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Chapter 4

GOOD AFTERNOON, CLASS!

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GUESS ME!
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Questions
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1. Are you familiar with this?

2. Who do you think invented the first practical
microscope?
3. What is a microscope used for?
4. What can you see with a microscope that you can’t
see with your unaided eye?
5. What do you think is a compound microscope?
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CHAPTER IV

MICROSCOPY
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CHAPTER IV

MICROSCOPY
Optical or light microscopy involves passing visible light transmitted through
or reflected from the sample through a single lens or multiple lenses to allow
a magnified view of the sample.
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Objectives:
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At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:

Identify the parts of the compound microscope and its functions;

Demonstrate proper handling and skillfully manipulate compound
microscopes; and
Realize the importance of meticulousness in microscopy
techniques and its ethical responsibilities in handling and
examining samples.
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ZACHARIAS JANSSEN

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In 1590, two Dutch eyeglass makers named
Zacharias Janssen and his brother Hans
started experimenting using lenses. They got a
tube and put lenses on each end and started
observing objects. They were amazed that the
object they observed was greatly enlarged,
much larger than a magnifying glass can
enlarge. The Janssen brothers made a very
important discovery, a compound microscope
that uses two lenses.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ZACHARIAS JANSSEN’S MICROSCOPE
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ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
(1632–1723) was a Dutch scientist
known as the "Father of
Microbiology." He is famous for
developing powerful microscopes
and making groundbreaking
discoveries in the field of
microbiology.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
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ROBERT HOOKE

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Robert Hooke, an Englishman,
also spent much of his life
working with microscopes,
improving their design and
capabilities. With his improved
compound microscope, he
discovered tiny compartments in
a thin slice of cork. He called these
compartments "cells."
ROBERT HOOKE
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) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) THE EVOLUTION OF MICROCSCOPE
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EARLY BEGINNINGS

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1. Early Beginnings (1590s):
The first microscopes were
simple magnifying lenses,
developed by Zacharias
Janssen and his father, Hans
Janssen. These early
microscopes could magnify
objects around 10x.
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IMPROVEMENT BY GALILEO

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2. Improvement by Galileo
(1609):
Galileo Galilei enhanced the
design, creating a
microscope with improved
magnification and focus.
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HOOKE'S COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

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3. Hooke's Compound Microscope
(1665):
Robert Hooke introduced the
compound microscope, using multiple
lenses to magnify specimens, leading
to the discovery of cells, which he
documented in his book
"Micrographia."
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ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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4. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1670s):
Van Leeuwenhoek revolutionized
microscopy by creating simple
microscopes with much higher
magnification (up to 300x), allowing
him to observe bacteria, protozoa,
and other microorganisms for the
first time.
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19TH CENTURY ADVANCES

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5. 19th Century Advances:
In the 1800s, optical quality improved
with better glass production, and
compound microscopes became
more widely used in scientific
research. Ernst Abbe contributed
mathematical formulas to correct
optical distortions, improving image
clarity.
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ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

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6. Electron Microscopes (1930s):
Ernst Ruska developed the electron
microscope, which uses electron
beams instead of light to achieve
much higher magnifications (up to 2
million times). This allowed scientists
to view the ultrastructure of cells and
viruses.
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MODERN MICROSCOPES

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7. Modern Microscopes (20th
century-present):
Today’s microscopes include
advanced technologies like scanning
tunneling microscopes (STM) and
atomic force microscopes (AFM),
which allow scientists to observe
structures at the atomic level,
opening new frontiers in
nanotechnology and materials
science.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) THE PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
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BASE

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The bottom part that
supports the
microscope,
providing stability.
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ARM

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The part that extends
upward from the base
and supports the body
tube and stage. It is also
used to carry the
microscope.
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ILLUMINATOR

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Provides light to
illuminate the
specimen from
below.
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COARSE FOCUS KNOB

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Moves the stage or body
tube up and down to
bring the specimen into
rough focus.
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FINE FOCUS KNOB

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Fine-tunes the focus to
make the image
sharper.
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CONDENSER

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Located beneath the
stage, it focuses light
from the illuminator
onto the specimen.
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DIAPHRAGM

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Adjusts the amount of
light that reaches the
specimen, usually
located below the stage.
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REVOLVING NOSEPIECE

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Holds the objective
lenses and can be
rotated to change
between them.
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OBJECTIVE LENSES

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Multiple lenses with
different magnifications
(e.g., 4x, 10x, 40x) that
provide the primary
magnification.
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BODY TUBE

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The part that
connects the
eyepiece to the
objective lenses.
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EYEPIECE

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The lens at the top that
you look through, usually
with a magnification of
10x or 15x.
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01
Chapter 1

STEP BY STEP:
HOW TO USE A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
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HOW TO USE
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MICROSCOPE
Contents

01 Turn the Objective Lenses so that the longest lens (the lowest power
one) is in viewing position. Be sure that there is room for it to move into
place. Lower the Mechanical stage to make more room if needed.

02 Place the slide on the Mechanical stage and fasten it with the
stage clips.
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HOW TO USE
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MICROSCOPE
Contents

03 Look at the side of the microscope and turn the Adjustment knob until
the lens is very close to, but not touching, the slide.

04 Look through the eyepiece and move the Adjustment knob so that
the lens lifts away from the slide. The image should come into focus.
Be careful not to drop the lens into the face of the slide, as this may
cause damage to the lens.
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HOW TO USE
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MICROSCOPE
Contents

05 The condenser can be adjusted to increase or decrease light intensity.

You will usually want the most light possible for clearer viewing, but
with low power objective lenses you may need to decrease the light.

06 The slide can be moved around to center the desired image in the
field of view.
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HOW TO USE
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MICROSCOPE
Contents

07 Turn the Objective Lenses so that the longest lens (the lowest power
one) is in viewing position. Be sure that there is room for it to move into
place. Lower the Mechanical stage to make more room if needed.
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HOW TO USE
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MICROSCOPE
Contents

08 You may need to slightly adjust the focus and centering of the
object you are viewing. If you try this, and it doesn’t seem to come
into focus, then drop the lens to very near, but not touching, the
slide (look from beside the microscope to do this, not through the
eye piece) and then look through the eyepiece while you slowly
raise the lens away from the slide. At some point, it will come into
focus for you.
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HOW TO USE
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MICROSCOPE
Contents

08 When you have finished viewing the slide, lower the Mechanical
stage using the Adjustment knob, click the low power lens into
viewing position (in preparation for next time), and remove the
slide (by pressing on the ends of the clips to release it).
 Thank You
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