Simcenter™ MAGNET™

Tutorials
Software Version 2212
December 2022
Unpublished work. © 2022 Siemens

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Features showcase
Tutorial #1
2D Time-harmonic solution -- Cylindrical Shield
(Translational Geometry)
Features you will learn:

 Changing the material of a component

 Refining the mesh by changing the maximum element size
 Editing the properties of coils
 Setting the source frequency
 Setting the linear solving option
 Viewing the time-averaged ohmic loss in the conductor
 Viewing the contour plot of the model
 Probing a field value

Tutorial #2
2D Transient solution -- Felix long cylinder
(Translational Geometry)
In this tutorial, the cylindrical shield model built in Tutorial #1 is used as the basis for the Felix
long cylinder problem.

Features you will learn:

 Changing the material of a component

 Editing the properties of a coil
 Creating a circuit
 Defining an exponential waveform
 Viewing a contour plot
 Animating a contour plot
 Viewing the instantaneous ohmic loss of each conducting component
 Graphing the power across time
Tutorial #3
2D basic model -- Spherical shield
(Rotational Geometry)
In this tutorial, a spherical shield model is built with the Simcenter™ MAGNET™ software
defaults.

Features you will learn:

 Drawing with the Keyboard Input bar

 Creating components in a rotational direction
 Rotating the display of a model
 Refining the mesh by changing the maximum element size
 Defining boundary conditions
 Creating a coil

Tutorial #4
2D Magnetostatic solution -- Spherical shield
(Rotational Geometry)
In this tutorial, the spherical shield model built in Tutorial #3 is edited for a magnetostatic
solution.

Features you will learn:

 Changing the material of a component

 Editing the properties of a coil
 Solving with the default options
 Viewing the contour plot of the model
 Probing a field value
Tutorial #5
2D Time-harmonic solution -- Spherical shield
(Rotational Geometry)
In this tutorial, the spherical shield model built in Tutorial #3 is edited for a time-harmonic
solution.

Features you will learn:

 Changing the material of a component

 Editing the properties of a coil
 Setting the source frequency
 Setting the linear solving option
 Viewing the time-averaged ohmic loss in the conductor
 Probing a field value
 Viewing the contour plot of the model

Tutorial #6
2D Transient with Motion solution – TEAM Problem 30
In this tutorial, steps guide you through creating a half-model of a 3-phase induction machine
and then analyzing the device in Simcenter MAGNET, which includes setting up and analyzing
problems for a locked rotor analysis, determining the torque at a speed of 200 rad/s, and
examining rotor speed and torque during start-up conditions.

Features you will learn:

 Setting up the work environment by modifying initial settings and the viewing area
 Building the geometric model using the Keyboard Input Bar
 Transforming construction slice edges
 Creating new user materials
 Setting up the problem, which consists of making components and coils, assigning
boundary conditions, modifying the mesh, and creating circuits
 Making a motion component
 Generating the time-harmonic and transient field solutions using Simcenter
MAGNET’s Time-Harmonic 2D and Transient 2D with Motion solvers
 Analyzing the results, which includes:
 viewing the torque of the locked rotor and viewing its contour plot
 graphing the torque for the rotor when it is rotating at 200 rad/s
 graphing the speed and torque of the rotor during the start-up phase
Tutorial #7
3D Magnetostatic tutorial -- Pot-core with a coil
In this tutorial, you will create a pot-core model with a coil. You will also refine the initial
(default) mesh.

Features you will learn:

 Distorting the shape of a component

 Building a coil
 Refining the mesh by changing the maximum element size
 Viewing an arrow plot

Tutorial #8
3D Time-harmonic tutorial -- Bath plate
In this tutorial, you will create a conducting ladder with two holes (the Bath plate TEAM
problem).

Features you will learn:

 Creating a current-driven coil

 Modeling a closed conducting loop using a voltage-driven coil
 Setting the source frequency
 Creating a contour
 Using the Calculator to get the magnitude of Bz
 Graphing the magnitude of Bz along the contour
Tutorial #9
3D Transient tutorial -- Felix short cylinder
In this tutorial, you will build a cylindrical shield and solve it using Magnet’s 3D Transient
Solver.

Features you will learn:

 Creating a new material

 Creating a circuit
 Defining an exponential waveform
 Viewing a shaded plot
 Animating a shaded plot
 Viewing the stored energy in the system
 Graphing the energy across time

Tutorial #10
Parameterization tutorial -- C-core with a rotating block
In this tutorial, you will parameterize the position of a permanent magnet and view post
processing results across multiple solutions.

