13: What are the laws of reflection of light?

Answer 13: The law of reflection states that:

● The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

● The incident reflected rays are normal to the mirror.The point of incidence is in the same plane.

Question 14. A student projected a candle flame image on a screen which is 48 cm in front of the
mirror, by placing the flame 12 cm from its pole.

● Suggest the type of mirror which should be used.

● Find the linear magnification of the image produced.
● How far is the image from the object?
● Diagrammatic presentation of the image

Answer 14:

1. The type of mirror used should be a concave mirror.

2. Linear magnification is calculated as follows:

m = -v/u = -(-48)/-12 = -4

1. To calculate the distance between the image and the object

= 48 – 12 = 36 cm

Question 15. What is an optical centre?

Answer 15:

The optical centre is the central part of any lens through which a ray of light will pass without any
deviation. It is represented by the letter O.

Question 16. Why does a light ray bend when it travels from one medium to another?

Answer 16: A ray of light bends when it travels from one medium into another because of the change in
speed of light to another.

Question 17. What is the refractive index of diamonds, and what does that indicate?

Answer 17: The refractive index of diamonds is 2.42. This indicates that the speed of light in a vacuum,
as compared to the speed of light in a diamond, is 2.42.

Question 18. State the type of mirrors used for

● Headlight
● Rearview mirror
Answer 18:

1. To get powerful beams of light, concave mirrors are used in the headlights.
2. Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors of the vehicle to get a wider field of view and erect
an image of traffic behind.

Question 19. Why is a concave mirror used as a shaving mirror?

Answer 19: The concave mirror is used for shaving because

● The images produced are erect when the mirror is close to the face.
● It also provides an enlarged view of the face so that a person can shave safely.

Question 20. What types of mirrors are used in the design of solar furnaces? Explain how these devices
attain a high temperature.

Answer 20: Concave mirrors are used in solar furnace design. When a solar furnace is kept at the focus
point of a large concave mirror, it focuses a parallel beam of light on the surface of the furnace. So, a
very high temperature is attained at the focus point after some time.

Question 21. A spherical mirror produces a magnification of -3. What information did you get about
the mirror and image in this case?

Answer 21: The negative sign of magnification demonstrates that the image is real but inverted. Since
the image is real but inverted, the mirror is concave, and a magnification of -3 suggests that the image is
magnified.

Question 22. Do big shopping stores use mirrors to watch the customer’s activities?

Answer 22: Convex mirrors are used in big shopping stores to manage customers’ activities.

Question 23. Multiple choice questions:

1. Which is not used for making a lens?

● Water
● Glass
● Plastic
● Clay

Answer 1: (d) Clay

Explanation:

Clay can never be used to make a lens, as it does not allow light to pass through it.
 2. What should be the object’s position for the image formed by the concave mirror to be erect,
virtual, and larger than the object?
● The object should be between the principal focus and the centre of curvature.
● At the centre of curvature
● Beyond the centre of curvature
● Between the pole of the mirror and the principal focus.

Answer : (d) between the pole of the mirror and the principal focus.

Explanation:

The image formed by the concave mirror will be erect, virtual, and larger than the object.

3. To get a real image of the object’s size, where should you place the object in front of a convex
lens?
● At the principal focus of the lens.
● At twice the focal length
● At infinity
● Between the optical centre of the lens and the principal focus

Answer: (b) At twice the focal length

Explanation:

When an object is placed at twice the focal length of the convex lens, the image is formed at twice the
focal length on the other side of the lens.

4. In front of a plane mirror, an object is kept at a distance of 0.25 m. The distance between the
image and the object will be
● 0.25 m
● 1.0 m
● 0.5 m
● 0.125 m

Answer : (c )

Explanation:

Distance between the object and image = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 m

5. 5. Which mirror is used by the dentist to examine the oral cavity?

● Convex mirror
● Plane mirror
● Concave mirror
 ● Combination

Answer: c)

Explanation:

Concave mirror forms enlarged and erect images when it is held close to the cavity.

6. A divergent lens will produce

● Always a real image,
● Always a virtual image
● Both real and virtual images
● None of these

Answer : (b)

Explanation: this will always form a virtual, erect, and diminished image.

7. Magnification produced by a rearview mirror fitted in vehicles

● Is less than one
● Is more than one
● It is equal to one
● It can be more or less than one depending on the position of the object in front of it.

Answer: (a) Is less than one

Explanation:

The convex mirror, used as a rearview mirror, forms virtual, erect and diminished images and hence the
actual object is always much bigger than the image.

