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(Passwater) Notes Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros

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91 views

(Passwater) Notes Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros

Uploaded by

venkasan002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: (Topic 1.

5) Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros

𝐙𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

Given a polynomial function 𝑝(𝑥), if 𝑝(𝑎) = 0, then 𝑎 is a zero or root of 𝑝(𝑥).

If 𝑎 is a real number, then if 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero of 𝑝, then (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a linear factor of 𝑝.

𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐙𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐬 (𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲)


If a linear factor (𝑥 − 𝑎) is repeated 𝑛 times, the corresponding zero of the polynomial has a multiplicity 𝑛.

Typically, we know that the graph of a polynomial passes ________ the zeros on the graph. However, when a zero
has a multiplicity greater than 1, the graph will behave differently near the zero.

The function 𝑦 = −.01(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 − 3)2 is graphed to the right.


Notice the behavior around the zeros of the function.

𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
The multiplicity of a zero is the __________ of its factor.

We can include the multiplicity when we list the zeros:


𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 1 (mult. 3), 𝑥 = 3 (mult. 2)

At 𝑥 = 3, the multiplicity is 2. The graph of the polynomial is tangent


to the 𝑥 axis (the graph bounces off the 𝑥 axis).

The graph of a polyomial will always be tangent to the 𝑥 axis at any zero with an 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 multiplicity.

𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐑𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬

Some polynomials have roots that contain an imaginary number. This means you will ______ see them on the graph.

The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 is shown to the right.

To find the zeros of 𝑓(𝑥), we set 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0.

𝑥 2 = −1

𝑥 = ±√−1 = ±𝑖

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater
𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠: All imaginary roots come in _________. If 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is a root of 𝑓(𝑥), then so is ___________.
These are called 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐬.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏: Determine the conjugate of the following complex numbers.


a. 4𝑖 b. −𝑖 c. 2 − 3𝑖 d. −4 + 2𝑖

𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐥𝐠𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐚


A polynomial of degree 𝑛 has exactly 𝑛 complex zeros when counting multiplicities.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐: The graph of the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) is shown in the figure above. It is known that 𝑥 = 𝑖√3 is
a zero of 𝑓. If 𝑓 has degree 𝑛, what is the least possible value of 𝑛?

𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬

𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫
When we write “𝑓(𝑥)”, we are referring to the ___-value on
the graph of 𝑓(𝑥).

𝑓(𝑥) > 0 means the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is _________ the __-axis


𝑓(𝑥) < 0 means the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is _________ the __-axis

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) above.

a) Where does 𝑓(𝑥) = 0? b) Where is 𝑓(𝑥) > 0? c) Where is 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0?

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐍𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 (𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐬)
1. Solve 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.
2. Create a 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐭 with the solutions from Step 1.

3. 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 in each interval to see if the values in the interval are ______ or ______.

4. 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐭 the sign chart to answer the given inequality from the problem.

𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄: Be sure to write your answer in 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 and think about the 𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬!

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑: Solve (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4) > 0 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒: Solve (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 5) ≤ 0

𝐃𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚 𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬


If given a table of values with equal width input intervals, we can determine the degree of a polynomial by examining
successive differences in the output values. The number of successive differences needed for the differences to be
constant is equal to the degree 𝑛 of the polynomial.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓: Determine the degree of the polynomials represented in the tables below.
a) b)
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
1 −2 0 −2
3 −3 3 0
5 −1 6 10
7 4 9 27
9 12 12 50

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐝𝐝 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐎𝐝𝐝 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

An even function is symmetric over the 𝑦 axis. An odd function is symmetric about the origin.
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 1 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟔: Determine if the following polynomials are even, odd, or neither.

a) ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 5 b) 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1

c) d)

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.5 Polynomial Functions and Complex Zeros Created by Bryan Passwater

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