Class X Session 2024-25

Subject - Science
Sample Question Paper - 5

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.

2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is expected to

attempt only one of these questions.

3. Section A consists of 20 objective-type questions carrying 1 mark each.

4. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the

range of 30 to 50 words.

5. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these questions should
be in the range of 50 to 80 words.

6. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answers to these questions should

be in the range of 80 to 120 words.

7. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with sub-parts.

Section A
1. On adding zinc granules to freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution, a student observes that [1]

a) a dull brown coating is formed b) a greyish black coating is formed

c) a white coating is formed d) no coating is formed

2. In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodide and aqueous lead nitrate, a yellow [1]
precipitate of lead iodide is formed. While performing the activity if lead nitrate is not available, which of the
following can be used in place of lead nitrate?

a) Ammonium nitrate b) Potassium sulphate

c) Lead acetate d) Lead sulphate (insoluble)

3. An aqueous solution A turns phenolphthalein solution pink. On addition of an aqueous solution B to A, the pink [1]
colour disappears. The following statement is true for solution A and B.

a) A is strongly acidic and B is a weak acid. b) A has pH less than 7 and B has pH greater
than 7.

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 c) A is strongly basic and B is a weak base. d) A has pH greater than 7 and B has pH less
than 7.
4. CH2 = CH2 + BR2(aq) → BrCH2 - CH2Br [1]

The above reaction is an example of:

a) Hydrogenation reaction b) Substitution reaction

c) Combustion reaction d) Addition reaction

5. During smelting, an additional substance is added which combines with impurities to form a fusible product [1]
known as:

a) Flux b) Slag

c) Gangue d) Mud
6. Select the correct statements. [1]
I. Oxide ores of heavy metals are concentrated by hydraulic washing.
II. Froth floatation process is used for the concentration of magnetic ores.
III. Oxides of highly reactive metals can be reduced to metals by the action of heat alone.
IV. Carbonate ores are decomposed to form metal oxides by heating in the absence of air.

a) II and III only b) I, III and IV only

c) I and IV only d) I, II, III and IV

7. Which of the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons? [1]
i. H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
ii. H3C - C ≡ C - CH3

iii. H3C − C H − C H3
|
CH
3

iv. H 3 C − C = C H2
|
CH
3

a) (ii) and (iv) b) (iii) and (iv)

c) (i) and (iii) d) (ii) and (iii)

8. A black strip of paper was clipped onto a destarched leaf in a potted plant to cover a part of the leaf. The plant [1]
was then exposed to sunlight for four hours, the paper strip was removed and the leaf was tested for starch.
When iodine solution was added:

a) The entire leaf turned blue-black. b) The uncovered part of the leaf became blue-
black.

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 c) The colour of the iodine solution remain d) The covered part of the leaf became blue-
unchanged. black.
9. Mendel selected garden peas as his experimental material because [1]
i. Pea plants possess a number of well defined contrasting characters.
ii. Pea plants contain unisexual flowers.
iii. Pea plants have a short life cycle.
iv. Pea plants produce many seeds in one generation.

a) (i) and (iii) only b) (i) and (ii) only

c) (i), (iii) and (iv) only d) (i) and (iv) only

10. In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are [1]
i. banana
ii. dog
iii. yeast
iv. Amoeba

a) (i) and (iv) b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

c) (ii) and (iv) d) (i), (iii) and (iv)

11. It a round green seeded pea plant (RRYY) is crossed with wrinkled yellow seeded pea plant (rr yy) the seeds to [1]
be produced in F1 generation will be:

a) round and green b) wrinkled and green

c) Wrinkled and yellow d) round and yellow

12. In submerged water plants like Hydrilla: [1]

a) Light is necessary for photosynthesis b) Photosynthesis does not occur

c) Carbon dioxide is not needed for d) Light is not needed for photosynthesis
photosynthesis
13. The magnetic field strength of a solenoid can be increased by inserting: [1]

a) A wooden piece into it b) An iron piece into it

c) A glass piece into it d) Paper roll into it

14. Which of the following is the most likely temperature of the filament of an electric light bulb when it is working [1]
on the normal 220 V supply line?