8. A full-length image of a distant tall building can definitely be seen by using

● A concave mirror
● A convex mirror
● A plane mirror
● Both concave and plane mirrors.

Answer : (b)

Explanation:

Convex mirrors have a wide field view.

9. The laws of reflection hold good for

● Plane mirror only
 ● Concave mirror only
● Convex mirror only
● All mirrors, irrespective of their shape.

Answer : (d)

Explanation:

Any smooth surface, irrespective of the shape, holds good for laws of reflection.

Question 24. Identify the mirror’s nature and mention two image characteristics formed when the
magnification is +6.

Answer 24. This means that the image is formed on the concave mirror. The characteristics of the image
are

● Six times, an enlarged image is formed.

● The image formed is virtual and erect.

Question 25. Explain the following terms:

● Optical centre,
● Aperture
● Focal length

Answer 25:

1. The centre of the point of a lens is called the optical centre. It is always present inside the lens.
Any light beam that passes through the optical centre emerges without deviation after refraction.
2. The aperture is the length of the lens through which refraction occurs.
3. The distance between the principal focus and the optical centre of the spherical lens is called the
lens’s focal length.

Question 26. We use two light rays to construct a ray diagram, so it is easy to know their directions after
refraction from the lens. List the two rays and state the ray’s path after refraction. Use them to locate the
image of an object between f and 2f of a convex lens.

Answer 26. The two rays are:

● A ray of light from the object that is parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from a convex
lens, passes through the principal focus on the other side of the lens, and, in the case of a concave
lens, a ray appears to diverge from the principal focus located on the same side of the lens.
● A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without any deviation.
● When the object is placed between F and 2F
Question 27. What is magnification by a plane mirror?

Answer 27: Magnification is formed by a plane mirror in unity. In plane mirrors, the size of any image
formed is equal to the size of the object.

Question 28. List the characteristics of an image formed by plane mirrors.

Answer 28: The characteristics of the image by a plane mirror are:

● A plane mirror always forms an erect, virtual, size-to-size image at the same distance as the
object but at the back of the mirror.
● Magnification is +1
● It forms a laterally inverted image.
● When the angle of ϴ tunes a plane mirror, the reflected ray will turn by the angle of 2ϴ
● The curvature radius of a plane mirror is infinity. Its focal length is, therefore, infinity.
● To see the full image of a person, he needs a mirror whose length is half his height.

Question 29: Construct a ray diagram using two rays chosen to know their directions after mirror
reflection. Locate the image of an object placed between the pole and the focus of a concave mirror.

Answer 29:

The two light rays whose path of reflection are priorly known as

● When the incident ray gets reflected in the same way, it is due to its passage through the centre of
curvature of a concave mirror.
● When the incident ray is oblique to the principal axis, toward the mirror pole, it is reflected by
making equal angles with the principal axis. This is the law of refreflection

LONG QUESTION ANSWERS

Question 30.
An object 4 cm in height, is placed at 15 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. At what
distance from the mirror should a screen be placed to obtain a sharp image of the object. Calculate the
height of the image.
Answer:
Object distance, u = – 30 cm, image size, h’ = ?
Image distance, v = – 60 cm,
Object size ,h = 2.4 cm,
Focal length, f = ?
Using mirror formula,
1f=1v+1u or 1f=−1−260=−360=−120
or f = – 20 cm
Hence, focal length is 20 cm
Also, magnification, m = h′h = −vu
or, m = (−60)(−30) = -2 or h′h = -2
h’ = – 2 × 2.4 = – 4.8 cm
As the image formed is real, therefore the mirror is concave.
The height of the image is 4.8 cm.
The image formed is enlarged and inverted.