Features you will learn:

 Creating a user-defined parameter

 Rotating the geometric position of a component using parameterization
 Viewing instantiations of a model
 Viewing force and torque on a body
 Graphing the Z component of torque over multiple solutions
 Creating an animation of the shaded plot over multiple solutions
Tutorial #11
3D Transient with Motion solution – Permanent magnet stepper motor
The stepper motor used in this tutorial is made of a stator with eccentric pole faces and a rotor
made of samarium cobalt permanent magnet that is magnetized in a fixed direction. The rotor
rotates in steps of 180 degrees. Each step in the rotor is due to a short pulse from a current
source. To obtain a unidirectional motion, the current pulse is alternating. In this tutorial, the
response due to one pulse is examined.

Features you will learn:

 Setting up the work environment by modifying initial settings and the viewing area.
 Building the geometric model using the Keyboard Input Bar.
 Setting up the problem -- this consists of making components and coils and modifying the
mesh.
 Making a motion component along with a Remesh Region component.
 Generating the transient field solution using Simcenter MAGNET’s Transient 3D with
Motion solver.
 Analyzing the results, which includes:
 graphing the position, magnetic torque, velocity, and acceleration of the motion
component
 creating an animation of the shaded plot of |B|.
Tutorial #1

2D Time-harmonic
Cylindrical shield
Modeling plan
The problem is comprised of a ferromagnetic hollow cylinder, infinitely long in the z-direction,
lying in a uniform field. A stranded coil of infinite length, lying on either side of the cylinder,
provides the uniform field.

Symmetry conditions allow for only one-quarter of the problem to be modeled. The model is
built from three components: a cylinder, a coil, and an air space that encompasses the two
other components. The outline of the model is shown below.

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 After it is drawn, the outline is swept into components and two coils are created from the solid
components.

Boundary conditions are applied to indicate symmetry. The Field Normal boundary condition is
applied to the top, bottom, and right boundaries of the model. The default boundary condition,
Flux Tangential, is automatically applied to the remaining boundaries.

Tip The Field Normal boundary condition on the right boundary of the model
(representing the outside of the coil) forces the coil flux outside to infinity. If the
surface had the Flux Tangential boundary condition, the coil flux would be forced
to return inside the coil, which would give incorrect field values inside the coil.

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 The density of the mesh will be increased in the area of the cylinder to improve solution
accuracy.

The model is solved at the XY plane where Z=0 (the default position of the construction slice).

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Open a new model
1. Start Simcenter MAGNET™.
The Main window appears.
2. If Simcenter MAGNET was already running, select New from the File menu to open a
new model.
3. If you have already used Simcenter MAGNET, the window settings are those that were
last active. To maximize the window, click on its top right corner.

Name the model

1. On the File menu, click Save or Save As.
2. In the Save As dialog box, type Cylindrical Shield - Time-Harmonic as the name
of the model.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

Build the geometric model

The outline of the model is shown below.

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Create the air space component
Draw the outline of the air space
The outline of the air space is shown in the diagram below. Dimensions are in meters, which is
the default drawing unit in Simcenter MAGNET.

1. If the Keyboard Input bar is not already displayed at the bottom of the Main window,
select Keyboard Input Bar on the Tools menu.

2. See that the Keyboard Input bar is set to (Cartesian) and (Absolute).

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

4. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

This option updates the display of the model to fit inside the View window.
5. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the air space.
Start coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0.8, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0.8, 0.78 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 0.78 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

6. Press ESC to stop drawing.

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Make the component of the air space
A component can now be made from the surface that you have drawn. The surface is swept
over a length of one meter. Components are created using the Make Component dialog box.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.

2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the air space.
The surface is highlighted when selected.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

The Make Component In A Line dialog box appears.

4. In the Name box, type Air space.

5. In the Material drop-down list, make sure AIR is selected.
6. In the Distance box, type 1.
7. Click OK to accept the settings.
The component is created.
8. On the File menu, click Save.

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Create the coil component
The outline of the coil component is shown below.

Draw the outline of the coil

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to complete the drawing of the
coil.
Start coordinates 0.78, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0.78, 0.78 Press ENTER and then ESC

Make the component of the coil

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the coil.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, type Coil component.
5. In the Material drop-down list, select Copper: 5.77e7 Siemens/meter.
6. Click OK to accept the settings.
The component is created.
7. On the File menu, click Save.

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Create the cylinder component
The cylinder is positioned at the lower left corner of the air space. It has a wall thickness
of .0048 meter and an inner radius of 0.1317 meter.

Draw the outline of the cylinder

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Center, Start, End).
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for the inner and outer arcs of
the cylinder, respectively.
Note Arcs are drawn in a counter-clockwise direction.

