Python Programming Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

SEMESTER 1

PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Unit 1: Introduction to Python 1

Python Programming Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

Unit 1
Introduction to Python
Table of Contents

SL Fig No / Table / SAQ /

Topic Page No
No Graph Activity
1 Introduction - -
5-6
1.1 Learning Objectives - -
2 About Python Language - - 7
3 Need And Applications of Python Language 1 -
3.1 Web Development - -
3.2 Machine Learning and Artificial - -
Intelligence
3.3 Data Science - - 8 - 10
3.4 Game Development - -
3.5 Business Applications - -
3.6 Desktop GUI - -
3.7 Web Scraping Applications - -
4 Evaluation Of Python Language - - 11
5 Python 2 Vs. Python 3 2 -
5.1 Incompatible Libraries - -
12 - 13
5.2 Unicode Support - -
5.3 Better Integer Division - -
6 Features Of Python Programming
3 -
Measurement of Social Class

6.1 Easy to Understand and Use - -

6.2 High-Level Language - - 14 - 21
6.3 Scalable - -
6.4 Object-Oriented Language - -
6.5 Interpreted Language - -

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6.6 Flexible - -
6.7 Library - -
6.8 Memory Management - -
6.9 Web Scripting Support - -
6.10 Database - -
6.11 Object Distribution - -
6.12 Embeddable - -
6.13 GUI Programming - -
6.14 Portable - -
6.15 Freeware - -
6.16 Exception Handling - -
6.17 Popular Frameworks of Libraries - -
6.18 Django - -
6.19 Web2Py - -
6.20 Flask - -
6.21 Bottle - -
6.22 CherryPy - -
7 System Requirements 4,5 -
7.1 System Requirements for Anaconda - -
Enterprise 4
7.2 Hardware Requirements - -
7.3 Software Requirements - -
22 - 24
7.4 Security Requirements - -
7.5 Network Requirements - -
7.6 Other Requirements - -
7.7 System Requirements for Anaconda - -
Individual Edition
8 Interactive Mode and Script mode 6 -
8.1 Interactive Mode - - 25 - 27
8.2 Script Mode - -
9 Installation Of Anaconda - - 28 - 29
10 Anaconda Navigator - -
30 - 31
10.1 What is the use of the Anaconda - -
navigator?

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10.2 What does the application Navigator - -

allow us to access?
10.3 How to start the Anaconda Navigator? - -
11 Different Modules Of Anaconda - -
11.1 Jupyterlab - -
11.2 Jupyter Notebook - -
11.3 Spyder - -
11.4 Pycharm - -
32 - 37
11.5 Vs Code - -
11.6 Glueviz
- -

11.7 Orange 3 App - -

11.8 Running A Simple Code Python Using - -
Jupyter and Spyder
12 Summary - - 38
13 Glossary - - 39 - 40
14 Self-Assessment Questions - - 41 - 43
15 Terminal Questions - - 44 – 45
16 Answers - - 46 - 47
17 Suggested Books And E-References - - 48

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1. INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Unit 1, where we'll embark on an enlightening journey through the Python
programming language, a tool that has become indispensable in today's competitive tech
landscape. Python's allure lies in its dual role as a high-level programming language and a
rapid application development tool, making it an ideal choice for designing and supporting
large applications. This unit will unravel Python's simplicity and dynamism, showcasing why
it's the preferred language for web applications and object-oriented programming. We'll
delve into Python's history, tracing back to its inception in 1991 by Guido van Rossum, and
explore how it evolved to simplify programming tasks by reducing time spent on redundant
activities. By understanding Python's core principles and applications, from web
development to data science, you'll appreciate its role in powering platforms like YouTube
and Dropbox and why top-notch companies rely on it for cutting-edge applications.

Approaching this unit requires a blend of curiosity and practical engagement. Start by
absorbing the historical context and foundational concepts of Python to grasp its versatility
and ease of use. As you progress, focus on the real-life applications of Python, connecting
theoretical knowledge with practical utility. Experiment with Python by writing simple
scripts, exploring its vast libraries, and engaging with the community-developed
frameworks like Django and Flask. This hands-on approach, complemented by exploring
Python's rich ecosystem, will not only solidify your understanding of the language but also
inspire you to leverage Python's capabilities in your projects. Embrace this journey through
Python, and you'll soon find yourself adept at navigating the world of programming with
confidence and creativity.

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1.1. Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, you will be able to.

❖ Describe the evolution and key features of Python to understand its significance in modern
programming.
❖ Explain how Python's applications across various domains like web development, data
science, and machine learning make it a versatile tool for developers.
❖ Apply Python's basic syntax and libraries to create simple scripts, demonstrating an
understanding of its ease of use and flexibility.
❖ Analyse the differences between Python 2 and Python 3 to make informed decisions when
choosing a version for project development.

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2. ABOUT PYTHON LANGUAGE

The competitive times call not just for a high-level programming language, but also for a
rapid application development (RAD) tool. Such tools should be able to design and support
large applications seamlessly while providing features like fast response and a simple
approach. All such needs are fulfilled by Python.

Python is one of the few languages that can be used as both, an interpreted and scripting
language. It is a free and open-source language that is easy to learn and approach. Especially
suited for Web applications, Python makes object-oriented programming simple and
dynamic, enabling one to create large applications that are durable and adaptable.

Python was developed in 1991, with the aim that it could help reduce the time spent on
monotonous and redundant tasks in programming. It is derived from the original scripting
language ABC. At that time, ABC was used solely to teach programming by a few people.

Developed by Guido van Rossum, Python was originally created to perform and handle
regular administrative tasks. It was employed at CWI in 1989, where Guido van Rossum was
located at that time. It was released for the use of public in February 1991, after it was
integrated into the Amoeba project at CWI.

Since then, the development of the language has been carried out at CNRI in Reston, Virginia,
United States. By 2000, the developers of Python formed Python labs under the BeOpen
network. Python labs has been maintained and organised by Guido van Rossum, among other
primary developers of Python. Later in the year, Python labs moved under Digital Creations.
It has since been working to develop and enrich the language with more and better features.
All the features, properties, etc., that are added to the language are managed by Python
Software Foundation, a non-profit organisation.

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3. NEED AND APPLICATIONS OF PYTHON LANGUAGE

Python is the backbone of various web-based applications such as YouTube, Dropbox, etc. Its
functionality and features such as supporting cross-platform operating systems make it a
great tool for various applications. Here are the real-life applications where Python is needed
and highly used by top-notch companies.