a) 2500°C b) 1500°C

c) 500°C d) 4500°C
15. Accumulation of non-biodegradable pesticides in the food chains in increasing amount at each higher trophic [1]
level is known as:

a) Biological magnification b) Accumulation

c) Eutrophication d) Pollution
16. Which group(s) of organisms is/are not a constituent of a food chain? [1]
A. Grass, lion, rabbit, wolf

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 B. Plankton, man, fish, grasshopper
C. Wolf, grass, snake, tiger
D. Frog, snake, eagle, grass, grasshopper

a) B and D b) All of these

c) B and C d) A and C
17. Assertion (A): A chemical reaction becomes faster at higher temperatures. [1]
Reason (R): At higher temperatures, molecular motion becomes more rapid.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

18. Assertion (A): Urethra in human males acts as a urinogenital canal. [1]
Reason (R): Urethra carries only urine while sperms are carried by vasa deferentia only.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

19. Assertion (A): For a point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current, magnetic field is maximum at the [1]
centre of the coil.
Reason (R): Magnetic field is proportional to the distance of point from the circular coil.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

20. Assertion (A): An ecosystem consists of biotic components and abiotic components. [1]
Reason (R): Biotic and abiotic components play important roles for the sustenance of life and work
independently in all ecosystems.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
21. i. Why does carbon form the largest number of compounds? Give two reasons. [2]
ii. Why are some of these called saturated and the other unsaturated compounds?
iii. Which one of these two is more reactive and why?
22. Mention the events taking place when the ovum is fertilized in fallopian tube till it is implanted in the uterus of [2]
human female.
23. Why is blood circulation in human heart called double circulation? [2]
OR
How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
24. State laws of refraction of light. [2]
25. Which chemical is used in fire extinguishers. It is harmful as it leads to depletion of ozone layer, thus allowing [2]
UV radiations from the Sun to enter into the atmosphere.

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 OR
How is ozone formed in the upper atmosphere? State its importance. What is responsible for its depletion? Write one
harmful effect of ozone depletion.
26. A student uses spectacles of focal length -2.5 m. [2]
i. Name the defect of vision he is suffering from.
ii. Which lens is used for the correction of this defect?
iii. List two main causes of developing this defect.
iv. Compute the power of this lens.
Section C
27. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube [3]
over it.
What will be the action of gas on
i. Dry litmus paper?
ii. Moist litmus paper?
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
28. What is the cause of the inertness of noble gas elements? [3]
OR
i. An ore, on heating in air, give sulphur dioxide gas. Name the method in each metallurgical step, that will be
required to extract this metal from its ore.
ii. State which of the following reactions will take place or which will not, giving suitable reason for each?
a. Zn(s) + CuSo4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

b. Fe(s) + ZnSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Zn(s)

29. Explain nutrition in Amoeba. [3]

30. In a pea plant, find the contrasting trait if [3]
i. the position of flower is terminal
ii. the flower is white in colour
iii. shape of pod is constricted
31. An object is kept at a distance of 18 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm, from a lens of power+5D. (i) In which case or cases [3]
would you get a magnified image? (ii) Which of the magnified image can we get on a screen? (b) List two
widely used applications of a convex lens.
32. Calculate the total cost of running the following electrical devices in the month of September, if the rate of 1 unit [3]
of electricity is Rs. 6.00.
i. Electric heater of 1000 W for 5 hours daily.
ii. Electric refrigerator of 400 W for 10 hours daily.
33. Find out the following in the electric circuit given in Figure [3]

i. The potential difference across 4 Ω resistance

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 ii. The power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor
Section D
34. Discuss the formation of covalent bonds in molecules of [5]
i. Ammonia
ii. Ethylene
iii. Carbon dioxide.
OR
Discuss the important characteristics of covalent compounds.
35. Explain various steps of budding in yeast. [5]
OR
Given below is a diagram of the human endocrine system.