Center coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

Start coordinates 0.1317, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 0.1317 Press ENTER

Center coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

Start coordinates 0.1365, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 0.1365 Press ENTER

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Make the component of the cylinder
1. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).
2. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
cylinder.

3. Release the mouse pointer.

The area enclosed by the rectangle is enlarged.
4. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
5. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the cylinder.
The surface is highlighted when selected.

6. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

7. In the Name box, type Cylinder.

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 8. Click the New Material button located at the bottom left corner of the dialog.
For this problem, you will have to create a new material in your material database.
9. On the General page, specify the following:

 Name: Aluminum 6061

 Display color: Click Display Color and select an appropriate color
 Transparency: Optional
 Description: Optional
 Categories: Optional
10. Click Next.
11. On the Options page, select the following:

 Magnetic Permeability
 Electric Conductivity
12. Using the Next button to advance to the appropriate pages, enter the following values:

 Temperature (Celsius) = 20 Press ENTER

 Relative Permeability = 1 Press ENTER
 Coercivity (Amps/m) = 0 Press ENTER
 Temperature (Celsius) = 20 Press ENTER
 Conductivity (Siemens/m) = 2.538e7 Press ENTER
13. Once you have entered all the values, advance to the Confirmation page and click Finish
to create the new material.
14. In the Material drop-down list, verify that Aluminum 6061 is selected.
15. Click OK to accept the settings and create the component.
16. On the File menu, click Save.

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Delete the lines on the construction slice
We no longer need the construction slice lines that were used to create the components, so
we will proceed to remove them.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. On the Edit menu, click Delete.

Rotate the display of the model

1. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

2. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

3. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse pointer in one or more of the
following directions:

 Drag up to rotate the display upward.

 Drag down to rotate the display downward.
 Drag right to rotate the display toward the right.
 Drag left to rotate the display toward the left.
4. Release the mouse button.
The display is rotated about the center of the model.

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Modify the mesh
In the 2D finite element method of analysis, the solution domain is divided into a mesh of
triangular elements. The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the
size of the mesh elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing
rapidly, high accuracy requires smaller elements. One method of increasing the mesh density
is to set the maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component.
The following procedures will demonstrate this method.

View the initial mesh

Before changing the maximum element size, the default initial mesh can be viewed.

1. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].

2. With the Examine Model tool still active, hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse
button to form a rectangular box around the cylinder.

3. Release the mouse pointer.

The area enclosed by the rectangle is enlarged.
4. On the View menu, click Initial 2D Mesh.
The initial mesh appears in the View window. It is displayed on the XY plane, at Z=0.
The mesh should look like the following diagram.

5. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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Set the maximum element size
For this procedure, we will set the maximum element size for the model, a component (the
Cylinder), and some vertices of that Cylinder component.

1. In the Object page of the Project bar, select Cylindrical Shield – Time harmonic.mn.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
3. In the Properties dialog, select the Mesh tab.
4. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.05 in the text box.

5. Click Apply.
Tip Clicking Apply, instead of OK, keeps the dialog open and allows us to proceed to
the next object without having to repeat step 2.

6. In the Object page, select the Cylinder component.

The Properties dialog is retitled Cylinder Properties.

7. Change the 0.05 previously set to 0.0025 in the text box.

8. Click Apply.

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 9. On the Edit menu, click Select Component Vertices.
10. Click the first vertex as shown below on the left.

The Properties dialog is retitled Properties.

11. Select the Parameters tab.

12. In the Expression column of the MaximumElementSize parameter, change the

0.0025%m previously set to 0.0005%m.
13. Press Tab, and then click Apply.
14. Click the second vertex as shown above on the right.
15. As before, change the 0.0025%m previously set to 0.0005%m.
16. Click Close.

View the changes to the mesh

1. On the View menu, click Initial 2D Mesh.
The mesh updates and should look like the following diagram.

2. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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Define boundary conditions
The Field Normal boundary condition is applied to three faces of the air space component: the
top, bottom, and right faces. The default boundary condition, Flux Tangential, is automatically
applied to the remaining faces.

The Field Normal boundary condition constrains to zero the tangential component of the
magnetic field. The field is made normal (perpendicular) to the boundary. The Flux Tangential
boundary condition constrains to zero the normal component of the magnetic flux density. The
flux is made to flow tangential to (alongside) the boundary.

Apply the Field Normal boundary condition

The Object Page of the Project bar lists all of the objects of the model. You can select objects
using the Object page.

1. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

2. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

3. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse pointer to rotate the model to a 3D
view (similar to the diagram below). This rotation will display the surfaces to which the
Field Normal boundary condition will be applied.

