Department of physics, sns

Lab Demonstrator: Muqaddas Rai

School: SEECS DATE: 3 November 2022

Semester: fall 2022

Group: 1st Section: BEE14 D

Lab no 07
{KIRCHOFF LAW AND CAPACITOR}

NAME REG NO
Sr
no
1 Aima Ghaffar 415983
2 Hanzla Sajjad 403214
3 Sabika Fatima 429648
4 Muhammad Umair 405215
5 Mian Tahir Nadeem 407752
 6 Ahmad nasir 409959
7 Amna Siddiqui 406130

INTRODUCTION:
Kirchhoff’s circuit laws lie at the heart of circuit analysis. With the help of these laws and
the equation for individual components (resistor, capacitor and inductor), we have the
basic tool to start analyzing circuits. There are two law that were given by Krichhoff and
called as Kirchhoff’s laws. These laws are given as
➢ Kirchhoff’s Current Law goes by several names: Kirchhoff’s First Law and
Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule. According to the Junction rule, The total of the
currents in a junction is equal to the sum of currents outside the junction in a
circuit.
➢ Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law goes by several names: Kirchhoff’s Second Law and
Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule. According to the loop rule, The sum of the voltages
around the closed loop is equal to null.

ABSTRACT
In this experiment we experimentally demonstrate
Krichhoff’s rule in electrical circuit
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).

THEORY:
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
The algebraic sum of all currents
entering and exiting a node must equal zero.
 i1 + i2 = i 3 + i4
Kirchhoff’s voltage Law:
In any closed path (or circuit) in a network,
the algebraic sum of the IR product is equal to the EMF in that path.

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
➢ AC/DC Electronics Lab Board
➢ Resistors
➢ Wire Leads
➢ (2) D-cell Batteries
➢ Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Procedure :
Construct the circuit on the DC Electronics Lab Board using fiveresistors and wire leads.
This circuit corresponds to the following one:

❖ We have measured the resistance between the circuit terminals using DMM
❖ We have calculated the value of voltage across each of the resistors and record the
values by connecting the circuit with current source (battery) and the current flowing.
❖ We have measured the value of current through each of resistors. Interrupting the
circuit and place the DMM in series with the circuit to obtain reading. Each reading is
recorded individual as well as the current flow into or out of the main part of the
circuit, IT
❖ To validate the current law at intersections, the KCL was used.
❖ • The voltage was measured by joining the circuit and DMM in parallel. The KVL
was found to be obeyed on both loops and the balance requirement was satisfied
Total R (RT)
With no current flowing (the battery disconnected), measure the total resistance
of the circuit between points A and B.
VOLTAGE:
Now connect the battery in the circuit to measure the voltage across each of
the resistors by connecting the probes of the multimeter in parallel.
MAKE SURE YOU TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THE
TERMINALS (+ AND -). CURRENT:
Now measure the current through each of the resistors by connecting the
probes of the multimeter in SERIES.
Table

Sr no Resistance,  Voltage, volts Current, mA

1 R1 9.38k V1 0.82 I1 0.08

2 R2 9.82k V2 0.10 I2 0.02
3 R3 9.86k V3 0.90 I3 0.09
4 R4 3.29k V4 0.52 I4 0.05
5 R5 3.28k V5 0.40 I5 0.11
Conclusion:
➢ The experiments mentioned above experimentally show that Kirchhoff's
law holds true. In a closed loop, the sum of the voltages is also zero.
➢ It has been demonstrated that the current entering and departing nodes
are equivalent.
➢ When the values of current and voltages are measured theoretically and
compared with experimental one some difference in both readings occurs
such minor difference can be ignored
The reasons behind these differences are
➢ The resistance of the connecting wires used.
➢ The internal resistance of the power supply
➢ The internal R of the Digital multimeter
➢ The observational errors
 ➢ The deviation which arises from the rounding the decimal no. is very
small but can be considered as one of the reasons.
Discussion:
Abstract:
We will calculate the time required to charge and discharge
a particular capacitor connected in an RC CIRCUIT. The
manner in which capacitors combine will also be studied.

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
➢ AC/DC Electronics Lab Board: Capacitors,
➢ Resistors,
➢ Wire Leads
➢ D-cell Battery
➢ Stopwatch or timer with 0.1 sec resolution.
➢ Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM) or Electrometer (ES-9054B)
➢ Digital Multimeter(DMM) that has an input impedance of 10 M
or greater.