Using the given diagram, answer the following questions:

i. How pituitary gland regulates the growth of the body?
ii. Which hormone is responsible for the carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism in the body?
iii. Which pair of glands prepare the body to deal with emergency situations?
iv. Which gland secretes insulin and what does it do in the body?
v. What is the function of endocrine glands?
36. How are the images formed when an object is moved from infinity to the convex lens? [5]
OR
An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave mirror which produces a real image 3 cm high.
(i)Find the position of the image.
(ii)What is the focal length of mirror?
Section E
37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
The teacher while conducting practicals in the laboratory divided the students into three groups and gave them
various solutions to find out their pH and classify them into acidic, basic and neutral solutions.
Group A - Lemon juice, vinegar, colourless aerated drink
Group B - Tomato juice, coffee, ginger juice
Group C - Sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, lime water
(a) For the solutions provided, which group is/are likely to have pH value (i) less than 7, and (ii) greater than
7?
(b) List two ways of determining pH of a solution.
OR

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 Explain, why the sour substances such as lemon juice are effective in cleaning the tarnished copper
vessels.
38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
In animals, control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular tissues. Touching a hot object is an
urgent and dangerous situation for us. We need to detect it and respond to it. How do we detect that we are
touching a hot object? All information from our environment is detected by the specialised tips of some nerve
cells. These receptors are usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so
on. So gustatory receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will detect the smell. This information,
acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, see figure, sets off a chemical reaction that creates an
electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end.

(a) Name the largest cell present in the body.

(b) What is an axon ?
(c) Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory receptor present in a human beings.
OR
Name the following parts of a neuron:
a. Where information is acquired.
b. Through which information travels as an electrical impulse.
39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
A student fixes a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using some adhesive materials. She places a bar
magnet in the centre of it and sprinkles some iron filings uniformly around the bar magnet using a salt sprinkler.
On tapping the board gently , she observes that the iron filings have arranged themselves in a particular pattern.
(a) What makes iron filings arrange in a definite pattern?
(b) Draw a diagram to show this pattern of iron filings.
(c) How is the direction of magnetic field at a point determined using the field lines? Why do two magnetic
field lines not cross each other?
OR
How are the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet drawn using a small compass needle? Draw one
magnetic field line each on both sides of the magnet.

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 Solution
Section A
1.
(b) a greyish black coating is formed
Explanation: The colour of the coating is grayish black. When Zinc Reacts with ferrous sulphate zinc displaces iron forming
zinc sulphate and iron metal is precipitated and settles on the surface of zinc granules. This is because zinc is more
electropositive than iron so it can displace iron from its solution. Also, the solution turns colourless from light green.
F eSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + F e (s)
Black

2.
(c) Lead acetate
Explanation: To get lead iodide we need a compound containing lead. Hence, Ammonium nitrate and Potassium sulphate are
ruled out. Lead sulphate is insoluble hence it cannot be used. So the answer is Lead acetate can be used in place of Lead
Nitrate.
3.
(d) A has pH greater than 7 and B has pH less than 7.
Explanation: A has pH greater than 7 and B has pH less than 7.
4.
(d) Addition reaction
Explanation: The given reaction is an example of the addition reaction. In this reaction, a bromine atom adds to each carbon
atom of ethene. The double bond in ethene is broken and the hydrocarbon becomes saturated.
5.
(b) Slag
Explanation: During the smelting of iron, limestone is added as a flux. The temperature inside the blast furnace decomposes
limestone to calcium oxide which removes silicate impurity. Impurities like silicon are passed into the slag. The metal is
separated from the molten slag.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3 (Slag)
6.
(c) I and IV only
Explanation: Froth floatation process is used for the concentration of sulphide ores. Oxides of highly reactive metals are
reduced to metals by electrolysis of their molten or fused oxides.
7. (a) (ii) and (iv)
Explanation: (i) and (iv) are unsaturated hydrocarbons (they contain double or triple bonds between two carbon atoms). (i) is
ethyne (an alkyne). (iv) is iso-butene (2-methyl propene)
A and C are saturated hydrocarbons (they contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms).
8.
(b) The uncovered part of the leaf became blue-black.
Explanation: The uncovered part of the leaf became blue-black.
9.
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) only
Explanation: (i), (iii) and (iv) only
10.
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Explanation: Asexual reproduction is the mode of reproduction in single-parent produces offsprings.
Amoeba reproduces asexually by binary fission.

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 Asexual reproduction occurs in yeast by means of budding and in banana asexual reproduction occurs by the means
of vegetative propagation from the stem.
Dogs reproduced sexually.

11. (a) round and green

Explanation: Since roundness and green colour are shown by capital letters in the genotype so they are dominant traits. We
know that only dominant traits are expressed in F1 generation.