4. In the Object page, click the plus sign (+) beside Air space.
The faces of the component are listed.
5. Click Face#4.

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 The face is highlighted in the View window.

6. While holding down the CTRL key, also select Face#3 and Face#5 of the Air space
component.
The three faces (Face#3, Face#4, and Face#5) are highlighted in the View window.

Tip You can select multiple objects by holding down the SHIFT or CTRL keys while
clicking on additional objects. While holding down CTRL, you can click on an
object a second time to de-select it.

7. On the Boundary Condition toolbar, click (Field Normal).

The Field Normal boundary condition is applied to the selected surfaces.

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Create the coils
The coils are created from the Coil component and the Cylinder. After the coils are created,
the default properties are edited.

1. On the Object page, select Coil component.

2. On the Model menu, click Make Simple Coil.
The coil is listed in the Object page as Coil#1.
3. On the Object page, select Cylinder.
Note The symmetry conditions are such that we would expect no net current in the full
cylinder, but some net current in the quarter cylinder. To allow for that, a coil
must be made from the cylinder so that its ends can be electrically shorted.

4. On the Model menu, click Make Simple Coil.

The coil is listed in the Object page as Coil#2.
5. On the File menu, click Save.

Edit the coil properties

1. On the Coil page of the Project bar, select Coil#1.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
3. The Coil Properties dialog opens.
4. Select the Coil Attributes tab (if required) and in the No. of Turns box, type 1000.
5. Select the Waveform tab, and AC as Type, and type 63.7 in the Magnitude text box.
6. Click Apply to keep the Coil Properties dialog open.
7. On the Coil page, select Coil#2.
8. Select the Coil Attributes tab and in the Type drop-down list, select Solid.
9. In the Source drop-down list, select VoltageDriven and then click OK.
The coil page is automatically updated.

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Set the source frequency
The source frequency is set in the Solver Options page or the Model Properties page. We will
use the former.

1. On the Solve menu, click Set Solver Options.

The Solver Options dialog appears.
2. Select 2 as the Polynomial order value and in the Source Frequency box, type 400. The
default unit is Hertz.

3. Click OK.

Change the polynomial order

The potential in each element of the mesh is modeled as a polynomial in the spatial
coordinates (x, y). In general, higher orders give greater accuracy, but involve longer solution
times. For 2D translational models, the default polynomial order is 1. In this tutorial, the order
will be changed to 2.

The polynomial order is set in the Solver Options page or the Model Properties page. We will
use the latter.

To change the polynomial order

1. On the Object page, select Cylindrical Shield - Time harmonic.mn.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
3. In the Model Properties dialog, select the Solve tab.
4. In the Polynomial order drop-down list, select 2.
5. Click OK.
6. On the File menu, click Save.

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Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Time-Harmonic 2D.
The cylindrical shield takes about a second to solve (solving time may vary according to
computer). The Time-harmonic 2D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly and
automatically exits when the solution is complete. The Results window then opens.

View the solution results

The following results will be reviewed in this section:

 The magnetic flux lines

 The time-averaged Ohmic Loss in each conductor
 The B field magnitude near (0, 0)

View the magnetic flux lines

We will display the contours of the magnetic flux function. These contours are the magnetic
flux lines (lines that are everywhere parallel to the flux density vector).

1. Before viewing the contour plot, switch back to the View window by clicking the View tab

located at the bottom of the window.

2. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].

3. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.

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 4. At the bottom of the Field page, select the Contour tab.
5. In the Fields to display list, select Flux Function at 0°.
6. Select the Shaded tab.
7. At the top of the Fields to display list, select None.
8. At the bottom of the Field page, press Update View.

The entire contour plot should be displayed if you have left the Automatic View All tool
active, otherwise click the tool again.

View the time-averaged ohmic losses

Click the Results tab to switch back to the Results window.

 Select the Ohmic Loss tab.

The Ohmic Loss page displays the time-averaged Ohmic loss in each conducting
component in the model. Note that the Display precision is set to 15.

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Set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plots
This procedure will set the shaded plots to smooth instead of discrete, which is the default.

1. On the View menu, click Default Fields.

2. With the Examine Model tool still active, hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse
button to form a rectangular box around the cylinder.

3. Release the mouse pointer.

The area enclosed by the rectangle is enlarged.
4. On the View page of the Project Bar, click Shaded Plot.
5. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
6. On the Shaded Plot Properties dialog, click the Styles tab.

7. From the Interpolation drop-down menu, select "Smooth: Displays blended colors
between field values".
8. Click OK.

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View the shaded plot of RMS |B|
1. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
2. Select the Contour tab.
3. In the Fields to display list, select None.
4. Select the Shaded tab.
5. In the Fields to display list, select RMS |B|.
6. Click Update View.
7. The shaded plot is displayed with a color legend beside it.

Probe RMS |B| near (0, 0)

The Field Probe feature allows you to probe for field values, using the mouse to pinpoint a
desired location over the solution. The field value and the global coordinates of its location are
displayed in the Status Bar. This information can also be written to the Text Output Bar.

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To probe for field values using the mouse
1. On the Tools menu, click Field Probe to enable it.
2. Move the mouse (crosshairs) over the solution near (0, 0).
The field value and its specified location on the solution are displayed in the Status Bar.

3. Click the left mouse button over any area of the solution.
The Text Output Bar automatically opens (if it wasn’t already opened), and the x, y, and
z coordinates of the location on the solution are displayed along with the field value.

The example above shows the coordinates, field name, field value, and component for
several locations that were clicked upon.

Save the model

You have now completed the time-harmonic version of the Cylindrical Shield.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you completed the steps in editing the basic Cylindrical Shield model for a time-
harmonic solution. The skills you learned include:

 Drawing with the Keyboard Input bar and creating components

 Creating a new material
 Rotating the display of the model
 Modifying the mesh and defining boundary conditions
 Creating a coil and editing its properties
 Setting the source frequency and polynomial order of the model
 Viewing a Contour plot of the solution
 Viewing the time-averaged ohmic loss in a conductor
 Viewing a Shaded plot and probing it using the Field Probe feature

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Tutorial #2

2D Transient
Felix long cylinder
Introduction
In this tutorial, the cylindrical shield modeled in Tutorial #1 is used as the basis for the Felix
long cylinder. This model consists of an aluminum hollow cylinder placed in a uniform
magnetic field that is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder and decays exponentially with
time.

Properties of the model are edited as follows:

 A circuit consisting of one coil and a current source is created

 An exponential waveform for the current source is defined
After solving, the magnetic flux lines are viewed and animated. The instantaneous ohmic loss
of the cylinder is also viewed and graphed.

Copy the basic model

Note If you haven’t created the Cylindrical Shield model featured in Tutorial #1,
please create it by following the Tutorial #1 procedures, beginning with “Open a
new model” and stopping before “Solve”, then skip to Step 5 below.

1. On the File menu, click Open.

The Open dialog appears.
2. In the Open dialog, navigate to the drive and directory that contains the Cylindrical
Shield model.
3. Select Cylindrical Shield - Time-Harmonic.mn.
4. Click Open.
5. On the File menu, click Save As.
6. In the Save As dialog box, type Felix long cylinder as the name of the model.
7. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
8. Check the box Save without meshes and solutions.
9. Click Save As.

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Create a circuit
The coil in this model is driven by a current source with an exponential waveform.

Although the coil could be driven in the Coil page, it will be driven in the Circuit window to
illustrate our circuit capabilities. Circuits are created using the Circuit menu or the three Circuit
toolbars. In this tutorial, the Circuit toolbars will be used.

Display the Circuit toolbars

Note If the circuit toolbars are already displayed, please disregard this procedure.

1. On the Tools menu, click Customize Toolbars.

The Customize dialog is displayed.

2. From the Toolbars tab, select the following toolbars:

 Circuit Components
 Circuit Alignment
 Circuit Move

Note The toolbars are displayed as they are selected.

3. Click OK to close the Customize dialog and to save your changes.

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Create the circuit
1. On the Window menu, click New Circuit Window.
A Circuit window opens. The upper left pane of the Circuit window displays the available
coils in the model.

Tip The Circuit tools are also available on the Circuit menu. For example, to add a
current source to the circuit, select Current Source on the Circuit menu.

2. On the Circuit Components toolbar, click (Current Source).

If the Circuit Components toolbar is “grayed out”, click the mouse pointer in the right
pane of the Circuit window. The right pane must be activated before the Circuit toolbars
are active.
3. Click the mouse pointer in the right pane of the Circuit window.
A current source is added to the window.

4. Select Coil#1 in the upper left pane of the window, and then drag the coil to the right
pane.
5. If necessary, re-size the window by dragging an edge of the window.

6. From the Edit menu, click Select.

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 7. Select Coil#1 and the current source with the mouse pointer. Press the SHIFT key on
your keyboard while selecting the components.
Tip You can select multiple objects by holding down the SHIFT or CTRL keys while
clicking on additional objects. While holding down CTRL, you can click on an
object a second time to de-select it.

8. On the Circuit Alignment toolbar, click (Align Center).

The components are aligned at the position of the last selected component.

9. On the Circuit Components toolbar, click (Connection).

The Connection tool adds connections (wires) between the circuit components.
10. Click the mouse pointer on the right terminal of the current source to begin drawing the
connection. Continue drawing the connection as shown in the diagram below.

Tip Connections are drawn in the same way as lines are drawn.

11. End the connection on the right terminal of the coil.

12. Draw a second connection as shown in the following diagram.

13. On the File menu, click Save.

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Set the start, stop and step times
While editing the exponential waveform of the source, the waveform will be previewed
between the start and stop times of the simulation. To obtain an accurate preview of the
waveform, the simulation time steps should be set before the waveform properties.

Start, stop, and step times can be defined in the Transient Options dialog.

1. On the Solve menu, click Set Transient Options.

The Transient Options dialog appears.
2. Make sure that Fixed Interval is selected as the Time step method, enter in the Time
column the values shown below:

3. Click OK.

Edit the waveform

1. In the right pane of the Circuit window, right-click the current source.
2. On the pop-up menu, click Properties.
The Current Source (I1) Properties page appears.
3. Select the Waveform tab.
The Waveform property page is displayed.
4. In the Type drop-down list, select Exponential.
5. Click the Td2 checkbox to enable Td2 and all preceding optional values.

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 6. Enter in the Value column the values shown below:

Tip Tooltips in the Value column remind us of the units assumed in the dialog.

7. Click Apply.
The waveform is displayed in the property page.
8. Click Close.
9. On the File menu, click Save.

Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Transient 2D.

The Transient 2D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly and automatically exits when
the solution is complete. The Results window then opens.

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View the solution results
The following results will be reviewed in this section:

 The magnetic flux lines at the start time

 An animation of the magnetic flux lines across time
 The ohmic loss of each conducting component at the stop time
 A graph of the ohmic loss across time

View the magnetic flux lines

We will display the contours of the magnetic flux function. These contours are the magnetic
flux lines (lines that are everywhere parallel to the flux density vector).

1. Before viewing the contour plot, switch back to the View window by clicking the View tab
located at the bottom of the window.
2. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
The Field page opens.
3. Select the Contour tab (at the bottom of the Field page).
4. In the Fields to display list, select Flux Function.
Tip To change the default time unit, use the Model Properties page (in the Object
page, right-click the name of the model, then select Properties). In the Units page,
select the preferred unit for time. The unit can be Hours, Minutes, Seconds,
Milliseconds, or Microseconds.

5. In the Time drop-down list, make sure 0 is selected (the start time).
6. Select the Shaded tab.
7. At the top of the Fields to display list, select None.
8. At the bottom of the Field page, press Update View.
The contour plot is displayed.

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Animate the magnetic flux lines
An animation is a series of “snapshots”, or frames, that are viewed as a moving image.

1. On the Field page, click (Animate button).

Please wait a moment while the animation is created. When the animation is complete,
an Animation window appears. The animation automatically plays in a loop. Use the
Animation Control toolbar to control the playing of the animation.

2. Click the Stop button when you are finished viewing the animation.

Save the animation

1. On the File menu, click Save.
The Save As dialog box appears.
2. In the File Name text box, type Felix long cylinder.
The animation extension .ban is automatically added.
3. Click Save.
The animation is saved.
4. On the File menu, click Close.
The Animation window closes.

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View the instantaneous ohmic loss

Click the Results tab to switch back to the Results window.

1. In the Time drop-down list, select 120 ms (the stop time).

2. Select the Ohmic Loss tab.

The Ohmic Loss page displays the instantaneous Ohmic loss in each conducting
component in the model. Note that Display Precision is set to 15.

Graph the ohmic loss across time

1. Click the mouse pointer in the instantaneous ohmic loss entry (i.e.
6.3316502451935488) for Cylinder.
2. Press the Graph Selection button.
A new graph window appears.

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Save the model
You have now completed the Felix long cylinder tutorial.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you completed the steps in editing the Felix long cylinder for a transient
solution. The skills you learned include:

 Creating a circuit
 Defining an exponential waveform
 Viewing a contour plot
 Animating a contour plot
 Viewing the instantaneous ohmic loss of each conducting component
 Graphing the ohmic loss across time.

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Tutorial #3

2D
Spherical shield (basic model)
Modeling plan
The problem is comprised of a hollow sphere, either ferromagnetic or conducting, lying in a
uniform field. The uniform field is provided by an infinitely long cylindrical coil enclosing the
sphere.

The problem is the rotational counterpart of the shielding problem considered in Tutorials #1
and #2.

The basic model is built with the sphere assigned the material AIR. In Tutorial #4, the model is
solved with a ferromagnetic sphere. In Tutorial #5, it is solved with a conducting sphere.

Symmetry conditions are used to model one-half of the problem. The model is built from three
components: a sphere, a coil, and an air space.

Note In this tutorial, the default rotational sweep of 90° is used to create the model.
However, you could use any sweep angle as only the Z=0 plane is solved for.

The outline of the model is shown in the following diagram

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 After it is drawn, the outline is swept into components and a coil is created from the coil
component.

Boundary conditions are applied to indicate symmetry. The Field Normal boundary condition is
applied to the top, bottom, and curved boundaries of the model. The default boundary
condition, Flux Tangential, is automatically applied to the remaining boundaries.

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 The density of the mesh will be increased in the area of the sphere to improve solution
accuracy.

The model is solved at the XY plane where Z=0 (the default position of the construction slice).

In this tutorial, you will build the basic model with the material of the spherical shell as air. The
coil will have the default properties of 1 turn and 0 A.

Open a new model

1. Start Simcenter MAGNET.
The Main window appears.
2. If Simcenter MAGNET was already running, select New from the File menu to open a
new model.
3. If you have already used Simcenter MAGNET, the window settings are those that were
last active. To maximize the window, click on its top right corner.

Name the model

1. On the File menu, click Save or Save As.
2. In the Save As dialog box, type Spherical Shield as the name of the model.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

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Build the geometric model
The outline of the model is shown below.

Create the air space component

Draw the outline of the air space
The outline of the air space is shown in the diagram below. Dimensions are in meters, which is
the default drawing unit in Simcenter MAGNET.

1. On the Tools menu, select Keyboard Input Bar to display it at the bottom of the Main
window.

2. See that the Keyboard Input bar is set to (Cartesian) and (Absolute).

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

4. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

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 5. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the air space.
Start coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0.8, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0.8, 0.78 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 0.78 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

6. Press ESC to stop drawing.

Make the component of the air space

A component can now be made from the surface that you have drawn. The surface is swept
90° around the negative Y axis (the default rotational sweep).

Note This sweep angle is equivalent to -90° around the positive Y axis.

Components are created using the Make Component dialog box.

1. On the Selection toolbar, click (Select Construction Slice Surfaces tool).

Alternatively, on the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the air space.
The surface is highlighted when selected.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in an Arc tool).

The Make Component In An Arc dialog box appears.

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 4. Specify the following data in the dialog:

 Name: Air space

 Material: AIR
 Angle: 90 (degrees)
 Center: (0, 0) (Meters)
 Axis vector: (0, -1)
5. Click OK to accept the settings.
The component is created.
6. On the File menu, click Save.

Create the sphere component

In the outline of the model, the sphere is positioned at the lower left corner. It has a wall
thickness of 0.0048 meter and an inner radius of 0.1317 meter.

Draw the outline of the sphere

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Center, Start, End).
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for the inner and outer arcs of
the sphere, respectively.
Note Arcs are drawn in a counter-clockwise direction.

Center 0, 0 Press ENTER

coordinates
Start coordinates 0.1317, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0.1317 Press ENTER

Center 0, 0 Press ENTER

coordinates
Start coordinates 0.1365, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0.1365 Press ENTER

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Make the component of the sphere
1. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).
2. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
sphere.

3. Release the mouse pointer.

The area enclosed by the rectangle is enlarged.
4. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
5. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the sphere.
The surface is highlighted when selected.

6. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in an Arc tool).

7. In the Name box, type Sphere.
8. In the Material drop-down list, make sure AIR is selected.
This material will be changed in the following chapters, depending on whether the
problem setup is for a magnetostatic or time-harmonic solution.
9. Click OK to accept the settings.
10. The component is created.
11. On the File menu, click Save.

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Create the coil component
The outline of the coil component is shown below.

Draw the outline of the coil

1. On the View toolbar, click (View All).
The entire model is displayed.

2. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to complete the drawing of the
coil.
Start coordinates 0.78, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.78, 0.78 Press ENTER
4. Press ESC.

Make the component of the coil

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the coil.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in an Arc tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Coil component.
5. In the Material drop-down list, select Copper: 5.77e7 Siemens/meter.
6. Click OK to accept the settings and create the component.
7. On the File menu, click Save.

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Delete the lines on the construction slice
We no longer need the construction slice lines that were used to create the components, so
we will proceed to remove them.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. On the Edit menu, click Delete.

Rotate the display of the model

1. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

2. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

3. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse pointer in one or more of the
following directions:

 Drag up to rotate the display upward.

 Drag down to rotate the display downward.
 Drag left to rotate the display toward the left.
 Drag right to rotate the display toward the right.
4. Release the mouse button.
The display is rotated about the center of the model.