Source: Pinterest

Fig 1: Applications of Python

3.1. Web Development

Python supports various frameworks. This increases the security, scalability, and speed at
which a web-based application or website is developed and coded. There are multitudes of
frameworks that support the integration of HTTPS, FTP, SSL, and much more. Frameworks
like Flask, Django, and more can help the processing of JSON, E-Mail, XML, and other such
protocols.

3.2. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

The future is in machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is imperative to learn and
develop languages that can enhance these technologies and Python supports the experience.

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For machine learning, the computer should be able to come up with an algorithm based on
its experience and learn by itself. This can be done by libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, and
more which are already present in Python.

3.3. Data Science

Understanding data and visualising it can help avoid risk and increase profits. The computer
should be able to understand which data is relevant for a task, analyse it, and provide the
results accordingly. Through libraries such as Pandas and NumPy, Seaborn, and Matplotlib,
you can visualise and analyse the data. Python is an unmatched tool for data scientists.

3.4. Game Development

Python also includes libraries that support 3D game engines such as PySoy, PyGame, etc.
These libraries ease and enhance the process of building a game. Python also ensures that
the game processes faster and without any bugs and errors.

3.5. Business Applications

Business applications should be scalable to support the business as it grows. They should
also be readable and extensible. Thus, languages like Python provide all such features to the
developers. Various platforms such as Tryton can create applications that are coded in
Python.

3.6. Desktop GUI

Using the Tkinter library available in Python, you can create desktop applications as well.
From simple applications such as post-it notes and calculators to high-end applications,
toolkits such as wxWidgets, PYQT, and others provided in Python can help you create and
develop various such applications.

3.7. Web Scraping Applications

There are various applications such as job listings, research and development, comparison
of prices, etc. when one needs to assess and analyse data from various websites and huge

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databases. Python’s libraries such as BeautifulSoup can scrape and analyse such data without
compromising speed and efficiency.

Along with these, Python is used to develop various other applications such as audio and
video supporting apps, CAD applications, embedded applications, and much more. Its
flexibility and scalability make it suitable for high-level computations and complex codes.

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4. EVALUATION OF PYTHON LANGUAGE

When comparing Python with other languages, the one benefit that makes Python unique is
that it works as a bridge between interpreted and scripted languages. It holds the benefits of
both types of languages, making it a much more accessible option than its other counterparts.

Most scripted languages are slower than interpreted languages. However, Python provides
the user with the option to write scripts using Python without compromising on the speed
of the compiler. Python is usually compared to C and C++ because of its similar syntax. It is
mainly used to test applications written in C and C++. Python works better than these two
high-level languages as it provides various benefits over them such as memory allocation
and management, avoiding reference errors. The Python interpreter is responsible for
memory management. Also, with the rich library available in Python, you can write much
shorter and compact programs.

Another such language that can be compared to Python is Perl. Perl is another popular
language that is used for data extraction and text manipulation. It is mostly used for system
administration. However, Perl follows a difficult and much more complex syntax as
compared to Python. Perl can be used to create powerful CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
scripts, but the code is difficult to comprehend and people working on a large project often
find it hard to understand each other’s code.

Tcl is also one of the programming languages that is often compared to Python. Tcl is as
powerful as Python and is an easy-to-use scripting language. However, the data types for
variables in Python are much richer than those available at Tcl. Tcl and Python have a similar
toolkit for developing GUI applications, called Tk. However, though people tend to favour
Python while developing such applications for its richer library.

Python is an object-oriented language that works similarly to Java. However, Java requires
larger codes that take longer to write, understand, and compile. It also does not offer features
such as a rapid development environment and dynamic typing. But Python is slower than
Java and is much less portable. To integrate the features of Python and classes available in
Java, JPython was developed. JPython provides various salient features such as providing a
true object-oriented programming environment and a scripting environment for Java.

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5. PYTHON 2 VS. PYTHON 3

Python 2 was first developed and released in 2000. It has been one of the most successful
versions of Python, the most popular one being Python 2.7. It was released in 2010 and is
still in use by various companies.

Source: DEV Community

Fig 2: Python 2 vs Python 3

Python 3 was created in 2008. At that time, most programmers and companies were already
using and were satisfied with the previous version of the language. However, the tools and
features added to Python 3 soon spread amongst the community, leading to a debate among
the programmers regarding which is the better version.

With the constant development and betterment of Python 3 and the strength of version
Python 3.5, it was clear that the newer version of Python is the clear winner of the debate
and should be the choice of new programmers who are just delving into the world of Python.

Now, most programmers agree that Python 2 dictates the legacy and the strength of the
programming language whereas for the newer and faster web-based applications suited to
the speed of the current generation, Python 3 and higher versions are much more suitable.
Here is a comparison between both versions to aid your understanding.

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5.1. Incompatible Libraries

The libraries that were developed for Python 2 are incompatible with Python 3. Also, seeing
that Python 3 is the future, the libraries developed are strictly compatible with this version
only.

5.2. Unicode Support

In Python 2, strings were stored in ASCII by default. If you want to store a string in Unicode,
then you will have to specify a “u”. However, in Python 3, all the strings are stored in Unicode
by default. Unicode is much more versatile as compared to ASCII. It can also save various
symbols, numerals, emojis, Roman numerals, and much more.

5.3. Better Integer Division

In Python 2, if you divide two integers that will result in a decimal answer, then the compiler
will round off the answer to the nearest integer. Hence, to get an answer in decimal form,
you will have to specify decimals in the subtraction. For example, use 2.0 instead of 2.

In Python 3, the compiler is expected to return the result in decimal if the answer is decimal.
You do not have to add a decimal to the question.

Various companies such as Instagram and Facebook are moving from Python 2 to Python 3.
This is because the newer function has a faster runtime. Also, there will be no developments
in Python 2 after the version Python 2.7, making it a thing of the past.

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6. FEATURES OF PYTHON PROGRAMMING MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL

CLASS
The best feature of Python can be its ease. Programmers can pick Python as their first
language to learn. You can easily develop large applications using it. It can also act as a bridge
to connect the programmers to other, more advanced programming languages. Here are
some of the prominent features of Python that make it a flexible and strong option for most
developers.

6.1. Easy to Understand and Use

You can understand code written in Python even if you have no background in programming.
It has an easy syntax that uses the common language without the presence of complex
keywords. The lack of too many keywords and simple semantics used in Python ensures that
one can learn it with relative ease. It is a simplified version of primary programming
languages such as C, Algol, Pascal, etc., and follows the same syntax.

Though an object-oriented language, it is not necessary to use the concept in Python. One can
run various applications and operations without it, a feature that makes it easier to approach
than C++.

Python uses very few symbols within the code, to make coding simple and straightforward.
It does not need a symbol to show the end of a command, nor does it need curly braces ({})
to indicate a block of statements. One can use indentation to group statements as a single
code block, ensuring fewer bugs and easier comprehension of the code.

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Source: Sitesbay

Fig 3: Features of Python Language

6.2. High-Level Language

Python is an intuitive language. While using C and other such languages, one must declare
the datatype of the variable before storing any data in it. Also, other features such as system
calls, strings, or varying lengths, etc., need a chunk of code to be written in C. Python reduces
the time and energy spent on understanding and writing the code by providing built-in
modules to its users. Lists, dictionaries, and other high-level data types that can be used in
Python are already built into Python. Thus, using them requires less time and understanding
of the language. Also, Python assumes the datatype of a variable once you assign a value to
it, decreasing the length of the code.

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6.3. Scalable

Scripting languages such as Unix work seamlessly and are easy to use while performing easy
and straightforward tasks. However, once you start adding more lines to the code or features
in the script, it becomes complicated and slow. These days, even smaller applications need
large code and scripts to include all the required features. Hence, these scripting languages
cannot keep up with today’s need for fast and scalable programming languages. Through
Python, one can merge one code with another or insert new features in an existing code
without worrying about the speed of the code. Python ensures more functionality by
allowing the user to change and modify the code by adding plug-ins and advancing the
architecture of an existing script.

6.4. Object-Oriented Language

An Object-oriented language means that each component in a code written in Python is

treated as an object. Though not necessary to use the concept of OOP (object-oriented
programming) in Python, it is nonetheless a strong tool. You can create smaller programs
without indulging or understanding the concept of OOP, making it easier to learn and
understand the language. For larger programs, you can use object-oriented class hierarchies
with every attribute in the class possessing a name. Python can accept any number of
arguments.

6.5. Interpreted Language

In conventional interpreted languages, the program is not interpreted in binary language.

Thus, the process takes longer and is slower than other languages that support the compiler.
Though, Python is an interpreted language where code is already byte-compiled, that is,
available in binary language when it is added to the interpreter. The feature enables Python
to act as an intermediary between compiled and interpreted language, as it has the features
of both.

Python is an interpreted language as the interpreter can print the result when in command-
line mode. Signs such as “>>>” work as a prompt, indicating that the interpreter is ready to
use.

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Another way a program can be interpreted is through executing a file. Such a file is called a
script and is saved with an extension of .py. To execute the file, the name of the script must
be written for the interpreter to understand.

6.6. Flexible

A large code can be hard to understand and debug. Python allows fragmenting the code into
smaller, more manageable parts. These parts, or modules, can still interact with each other
and connect with the other in-built modules. Python allows flexibility to the user by letting
them interact with the external environment while using the module.

6.7. Library

Python comes with a rich library of modules that can be integrated into the program. The
library is updated and maintained by Python Standard Library. These modules can ease the
process of coding and shorten the length of the code as well. The library can be used to write
codes that perform the tasks of HTTP, FTP, POP, etc. You can write applications for various
functions with the help of the built-in modules of Python that are used to develop graphic
user interfaces, download a webpage, and various others.

6.8. Memory Management

Memory management is an essential part of programming when it comes to languages like

C, C++, etc. Without proper memory management such as deleting the assigned memory once
the task of the variable is completed, the programmer may face issues like memory leakage.
This makes the program unnecessarily long. In Python, the task of memory management is
handled by the interpreter. The interpreter is bound to make fewer or no errors and decrease
the development time of the program as well.

6.9. Web Scripting Support

Python is a dynamic language. It can not only handle complex programs with ease but also
supports several environments. Web applications based on the internet and intranet need
such features in a programming language for them to work smoothly. Through the rich

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library system and flexibility of Python, you can write several complex programs and codes
that support advanced features such as HTML, SGML parsing, XML, CGI scripts, etc.

6.10. Database

Through the built-in modules available in the library of Python, you can handle several flat
file databases. It has the capability to provide interfaces for major databases. One of the most
essential and multi-featured databases of Python is Python API. It eases the process of
writing codes for applications through which you can communicate with different databases.

6.11. Object Distribution

Through Python, you can use objects that are distributed over various platforms. The code
can communicate and interact with objects that are coded or available in other languages.
One such example is passing data to COM components.

6.12. Embeddable

Python interpreter can be extended with low-level modules. These extensions let the
programmer customise the program according to the needs and interface of the application.
You can connect Python to external libraries and modules to implement new data types in
the code. Extension modules on Python can be programmed in other languages such as C and
C++ for CPython and in Java for JPython.

6.13. GUI Programming

Python holds a graphic user interface library Tkinter that allows the user to create GUI
applications for different systems and libraries such as Windows MFC, X Window system of
Unix, Macintosh, and more. Tkinter has the object-oriented interface of TK GUI API.

6.14. Portable

Python is written as ANSI C. Hence, it is not tied to one operating software and can be used
over many platforms without losing any of its features or credibility. One can write, execute,
test, and upload a program written in Python in various environments including Macintosh,
Linux, and Windows. However, the application will run as per the commands specified in it.

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If the commands are specified for one environment, for example, Linux, then the program
will not be able to implement properly when interpreted in other environments.

6.15. Freeware

Python is an open-source language and thus can be redistributed freely. Anyone can use
Python’s source in any way they want without harming or putting it at risk. Also, the users
are dissuaded from trying to take over the copyright of the source code. Programmers and
users around the world can freely use Python to create codes using modules from the library
in byte-compiled form.

6.16. Exception Handling

Through exception handling, Python can generate a stack trace of errors. This is when due
to an error or bug in the program, Python exits. With the help of the trace, you can detect
errors during run time without the need for statements that can check errors. The
programmer does not have to spend a lot of time debugging the code as the Exception
Handler can detect the problem, diffuse it, and perform a maintenance check.

6.17. Popular Frameworks of Libraries

Python is mainly used to write various web-based applications. To make the process of
coding easier, various modules are created and stored in the library of Python. The collection
of these modules is called a framework. Frameworks allow one to integrate codes for low-
level details and help the programmer to save time.

By using various frameworks, one can automate the implementation of common commands,
thus giving the user the time to spend on web-based application logic and algorithms.

Here are some of the most popularly used frameworks in Python.

6.18. Django

It is an open-source and free framework. Based on the DRY principle, or Don’t Repeat
Yourself, Django uses ORM mappers. Object-relational mapper is used to manipulate the data
from a database. It uses an object-oriented paradigm. Through Django, one can get various

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essential features in their code such as ORM, template engine, URL routing, authentication,
and database schema migrations.

6.19. Web2Py

It is another full-stack framework for Python that is scalable and open-source. It can be
installed without any special prerequisites. Web2Py can be implemented and run in various
environments and different platforms. It protects the code against cross-site scripting, SQL
injection, etc. It comes with its own code editor, and debugger, and has a one-click
deployment as well. It does not support Python 3 yet.

6.20. Flask

This lightweight micro-framework is customisable and adapts to the needs of the user. It
provides multitudes of features such as a quick and seamless debugger, a built-in
development server, and secure cookie support. It also supports HTTP request handling, can
plug in any ORM, supports Jinja2 templating, and is Unicode-based.

6.21. Bottle

The bottle provides default features such as templating, routing, a built-in development
server, and an abstraction layer over the WSGI standard. It is a micro-framework whose
server can support all other WSGI-capable HTTP servers. It can also access data to create file
uploads, cookies, headers, etc.

6.22. CherryPy

CherryPy is especially targeted to ease the process of creating web-based applications. It is

an open-source framework that makes coding for web-based applications like object-
oriented programming. It packs in features such as caching, authentication, encoding, plug-
in system flexibility, and the ability to run on different platforms and in different
environments. It can run multiple HTTP servers simultaneously and offers built-in support
for profiling, testing, and coverage.

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Different frameworks are suited for various applications. All offer different functionalities
that can be chosen as per the purpose of the program. You will have to assess the need for
the program and choose the framework that provides the required features.

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7. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
You need to ensure that your system meets all the requirements before you proceed with the
installation of Anaconda. Depending on whether you are using the free Anaconda
distribution or are an Anaconda Enterprise 4 user, the system requirements will be different.
Let us look at the system requirements for both one by one-

Source: mrmint.fr

Fig 1: Anaconda

7.1. System Requirements for Anaconda Enterprise 4

7.2. Hardware Requirements

Without satisfying the hardware requirements, it will not be possible to move ahead with
the installation. The requirements are-

• The RAM should be 32 GB or 16 GB of 1600 MHz DDR3 RAM.

• A CPU having the following features: 2 x 64-bit 2.8 GHz 8.00 GT/s CPUs
• Minimum storage of 300 GB. In the case of air-gapped deployments, the minimum
storage size should be 600 GB.
• The user should have internet access to download all the files from the website
Anaconda.org. Alternatively, the user's laptop or PC should have a USB drive containing
all the required files. In the case of air-gapped installations, the user should also have
alternate instructions.

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7.3. Software Requirements

The minimum software requirements are essential to ensure the smooth functioning of the
application. They are-

• The system should have MongoDB 2.6. It will be provided with the installation files.
• The user should have the Anaconda Repository license file.
• RHEL/CentOS 6.5 to 7.4, Ubuntu 12.04+. Additionally, Ubuntu users might need to install
cURL.
• The user should have a Linux system account. The following are required- Mongod
(RHEL) or MongoDB (Ubuntu)
• The system should have access to the Anaconda server.
• Cron entry is required to start the repo on reboot.

7.4. Security Requirements

The security requirements ensure that the data is protected, and no data breach takes place.
The security requirements are-

• An Open HTTP(S) port

• Edit privileges for SELinux policy (SELinux does not have to be disabled in the case of
Anaconda Repository operation)
• Ability to make Iptables modifications. It is an optional requirement and depends on
the user.
• The user can choose to have an SSL certificate. It is not mandatory to have it.
• Privileged access OR Sudo capabilities

7.5. Network Requirements

TCP ports will be required. Most of the below requirements are optional, and it is up to the
user if he considers them as must-haves.

• Inbound HTTP: TCP 8080, 8443 (Anaconda repository)

• Optional Inbound SSH: TCP 22 (SSH)
• Optional Outbound HTTPS: TCP 443

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o repo.anaconda.com
o anaconda.org
o conda.anaconda.org
o binstar-cio-packages-prod.s3.amazonaws.com
o 820451f3d8380952ce65-
4cc6343b423784e82fd202bb87cf87cf.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com
• An outbound Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: Transmission Control Protocol 25 (if not
using AD/LDAP) email notifications. It is not compulsory to incorporate it.
• An outbound LDAP(s): TCP 389/636 for authentication integration. It is not a
mandatory requirement.

7.6. Other Requirements

• A license file provided to you by Anaconda at the time of purchasing the product.
• The installation tokens for Binstar and anaconda-server channels were provided by
Anaconda while purchasing the product. It is not applicable for air-gapped installs.
• It is an optional requirement: Your Anaconda.org account credentials. It is not
applicable for air-gapped installs.

7.7. System Requirements for Anaconda Individual Edition

It is mandatory to review the system requirements before installing the Anaconda individual
edition. The requirements are-

• A minimum of 5 GB disk space is required to download and install Anaconda.

• License: It can be the one for free use and redistribution under the terms of the ../Eula.
• Operating system: Windows 8 or the latest one, 64-bit macOS 10.13+, or Linux,
including Ubuntu, RedHat, CentOS 6+, and others.
• If your operating system is older than what is currently supported, you can find older
versions of the Anaconda installers in the archived section.
• The system architecture should have the following features: Windows- 64-bit x86, 32-
bit x86; MacOS- 64-bit x86; Linux- 64-bit x86, 64-bit Power8/Power9.

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8. INTERACTIVE MODE AND SCRIPT MODE

Python offers two primary modes of execution: interactive mode, ideal for exploratory
programming and immediate feedback, and script mode, suited for developing complex
applications and automating tasks. Both modes cater to different aspects of programming,
making Python a versatile tool for both learning and professional software development.

8.1. Interactive Mode

Interactive mode in Python is an incredibly powerful feature that fosters an exploratory

approach to programming, allowing for immediate feedback and facilitating a deeper
understanding of Python's functionalities. This mode, often accessed through Python's shell
(REPL - Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop), is instrumental for rapid prototyping, debugging, and
learning, as it executes Python commands as they are entered, line by line. Unlike script
mode, where programs are written in a file and then executed, interactive mode is more
dynamic, enabling users to experiment with code snippets, test functions, and observe
results instantaneously. This immediacy is invaluable for beginners to grasp programming
concepts and for seasoned developers to test complex code snippets without the overhead
of creating a full-fledged program.

Interactive mode also serves as a powerful calculator, allowing users to perform

mathematical operations and experiment with Python's vast standard library, third-party
modules, and various frameworks. It's particularly useful for data analysis and scientific
computing, where users can import libraries like NumPy and Pandas and interact with data
in real-time, visualizing results, tweaking parameters, and refining algorithms on the fly. The
mode supports introspection, enabling users to explore objects, query types, and access
documentation directly within the session, thereby enhancing the learning curve and
productivity.

Furthermore, interactive Python environments like IPython and Jupyter notebooks extend
the capabilities of the standard interactive mode with additional features like advanced auto-
completion, session history, and inline plotting. These tools have transformed the way
Python is used for data science, making it more accessible and interactive. They allow for a
narrative approach to coding, where code, output, and documentation can be intertwined in

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a single document, fostering a more intuitive and engaging learning and development
process.

Python's interactive mode is not just a feature but a gateway to a more interactive,
exploratory, and efficient programming experience, aligning with the dynamic and versatile
nature of Python itself. It encapsulates the spirit of discovery inherent in the programming
journey, making Python an inviting and powerful language for developers and data scientists
at all levels of expertise.

8.2. Script Mode

Script mode in Python, in contrast to its interactive counterpart, is where the true power and
efficiency of programming with Python come to the forefront. This mode involves writing
Python code in a file (typically with a .py extension) and then executing the entire script in
one go, either through a command-line interface or an integrated development environment
(IDE). Script mode is the backbone of software development in Python, enabling
programmers to build complex, reusable, and maintainable code bases. It's particularly
suited for developing applications, automating tasks, and scripting complex computational
tasks that go beyond the scope of one-off commands or immediate feedback loops offered by
the interactive mode.

In script mode, programmers can leverage the full spectrum of Python's features, from basic
syntax to advanced concepts like object-oriented programming, exception handling, and
module packaging. This mode encourages structured programming practices, including the
use of functions, classes, and modules, which are essential for breaking down complex
problems into manageable units, promoting code reuse, and enhancing readability. Scripts
can be as simple as a few lines of code to automate mundane tasks or as complex as
thousands of lines forming the backbone of robust applications.

Moreover, script mode facilitates collaboration among developers through version control
systems like Git, enabling teams to work on different parts of a project simultaneously, track
changes, and merge code seamlessly. It also allows for thorough testing and debugging,
essential for ensuring code reliability and performance. Tools such as unit tests can be

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integrated into the development process, allowing for automated testing of code
functionalities.

For tasks that require running algorithms repeatedly, perhaps with varying parameters or
data sets, script mode is invaluable. It allows for batch processing, where scripts execute
tasks without manual intervention, saving time and reducing the potential for human error.
This mode is fundamental for deploying Python applications in production environments,
where scripts are often scheduled to run at specific times or triggered by specific events,
ensuring that applications perform their functions reliably and autonomously.

We can summarise that script mode is where Python's versatility as a programming language
truly shines, enabling developers to build everything from simple scripts to complex,
scalable applications. It embodies the principles of software engineering, making Python an
indispensable tool for developers across diverse domains.

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9. INSTALLATION OF ANACONDA
Once you are done verifying the system requirements, the next step is to start with the
installation process. If you do not want several packages to be installed with Anaconda, you
can choose to install Miniconda. It is a smaller version of Anaconda that includes Python,
Conda, and its dependencies.

On macOS, Windows, and Linux, it will be the most convenient to install Anaconda for the
local user. Thus, administrator permissions will not be required. The following are the steps
to install Anaconda on your system-

1) Go to the https://www.anaconda.com/products/individual link to download Anaconda

for your respective OS (macOS, Windows, or Linux). You can download the installer
either for Python 3.7 or Python 2.7 (whichever is the latest). Also, you can download it
for a 32-bit machine or a 64-bit machine as per your machine's specifications.
2) The Anaconda setup would have downloaded in .exe format. Click on the file to open.
Click on the 'next' button.
3) You should reach the license agreement page. Read the agreement click on 'I Agree' and
move to the next page.
4) You can choose to install Anaconda only for yourself or for all users. You will need
administrative privileges to install it for everyone.
5) Choose the folder where you want to install it. You will be able to see the available space
on the system and how much is required by the application.
6) Now, you reach the screen of advanced options. Firstly, you need to add Anaconda to the
PATH environment variable of the system. Now, register it as the primary system Python
3.7. If you add Anaconda to the PATH, it will be found before any other installation. Click
on the "Install" button.

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Source: Francesco Lelli

Fig 2: Anaconda Editor

7) It will take some to extract the files and unpack the packages on the machine. The
installation will be complete in some time. Click on the 'next' button
8) The next screen will inform you about PyCharm. Click on the 'Next button. The
installation is complete. Click on the 'Finish' button.
9) Now, you will be able to see Anaconda in the Start menu. You can open a Jupyter
notebook and create a new notebook.

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10. ANACONDA NAVIGATOR

The Anaconda Navigator is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows you to conveniently
manage environments, Conda packages, and various channels without the need to use
command-line commands. The navigator is included in the Anaconda distribution and allows
you to launch various applications. Navigator can be used to search for packages on the
website Anaconda.org, or in a local Anaconda Repository. It is available for macOS, Windows,
and Linux.

10.1. What is the use of the Anaconda navigator?

To run, several scientific packages are dependent on versions of other packages. Data
scientists often use several versions of many packages and use distinct environments to
separate these different versions. The command-line program Conda is both an environment
manager and a package manager. This feature helps data scientists ensure that each version
of every package has all the dependencies it needs and works as per expectations.

Navigator is a convenient, GUI way to work with environments and packages without having
to type Conda commands in the terminal window. You can use the navigator to find the
packages you are looking for, install them in the environment, run the packages, and update
them.

10.2. What does the application Navigator allow us to access?

By default, the following applications are available in the Anaconda Navigator:

• JupyterLab
• Jupyter Notebook
• VSCode
• RStudio
• Spyder
• Glueviz
• Orange 3 App
• PyCharm

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• Anaconda Prompt (Windows only)

• Anaconda PowerShell (Windows only)

User having an advanced level of experience in Conda can build their applications as well.
The simplest way to run a piece of code in Navigator is using Spyder. Navigate to the
navigator home tab and click on Spyder. You can write and execute your code.

10.3. How to start the Anaconda Navigator?

The process to start the Navigator depends on the Operating System. Follow the below steps
to start the navigator in different Operating systems:

1. Windows: Click on the Anaconda Navigator Desktop app from the Start Menu. Another
way could be to search for Anaconda Prompt from the Start Menu and then type in the
command anaconda-navigator.
2. Linux: Type in "anaconda-navigator" after opening the terminal window. The
Navigator will open.
3. MacOS: Click on the Anaconda Navigator icon from the launchpad. Alternatively, you
can open the terminal from the launchpad and type in anaconda-navigator.

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11. DIFFERENT MODULES OF ANACONDA

Modules refer to a file containing Python definitions and statements. Any file containing a
Python code, for example, Abc.py, is known as a module, and its module name would be ABC.

Any package in Anaconda can be installed using the command "Conda install Package name".
All packages are in the package repository. Apart from the packages, the major components
of Anaconda are listed below-

11. 1. Jupyterlab

JupyterLab is a web-based UI (User interface) developed for Project Jupyter. JupyterLab

allows users to work with activities such as Jupyter notebooks, documents, terminals, text
editors, and several other components in an integrated and flexible manner.

One of the biggest advantages of JupyterLab is the option to arrange several documents side
by side in the working area using splitters and tabs. Various activities and documents
integrate seamlessly and thus enable the creation of new workflows that act as a push for
interactive computing. A few examples of the same area-

• The Code Consoles provide temporary scratchpads for executing and running the code
interactively. It behaves as a major support for rich output. A code console can be
connected to a notebook kernel which will act as a computation log from the notebook.
• Documents that are kernel-backed allow code in any format of a text file (Markdown,
R, Latex, or Markdown) to run in a Jupyter kernel interactively. Outputs of notebook
cells can be mirrored into a tab of their own. These tabs can be side by side with the
notebooks. Simple dashboards are enabled with interactive controls along with a
kernel.
• Multiple views of documents are allowed where viewers enable live editing of their
documents which will be reflected in the documents of other viewers.
• Another advantage of JupyterLab is that it allows handling and viewing data formats in
various file formats like JSON, PDF, and CSV. You will also get the option to use key
maps and customizable shortcuts on the keyboards.

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11.2. Jupyter Notebook

The Jupyter Notebook is popular for extending the console-based approach to interactive
computing in a new direction. It provides a web-based application that can capture the end-
to-end computation process. The process involves documenting, developing, and executing
the code followed by communicating the results to the users. The Jupyter Notebook
comprises two components:

1. A web application: It is a browser-based tool made to author interactive documents that

are a combination of computations, mathematics, explanatory text, and their media
output.
2. Notebook documents: It is a representation of the content seen in the web application.
It also includes the input and output results of the computation, images, representation
of objects, mathematics, and explanatory text.

Notebook documents contain both the input and output of an interactive session in addition
to the text that accompanies the code and is not meant for execution. Thus, Jupyter
Notebooks can be considered as a computational record of the sessions. It also includes
mathematics, explanatory text, and executable code. These documents are JSON files and can
be easily shared with colleagues. As we are using Jupyter in a browser, our computer will be
acting as the server. Hence, Jupyter does not need to send our data elsewhere.

11.3. Spyder

It is an open-source IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that has cross-platform

integration to make scientific programming in Python easier. Several packages are
integrated with the scientific Python stack. A few of them are SymPy, pandas, Cython, NumPy,
and Matplotlib. Spyder is extensible with third-party plugins and supports interactive tools
for data inspection. It also takes care to embed Python-specific introspection instruments
and code quality assurance instruments. The primary features of Spyder are-

• It provides support for several IPython consoles.

• An editor with code completion, syntax introspection, and highlighting.
• A history log that takes note of every command that the user enters.

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• A static code analysis.

• Spyder allows users to work on multiple development efforts concurrently.
• A help pane that can retrieve and render documentation on classes, functions, and
methods.

11.4. Pycharm

PyCharm is another popular IDE used for creating scripts in Python. It provides various
essential tools that enhance the experience of developers while using Python. They provide
an integrated environment to enhance the productivity of app development in Python. It is
available in editions. The free and open-sourced one is called the Community version.

Source: Data Flair

Fig 3: A simple program on PyCharm

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Another free version is also available called Edu. It is used to learn programming languages
for other technologies related to educational tools.

The paid version of PyCharm is called Professional. It is widely used by developers for code
assistance, visual debugging, remote configurations, assistance, etc. The salient features of
PyCharm are explained below.

• Code completion: Through PyCharm you can experience intuitive code completion for
built-in and external packages alike.
• Code coverage: Files with extension .py can be run outside of the PyCharm editor as
well.
• Package Management: The packages installed are displayed with appropriate visual
representation.
• Refactoring: Through refactoring, one can name one or more files at the same time.
PyCharm makes this process much smoother.
• Local History: PyCharm keeps track of the changes made in a file locally.

11.5. Vs Code

VS Code or Visual Studio Code supports code and development in various programming
languages through its extension model. You can use the Python extension to use the VS Code
for developing programs and scripts in Python. Here is a brief list of features provided by the
VS Code when used for Python.

• It supports all versions of Python, including the classic Python 2.7 and the newer
versions of Python 3.4 and above.
• It offers code completion with its unique IntelliSense.
• It enables the automatic use of virtual environments and conda.
• You can use Jupyter environments and Jupyter Notebooks for code editing.
• Visual Studio Code also provides themes through which you can customize the UI as
per your choice.
• Varied language packs ensure that the experience of working on the VS Code is
inclusive and localised.

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• Code snippets
• Debugging Support

11.6 . Glueviz

Glue has become an integral part of the complete Python programming experience with its
indispensable features and the ability to explore relationships between related datasets. One
can explore the environment of object-oriented programming with the help of Glue. It is used
to analyse astronomical data such as the formation of stars through clouds and comprehend
medical data. prominent features of Glue are listed below.

• Linked Visualizations: With the help of Glue, you can visualise data in the form of
histograms, 2D, and 3D images. scatter plots, etc. It also supports the brushing and
linking paradigm. Thus, if data is selected in a graph, then it propagates to other sets of
data.
• Scripting Ability: You can integrate Python codes into Glue seamlessly. The Glue itself is
written in Python. The integration can help in cleaning, inputting, and analysis of the
data.
• Data Linking: Glue has immense potential when it comes to linking two or more sets of
different data. It uses logical links that relate to these data and with the help of them,
visualizes it. The links can be specified by the programmer and are flexible.

11.7. Orange 3 App

Being able to analyse and comprehend huge programs and data is the feature that makes
Python so much more desirable than other programming languages. Orange 3 supports this
feature of Python by providing a clean, free, and open-source platform that is powerful holds
the potential to analyse large data and provides comprehensive visualizations for the chosen
data. Orange 3 also supports basic machine learning skills and analyses.

The features of Orange 3 have been a boon for various fields of research where scientists
need to analyse the data obtained from a multitude of experiments. Here are some of its
features that make it an easily approachable option.

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Interactive Visualization: You can scatter plots, box plots, make decision trees, hierarchical
clustering, linear projections, heat maps, and more.

Visual Programming: You do not have to dive deep into the coding part to make it work. The
graphic user interface includes widgets that make analysing datasets much easier.

11.8. Running A Simple Code Python Using Jupyter and Spyder

Now that the setup of the Jupyter Notebook is complete, let us try to run a simple program
on it. Here are the steps that will guide you through creating a notebook and running a code
in it.

Step 1: First, open the terminal and head to the directory where you want to save the
notebook. Now, type the command Jupyter Notebook. The program will initiate a local server
or at any other specific port.

Step 2: Once the Jupyter Notebook window pops up on your screen, create a new Notebook.

Step 3: On the editor window, type the following command:

print(“Hello World!”)

Step 4: Now, click on the cell where the code is written. Press SHIFT+ENTER. You can also
click on the play button at the top of the cell.

Step 5: Once you run the code, the output will appear in the space at the bottom of the
window. You can now press the stop button to stop running the code.

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12. SUMMARY
In this introductory unit on Python, we've journeyed through the rich history and evolution
of a programming language that has become a cornerstone in the field of software
development. Starting from its inception in 1991 by Guido van Rossum, we explored
Python's initial design to simplify programming tasks and its progression to a robust tool
that seamlessly supports large-scale applications. The unit highlighted Python's unique
position as both an interpreted and scripting language, emphasizing its rapid application
development capabilities, ease of learning, and open-source nature.

We delved into the practical applications of Python, illustrating its widespread use in
creating sophisticated web applications, driving advancements in machine learning and
artificial intelligence, powering data science endeavours, and even in game development and
business applications. The versatility of Python was showcased through its support for
multiple frameworks, enhancing the security, scalability, and speed of web-based
applications, and its critical role in the future of technology with libraries like NumPy and
Pandas.

The unit also provided a comparative evaluation of Python with other languages,
underscoring its accessible syntax, memory management, and extensive library support,
which together make Python a preferred choice over languages like C, C++, Perl, and Tcl.
Through this exploration, we aimed to equip you with a foundational understanding of
Python, its features, and its unparalleled flexibility, setting the stage for deeper dives into
programming concepts and applications in subsequent units.

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13. GLOSSARY
• Python: A high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language known
for its simplicity, readability, and versatility in various applications.
• Rapid Application Development (RAD): A software development methodology that
emphasizes quick prototyping and iterative delivery, characteristics supported by
Python.
• Interpreted Language: A programming language in which most of its
implementations execute instructions directly without previously compiling a
program into machine-language instructions, unlike compiled languages.
• Scripting Language: A programming language used for writing scripts, which are
programs written for a special runtime environment that automates the execution of
tasks.
• Open-Source Language: Software for which the original source code is made freely
available and may be redistributed and modified according to the requirement of the
user.
• Object-oriented Programming (OOP): A programming paradigm based on the
concept of "objects", which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often
known as attributes or properties), and code, in the form of procedures (often known
as methods).
• Guido van Rossum: The creator of Python, who began its development in the late
1980s and continues to play a significant role in its development.
• CWl (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica): The national research institute for
mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands, where Python was initially
developed.
• Python Software Foundation (PSF): A non-profit organization devoted to the Python
programming language, responsible for supporting its development and community.
• Web Development: The work involved in developing a website for the Internet or an
intranet, ranging from simple single static pages to complex web-based applications.
• Machine Learning: A branch of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science that
focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn,
gradually improving its accuracy.

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• Data Science: An interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes,

algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and
unstructured data.
• Game Development: The process of designing, creating, and releasing a game. It
involves concept generation, design, build, test, and release.
• Business Applications: Software designed to assist in solving specific business
problems or to fulfil the needs of an organization.
• Desktop GUI (Graphical User Interface): A form of user interface that allows users
to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators.
• Web Scraping: The process of using bots to extract content and data from a website.
• Unicode: A computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation,
and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.
• Tkinter: Python's de-facto standard GUI (Graphical User Interface) package, used for
creating simple GUI applications.

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14. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Python is known as:
A) Only a high-level programming language
B) Only a scripting language
C) Both a high-level programming language and a scripting language
D) A low-level programming language
2. Who developed Python?
A) Linus Torvalds
B) James Gosling
C) Guido van Rossum
D) Dennis Ritchie
3. Python was originally developed to:
A) Replace Java
B) Handle networking better
C) Perform regular administrative tasks
D) Enhance the capabilities of C++
4. Which of the following is NOT a real-life application of Python?
A) Web Development
B) Game Development
C) Business Applications
D) Hardware Programming
5. Python's functionality in web development is often enhanced by:
A) Anti-virus software
B) Web browsers
C) Frameworks like Flask and Django
D) Spreadsheet software
6. For data science, Python provides libraries such as:
A) Adobe and Illustrator
B) Pandas and NumPy
C) Word and PowerPoint
D) AutoCAD and SolidWorks

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7. Python is often compared to which of the following languages due to its similar syntax?
A) JavaScript
B) PHP
C) C and C++
D) Ruby
8. Python provides various benefits over C and C++, such as:
A) Faster compilation
B) Memory allocation and management
C) Lower-level access to hardware
D) More complex syntax for advanced users
9. Python is slower than:
A) Java
B) Perl
C) Tcl
D) All the above
10. Which version of Python introduced Unicode support by default?
A) Python 1. x
B) Python 2. x
C) Python 3. x
D) Python 4. x
11. In Python 2, how is integer division handled by default?
A) It returns a float
B) It rounds up to the nearest integer
C) It truncates to the nearest integer
D) It prompts for user input
12. The transition from Python 2 to Python 3 was characterized by:
A) Backward compatibility
B) Incompatibility of some libraries
C) No significant changes
D) Decreased performance
13. Python is known for its:

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A) Complex syntax like C++

B) Easy to understand and use nature
C) Requirement for extensive memory management
D) High dependency on third-party modules
14. Python's approach to memory management is:
A) Manual, requiring explicit commands
B) Managed by the Python interpreter
C) Identical to C and C++
D) Dependent on third-party packages
15. One of Python's major advantages for web development is its:
A) Limited library support
B) Rich library for various protocols like HTTP, FTP
C) Incompatibility with major web frameworks
D) Focus solely on desktop applications

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15. TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Describe the unique features of Python that make it suitable for Rapid Application
Development (RAD).
2. How does Python's dual role as both an interpreted and scripting language benefit
developers?
3. Discuss the historical development of Python and its evolution from the ABC scripting
language.
4. Explain how Python supports web development through various frameworks.
5. Describe the role of Python in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence with
examples of libraries that support these technologies.
6. Discuss the significance of Python in Data Science and the libraries that facilitate data
analysis and visualization.
7. Compare Python's syntax and usability with that of C and C++.
8. How does Python's memory management and allocation provide an advantage over
other high-level languages?
9. Discuss Python's performance in comparison to Java and the development of JPython
to integrate Python features with Java classes.
10. What are the key differences between Python 2 and Python 3, particularly in terms of
Unicode support and integer division?
11. Why has Python 3 been considered the better choice for new programming projects
over Python 2?
12. Discuss the challenges faced by developers during the transition from Python 2 to
Python 3, especially regarding library compatibility.
13. Elaborate on the ease of use and simplicity of Python as a programming language.
14. How does Python's scalability make it a preferred choice for both small and large
applications?
15. Discuss Python's object-oriented nature and how it supports both procedural and
object-oriented programming without enforcing OOP concepts.
16. How does Python's interpreted nature contribute to its flexibility and ease of
debugging?

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17. Describe the benefits of Python being an open-source language and the role of the
Python Software Foundation.
18. Explain how Python's extensive standard library supports web scraping applications
and data handling.
19. Discuss the significance of Python's portability across different operating systems and
its impact on cross-platform development.
20. How does Python's exception-handling mechanism enhance the reliability and
maintainability of Python applications?

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16. ANSWERS

Self-Assessment Questions

1. Answer: C) Both a high-level programming language and a scripting language

2. Answer: C) Guido van Rossum
3. Answer: C) Perform regular administrative tasks
4. Answer: D) Hardware Programming
5. Answer: C) Frameworks like Flask and Django
6. Answer: B) Pandas and NumPy
7. Answer: C) C and C++
8. Answer: B) Memory allocation and management
9. Answer: A) Java
10.Answer: C) Python 3. x
11.Answer: C) It truncates to the nearest integer
12.Answer: B) Incompatibility of some libraries
13.Answer: B) Easy to understand and use nature
14.Answer: B) Managed by the Python interpreter
15.Answer: B) Rich library for various protocols like HTTP, FTP

Terminal Questions

1. Refer to the discussion on Python's capabilities as a RAD tool and its features that
support large application development.
2. Look into Python's flexibility being both an interpreted and scripting language and how
this dual capability enhances development efficiency.
3. Explore the historical context provided around Python's inception, focusing on its roots
in the ABC language and its evolution under Guido van Rossum.
4. Examine the portion detailing Python's utility in web development, particularly the
mention of frameworks like Flask and Django.
5. Review the segments highlighting Python's contribution to Machine Learning and AI,
paying attention to libraries like NumPy and Pandas.

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6. Delve into the explanation of Python's role in data science, focusing on its data handling
and visualization capabilities through various libraries.
7. Look at the comparison between Python and languages like C and C++, noting the
syntactical and usability aspects.
8. Investigate the advantages of Python over other languages in terms of memory
management and how the Python interpreter handles it.
9. Consider Python's performance relative to Java and the rationale behind the creation
of JPython to leverage Java's features.
10.Focus on the differences between Python 2 and 3, especially regarding Unicode support
and how integer division is handled.
11.Examine the reasons why Python 3 is recommended for new projects, considering its
advancements and improvements over Python 2.
12.Study the challenges associated with transitioning from Python 2 to 3, with an
emphasis on library compatibility issues.
13.Reflect on Python's design philosophy that emphasizes ease of use and readability,
making it accessible to beginners and experts alike.
14.Contemplate Python's ability to scale from simple scripts to complex applications, and
how it accommodates various programming paradigms.
15.Explore how Python supports both procedural and object-oriented programming,
offering flexibility in application development.
16.Consider Python's interpreted nature and how it influences the development process,
particularly in terms of flexibility and debugging.
17.Investigate the implications of Python being open-source and the contributions of the
Python Software Foundation to its development.
18.Review the section on web scraping and data handling, focusing on Python's library
support for these tasks.
19.Delve into Python's cross-platform capabilities, noting how its design as an ANSI C-
compliant language enhances portability.
20.Examine Python's approach to exception handling, and how it aids in creating reliable
and maintainable code.

Unit 1: Introduction to Python 47

Python Programming Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

17. SUGGESTED BOOKS AND E-REFERENCES

BOOKS:

• Eric Matthes (2016), Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to

Programming.
• John M. Zelle (2009), Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science
(Preliminary Second Edition).
• Mark Lutz (2011), Python Programming: A Powerful Object-Oriented Programming
(Fourth Edition).
• Sebastian Raschka (2017), Python Machine Learning - Machine Learning and Deep
Learning with Python (Edition 2)

E- REFERENCES:

• Python Programming Certification Training Course, last viewed on March 23, 2021, <
https://www.edureka.co/python-programming-certification-training >
• Python Tutorials and Sample Programs, last viewed on March 23, 2021, <
https://www.w3schools.com/python/ >
• History of Python, last viewed on March 23, 2021

< https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Python >

Unit 1: Introduction to Python 48