12. (a) Light is necessary for photosynthesis

Explanation: Light is necessary for photosynthesis
13.
(b) An iron piece into it
Explanation: An iron piece into it
14. (a) 2500°C
Explanation: 2500°C
15. (a) Biological magnification
Explanation:
The chemicals used to protect crops from diseases and pests are washed down into the soil or the water bodies. From the soil,
these are absorbed by the plants along with water and minerals. From the water bodies, these are taken up by aquatic plants and
animals. The non-biodegradable chemicals thus enter the food chain. They get accumulated progressively at each trophic level.
As human beings occupy the top level in any food chain, the maximum concentration of these chemicals gets accumulated in
human bodies. This phenomenon is known as biological magnification.
16.
(c) B and C
Explanation:
Organisms in groups B and C do not make up a food chain. A food chain is a series of organisms in order of who eats whom. In
B, grasshopper is out of place. In D, nobody out of wolf, snake or tiger eats grass.

17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: A chemical reaction becomes faster at higher temperatures because at high temperature, the movement of
particles are greater.
18.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: A is true but R is false.
19.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: The magnitude of magnetic field produced by a current carrying circular coil is maximum at the centre and is not
proportional to the distance of a point from the circular coil.
20. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: There are both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) elements in an ecosystem. This is accurate because
ecosystems consist of both living and non-living elements, including soil, water, air, and other non-living things like animals,
plants, and bacteria. Since living things depend on nonliving resources like water, air, and soil nutrients for survival, both biotic
and abiotic components are crucial to the maintenance of life. On the other hand, abiotic factors like sunshine and climate also
affect how living things are distributed and behave in an ecosystem. The justification, which states that biotic and abiotic
elements function separately in every ecosystem, also bolsters the assertion. This is so that life can continue to exist in an
ecosystem even while living things and non-living resources do not rely on one another.
Section B
21. i. Carbon forms large no. of compounds due to the following reasons:
Catenation: The property of an element to combine with itself to form long chain is called catenation. Atoms of same element
combine through covalent bonds and form long chains and structures. Carbon exhibit this property of catenation. Due to which
we see such a large variety of organic compounds in nature.

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 Tetravalency: Carbon has a valency of four. So, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some
other element. Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many other elements,
which may act as functional groups with specific properties which depend on the elements other than the carbon present in the
molecule.
ii. Some compounds are called saturated because they contain single bond only between two carbon atoms but some are
unsaturated because in these hydrocarbons, valence of carbon is satisfied by double or triple bond.
iii. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive because of the presence of double and triple bonds between them, which are
weaker compared to single bond.
22. After fertilization, the zygote starts dividing by repeated mitotic divisions called cleavage. In about 4 to 5 days after fertilization,
zygote becomes a multicellular structure called blastocyst. The blasto cyst gets attached to the lining of uterus is called
implantation.
23. In Humans blood flow in two directions simultaneously in one cardiac cycle. Oxygenated blood comes to the heart from the lungs
and at the same time, de-oxygenated blood goes from Heart towards the lungs. Because of this double movement is blood
circulation in the human heart called double circulation.
OR
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

It takes place in the presence of oxygen. It takes place in the absence of oxygen.

Carbon-di-oxide and water are the end products. Carbon-di-oxide and Lactic acid/ ethanol are the end products.

More efficient in energy production. Less efficient in energy production.

It takes Place in animals and plants. It takes place in unicellular organisms.

24. The two laws of refraction are:
i. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
ii. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence (i) to the sine of angle of refraction (r) is a constant for the pair of given media.
This constant is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.
25. CFCs, i.e. chlorofluorocarbons are used in fire extinguishers it is most common ozone depletion substance (ODS) , which create a
hole in ozozne layer thus allowing UV radiations from the Sun to enter into the atmosphere.
OR
The higher energy UV radiations split apart some molecular oxygen into free oxygen atoms. These atoms then combine
with molecular oxygen to form ozone.
UV

O2 −−→ O + O
O2 + O ⟶ O3
It prevents harmful UV radiation to reach the earth.
CFC/chlorofluoro carbon/aerosol.
Skin cancer
26. f = -2.5 m
i. Since the focal length is negative, it is a concave lens and it is used in myopia.
ii. Concave
iii. i. excessive curvature of the cornea.
ii. elongation of the eyeball.
iv. f = -2.5 m
The negative sign of focal length indicates that the lens used is concave hence the boy is suffering from myopia (short-
sightedness).
Power of the lens = 1

f (in m)

= 1

(−2.5)

= -2.5 D
Section C
27. The gas is sulphur-dioxide (SO2)

i. It will not react with dry litmus paper.

ii. The gas will bleach moist litmus paper.

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 The balanced chemical equation is
heat

S + O2 ⟶ SO2

28. The inertness or reluctance of the members of the noble gas family is linked with their structure. The first member helium (He)
has two electrons in the only shell which is the K-shell. The atoms of all other members have eight electrons in their outermost
shell, also called valence shell. The electronic configuration of the members of the family are as follows:
Noble gas Atomic Electronic No. of electrons
Symbol
element No. (Z) Configuration in outermost shell
Helium He 2 2 2
Neon Ne 10 2, 8 8
Argon Ar 18 2, 8, 8 8
Krypton Kr 36 2, 8, 18, 8 8
Xenon Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 8
Radon Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 8
This is the maximum number of electrons which the atoms of these elements can have in their outermost shell. They have,
therefore, no tendency to either lose or gain one or more electrons. In other words, these atoms are fully satisfied. The members of
the family are called inert gases or noble gases.
OR
i) The ore is Cinnabar (Hg2S)
Cinnabar is the ore of mercury (Hg) which has low reactivity and can be reduced to mercury by heating alone. So to obtain
mercury from cinnabar the only step required is heating strongly in the presence of oxygen called "Roasting". In the first step,
cinnabar gets converted to mercuric oxide which on further heating is reduced to mercury.
2HgS (s) +3 O2 (g) +Heat → 2 HgO(s) +2 SO2 (g)
2 HgO +Heat → 2 Hg (l) + O2 (g)
ii) a. This reaction will take place as Zn is more reactive than Cu, so Zn will displace Cu from its salt CuSO4 and will form
colourless ZnSO4 solution and reddish brown particles Cu.
b. This reaction will not occur as Fe is less reactive than Zn, so it will not be able to displace Zn from ZnSO4.
29. Nutrition in Amoeba: Amoeba is omnivorous. i.e. it feeds on smaller animals, plants, micro-organisms and fragments of larger
organisms. Nutrition is holozoic. Ingestion can occur at any place on the surface since a regular mouth is absent. Ingestion occurs
through phagocytosis or engulfing the food particle in an invagination of the body. The engulfed food particle comes to lie inside a
food vacuole. The latter is surrounded by a membrane.
Digestion: The digestion is intracellular and the food vacuoles act as temporary stomach for digestion.
Absorption: It occurs by diffusion and distribution takes place by cyclosis.
Assimilation: Assimilation of digested material occurs in a single cell.
Egestion: The undigested food is eliminated through the surface of the cell, where the food vacuole containing the undigested
food bursts and discharges its contents to the outside.

30. Contrasting trains were used by mendel and were classified as dominant or recessive. Mendel used 7 traits of pea plant for his
experiments. Out of which 3 are.
Character Given Trait Contrasting Trait

(i) Position of flower Terminal Axial (dominant)

(ii) Colour of flower White Violet (dominant)

(iii) Shape of pod Constricted Full (dominant )

31. (i) Focal length = 1/power = 1/5D = 1/5m = 20cm
It is convex lens of focal length 20cm.
So, the Magnified image will be formed in all cases, 20cm is focus, 18 cm is on focal length, 22 cm and 30 cm is between focus

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 and focus and center of curvature. In all cases, magnified image is formed.
(ii) In case of 22 cm and 30 cm image formed is real and hence can be obtained on screen.
32. P1 = 1000W

1000
= 1kW
t1 = 5 h
400W
P2= 1000
= 0.4 kW
t2 = 10 h
No. of days n = 30
Energy consumed by heater:
E1 = P1 × t1 × n = 1 kW × 5 h × 30 = 150 kWh
Energy consumed by refrigerator:
E2 = P2 × t2 × n = 0.4 kW × 10 h × 30 = 120 kWh
Total energy = (150 + 120) kWh = 270 kWh
We know that 1kWh = 1unit, so
270 kWh = 270 units
Cost of 1 unit is Rs. 6.00
Total cost = 270 × 6 = Rs. 1620
33. Given :-
Resistor, R₁ = 4 Ω
Resistor, R₂ = 8 Ω
Resistor, R₃ = 8 Ω
Potential Difference, V = 8 volts.
i. The potential difference across 4Ω resistors, V = IR = 1 × 4 = 4V
ii. Power dissipated in 4Ω resistors, P = I2R = (1A)2(4Ω) = 4W
Section D
34. i. Covalent bonds in ammonia (NH3) molecule: The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Its electronic configuration is 2, 5. This
means that nitrogen atom has five valence electrons. In order to have eight electrons in the valence shell, the nitrogen atom
shares three electrons with the electrons of three hydrogen atoms. Thus, nitrogen atom gets linked to three hydrogen atoms by
three covalent bonds. The formation of ammonia molecule may be shown as follows:

ii. Covalent bonds in ethylene (C2H4) molecule: Ethylene molecule has two carbon atoms. Each carbon atom shares two
electrons with the two hydrogen atoms. At the same time, both the carbon atoms mutually share two electrons each. Thus both
the carbon atoms get linked by double bond. Each carbon atom also gets linked to two hydrogen atoms by single bonds. The
formation of ethylene molecule may be shown as follows:

iii. Covalent bonds in carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule: Carbon atom has four electrons. Each oxygen atom has six valence
electrons (2, 6). The carbon atom shares its electrons with the electrons of the two oxygen atoms. As a result, the carbon atoms
gets linked to the oxygen atoms by double bonds. The formation of carbon dioxide molecule may be shown as follows:

OR
The important characteristics of covalent compounds are as follows :
1. Covalent compounds consist of molecules. Covalent compounds do not have any ions. Therefore, they consist of molecules.
For example, H2,Cl2, H2O, NH3 etc.
2. Covalent compounds are liquids or gases in nature. We have studied that the ionic compounds are crystalline solids. But only a
few covalent compounds are solids (e.g. sugar, glucose, iodine). These are mostly liquids (water, ethyl alcohol) or gases (oxygen,
hydrogen, ammonia) at room temperature. Actually, the attractive forces in covalent molecules are weak and these molecules are

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 not as close lo one another as the ionic solids.
3. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points. As covalent molecules do not have ions, the attractive forces among
them are weak. Therefore, the covalent molecules can be easily separated from each other. In other words, they have low melting
and boiling points.
4. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity. Covalent compounds normally do not conduct electricity. Some of them are
poor conductors of electricity. The current is carried by the ions. As covalent compounds do not have ions, these are poor
conductors of electricity.
5. Covalent compounds are insoluble in water. Covalent compounds generally do not dissolve in water. They are soluble in
alcohol, ether, benzene etc. which are called organic solvents. However some of them such as ammonia and ethyl alcohol are
water soluble.
35. Budding in yeast: Most of the common yeasts reproduce by budding. The process of budding occurs under normal conditions
when the yeast cells are growing in sugar solution. Saccharomyces usually reproduce by budding.

In the process, each cell gives rise to one of more tiny outgrowths which gradually increase in size as large as the mother cell
itself. Ultimately, it is cut off from the mother cells by a constriction at the base and can lead a separate existence. The nucleus
divides amitotically during budding and one daughter nucleus passes in the bud and the other remains in the mother cell. The
nuclear membrane persists throughout the nuclear division. The budding may be repeated by the daughter cell while still attached
to the parent cell, resulting in the formation of one or more chains and even subchains, called pseudomycelium. The cells
ultimately become separated from one another and lead independent life.
OR
i. Pituitary gland secretes growth hormone that regulates the growth and development of the body.
ii. Thyroxin hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland that is responsible for the carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism in the
body.
iii. A pair of adrenal glands located on kidneys prepares the body to deal with stress, anxiety, and emergency situations.
iv. The pancreas secretes insulin that regulates our blood sugar levels.
v. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones to regulate many body functions, including growth, development,
reproduction, and metabolism.
36. Object at Infinity. When object is at infinity, a real image is formed at F on the other side of the lens

Object at infinity. Image at F on the other side of lens.

