MAGNETISM

PREPARED BY:
LADY SHEENA O. DETABLAN
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. describe the interaction between poles of magnets,
2. evaluate total magnetic flux through an open space,
3. solve problems involving magnetic fields, forces due to magnetic fields,
and the motion of the charges and current-carrying wires.
MAGNETS
Magnets are surrounded by magnetic fields that are responsible
for the most notable proper ty of a magnet: attracts other
ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc. and
attracts or repels other magnets.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
A magnet has two ends that points to the North and South. We call these
as the north-seeking pole and the south-seeking pole. These are the
regions where the magnetic force is most concentrated.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

Breaking magnets in half repeatedly produces new magnets with its

own N and S poles.

Does a magnetic monopole exist?

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

Unlike poles attract, and like poles repel.

Magnetic field lines are used to help us

visualize a field, and they also provide a
measure of the strength of the magnetic field.
These magnetic field lines are vector
quantities,.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS - Directive

When a magnet is suspended in the air

by a thread, it directs itself to align in the
geographic north-south direction
MAGNETS
EARTH is a huge magnet
The Earth’s North geographic pole is its
south magnetic pole and its South
geographic pole is its north magnetic pole.
When a magnet is suspended freely in a
horizontal plane, it will turn until its north
pole points to the Earth’s North geographic
pole.
MAGNETS
Compass is made of a small magnet pivoted at its center of gravity so that it rotates in
a horizontal plane. When it is disturbed, it oscillates and always comes to rest with the
same end or pole pointing at a northerly direction.
ELECTROMAGNETISM

In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted discovered the presence of magnetic field around
current-carrying wires. He placed a small compass needle near a conductor carrying
an electric current and the compass needle was deflected. It was found that the
deflection of the needle was due to the magnetic field produced around a conductor
by the current in it.
This was the first evidence of the relationship between
electricity and magnetism.
A moving charged particle produces a magnetic field around itself.
Thus, a current of moving charged particles produces a magnetic
field around the current.
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES VS MAGNETIC FORCE

Magnetic field lines are a set of imaginary lines which are drawn from N
(north) pole of the magnet to the S (south) pole of the magnet. In definition
these lines never cross each other unless the magnetic field intensity is zero.

Magnetic force is the force that is created by two magnets. A single magnet
cannot create a magnetic force. Magnetic forces are created when a magnet,
a magnetic material, or a current carrying wire is placed at an external
magnetic field.
CHARGES IN MOTION IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Electric charge will experience a magnetic

force when placed in a magnetic field
provided that two conditions are attained:
1. The charge must be in motion because no
magnetic force will act on a charge at rest.
2. The velocity of the charge in motion must
have a component perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FIELD
The magnetic field B at a point in space is defined as:

�
� =
�0 (�����)

where F is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a positive test charge

�0 and v is the velocity of the charge that makes an angle θ with the
direction of the magnetic field.
UNIT: TESLA
1T = 1 N/Am
MAGNETIC FIELD
Calculate the magnetic force acting on a proton particle travelling at
3.0x105 m/s perpendicular to a 0.32T magnetic field.

�
� =
�0 (�����)
MAGNETIC FIELD IN CURRENT-CARRYING WIRES

When a current flows in a wire, it creates a circular

magnetic field around the wire. The strength of the
magnetic field is greater closer to the wire, and
increases if the current increases.
RIGHT HAND RULE

The direction of the current and magnetic

field can be found using the right hand grip
rule. Coil the fingers of the right hand as if
holding the handlebars of a bicycle, with the
thumb pointing away from the hand. The
thumb indicates the direction of the current,
and the fingers then indicate the direction of
the magnetic field.
BIO-SAVART LAW

Biot-Savart’s law is an equation that gives the magnetic field produced

due to a current carrying segment.

�0 �� � �
�� = �
4� �2
where �0 is the permeability constant which is equal to �����−� ��/�
AMPERE’S LAW

An alternative expression of the Biot-Savart

law, which also relates the magnetic field � ∙ �� = �0 �
and the current that produces it.

The line integral of the magnetic field

around an arbitrarily chosen path is
proportional to the net electric current
enclosed by the path.
AMPERE’S LAW

Magnetic field around a long current-carrying wire

The current wire is

encircled with magnetic
field lines. These lines
are produced by the
current-carrying wire.
AMPERE’S LAW - SAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate the magnetic field in air at a point 5cm from a long

straight wire carrying a current of 10A.