Question 31

An object 4 cm in height, is placed at 15 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. At what
distance from the mirror should a screen be placed to obtain a sharp image of the object. Calculate the
height of the image.
Given:
Object distance, u = – 30 cm, image size, h’ = ?
Image distance, v = – 60 cm,
Object size ,h = 2.4 cm,
Focal length, f = ?
Using mirror formula,
1f=1v+1u or 1f=−1−260=−360=−120
or f = – 20 cm
Hence, focal length is 20 cm
Also, magnification, m = h′h = −vu
or, m = (−60)(−30) = -2 or h′h = -2
h’ = – 2 × 2.4 = – 4.8 cm
As the image formed is real, therefore the mirror is concave.
The height of the image is 4.8 cm.
The image formed is enlarged and inverted.
Question 32
An object 4 cm in height, is placed at 15 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. At what
distance from the mirror should a screen be placed to obtain a sharp image of the object. Calculate the
height of the image.
Answer:
Given : object distance, u = -15 cm,
object height, h = 4 cm, focal length f = -10 cm;
Image distance, v = ?
Using mirror formula,
1v+1u=1f⇒1v+1(−15)=1−10⇒1v=115−110
or 1v=10−15150=−5150=−130 or v = -30
In order to obtain a sharp image of the object on the screen, screen should be placed at a distance of 30
cm in front of the mirror.
Also, magnification, m = h′h=−vu
or h′4=−(−30)(−15) or h’ = −(30)×4(15) = -2 × 4
or h’ = -8 cm
Thus, the height of the image is 8 cm.
Question 33
The image of an object formed by a mirror is real, inverted and is of magnification -1. If the image is at
a distance of 40 cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Where would the image be if the object
is moved 20 cm towards the mirror? State reason and also draw ray diagram for the new position of the
object to justify your answer.
Answer:
Since the image formed is real and inverted, the mirror is concave.
Magnification, m = −vu ⇒ -2 = −vu ⇒ v = 2u
Now, if v = – 30 cm then u = – 15 cm
As focal length of the mirror is
f = uvu+v=−15×−30−15−30=f=450−45 = -10 cm
If the object is shifted 10 cm towards the mirror, then the object is between principal focus and the
optical centre and the image formed will be virtual and erect.
Question 34
Answer:
student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 48 cm in front of a mirror by keeping
the flame at a distance of 12 cm from its pole.
(a) Suggest the type of mirror he should use.
(b) Find the linear magnification of the image produced.
(c) How far is the image from its object?
(d) Draw ray diagram to show the image formation in this case
Answer:
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Linear magnification,
m = −vu = −(−48)−12 = -4
(c) The distance between the image and the object
= 48 – 12 = 36 cm
Question 35
Mention the types of mirrors used as (i) rear view mirrors, (ii) shaving mirrors. List two reasons to
justify your answer in each case

Answer:
(i) Convex mirror is used as rear view mirror because
(a) it gives erect image.
(b) it gives diminished image thus provides wider view of traffic behind the vehicle.
(ii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror because
(a) it gives erect image when mirror is close to the face.
(b) it gives enlarged image of the face so that a person can shave safely.

Ch- 10 Human Eye And Colourful World

Question 1. Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?

Answer 1: The sky appears dark as no light scattering occurs due to the absence of atmosphere at
such great heights.

Question 2. There is no twinkling of planets. Explain

Answer 2: The planets are closer to the earth than the stars. They can be treated like a collection
of a large number of point-sized light sources. There are varying conditions of the atmosphere due
to which the darkest part of the twinkling effect from one light source is overlapped by the
focussed light from the point source of the planet’s other region. There is a constant amount of
light entering the eye. Because of this reason, the planets do not appear to twinkle, and they
appear steady.

Question 3. Why is a normal eye unable to see objects when placed closer than 25 cm?

Answer 3: This is due to the focal length, which cannot be reduced below a certain limit.

Question 4: Multiple choice questions:

● Nothing can be seen through the fog. Why is it so? .

● The fog has a high refractive index.
● Total reflection is suffered by light at droplets.
● The fog absorbs light.
● Droplets scatter the light.

Answer: (d) droplets scatter the light

Explanation:

Because the light is scattered by the droplets, nothing can be seen through the fog.

● ________ is called the light’s deflection by minute particles and the atmosphere’s molecules
in all the directions
● Tyndall effect
● Scattering
● Interface
● Dispersion

Answer : (b) scattering

Explanation:

The above-mentioned phenomenon is called scattering

● What is the nature of the image formed by the retina?

● Virtual and erect
● Real and inverted
● Virtual and inverted
● Real and erect
Answer: (b) real and inverted

Explanation:

The nature of the eye lens is convex. Therefore, the image’s character formed will be real and
inverted.

● When a person is not able to see the object beyond 2 m distinctly, then this defect is
corrected by the lens of power:
● + 0.5 D
● – 0.5 D
● + 0.2 D
● – 0.2 D

Answer: (b) – 0.5 D

Explanation:

P = 1/f = 1/-2 = -0.5 D

As the condition mentioned, the person has myopia, and it is corrected by using the concave lens
of power -0.5 D.

● Bifocal lenses are used to correct which condition is mentioned below.