However if the rays are parallel to themselves but not parallel to principal axis, then these rays after refraction will form image at
focus F' and not at principal focus F.

Object at infinity, rays parallel to themselves but not parallel to principal axis. Image is formed at F', the focus on the other side of
lens. Object beyond 2F. When the object is beyond 2F, a real, inverted, diminished image is formed between F and 2F.

Object beyond 2F, real, inverted, diminished image between F and 2F. Object at 2F. When the object is at 2F, a real, inverted

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 image of the same size is formed on the other side of the lens at 2F as given in Fig.

Object at 2F, image at 2F on the other side of the lens. Image is of size same as that of the object. When the object is between F
and 2F, its real, inverted, magnified image is formed on the other side of the convex lens as shown in fig.

Object between F and 2F real, inverted, magnified image is formed beyond 2F on the other side of lens.
Object at F. When object is placed principal focus, a real, inverted, very highly magnified image is formed at infinity.

Object at F, a very highly magnified, real, inverted image is formed at infinity.

Object between F and C. When an object is placed between principal focus and optical centre of the lens, virtual, erect, magnified
image is formed on the same side of the lens.

Object between F and C; a virtual, erect, magnified image is formed on the same side.
OR
Object height, h= +2 cm
Image height, h' = - 3 cm (real image hence inverted)
Object distance, u = -16 cm
Image distance, v -?
Focal length, f=?
(i) Position of image
From the expression for magnification
′
h
m= h
v
= u
′

We have, v = −u h

h
−3
Putting values, we get v = −(−16) × 2

v = -24 cm
The image is formed at distance of 24 cm in front of the mirror (negative sign means object and image are on the same side).
(ii) Focal length of mirror
Using mirror formula, Putting values, we get
Using mirror formula,
1 1 1
= +
f u v

Putting values, we get 1

f
=
1

−16
+
1

−24

3+2
=− 48

or f = − 48

= -9.6 cm
Section E
37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The teacher while conducting practicals in the laboratory divided the students into three groups and gave them various solutions to
find out their pH and classify them into acidic, basic and neutral solutions.

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 Group A - Lemon juice, vinegar, colourless aerated drink
Group B - Tomato juice, coffee, ginger juice
Group C - Sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, lime water
(i) i. Groups A and B - less than 7
ii. Group C - greater than 7
(ii) pH paper and universal indicator.
OR
i. Copper vessel is tarnished due to formation of basic copper oxide.
ii. Lemon juice being acidic react with copper oxide and the salt formed is washed away.
38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In animals, control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular tissues. Touching a hot object is an urgent and
dangerous situation for us. We need to detect it and respond to it. How do we detect that we are touching a hot object? All
information from our environment is detected by the specialised tips of some nerve cells. These receptors are usually located in
our sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on. So gustatory receptors will detect taste while olfactory
receptors will detect the smell. This information, acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, see figure, sets off a
chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the
axon to its end.

(i) Nerve cell is the largest cell present in the body.

(ii) Axon is a large, single, unbranched nerve fibre arising from the cyton. It carries impulses from cyton located in CNS to
the effectors.
(iii)Gustatory receptor: Taste buds on the tongue. The receptors for gustation are located in the oral cavity, which brings
food and fluids from outside the body into the gastrointestinal tract.
Olfactory receptor: Receptor in the nose. These receptors are common to arthropods, terrestrial vertebrates, fish, and
other animals.
OR
a. Dendrites.
b. Axon.
39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A student fixes a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using some adhesive materials. She places a bar magnet in the centre of
it and sprinkles some iron filings uniformly around the bar magnet using a salt sprinkler. On tapping the board gently , she
observes that the iron filings have arranged themselves in a particular pattern.
(i) The bar magnet kept at the centre of board has its magnetic field around it. The iron filings sprinkled on the board
experience a force on them due to the magnetic field of bar magnet. So, when the student taps the board the iron filings
align themselves according to the magnetic field lines of the bar magnet.
(ii)

(iii)The direction of a magnetic field at a point is determined by placing a small compass needle. The N - pole of compass
indicates the direction of magnetic field at that point.

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Two magnetic field lines do not intersect each other because if there was point of intersection, The compass needle
would point towards 2 directions.
OR

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