Given: r = 5cm
I = 10A
�� = �� × ��−� ��/�
Find: B �0 �
� =
2��
MAGNETIC FIELD

A current of 15A flows north along a wire. Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field at a point 10cm east of wire.

�0 �
� =
2� �
AMPERE’S LAW

Magnetic field through the center of a circuit loop

If a current is passed through the loop, the magnetic field from all
segments of the loop will pass through the inside of the loop in the same
direction.
BIO-SAVART LAW

Find the magnetic field at the center of the loop produced by a 3.0A of
current if radius is 2cm.
�0 �� � �
�� = �
4� �2
SOLENOIDS or Electric coils - a long wire
wound in the form of a helical coil. The
number of turns on the coil surrounding the
solenoid can boost its magnetic field
strength.
AMPERE’S LAW

Magnetic field at the center of a solenoid

The coil of conducting wire is called a solenoid. The cylindrical columns
of air inside the coil is called the core.

When current passes

through the solenoid, the
core becomes a magnetic
tube through which
magnetic field passes.
MRI is a large solenoid
Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form
pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. Patients are moved into the
center of a large solenoid that can generate very large magnetic fields. The large magnetic field is
used to change the spin of protons in the patient’s body. The time it takes for the spins to align or
relax (return to original orientation) is a signature of different tissues that can be analyzed to see if
the structures of the tissues is normal
AMPERE’S LAW - SAMPLE PROBLEM

An air core solenoid with 2000 loops is 50cm long and has a diameter
of 2.4cm. If a current I of 3A passes through it, what will be the
magnetic field within it?
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Consider a rectangular path in the magnetic field shown in the sketch. The
magnitude of the field is 1.2mT everywhere, but the direction varies; above
the dotted line, the field points to the right, while below the line, the field
points to the left. Determine the magnitude of the current enclosed by the
path.
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A cylindrical wire with radius r carries an electric current I. Let I=60A and
r=2.0cm.
a.) Calculate the magnetic field at the surface of wire.
b.) Calculate the magnetic field outside the wire at a distance of 5.0mm
above surface.
c.) Calculate the magnetic field inside the wire at a distance of 0.4mm below
surface.
MAGNETIC FLUX

• The number of magnetic field lines

passing through a surface is called
the magnetic flux.
• The flux per unit area is proportional
to the strength of the magnetic field.
• The magnetic flux is most
concentrated at the poles; thus, this
is where the magnetic field strength
is the greatest.
Magnetic Flux

�� = � ∙ � = ������
� ����� = � �� = �� ∙ ��
MAGNETIC FLUX

A rectangular coil of wire is in a 0.60T magnetic field. The area of the coil
is 3m2. Determine the magnetic flux for the following orientations:
a.) 0°
b.) 30°
c.) 90°
Induced Current - the current brought
about by a changing magnetic field.

To produce a current, a source of EMF

is needed. The coil of wire behaves
like a source of EMF in this case. This
is known as the induced EMF.

A changing magnetic field induces an

EMF in the coil, and the EMF leads to
an induced current.
FARADAY’S LAW
The magnitude of the emf induced in
a conducting loop is equal to the
rate at which the magnetic flux
through that loop changes with time.

���
� =− �
��
FARADAY’S LAW
Induced EMF depends on the following factors:
a. the speed of the relative movement between the magnet and the coil
b. the strength of the magnet
c. the number of turns of the coil
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A circular loop of wire with a diameter of 12cm is in a 1.8T magnetic field.

The loop is removed from the magnetic field over a time of 0.25s. What is
the induced emf in the loop?
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A circular loop of wire with a diameter of 12cm is in a 1.8T magnetic field.

The loop is removed from the magnetic field over a time of 0.25s. What is
the induced emf in the loop?

�� = ������ ���
�� = �(��� ) � =− �
��
�� = (�. ��)(��. ���� ) −�
(��� − �. ���� ��)
�� = �. ����−� �� � =− �
�. ���
� = �. ����−� V
A rectangular coil with 100 windings and a length 20cm and a width 12cm is
initially held so that its plane is parallel to a 1.5T magnetic field. The loop is
then rotated in 0.20s so that it is perpendicular to the magnetic field. What
is the induced emf in the loop?
The magnetic field through a single loop of wire, 10cm in radius and with a
resistance of 7.5 ohms, changes with time as shown in the diagram below.
Determine the induced emf in the loop of wire as a function of time.
a.) at 2 seconds
b.) at 8 seconds