● Astigmatism
● Coma
● Myopia
● Presbyopia

Explanation:

The longer wavelength of red light is responsible for this phenomenon and is least scattered by
smoke or fog.

● Why is the deep sea bluish in colour?

● Algae and plants present in the sea are responsible for this.
● There is a reflection of sky in water
● Light scattering
● Sea absorbs the light.

Answer: ( c) light scattering

Explanation:
The water molecules in the sea are finer, so they cause scattering of light. Also, blue light has a
shorter wavelength.

● The clear sky is blue because

Answer: (d)

Explanation:

Presbyopia is corrected by the use of the bifocal lens. Bifocal lenses have an upper and lower
point. The upper point has a concave lens used for distant vision, while the lower point contains a
convex lens responsible for near vision.

● There are danger signals of red colour installed at the top of the tall buildings. These can be
easily seen among all the colours, even from a distance. The reason is
● The red light is scattered by fog or smoke
● The red light scattering is least by smoke or fog
● There is red light absorbed most by the smoke or the fog
● The red light moves the fastest in the air.

Answer: (b) the red light’s scattering is least by smoke or fog.

● The atmosphere absorbs the blue light.

● There is the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere.
● There is a scattering of violet and blue light more by the atmosphere when compared to the
other colours.
● Light of all other colours is scattered more than the violet and blue light by the atmosphere.

Answer : ( c) there is a scattering of violet and blue light more by the atmosphere when compared
to the other colours.

Explanation:

The short wavelength of blue and violet colours is responsible for their scattering more than the
light of other colours by the molecules in the atmosphere.

● When a ray of light enters our eyes, then most of the refraction occurs in which part:
● Crystalline lens
● Outer surface of cornea
● Iris
● Pupil

Answer: (b)
Explanation:

The most refraction occurs at the outer surface of the cornea so this region acts as a primary lens
converging in nature.

● There is an increase in the focal length of the eye lens when eye muscles
● are relaxed and the lens becomes thinner.
● contract and the lens becomes thicker.
● are relaxed and the lens becomes thicker.
● contract and the lens becomes thinner.

Answer: (a)

Explanation:

The curvature of the eye lens is modified by the ciliary muscles. Eye lenses become thinner when
the eye muscles are relaxed and when there is an increase in the focal length of the eye lens.

Question 5. Explain the structure and function of the eye. Why are we able to see nearby as well as
distant objects?

Answer 5:

The parts of the human eye are:

● Cornea is the thin membrane through which the light enters the eye. It forms a transparent
bulge on the eyeball’s front surface, and most of the refraction occurs on the outer surface
of the cornea.
● Aqueous humour is a viscous liquid which is present between the eye lens and cornea.
● Iris is present behind the cornea and it controls the size of the pupil.
● Pupil is that part of our eye which controls the amount of light entering it.
● Ciliary muscles are responsible for holding the eye lens and also help in the adjustment of
the focal length.
● Eye lenses are convex and made up of transparent, soft and flexible tissue. It forms a real
and inverted image on the retina.
● Vitreous humour supports the back of the eye and it is a viscous fluid present between the
eye lens and retina.
● Retina is responsible for capturing light and converting it into electric signals which are
further translated by the brain into images. In other words, we can say that it is the
light-sensitive screen on which the image is formed.
● Rods and cones are the light-sensitive cells
● Answer 6: Tyndall effect is the phenomenon of light scattering by the colloidal particle.
 ● Question 7. Why is the sun’s colour different during sunrise/ sunset and noon? Explain
your answer with a reason.

● Answer 7: The reason for this colour change is that the sun’s rays pass through a maximum
length of the atmosphere during sunrise or sunset. There is a scattering of blue light and a
shorter wavelength. The only colour which reaches the observer’s eyes is red. This is the
only reason the sun appears red at sunrise and sunset. The distance to be travelled is the
least at noon. . The sun appears white as all the wavelengths are equally scattered.

● Question 8. Explain the range of vision of the normal eye.

● Answer 8: Accommodation means the ability of one’s eye lens to adjust its focal length or
the converging power to get a clear view of the object. This is the accommodation.

● Power of accommodation is the maximum variation in the power of the lens so that the
far-off and the nearby objects are viewed clearly.which are present in the retina. Rods
respond to the light’s intensity and cones respond to the colours.

We are able to see both the nearby and the distant objects because: :

● The eye lens becomes thin when the ciliary muscles are relaxed. The focal length of the lens
increases and has a maximum value which is equal to the distance from the retina. The
parallel rays which are coming from the distant object while entering the eyes are focussed
on the retina. Because of this reason, the vision to see distant objects is clear.
● The ciliary muscles are strained or they get contracted when the eyes see the nearby object.
This increases the eye lens curvature and it becomes thicker. There is a decrease in focal
length with an increase in converging power. The sharp image of the nearby object is
formed on the retina. This makes the vision of the nearby object clear.

This phenomenon is called the power of accommodation of the eyes.

Question 6. What is the Tyndall effect?

The nearest point of the eye in which the object can be clearly seen without any strain to the eye is
called the near point and is 25 cm for a normal eye.

A far point is defined as the farthest point up to which the object can be seen clearly which is
infinity for a normal eye.

Question 9. Explain myopia with causes and correction.

Answer 9: Myopia is also called near-sightedness. It is defined as the inability of our eyes in
viewing long distant objects. The far point of the eye is less than infinity and the resulting image is
formed in front of the retina.
It is caused due to the excessive curvature of the eye lens and the elongation of the eyeball.

Myopia can be easily corrected by use of a concave lens which diverges the image and shifts the
image to the retina.

Question 10. Explain hypermetropia. What are the causes and how can they be corrected?

Answer 10: Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness. It is the inability of the eye in viewing
nearby objects. The near point of our eye is more than 25 cm and the image is formed behind the
retina.

Hypermetropia occurs due to the low converging power of our eye lens. The size of the eyeball is
smaller.

It is corrected by use of a convex lens. This convex lens converges and also shifts the image to the
retina from beyond.

Question 11. Why does a myopic person remove spectacles while reading and a hypermetropic
person remove spectacles while looking at the sky?

Answer 11: Spectacles are not required by a myopic person while reading the book, as the near
point is 25cm. If the person reads the book with the concave lens, the book needs to be kept at a
distance greater than 25 cm. so the concave lens forms the image at 25 cm, and the size of the book
also appears smaller than the actual size. So the person will prefer to read the book without
spectacles.

The hypermetropic person does not need spectacles to see the distant object as the far point is at
infinity. If the person uses a convex lens to see the object at a distance, the image is formed before
the retina due to the increase in the converging power, and the person will not be able to see the
distant object. So the person prefers to remove the spectacles to look at the sky.

Question 12. A corrective lens of power “-2D” is used by a person suffering from a vision defect,
given the nature and focal length of the corrective lens. Find the nature and focal length of the
corrective lens.

Answer 12:

Focal length = 100/P = 100/-2 = -50 cm

Question 13. Why does the power to see the object nearby, as well as the far object, diminishes
with age?

Name the defect of the eyes which arises from this condition. Elaborate on the cause and mention
the correction of this eye defect.
Answer 13: With advancing age, there is a gradual weakening of ciliary muscles which results in
decreasing flexibility of the eye lens. So the power of the eye reduces to see nearby and far-off
objects.

The defect of the eye in this condition is called presbyopia. In this condition, the lens becomes
more myopic and hypermetropic. The causes are due to the deterioration of the ciliary muscles
and the slow diminishing flexibility of the eye lens. The condition can be easily corrected by using
the bi-focal lens.

Question 14. In the figure below, a beam of light passes through a glass prism. Trace the path of
the beam and name the phenomena with an explanation. What is the conclusion drawn from the
white light constituents?

Answer 14:

The phenomenon in which the white light splits into constituents is known as the dispersion of
light. It is caused by the different constituent’s colour of light which gets formed due to the
different refractive indices of the prism material.

The rainbow which is formed is an example of this phenomenon, as the dispersion of the white
sunlight causes it into the constituent colours.

The conclusion which can be drawn from the white light dispersion into the constituent colour is

● There are seven colours present in the white light.

● The maximum deviation is shown by the violet light
● The minimum deviation is shown by the red light.

Question 15. Explain the spectrum in detail. Support the answer by demonstrating an activity
with the help of the diagram.

Answer 15:

The band of different coloured components of any light beam is known as the spectrum. When the
components of white light are combined by placing another identical prism in an inverted position
as compared to the first prism, then the white light on passing through the first spectrum splits.
The splitting is into the colours of the spectrum. Then this spectrum passes through the second
identical prism which is in an inverted position as compared to the first prism, and then a beam of
white light is obtained.

Question 16. What is dispersion? Explain the dispersion of white light by the glass prism.

Answer 16:
The splitting of the white light into the seven constituent colours by refraction is known as the
dispersion of the white light.