Procedure:
▪ Connect the circuit using two different resistors of 10K and 35K ohm and
two different capacitors of 100µF and 30µF. Connect the VTVM so black
ground lead is on side of the capacitor that connects to the negative
terminal of the battery and set it so that it reads to a maximum of 1.5V
D.C.
▪ Start with no voltage on the capacitor and switch off. If there is remaining
voltage on the capacitor, use piece of wire to short the two leads together,
draining any remaining charge.
▪ Now close the switch by pushing and holding button down. Observe the
voltage reading on VTVM, voltage across the capacitor.
▪ Rehash stages 3-5 until you have a nice sentiment for the most common
way of charging and releasing of a capacitor through an obstruction.
▪ Now rehash stages 3-5, this time recording the time taken to move from
0.0 volts to 0.95 volts while charging, t(charging) and the time taken to
move from 1.5 volts to 0.55 volts while releasing, t(discharging). Record
your times alongside the obstruction and capacitance values.
▪ Supplant the 100 µF capacitor with a 330 µF capacitor. Rehash stage 7,
recording the charging and releasing times in T In the event that a third
worth is accessible, remember it for the information table, as well.
 ▪ Return to the first 100 F capacitor, however put a 35 kΩ resistor in the
circuit.
▪ If you now open the switch. by releasing the button, the capacitor should
remain at its present voltage with a very slow drop over time. This
indicates the charge you placed on the capacitor has no way to move
back to neutralise the excess charges on two plates.

Circuit Diagram:

Battery

Switch

+
V
C B

– Cap A

Res

Table:
Trial Resistance Capacitance( Time Time
(Ω) F)
(charging ) (discharging)
10k 100u 1.5 1.3s
1
35k 100u 3.9s 3.1s
2
10k 30u 3.9s 3.7s
3
35k 30u 11.9s 12s
4
CONCLUSION:
We see that in R-C circuit, charging and releasing time relies upon the
values of the resistors and furthermore on the capacitance of the capacitor It
is given as
t= RC.
Time of charging and discharging is straightforwardly dependent with the
resistance of the resistors.

Discussion:
➀ What is the effect on charging and discharging times if the capacitance is
increased? What mathematical relationship exists between your times and the
capacitance?
➢ The whole process takes some time and during this time there is an
electric current through the connecting wires and the battery.
q=ϵC(1−eCR−t) where q is the charge on the capacitor at time t,CR is
called the time constant, ϵ is the emf of the battery.
➢ C affects the discharging process in that the greater the capacitance, the
more charge a capacitor can hold, thus, the longer it takes to discharge,
which leads to a greater voltage, VC.
➢ Time of charging and discharging is proportional to capacitance.
➢ As time increases, the capacitance increases exponentially according to a
certain equation:
➢ Vc(t) = Vf (1 - (e^-t/[tau]) ) where Vf is the total voltage, t is the time in
which you would like to observe the voltage "on" the capacitor, and [tau]
is the time constant.
➁ What is the effect on charging and discharging times if the resistance of the
circuit is increased? What mathematical relationship exists between your times
and the resistance?
➢ If a larger value of resistance were used with the same value of
capacitance in the above circuit, then a smaller current would flow,
therefore it would take longer for the capacitor to charge up and longer
for it to discharge.
➢ You can also use Ohm's law (V = IR) to calculate current from voltage and
resistance. For a circuit with voltage 3 V and resistance 5 Ω that is applied
for 10 seconds, the corresponding current that results is I = V / R = 3 V /
5 Ω = 0.6 A, and the total charge would be Q = It = 0.6 A × 10 s = 6 C.
➢ R=t/C
 ➢ As resistance is proportional to time, so when we increase resistance the
time of charging of capacitor also increases and same in the case of
discharging, Greater the resistance greater will be the time of discharging.
➢ We noticed while charging the capacitor that the voltage increased at very
high rate in the beginning and then slowed down. We couldn’t charge the
capacitor fully because of the repulsion experienced by the incoming
charges from the stored ones.
➢ Same is the case in discharging except the reason. Lesser charges than before are
left to repel the leaving one as the time passes.
➢ Studies show that the capacitor charges and discharges exponentially as
follows. We noticed that increasing the R results in slower rate of charging
and discharging.

What is the effect on the total capacitance if capacitors are combined in series?
What if they are combined in parallel?
➢ When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance is the
sum of the individual capacitors’ capacitances.
➢ When adding together Capacitors in Series, the reciprocal (1/C) of the
individual capacitors are all added together (just like resistors in parallel)
instead of the capacitance’s themselves. Then the total value for
capacitors in series equals the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
the individual capacitances.
In series combination:

In parallel combination: