CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The energy is neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted

from one form to another. The generation of an electrical energy is nothing but
the conversion of various other forms of energy into an electrical energy. The
electrical power is generated in bulk at the generating stations which are also
called power stations. The generated electrical energy is demanded by the
consumers. This causes due to power losses and power quality problems in the
transmission lines FACTS device is introduced to reduce such problems.
Microgrid leads to effective distribution in rural area all distribution includes
effective power processor to control and monitor the power exchange between
the grid. When such processor get fully exploited it leads to high power quality
problems and power consumption by developing narrow band communication
and local control algorithm full microgrid is exploited with marginal
investment.
1.2 POWER QUALITY
Power quality is simply the electric power that drives an electrical device
and the device’s ability to function properly with that electric power. When
discussing power quality, there are several areas of concern.
 Continuity of service
 Variation in voltage magnitude
 Transient voltages and currents
 Harmonic content in the waveforms
There are several issues that affect the quality of power.
 Voltage sags and surges
 Momentary power interruptions

1
  Extended power interruptions
 Harmonic distortion
 Ground loops
 High-speed transients
 Electrical noise
 Lightning damage or lack of preparedness
 The important thing to know is that the power quality at your place of
business can have a big effect on your work. You have to make sure the
power coming in is of the right quality and that your machines are set to
function properly with the power they are supplied.

1.3 POWER CONDITIONER

Power Conditioners (also called Line Conditioners or Power Line

Conditioners) are devices that can mitigate power quality problems like
voltage variations, voltage unbalance, line noise, harmonics, resonance and
other power quality disturbances that could cost companies and even
residences large amount of opportunity and damage expenses. It function to
regulate, filter and/or suppress noise in AC power for electronic equipment
and sensitive computers. Currently, there is no official definition for a power
conditioner, power line conditioner or line conditioner, but generally it refers
to a device that acts in one or more ways to deliver a voltage of the proper
characteristics to enable load equipment to function properly.
1.4 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS FOR POWER CONDITIONERS
Power Rating - this is usually expressed in volt-amps, which is the product of
the maximum RMS voltage and the RMS current that the conditioner can
handle.
 Input Voltage - the nominal line voltage to which the conditioner is
connected.
 Output Voltage – the regulated or conditioned voltage.
2
  Voltage Regulation Accuracy - the accuracy with which the output
voltage is controlled.
 Phase - General public or standard commercial voltages are typically
single phase (e.g. computers, office equipment and laboratory
instruments). Three-phase power is typically reserved for industrial use
for machines that benefit from its efficiency (e.g. industrial motors).
 Frequency - common choices include 50 Hz, 60Hz and 400 Hz.

Table 1: Types of Power conditioner

1.5 MICROGRID
A microgrid is a local energy grid with control capability, which means it
can disconnect from the traditional grid and operate autonomously. A microgrid
can be powered by distributed generators, batteries, and/or renewable resources
like solar panels. A microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common
coupling that maintains voltage at the same level as the main grid unless there is
some sort of problem on the grid or other reason to disconnect. A switch can
separate the microgrid from the main grid automatically or manually, and it then
functions as an island. A microgrid not only provides backup for the grid in case
of emergencies, but can also be used to cut costs, or connect to a local resource

3
that is too small or unreliable for traditional grid use. A microgrid allows
communities to be more energy independent and, in some cases, more
environmentally friendly.
1.6 OBJECTIVE

 Develop a comprehensive approach to enhance power quality in

contemporary power systems by integrating a Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) with distribution generation technologies.
 Design and implement control algorithms for the UPQC and distribution
generation components to effectively detect and mitigate a range of
power quality disturbances, including voltage sag, swell, interruptions,
harmonics, and power factor issues.
 Investigate the efficacy of utilizing series and shunt active power filters
within the UPQC to address specific power quality challenges, such as
voltage fluctuations and harmonic distortion, thereby improving the
reliability and stability of the power distribution network.
 Explore the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar
photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation, into the distribution system to
enhance overall system efficiency and reliability while minimizing
environmental impact.
 Conduct hardware implementation and testing of the proposed UPQC and
distribution generation system to validate its capability to improve power
quality while accommodating distributed generation, ensuring
compatibility with practical deployment in modern power distribution
networks.

CHAPTER 2

4
 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 TITLE: Power Quality Improvement Using Unified Power Quality

Conditioner with Distribution Generation

AUTHOR: Sachin Baliram Shahapure; Ramchandra P. Hasabe

YEAR: 2019

DESCRIPTION:

In recent scenario Distributed Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) resolves the

current related power quality problems and Dynamic Voltage Restorer resolves
the voltage related power quality problems. The Unified Power Quality
Conditioner is the integration of DSTATCOM and DVR with common DC link.
Due to the major advancements in Solar PV systems and its availability in
reasonable cost at consumer end the world is moving ahead for Solar PV system
for renewable energy generation. Generally, the electrical power to the DC link
is supplied from source side. This paper presents the UPQC with Solar PV
system. In proposed system the electrical power is supplied to DC link of UPQC
using Solar PV system. The proposed system is designed and implementation in
MATLAB simulink environment. The performance of the proposed system is
analyzed under various conditions of source voltage variation, load unbalanced
condition. After MATLAB simulation the proposed system is implemented in
OP4510 Real Time Digital Simulator.

2.2 TITLE: Power Quality Improvement Using Unified Power Quality

Conditioner (UPQC)

5
AUTHOR: Bousnoubra Chouaib, Hassen Belila

YEAR: 2023

DESCRIPTION:

The quality of electrical power plays vital role in the utility systems and
industry. The quality of the power tends to have a direct economic impact on
consumers and suppliers. Growing consumer demands lead to power quality
issues. Many consumers may experience severe technical and economic impacts
due to power quality problems such as voltage sag, swell, harmonics and
voltage interruptions. In this paper the main focus is on UPQC, which is a
combination of series and shunt active power filters. The series APF alleviates
voltage based distortions, while shunt APF mitigates current based distortions.
UPQC alleviates the voltage and current based distortions concurrently as well
as independently. UPQC improves power quality by compensating both
harmonics and load current which thereby makes source current and load
voltage sinusoidal at the required voltage level. The modeling of series APF,
shunt APF and the UPQC has been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink.

2.3 TITLE: Power Quality Improvement in Distribution System Using

Unified Power Quality Conditioner

AUTHOR: Subhransu Sekhar Dash, D. Rajasekaran

YEAR: 2015

DESCRIPTION:

The major power quality issues are voltage sag, voltage swell and voltage
harmonics in distribution system. These power quality issues are solved by
custom power conditioning devices such as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR),
Distributed Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC). This paper presents the ability of Unified Power Quality
6
Conditioner to mitigate voltage sag, voltage swell and voltage harmonics in
distribution system. UPQC is modeled in MATLAB_SIMULINK environment
with Fuzzy Logic (FL), Neural Network (NN) controllers. The performances of
UPQC with two controllers are compared.

2.4 TITLE: Power Quality Improvement using UPQC with Distributed

Generation

AUTHOR: Pavan Kumar,.Harsha Vardhan, Vasu, Rama K

YEAR: 2019

DESCRIPTION:

: In recent year, for electrical energy production, renewable energy sources

played the main role in the system. Power quality has become a more important
issue. The power electronics based conditioning devices can be an effective
solution for improving power quality in the power system network. This paper
deals with design, modeling, and simulation of the Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) with Distribution Generation (DG). Unified power quality
conditioner is a combination of combined series and shunts active power filters
for simultaneous compensation of current and voltage problems. This system
integrated with solar energy is able to compensate voltage problems like voltage
sag /swell, load current disturbances. This proposed system was also able to
compensate the voltage interruptions and active power transfer to load and
source in both islanding and interconnected mode operation and help to improve
the power quality. The working of UPQC with DG has been analyzed and
presented through simulation studies using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

2.5 TITLE: Power Quality Improvement using Unified Power Quality

Conditioner with Distributed Generation

AUTHOR: Anagha R. Tembhurne1 S.S.Dhamse

7
YEAR: 2019

DESCRIPTION:

Recently power quality has become more important issue. Now a day’s power
electronics based appliances are widely used in industries and in distribution
system which creates more power quality problems. The power electronics
based power conditioning devices can be an effective solution to improve power
quality in power system. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is one of
the custom power devices which are used to solve voltage and current related
problems simultaneously. In this paper, combined operation of UPQC with
Distributed Generation (DG) is discussed. This system integrated with wind
energy is able to compensate voltage sag/swell, load current disturbances. Also
proposed system is able to compensate voltage interruption and active power
transfer to load and source in both interconnected and islanding mode and help
to improve power quality. The operation of UPQC with DG has been evaluated
through simulation studies using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

CHAPTER 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 INTRODUCTION

8
Increasing Electrification Of Daily Life Causes Growing Electricity
Consumption, Rising Number Of Sensitive/Critical Loads Demand For High-
Quality Electricity, The Energy Efficiency Of The Grid Is Desired To Be
Improved, And Considerations On Climate Change Are Calling For Sustainable
Energy Applications. The Grid-Interfacing Architecture, Taking Into Account
How To Interconnect DG Systems In The Future Grid With Enhanced Voltage
Quality. The Desirable Approach Should Be Able To Maintain High-Quality
Power Transfer Between DG Systems And The Utility Grid, Even In Disturbed
Grids, And Be Able To Improve The Voltage Quality At The Both User And
Grid Side. As a basic structure of the smart grid, plug-and-play integration of
microgrids is essential, which can function whether they are connected to or
separate from the electricity grid. In existing system , adopts the conventional
series–parallel structure to construct a grid-interfacing converter system. By
reconfiguring the system functionalities, a versatile powerelectronics-based
interface is derived for DG applications, voltage quality enhancement, and
flexible power transfer.

3.2 STRUCTURE OF GRID-INTERFACING CONVERTER SYSTEMS

3.2.1 SERIES–PARALLEL GRID-INTERFACING SYSTEMS

A general structure consisting of two converters, one in series and the other one
in parallel with the grid, has conventionally been used for power quality
regulation or power flow control in transimission and distribution systems. The
capacitor between the series and parallel converters serves as a common dc bus.

9
Figure 3.2.1: Single-line diagram of a conventional series–parallel structure

It is noted that the series–parallel topology is a right-shunt structure, which

enables multiple converters to be paralleled and therefore to construct a
microgrid. Hence, the series inverter can be regarded as an interface/solid-state
switch to connect the microgrid into the grid or to couple two microgrids,
performing as a power-flow controller and a fault protection device. The
Exisited series–parallel system can achieve very flexible control objectives
because of the independently controllable voltage and current sources. The
shunt-connected system, however, can only easily improve current quality by
controlling the injected currents. For voltage regulation, it has to deliver a large
amount of active or reactive power and could even be ineffective if the feeder
impedance is too low. Therefore, as a solution applicable for DG applications,
voltage quality enhancement, and interfacing microgrids, the proposed series–
parallel grid-interfacing system is more preferable to the shunt-connected
system.

3.2.2 SHUNT-CONNECTED SYSTEM

In order to maintain voltage of good quality for the local loads, at least two
shunt converters are required for the shunt-connected system in Fig. 2. One is
the same as the parallel converter in the series–parallel system for supplying the
local loads or the grid with a certain amount of power based on the distributed
sources; the second one must be used for regulating the voltage under disturbed

10
grid conditions. Considering that the feeder could be inductive over-head lines
or resistive underground cables, all the converters used for compensation are
installed with primary sources so as to inject active or reactive power for
voltage regulation. Although the two shunt converters can be combined into one
larger-power converter in practice, the hardware cost can roughly be considered
twice the cost of one low-power converter.

Figure 3.2.2: Single-line diagram of a conventional parallel structure

3.3 RECONFIGURING THE DISTRIBUTED GRID MODULE

3.3.1 DISTRIBUTED GRID MODULE

The distributed grid module is divided into two levels. The fundamental
unit of the first level, consisting of a series–parallel grid-interfacing converter
system, distributed sources, energy storages, and local loads, is connected to the
utility grid at the point of connection (PoC). It is pointed out that sensitive loads
demanding for a continuous and balanced sinusoidal voltage can be put in as
local loads.To configure the system module for more general applications, a
four-leg converter is used as the basic pulse width modulation converter unit for
a case study on three-phase four-wire systems. Because of the extra degree of
freedom brought by the fourth leg of the structure, the outputs of the three
phases become independent. As a result, a balanced output voltage can be

11
achieved for unbalanced loads, and the neutral current in an unbalanced or
distorted utility situation can be handled.

To specify the Exisiting concepts and system control, a laboratory set-up has
been designed. By defining multilevel control objectives for the system module,
it has been shown that the proposed system can ride through grid disturbances,
maintain good-quality voltage and achieve flexible power control. Also, the
possibilities to integrate auxiliary functions like grid unbalance correction and
harmonic current compensation into the system .

3.4 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

 By grid interfacing converter system the conventional series and parallel

structure is adapted. Two three phase four leg inverters is tend to
construct grid interfacing system to compensate harmonic current it
increases the complication and losses in the system

3.5 UPQC SYSTEM

UPQC is mainly used reduce the power quality problems in micro grid,
which takes place when micro grid is connected with the utility grid enormous
amount of power is produced between them and leads to voltage unbalances and
harmonics. Here unified power quality conditioner is placed between the micro
grid and utility grid. The UPQC is the most versatile FACTS device with all
capabilities voltage regulation, series compensation and phase shifting. It
consists of two voltage source converter (VSC) coupled through a common dc
terminal.

 One converter is connected in shunt with the line through a coupling

transformer and is called as shunt converter.

12
  Other converter is inserted in series with the transmission line and is
named as series converter.

Figure 3.5: Block diagram of UPQC connected between grid and

microgrid

The drawbacks of UPQC device are,

 . The only drawback of UPQC is to connect in each transmission

line to improve the power quality during distribution of power to
load.
 High cost because of connection UPQC device in each
transmission line.
 More transformers are used connecting along with device.

3.6 CONTROL OF HARMONICS IN MULTI LINE BY USING IPQC

IPQC is an advanced FACTS controller for power quality management in

transmission system. By means of reducing cost, space and time conservation
this device is chosen. It can be able to monitor multi transmission line in a
substation and also multiple systems. It is a more versatile device among the

13
FACTS devices. Interline power quality conditioner (IPQC) is a new concept of
FACTS controller for series compensation with the unique capability of power
flow management among multiple line of a system. Voltage source converter is
employed in the IPQC. A simple and typical test system model has been
developed to check the performance of IPQC an advanced FACTS controller. It
is common that, the IPQC employs a number of dc to ac inverters in order to
offer series compensation for each line. As a new concept for the compensation
and effective power flow management, it addresses the target of compensating a
number of transmission lines at a given substation. The IPQC is a combination
of two or more independently controllable SSSC which are solid-state voltage
source converters. Construction of IPQC is same as that of unified power
quality conditioner, has two voltage source converters.

Fig
ure 3.6: IPQC Device

In this IPQC is designed with construction of UPQC device and measurement

block. Twelve terminal transformers allowed acting UPQC device as IPQC.
Simulation is designed along with measurement block constructed by means of
PI controller that can reduce harmonics in multilines. Voltage is fed from the
utility grid the twelve terminal transformers absorbs the voltage from the
multiline voltage source transformer I acts as a rectifier that converts AC to DC
14
and stores in the capacitor, voltage source transformer II absorbs voltage from
the capacitor and it acts as a inverter that converters DC voltage to AC voltage
this process is called synchronization process. By this process harmonic is
reduced and improves the power quality in distribution. Synchronization is the
process injecting harmonic voltage again into the transmission line that reaches
the load without harmonics and improves the performance of the system.

15
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Now a day, with the advancement in complex electronics industries, there

are lots of problems associated with the power system and it has become
necessary to provide a dynamic solution with high degree of accuracy and fast
speed of response in order to mitigate and deals with these kind of issues . The
active power filtering has appeared as one of the best solutions for mitigation of
major power quality problems . In Parallel with advancement in the field of
power electronic devices and automated control systems, it is very common to
come across the situation where compensation of both current and voltage
related problems is required . Recently, The UPQC which is integration of shunt
and series APF is one of the most suitable as well as effective device in this
concern . A comprehensive review on the UPQC to enhance the electric power
quality at distribution and transmission levels for various type of power
generation system has been reported in. Developments, up to date, new designs
and different aspects of UPQC in this area of research have been briefly
addressed. An effort is made to put the UPQC interesting features in category
through an acronymic organization list. It is desirable that this review on UPQC
will serve as a useful reference guide to the researchers working in the area of
power quality enhancement utilizing APFs . The main purpose of UPQC is to
solve the problems coming from both source side and load side, such as voltage
sag, voltage swell, distortion in the supply voltage, harmonic currents, reactive
currents etc[10]. consists of two series and shunt inverter connected back to
back using a common dc bus capacitor. This paper deals with a novel concept of
optimal utilization of a UPQC in wind energy conversion system.

16
4.1.VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

The matrix converter voltage and current waveform oscillation interms

of current and voltage waveforms. The compensating reference voltage in is
then transformed back into the (abc) reference frame. The required controlling
pulses are generated and the required compensation voltage is generated, each
phase voltage a,b,c, and abc voltage and current abc waveforms. A unified
power quality conditioner is a combination of a series and shunt active filter.
This combination can solve the output voltage’s limitation of a matrix converter
by using the series part of the UPQC. The input current harmonics of the matrix
converter are removed by using the shunt part of the UPQC. The series and
shunt active filters are connected through a DC point and are regulated by a PI
controller to maintain the DC voltage constant. It compensates all the power
quality issues present in the input and output voltage of the matrix converter.

4.1.1 WORK PROCEDURE

Large number of research interests in DFIG systems environment in the

literature have concentrated on the grid-connected wind power applications. In
this case, the control scheme and operation of the DFIG are mainly concerned
on active and reactive power control, modeling of DFIG [13], In this paper, we
suggest the UPQC technique to be used instead of the PI/PID normal convertors
which are normally used in DFIG control system. Fig. 2 shows a unified power
quality conditioner UPQC (also known as a universal AF), which is a
combination of active shunt and active series filters. The dc-link storage
element (either inductor or dcbus capacitor is shared between two current
source CIS or voltage-source bridges VIS operating as active series and active
shunt compensators. A voltage source inverter having IGBT switches and an
energy storage capacitor on DC bus is implemented as a shunt APF. With the
help of AF behavior of wind energy conversion system, compensation of

17
harmonics, reactive power and elimination of the unwanted effects of non ideal
ac mains supplies only unity power factor sinusoidal balanced three-phase
currents. It is considered an ideal AF which eliminates voltage and current
harmonics and has the capability of giving clean power to critical and harmonic-
prone loads, such as computers, medical equipment, etc. It can balance and
regulate terminal voltage and eliminate negative-sequence currents. The demits
of such equipment is the large cost and structure complexity because of the
large number of solid-state devices involved[14]. The Structure of UPQC
shown in Fig. 4. is similar to a DFIG except the grid side converter is connected
in series with the stator before it is connected to the grid through a connection
transformer. The RSC rotor side converter controls the active and reactive
power output to the grid according to the maximum power tracking curve
designed for the generator. distortion and at the desired magnitude voltage at the
load terminal. The injected voltage by the series inverter to maintain voltage at
the load terminal at reference value. The control system of UPQC controller is
comprised of three following parts A. Shunt inverter control B. DC link voltage
control C. Series inverter control.

4.2 SHUNT INVERTER CONTROL:

The UPQC shunt inverter controlling block diagram shown in fig.3 using
synchronous reference frame theory where the sensitive load currents are (ILa,
ILb, ILc). The measured currents of load are transferred into dq0 frame using
sinusoidal functions through dq0 synchronous reference frame conversion. The
sinusoidal functions are obtained through the grid voltage using PLL. Here, the
currents are divided into AC and DC component. The active part of current is id
while iq represent the reactive one. AC and DC elements can be derived by a
low pass filter. Controlling algorithm corrects the system's power factor and
compensates the all current harmonic components by generating the reference
currents as relation (2): Here, the system currents are: Switching losses and the

18
power received from the DC link capacitors through the series inverter can
reduce the average value of DC bus voltage. Other distortions such as unbalance
conditions and sudden changes in load current can result in fluctuation in DC
bus voltage. Here PI controller is necessary in order to track the error between
the measured and desired capacitor voltage values. The resulted controlling
signal is applied to current control system in shunt voltage source inverter
which stabilizes the DC capacitor voltage by receiving required power from the
grid. ∆idc, the output of PI controller is added to the q component of reference
current and so the reference current would be as relation (4): As shown in fig. 4,
the reference currents are transferred into abc frame through reverse conversion
of synchronous reference frame. Resulted reference currents (IFa * IFb * and
IFc*) are compared with the output currents of shunt inverter (IFa, IFb and IFc)
in PWM. Now, the current controller and the required. controlling pulses are
generated. Required compensation currnt is generated by inverter applying these
signals to shunt inverter's power switch gates

4.2.1.Dc link control

DC Link Voltage Control: As mentioned above in last section a PI controller

function is tracking the error exists between the measured and desired values of
capacitor voltage in order to control the D.C link voltage as Fig. 4 . very large
increasing in proportional gain make the control system unstable and so much
reduction decreases the responding speed of control system. Integral gain of
controller corrects the steady state error of the voltage control system. If this
gain value is selected large, the resulted error in steady state is corrected faster
and too much increase in its value ends in overshoot in system response Series
Inverter Control: The controlling circuit of series inverter is shown in Fig. 5.
SPWM method is used to optimize the response of series inverter[12].
Sinusoidal voltage controlling strategy of load is generally used to control the
series part of UPQC. Here, the series inverter of UPQC is controlled the whole

19
voltage distortions and maintains load voltage 3-phase balanced sinusoidal
through compensation duty. The synchronous reference frame theory is applied
to achieve that aim. In this method the desired value of load phase voltage in d-
axis and q-axis is compared with the load voltage and the result is considered as
the reference signal. It is considered an ideal AF which eliminates voltage and
current harmonics and has the capability of giving clean power to critical and
harmonic-prone loads, such as computers, medical equipment, etc. It can
balance and regulate terminal voltage and eliminate negative-sequence currents.
The demits of such equipment is the large cost and structure complexity because
of the large number of solid-state devices involved.

4.3 HARDWARE BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4.4: Block Diagram

20
4.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

Implementing a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) using an Arduino

microcontroller with a driver board can be a complex task due to the real-time
control and high-power requirements of such a system. However, it's possible to
design a simplified version of a UPQC for educational or experimental
purposes. Here's a general outline of how you might approach this project:
Define System Requirements: Determine the specifications and objectives of
the UPQC system, including the types of power quality issues to be addressed
(e.g., voltage sag/swell, harmonics, flicker) and the desired compensation
capabilities. Select Components: Choose suitable components for the UPQC
system, including power electronic devices (e.g., IGBTs, MOSFETs), sensors
(e.g., voltage and current sensors), filtering elements, and the Arduino
microcontroller with a compatible driver board. Design Power Circuitry: Design
the power circuitry for both the series and shunt converters of the UPQC. This
involves designing the converter topologies, selecting appropriate switching
devices, designing control circuits, and ensuring proper isolation and protection.
4.4.1.Implement Control Algorithms:
Develop control algorithms for the UPQC to regulate voltage and current
waveforms, mitigate power quality issues, and coordinate the operation of the
series and shunt converters.
Use the Arduino microcontroller to implement these control algorithms and
interface with the driver board to drive the switching devices.
4.4.2.Prototype and Testing:
Build a prototype of the UPQC system using the selected components and
Arduino microcontroller. Test the system under various operating conditions
and power quality scenarios to verify its performance and functionality.

21
4.2.3.Optimization and Refinement:
Optimize the control algorithms and system parameters to improve the
efficiency, stability, and response time of the UPQC.
Address any issues or limitations encountered during testing and refine the
design as needed.
It's important to note that while implementing a UPQC using an Arduino
microcontroller can be a valuable learning experience, it may have limitations in
terms of processing power, sampling rate, and scalability compared to dedicated
industrial controllers or digital signal processors. Therefore, this approach is
best suited for educational or small-scale experimental projects rather than
commercial or industrial applications. Additionally, ensure safety precautions
are taken when working with high-voltage and high-current electrical systems.

4.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 4.6: Circuit Diagram

22
ADVANTAGE

 The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) offers a comprehensive

solution for addressing both source-side and load-side power quality
issues, including voltage sag, voltage swell, supply voltage distortion,
harmonic currents, and reactive currents, ensuring enhanced reliability
and stability of the power system.
 By integrating series and shunt inverters connected back-to-back through
a common DC bus capacitor, the UPQC provides a versatile and effective
means of compensating for power quality disturbances, resulting in
improved overall system performance and efficiency.
 The UPQC's ability to dynamically and accurately mitigate power quality
problems in real-time, coupled with its advanced control algorithms and
integration with renewable energy systems like wind energy conversion,
facilitates the optimal utilization of clean energy sources while ensuring a
high degree of reliability and resilience in modern power systems

23
 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1.HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 ATMEGA 328
 POWER SUPPLY
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 MOSFET
 DRIVER BOARD
 STEP UP TRANSFORMER 230V TO 12V
 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
 RESISTIVE LOAD
 DC LOAD
 LCD
 CURRENT SENSOR

SPECIFICATION:

5.2 ATMEGA 328:

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on

the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The
board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be
powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts
voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and
Leonardo. The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino

24
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also
available. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of
Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer
releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno
comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that allows uploading new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500 protocol. The Uno also differs from all preceding boards in
that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter

The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII)
in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at
a cost of $100, a considerable expense for many students. In 2003 Hernando
Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project
at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are
known for work on the Processing language. The project goal was to create
simple, low-cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring
platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily
program the microcontroller. In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis,
another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper
ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on
Wiring, they forked the project and renamed it Arduino. Early arduino boards
used the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip and an ATmega168. The Uno differed
from all preceding boards by featuring the ATmega328P microcontroller and an

25
ATmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.

5.2.1.SPECIFICATION

 Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P

 Operating Voltage: 5 Volt
 Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Length: 68.6 mm
 Width: 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g
5.2.2 COMMUNICATION

The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating

with a computer, another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers.
The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is
available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board
channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port
to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM
drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is
required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows
simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on
26
the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip
and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins
0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows serial communication on any of the
Uno's digital pins

Figure 5.2:Ardunio uno

 LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or,
if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V),
the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying
voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage the
board.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.

27
 IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage
reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured
shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power
source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or
3.3V.
 Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on
the board.
5.3 POWER SUPPLY

Figure 5.3:Power supply

A power supply is a device or system that converts electrical energy from a

source (such as a mains power outlet, battery, or renewable energy generator)
into a form suitable for powering electronic devices or systems.

There are various types of power supplies, each designed for specific
applications and requirements.

Linear Power Supply: In a linear power supply, the input AC voltage is

transformed and rectified to produce a DC voltage. This DC voltage is then
regulated to provide a stable output voltage. Linear power supplies are known
for their simplicity and low noise output but are less efficient compared to other
types.
28
Switching Power Supply: Switching power supplies use high-frequency
switching circuits to convert the input AC or DC voltage into a regulated DC
output voltage. These power supplies are more efficient than linear power
supplies and are commonly used in a wide range of electronic devices due to
their compact size and lightweight.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): UPS systems provide backup power in

case of a mains power outage. They typically consist of a battery or other
energy storage device that is continuously charged while the mains power is
available. In the event of a power outage, the UPS automatically switches to
battery power to provide uninterrupted power to connected devices until mains
power is restored or until the battery is depleted.

Switch-mode Power Supply (SMPS): SMPS is a type of switching power

supply that uses switching regulators to efficiently convert electrical power.
They are widely used in electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and
mobile phones due to their high efficiency and compact size.

Battery Charger: Battery chargers are designed to recharge rechargeable

batteries, such as those used in mobile phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.
They regulate the charging voltage and current to ensure safe and efficient
charging of the battery.

Overall, power supplies are essential components in electronic systems,

providing the necessary electrical energy to ensure the proper functioning of
devices and equipment. They come in various forms and designs to meet the
diverse needs of different applications, ranging from small consumer electronics
to large-scale industrial systems.

29
5.4 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Figure 5.4 : Bridge rectifier

A bridge rectifier is a type of electrical circuit used to convert alternating

current (AC) voltage into direct current (DC) voltage. It is commonly used in
power supplies and other electronic devices where a steady DC voltage is
required.

The bridge rectifier consists of four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration,

hence the name. The diodes are connected in such a way that they allow current
to flow in only one direction through the circuit. This arrangement ensures that
both halves of the AC waveform are used, resulting in a more efficient
conversion compared to a half-wave rectifier.

When an AC voltage is applied to the input terminals of the bridge rectifier, the
diodes conduct alternately, allowing current to flow through the circuit during
both the positive and negative half-cycles of the input waveform. As a result,
the output voltage across the load resistor is a pulsating DC voltage, with the
negative half-cycles inverted to positive by the diode configuration.

To smooth out the pulsating DC voltage and obtain a steady DC output, a filter
capacitor is often connected across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier.
This capacitor stores charge during the peaks of the pulsating waveform and

30
releases it during the troughs, effectively reducing the ripple voltage and
producing a more stable output.

Bridge rectifiers are widely used in various electronic applications due to their
simplicity, efficiency, and ability to convert AC voltage to DC voltage with
relatively low cost and complexity. They play a crucial role in powering
electronic devices and equipment, ranging from small household appliances to
industrial machinery

5.5 MOSFET

Figure 5.5 : MOSFET

A MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) is a type of

semiconductor device that is widely used in electronic circuits for switching and
amplification purposes. It belongs to the family of field-effect transistors (FETs)
and is characterized by its ability to control the flow of current between the
source and drain terminals by varying the voltage applied to the gate terminal.

Structure: A MOSFET typically consists of a silicon substrate with a thin layer

of silicon dioxide (oxide) on top, forming a metal-oxide-semiconductor
structure. Embedded within the oxide layer are two heavily doped regions
known as the source and drain, which are connected to the external circuit. A
third terminal, called the gate, is located above the oxide layer and is insulated
from the substrate by the oxide.

31
Applications: MOSFETs are used in a wide range of electronic circuits and
systems, including power amplifiers, digital logic circuits, switching regulators,
motor control circuits, and voltage regulators. They offer advantages such as
high switching speed, low power consumption, high input impedance, and
compatibility with integrated circuit (IC) fabrication processes.

Overall, MOSFETs are fundamental components in modern electronics, playing

a vital role in achieving efficient and reliable performance in various
applications across industries.

5.6 DRIVER BOARD

Figure 5.6; Driver Board

A driver board, also known as a driver circuit or driver module, is an electronic

component or subsystem designed to control and interface with other electronic
devices, such as transistors, MOSFETs, LEDs, motors, or other actuators. Its
primary function is to provide the necessary signals, power, and protection
mechanisms to ensure proper operation and efficient performance of the
connected devices.

Signal Generation: Driver boards generate the required control signals, such as
voltage or current pulses, timing signals, or modulation signals, to drive the

32
target device. These signals may be generated based on input commands from a
microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), or other control systems.

Voltage or Current Regulation: Driver boards may incorporate voltage or

current regulation circuitry to maintain stable and accurate control signals,
especially in applications where precise control is required. This regulation
helps prevent damage to the connected devices and ensures consistent
performance over varying operating conditions.

Interface Compatibility: Driver boards are designed to interface with various

types of electronic devices and systems, ensuring compatibility with different
communication protocols, voltage levels, and signal formats. This allows them
to be easily integrated into a wide range of applications and systems.

Overall, driver boards play a crucial role in driving and controlling electronic
devices and systems, providing the necessary signals, power, and protection to
ensure reliable operation and efficient performance in a variety of applications
across industries such as robotics, automotive, industrial automation, and
consumer electronics.

5.7 STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Figure 5.7 : step up transformer

A step-up transformer is a type of electrical transformer designed to increase the

voltage level of an alternating current (AC) signal while reducing the current

33
proportionally, according to the principle of electromagnetic induction. It is
commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications where a higher
voltage is required than the input voltage.

Construction: A step-up transformer consists of two or more coils of wire

wound around a common core, typically made of iron or other magnetic
materials. The coil connected to the input voltage source is called the primary
coil, while the coil connected to the load or output circuit is called the
secondary coil. The number of turns in the secondary coil is greater than the
number of turns in the primary coil, resulting in a higher output voltage.

Isolation and Impedance Matching: In addition to voltage transformation, step-

up transformers provide electrical isolation between the input and output
circuits, preventing direct electrical contact and enhancing safety. They can also
be used for impedance matching in certain applications to maximize power
transfer efficiency between the source and load.

5.8 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Figure 5.8 : Step down transformer

A step-down transformer is a type of electrical transformer designed to decrease

the voltage level of an alternating current (AC) signal while increasing the
current proportionally, according to the principle of electromagnetic induction.

34
It is widely used in electrical and electronic applications where a lower voltage
is required than the input voltage.

Isolation and Impedance Matching: In addition to voltage transformation, step-

down transformers provide electrical isolation between the input and output
circuits, preventing direct electrical contact and enhancing safety. They can also
be used for impedance matching in certain applications to maximize power
transfer efficiency between the source and load.

5.9 RESISTIVE LOAD

Figure 5.9 : Resistive load

A resistive load is an electrical load that primarily dissipates electrical energy in

the form of heat and exhibits a purely resistive behavior. In other words, the
load impedance is purely resistive, with no inductive or capacitive components.

Resistance: Resistive loads are characterized by their resistance to the flow of

electric current. The resistance value determines the amount of current that
flows through the load when a voltage is applied. Ohm's Law (V = IR) governs
the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in resistive
loads.

Power Dissipation: When electric current passes through a resistive load,

electrical energy is converted into heat energy due to the resistance of the load.
The power dissipated by a resistive load can be calculated using the formula P =

35
VI, where P is the power in watts (W), V is the voltage across the load in volts
(V), and I is the current flowing through the load in amperes (A).

Examples: Resistive loads are commonly found in various electrical and

electronic devices, appliances, and systems. Examples include incandescent
light bulbs, electric heaters, toasters, electric stoves, heating elements in ovens,
and resistors used in electronic circuits for voltage or current regulation,
biasing, or signal conditioning.

Characteristics: Resistive loads exhibit linear behavior, meaning that the

relationship between voltage, current, and power is linear and predictable
according to Ohm's Law. They do not cause phase shifts or introduce reactive
power into the electrical system, making them simple to analyze and control in
electrical circuits.

Applications: Resistive loads are used in applications where the conversion of

electrical energy into heat is desired or necessary, such as heating, lighting,
cooking, and electronic circuitry. They are also used as calibration standards in
electrical measurements and testing, as their behavior is well-defined and stable
over a wide range of operating conditions.

5.10 DC LOAD

A DC load is an electrical device or component that consumes electrical power

from a direct current (DC) source. It is designed to draw a specific amount of
current and/or voltage from the DC source, either for testing purposes,
simulation, or to perform a specific function in a circuit or system

Types of DC Loads:

Resistive Loads: Resistive loads, as mentioned earlier, primarily dissipate

electrical energy in the form of heat. They are characterized by their resistance
value and draw current from the DC source according to Ohm's Law.

36
Electronic Loads: Electronic loads are more complex devices that can
dynamically adjust their impedance to simulate various load conditions. They
are often used in testing and characterization of power supplies, batteries, and
other DC sources.

Motor Loads: DC motors are themselves loads when connected to a DC power

source. They convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to perform work,
such as rotating machinery or driving systems.

Energy Dissipation: In some applications, DC loads are used simply to dissipate

excess electrical energy generated by a DC source, such as in braking systems
for electric vehicles or regenerative braking systems in industrial machinery.
The DC load converts the electrical energy into other forms, such as heat or
mechanical energy, to control or manage the energy flow in the system.

Overall, DC loads play a crucial role in various industries and applications

where the controlled consumption of electrical power from a DC source is
required for testing, simulation, or operation of electronic devices and systems.

5.11 LCD DISPLAY

Figure 5.11: LCD display

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. It's a type of display technology that
utilizes liquid crystals to produce images.

37
Structure: An LCD typically consists of several layers. These layers include two
polarized glass panels with a layer of liquid crystals sandwiched between them.
The liquid crystals are usually twisted in their natural state, but when an electric
current is applied, they untwist to varying degrees, allowing light to pass
through.

Operation: The basic operation of an LCD involves manipulating the

polarization of light passing through the liquid crystals. The liquid crystals
change their orientation in response to an electric current, which alters the
polarization of the light passing through them. By selectively controlling the
orientation of the liquid crystals, different levels of light transmission can be
achieved, forming images and text on the display.

Applications: LCDs are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including

televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, tablets, digital cameras,
calculators, and more. They are popular in consumer electronics due to their
versatility, energy efficiency, and ability to produce sharp, colorful images.

5.12 CURRENT SENSOR

Figure 5.12: Current sensor

38
A current sensor is a type of sensor used to measure the electrical current
flowing through a conductor or circuit. It provides real-time feedback on the
magnitude and direction of current, allowing for monitoring, control, and
protection in various electrical and electronic systems.

Measurement Principle: Current sensors operate on various measurement

principles, including magnetic, resistive, Hall effect, and optical sensing. The
most common type is magnetic current sensors, which utilize the magnetic field
generated by the current-carrying conductor to measure the current.

Types of Current Sensors:

Hall Effect Sensors: These sensors use the Hall effect to measure the magnetic
field generated by the current flowing through a conductor. They are non-
contact sensors and are commonly used in automotive, industrial, and consumer
electronics applications.

Current Transformers (CTs): CTs are passive devices that induce a secondary
current proportional to the primary current flowing through a conductor. They
are widely used for monitoring and protection in power distribution systems and
electrical equipment.

Hall Effect Current Sensors: These sensors utilize the Hall effect to measure the
magnetic field generated by the current passing through a magnetic core. They
offer high accuracy, wide bandwidth, and galvanic isolation, making them
suitable for high-performance applications.

Output Signal: Current sensors typically provide an output signal proportional

to the measured current. This signal may be in the form of voltage, current,
frequency, or digital data, depending on the sensor type and application
requirements.

39
Accuracy and Resolution: The accuracy and resolution of current sensors vary
depending on factors such as sensor type, technology, measurement range, and
calibration. High-precision sensors offer accurate measurement with minimal
errors, making them suitable for precise control and monitoring applications.

40
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the
programming language Java. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino
board.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using
special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software
library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the
sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU tool
chain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the
program argued to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal
encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the
board's firmware.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can
tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board

41
 Figure 6.1: The Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near-

complete environment for most Arduino-based projects. The top menu bar
has the standard options, including “File” (new, load save, etc.), “Edit” (font,
copy, paste, etc.), “Sketch” (for compiling and programming), “Tools”
(useful options for testing projects), and “Help”. The middle section of the
IDE is a simple text editor that where you can enter the program code. The
bottom section of the IDE is dedicated to an output window that is used to
see the status of the compilation, how much memory has been used, any
errors that were found in the program, and various other useful messages.

Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches
are usually written in a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C++ features
are not included). Because programming a microcontroller is somewhat
different from programming a computer, there are a number of device-

42
specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data on pins, reading
analog values, and timers). This sometimes confuses users who think
Arduino is programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the Arduino is,
in fact, programmed in C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device.

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.

These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file
extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and
exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and
upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

6.1.1 LIBRARIES

Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working

with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or
more #include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with
your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they
increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library,
simply delete its #include statements from the top of your code.

There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included

with the Arduino software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources
or through the Library Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do
can import a library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch.

43
6.2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("DC:");

lcd.setCursor(3,1);

lcd.print(vin1);

void voltage2()

value1 = analogRead(analogInput1);

vout1 = (value1 * 5) / 1023.0; // see text

vin1 = vout1 / (R2_1/(R1_1+R2_1));

vin1 = vin1 - correctionfactor1;

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("DC:");

lcd.setCursor(3,1);

lcd.print(vin1);

float getVPP()

float result;

int readValue; //value read from the sensor

int maxValue = 0; // store max value here

44
int minValue = 1024; // store min value here

uint32_t start_time = millis();

while((millis()-start_time) < 3000) //sample for 3 Sec

readValue = analogRead(sensorIn);

// see if you have a new maxValue

if (readValue > maxValue)

/record the maximum sensor value/

maxValue = readValue;

if (readValue < minValue)

/record the minimum sensor value/

minValue = readValue;

} // Subtract min from max

result = ((maxValue - minValue) * 5.0)/1024.0;

return result;}

45
 CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES

Simultaneous Compensation: UPQC can mitigate multiple power quality issues

simultaneously, such as voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and reactive power
fluctuations, enhancing overall system stability and reliability.

Enhanced Voltage Regulation: By injecting compensating currents into the

system, UPQC helps maintain a stable voltage profile, ensuring that sensitive
equipment receives a consistent and reliable power supply.

Improved Power Factor Correction: UPQC can correct power factor issues by
dynamically controlling reactive power, reducing losses and improving the
efficiency of the system.

Harmonic Filtering: UPQC filters out harmonics generated by non-linear loads,

preventing distortion and interference in the electrical network, which can affect
both equipment performance and grid stability.

Dynamic Response: UPQC offers fast and precise control over power quality
parameters, enabling rapid response to sudden disturbances or changes in the
system, thus minimizing downtime and equipment damage.

Cost Savings: By eliminating the need for separate devices to address different
power quality issues, UPQC can reduce overall system complexity and
maintenance costs.

Compliance: UPQC helps utilities and industries meet regulatory standards for
power quality, ensuring compliance with voltage and frequency requirements.

46
APPLICATIONS

Industrial Facilities: Manufacturing plants and industrial facilities often have

sensitive equipment that can be affected by voltage sags, harmonics, and other
power quality issues. UPQCs can be installed to ensure a stable and reliable
power supply, preventing disruptions to production processes and protecting
expensive machinery.

Renewable Energy Integration: With the increasing penetration of renewable

energy sources like solar and wind power, grid stability becomes a concern due
to their intermittent nature. UPQCs can help mitigate voltage fluctuations and
harmonics caused by renewable energy integration, ensuring smooth and stable
operation of the grid.

Utilities: Power utilities face challenges in maintaining a high-quality power

supply to their customers, especially in areas with high loads or significant
renewable energy integration. UPQCs installed at strategic points in the
distribution network can help mitigate voltage fluctuations, reduce losses, and
improve overall grid stability.

Critical Infrastructure: UPQCs can be deployed in critical infrastructure such as

hospitals, airports, and telecommunications facilities to ensure a reliable power
supply for lifesaving equipment and essential services.

Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: With the growing adoption of electric

vehicles (EVs), charging stations require a stable power supply to operate
efficiently. UPQCs can help regulate voltage and current, ensuring consistent
charging performance and protecting both the EVs and the grid.

47
 CHAPTER 8

HARDWARE PROTO TYPE

8.1 WITHOUT OPERATION

8.2 WITH OPERATION

48
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the integration of renewable energy sources and the increasing

demand for electricity in contemporary power systems present significant
challenges to power quality. This paper has proposed a comprehensive approach
to addressing these challenges through the implementation of a Unified Power
Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in conjunction with distribution generation

By leveraging the capabilities of series and shunt active power filters within the
UPQC, various power quality issues such as voltage sag, swell, interruptions,
harmonics, and power factor problems can be effectively addressed.
Furthermore, the integration of distribution generation, utilizing renewable
energy sources like solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind, offers additional benefits
by enhancing overall system efficiency and reliability.

The control algorithms developed for the UPQC and distribution generation
systems have been designed to detect and mitigate power quality disturbances in
real-time, ensuring consistent and reliable power delivery to electrical devices
and equipment.

Through hardware implementation and testing, as well as real-time simulations,

the proposed system has demonstrated its capability to improve power quality
while accommodating distributed generation. These results validate the efficacy
of the UPQC and distribution generation system under various operating
conditions, confirming its suitability for practical deployment in modern power.

49
 REFERENCE

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―Distribution Loss Minimization by Token Ring Control of Power
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―Microgrid: A Conceptual Solution‖ PESC’04 Aachen, Germany 20-25
June 2004
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8. Ye, Jian, et al. "Two-Level Algorithm for UPQC Considering Power
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51