When a beam of white light enters a prism, it gets refracted and splits into the seven constituent
colours. This occurs to the different bending angles for each colour on the splitting of light. Each
ray of colour when passing through the prism bends at different angles with respect to the incident
beam; it gives rise to the spectrum.

Question 17. The star appears higher than the actual position. Explain with the diagram.

Answer 17: This is because the starlight, when it enters the earth’s atmosphere, it undergoes
refraction continuously in a medium where the refractive index gradually keeps changing before
it reaches the earth.

Since the atmosphere bends straight towards the normal, the star seems slightly higher as
compared to its actual position.

Question 18. A glass prism produces a spectrum when the white light passes through it but the
glass slab cannot produce it. Why?

Answer 18: This is because in a glass prism when white light passes through the prism, each of the
constituent wavelengths of light undergoes a different extension of deviation. This results in the
dispersion of the white light. In a similar way, when the light enters through parallel sides of the
glass slab, all the constituent wavelengths of white light will not undergo any deviation. So , the
white light does not split into the constituent spectrum.

Question 19. Explain the concept of advanced sunrise and delayed sunset.

Answer 19: Two minutes before the actual sunrise, the sun is visible to us and 2 minutes after the
actual sunset. This is because of atmospheric refraction. The actual sunrise means the actual
crossing of the horizon by the sun. The actual position and the sun’s apparent position with
respect to the horizon are given in the figure below. The time difference between the actual and
apparent sunset is 2 minutes. The apparent flattening of the sun’s disc at sunrise and sunset is also
due to the same phenomena.

Question 20. Explain the formation of the rainbow with diagrams.

Answer 20:

A rainbow is a natural spectrum caused by the dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets which
are present in the atmosphere.

After a rain shower, the sunlight is dispersed. The small water droplet here plays the role of small
prisms. They disperse and refract the incident sunlight. Then they refract it internally and it is
finally retracted again when it comes out of the raindrop. Different colours reach the observer’s
light due to the dispersion of light and the internal reflection.

Question 21. Why the extent of deviation of a light ray through a prism depends upon the colour.

Answer 21: This is because the refractive index of glass for different colours is different. It
depends upon the wavelength of a particular light.

Question 22. Why is the red light used in the danger signals?

Question 22. The red light is used in the danger signals because it has the maximum value in the
entire spectrum. Red light’s penetration power in the air is maximum of all and due to this reason,
it can be seen from a further distance. So this colour is used to depict the danger.

Question 23. A student is not able to clearly see the letters written on the blackboard and he is
sitting at the back of the classroom. What advice would a doctor give him?

Answer 23: The student is suffering from short-sightedness. He has to wear a concave lens to
correct the vision as advised by the doctor.

Question 24. A lens of power -4.5 D is required by a person to correct his vision. State the defect of
vision he is suffering from, calculate the focal length and name the corrective lens.

Answer 24: The vision defect is myopia or short-sightedness.

Focal length = 1/power = -100/4.5 = -22.2 cm.

The person has to use a concave lens to correct the vision.

Question 25. What is the bifocal lens?

Answer 25: Bifocal lenses are used to see clearly both nearby and distant objects. The upper part
of the lens is concave and used for distant vision and the lower part is a convex lens to facilitate
near vision. This lens can be used to correct both myopia and hypermetropia.

Question 26. Use the diagram to explain the angle of deviation.

Answer 26: The incident ray and the emergent ray are not parallel to each other. The angle
between the emergent ray and the incident ray is called the angle of deviation.

Question 27. What is a recombination of the spectrum?

Answer 27:Recombination of the spectrum means the seven coloured lights of the spectrum can be
recombined to give back white light by placing two prisms, one upside down.

Question 28. Explain the concept of scattering of light.

Answer 28: The phenomenon of change in the direction of light propagation is known as a
scattering of light. The concept here is that very fine particles scatter the blue colour. Large-sized
particles scatter light of longer wavelengths. The shorter the wavelength, the greater the scattering
will be. The effects of scattering are the Tyndall effect, the blue colour of the sky, the white colour
of clouds and the reddening of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Question 29. What is atmospheric refraction?

Answer 29. Atmospheric refraction is defined as the refraction of light caused by the earth’s
atmosphere due to the variation in the optical densities of air layers. The effect of atmospheric
refraction is the twinkling of stars, the position of the stars that seem higher than their actual
position, advanced sunrise and the delayed sunset.

Question 30. What is the cure for corneal impairment?

Answer 30. The cure of corneal impairment is possible with the replacement of the objective
cornea with the cornea of the donated eye. We should explain the importance of cornea donation
to the community. The eyes can live even after death by helping the needy person. The human eye
is a sensitive organ and can be donated to make another person’s life beautiful.

Question 31. What is the importance of eye donation advertisements?

Answer 31. The advertisement for eye donation is important on television. In newspapers, this is
because very few people know that eye transplantation is possible by which blind people may see
the colourful world. We should encourage the people to donate eyes and spread awareness so that
we can help in improving the quality of life of those people who need it.

Question 32. Answer the following questions:

1. Which eye part has the delicate membrane, and what type of light-sensitive cells are
present?
2. Why is a person advised to wear a convex lens?
3. What happens to the pupil in dim light and bright light?
4. Name the defect of vision when the power of the eye is too long.
5. Name the defect of the vision when the focal length of the eye lens is too long.

Answer 32.

1. Retina is a delicate membrane, and it contains a large number of photosensitive cells, which
are called the rods and the cones.
2. A person is suffering from hypermetropia.
3. The size of the pupil increases in dim light and decreases in bright light.
4. The vision defect is short-sightedness.
 5. The vision defect is long-sightedness.

Question 33. Multiple choice questions:

Question 1: The human eye focuses at different distances and also adjusts the focal length. This is
due to

● Presbyopia
● Accommodation
● Near-sightedness
● Far-sightedness

Answer 1: (b) accommodation

Question 2. The human eye form image at

● Retina
● Cornea
● Iris
● Pupil

Answer 2: (a) retina

Question 3: The change in focal length of the eye lens is due to

● Pupil
● Retina
● Ciliary muscles
● Iris

Answer 3: (c ) ciliary muscles

Question 4: The muscular diaphragm of the eyes is

● Cornea
● Ciliary muscles
● Iris
● Retina

Answer 4: c) iris

Explanation:

Iris controls the size of the pupil.

Question 5: __________ is the black opening between the aqueous humour and the lens.

● Retina
● Iris
● Cornea
● Pupil

Answer 5 : d) Pupil

Question 6:The defective eye has a near point of 0.5 m and point of 3m. for the purpose of reading
and seeing, the power of corrective lens are required is

● 0.5 D and +3D

● +2D and -1/3 D
● -2D and +1/3 D
● 0.5 D and -0.3 D

Answer 6: (b) +2D and -1/3 D

Explanation:

For the purpose of reading,

U = -25 cm, v = 0.5 m = -50cm, f = ? , P = ?

1/f = 1/v – 1/u = 1-50 – 1-25 = 150

P = 100/f = 100 × 1/50 = +2D

For distant object,

u= infinity, v = -3, f = ?, P = ?

1/f = 1-3 – 1 = -1/3

P = 1/f = -1/3 D

Question 7: When the white light enters the prism, it splits into colours. This is due to

● Different wavelength is related to the different refractive index for each colour
● The same velocity is exhibited by the same colour in the prism
● High density is exhibited by the prism material
● Light scattering

Answer 7: (a)
Explanation:

Dispersion takes place because the material’s refractive index for prism varies with varying
wavelength.

Question 8: The air layer of the atmosphere whose temperature is less than the hot layer behaves
optically as

● Denser medium
● Rare medium
● Inactive medium
● Either dense or rare medium

Answer 8: (a)

Explanation:

The atmosphere’s cold layer air acts as an optically denser medium than the hot air because the
molecules are packed together closely.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

Question 1.
Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is focused on your eyes.
Answer:
When a bright light enters the eye then most of the refraction for the light rays entering the eye occurs at
the outer surface of the cornea. Then, the crystalline lens merely provides the finer adjustment of focal
length required to focus object at different distances on the retina. The pupil regulates and controls the
amount of light entering the eye. At retina, the light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and
generate electric signals. These signals are sent to the brain via the optic nerves. The brain interprets
these signals and finally, processes the information so that we perceive objects as they are.
Q.2. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow it:
(a) Which defect of vision is represented in this case? Give reason for your answer.
(b) What could be the two causes of this defect?
(c) With the help of a diagram show how this defect can be corrected by the use of a suitable lens.
Answer: (a) Hypermetropia as the image is formed beyond the retina.
(b) (i) Due to greater focal length of the lens and
(ii) As eyeball becomes smaller.
(c) It can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable focal length as shown below.

Q.3.Explain the structure and functioning of the human eye. How are we able to see nearby as well as
distant objects?
A human eye is roughly 2.3 cm in diameter and is almost a spherical ball filled with some fluid. It
consists of the following parts:
● Sclera: It is the outer covering, a protective tough white layer called the sclera (white part of the
eye).
● Cornea: The front transparent part of the sclera is called the cornea. Light enters the eye through
the cornea.
● Iris: A dark muscular tissue and ring-like structure behind the cornea is known as the iris. The
colour of the iris actually indicates the colour of the eye. The iris also helps regulate or adjust
exposure by adjusting the iris.
● Pupil: A small opening in the iris is known as a pupil. Its size is controlled with the help of iris. It
controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
● Lens: Behind the pupil, there is a transparent structure called a lens. By the action of ciliary
muscles, it changes its shape to focus light on the retina. It becomes thinner to focus on distant
objects and becomes thicker to focus on the nearby objects.
● Retina: It is a light-sensitive layer that consists of numerous nerve cells. It converts images
formed by the lens into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are then transmitted to the
brain through optic nerves.
● Optic nerves: Optic nerves are of two types. These include cones and rods.
1. Cones: Cones are the nerve cells that are more sensitive to bright light. They help in detailed
central and colour vision.
2. Rods: Rods are the optic nerve cells that are more sensitive to dim lights. They help in peripheral
vision.
At the junction of the optic nerve and retina, there are no sensory nerve cells. So no vision is possible at
that point and is known as a blind spot.

Q.4.What is meant by spectrum of white light? How can we recombine the components of white light
after a prism has separated them? Draw a diagram to illustrate it.
ANS: The coloured pattern VIBGYOR formed by a prism by splitting the incident white light is called a
spectrum. By having two prisms, inverted to each other, one can recombine the light to get white light .

Q.5. Explain why do the planets not twinkle but the stars twinkle.
ANS: Planets being of larger size can be taken as a collection of large number of point-sized
objects/sources of light, which nullify the twinkling effect of each other.
Due to varying conditions of atmosphere, starlight undergoes multiple refraction and its path varying
slightly while passing through the atmosphere. Therefore, the apparent position of star fluctuates and
amount of light entering the eye changing continuously. The star sometimes appear brighter and some
other time, it appears fainter. This causes twinkling of star.
Q.6.Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Mark on it (a) the incident
ray. (b) the emergent ray and (c) the angle of deviation.
Answer: i-incident angle, r – refraction angle, δ – angle of deviation, e – angle of emergence.
Q.7.(a) What is meant by the power of accommodation of an eye?
(b) A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m directly. What should be the type of the
corrective lens used? What would be its power?

Answer: (a) The maximum variation in power of the lens so that the far-off and nearby objects are
viewed clearly is called power of accommodation.

(b) To correct, an object at infinity has to be brought as an image to 120 cm.

A 14-year old student is not able to see clearly the questions written on the blackboard placed at a
distance of 5 m from him.
(a) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from.
(b) With the help of labelled ray diagrams show how this defect can be corrected.
(c) Name the type of lens used to correct this defect.
Answer: (a) Short-sightedness.
Q.8.(a) What is dispersion of white light? What is the cause of such dispersion? Draw a diagram to show
the dispersion of white light by a glass prism.
(b) A glass prism is able to produce a spectrum when white light passes through it but a glass slab does
not produce any spectrum. Explain why is it so?
Answer: (a) The splitting up of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion. The colour
sequence is given by the acronym V I B G Y O R – Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and
Red. This colour pattern is called a spectrum.

Dispersion takes place because the speed of light of different colours through a glass prism is different
and so, refractive index, therefore, each colour bends (refracts) through different angles with respect to
incident ray as they pass through a prism. The red colour has maximum speed in glass prism. So, it is
least deviated while the violet colour has minimum speed so its deviation is maximum. Thus, the ray of
each colour emerges along different paths and becomes distinct.
(b) For dispersion, the two refracting surfaces must be inclined to each other as in case of prism. In
rectangular glass slab, the refracting surfaces are parallel to each other. So, dispersion cannot occur. This
is due to fact that the rectangular glass slab can be considered as equivalent of two identical prisms in
inverted position placed in an inverted position with respect to each other. The deviation and dispersion
produced by the second inverted prism is equal and opposite to that produced by the first prism.
Therefore, there will neither be dispersion, nor deviation, Le. second inverted prism recombines the ,
colour to give a white light parallel to the incident ray again and will undergo only lateral displacement.
Hence, rectangular glass slab cannot produce any spectrum.