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Modify the mesh
In the 2D finite element method of analysis, the solution domain is divided into a mesh of
triangular elements. The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the
size of the mesh elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing
rapidly, high accuracy requires smaller elements. One method of increasing the mesh density
is to set the maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component.
The following procedures will demonstrate this method.

View the initial mesh

Before changing the maximum element size, the default initial mesh can be viewed.

1. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].

2. On the View menu, click Initial 2D Mesh.
The initial mesh appears in the View window. It is displayed on the XY plane, at Z=0.
3. With the Examine Model tool still active, hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse
button to form a rectangular box around the sphere.

4. Release the mouse pointer.

The area enclosed by the rectangle is enlarged.
The mesh should look like the following diagram.

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Set the maximum element size
1. In the Object page of the Project bar, select the Sphere component.

2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.

The Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Mesh tab.
4. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.009 in the text box.

5. Click OK.
6. The mesh updates.
7. In the Object page, click the model name to deselect the sphere.
8. The mesh should look like the following diagram.

9. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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Define boundary conditions
The Field Normal boundary condition is applied to three faces of the air space component: the
top, bottom, and curved surfaces. The default boundary condition, Flux Tangential, is
automatically applied to its remaining surfaces.

The Field Normal boundary condition constrains to zero the tangential component of the
magnetic field. The field is made normal (perpendicular) to the boundary. The Flux Tangential
boundary condition constrains to zero the normal component of the magnetic flux density. The
flux is made to flow tangential to (alongside) the boundary.

Apply the Field Normal boundary condition

1. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

2. With the Examine Model tool still active, hold down the left mouse button and drag the
mouse pointer to rotate the model to a 3D view (similar to the diagram below). This
rotation will display the surfaces to which the Field Normal boundary condition will be
applied.

3. In the Object page, click Air space, Face#4.

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 The face is highlighted in the View window.

4. While holding down the CTRL key on your computer keyboard, also select Face#3 and
Face#5 of the Air space component.
The faces are highlighted in the View window.

5. On the Boundary Condition toolbar, click (Field Normal).

The Field Normal boundary condition is applied to the selected surfaces.

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Create the coil
1. On the Object page, select Coil component.
2. On the Model menu, click Make Simple Coil.
The coil is listed in the Object page as Coil#1.

3. On the File menu, click Save.

Summary
You have now completed the base model of the spherical shield. The skills you reviewed in
this chapter include:

 Drawing with the Keyboard Input bar

 Creating components
 Rotating the display of the model
 Setting a maximum element size
 Defining boundary conditions
 Creating a coil
To complete the problem definition, continue to one of the tutorials listed below:

 Tutorial #4: Magnetostatic version: Spherical Shield

 Tutorial #5: Time-harmonic version: Spherical Shield

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Tutorial #4

2D Magnetostatic
Spherical shield
Introduction
In this tutorial, the spherical shield modeled in Tutorial #3 is updated with the following
properties:

 The material of the sphere is MU3: Relative permeability 1000

 The coil has 1000 turns with a current per turn of 63.7 A
After solving, the magnetic flux lines are viewed, and the B field magnitude in the center of the
sphere is obtained.

Copy the basic model

1. On the File menu, click Open.
The Open dialog appears.
2. Navigate to the drive and directory that contains the Spherical Shield model.
3. Select Spherical Shield.mn.
4. Click Open.
5. On the File menu, click Save As.
6. In the Save As dialog box, enter Spherical Shield - Magnetostatic as the name of the
model.
7. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
8. Check the box Save without meshes and solutions.
9. Click Save As.

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Change the material of the sphere
1. On the Object page, select the Sphere component.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Sphere Properties dialog is displayed.
3. Select the Material tab.
The dialog shows that the material currently applied to the component is AIR.
4. In the Material drop-down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.

5. Click OK.
The material is applied to the component.

Edit the coil properties

1. On the Project bar, select the Coil tab.
The Coil page is displayed.
Tip Re-size the Coil page by dragging the right side of the Project bar.

2. Select the name of the coil (Coil#1).

3. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Coil Properties dialog appears.

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 4. Select the Coil Attributes tab (if not already selected) and in the No. of Turns box, type
1000.

5. Select the Waveform tab and type the following values for DC:
Amplitude: 63.7
6. Click OK.
The Coil page is automatically updated.

7. Click in the view outside of the model to deselect the coil component.
8. Click Save.

Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Static 2D.

The Static 2D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly and automatically exits when the
solution is complete. The Results window then opens.

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View the solution results
The following results will be reviewed in this section:

 The magnetic flux lines

 The B field magnitude in the sphere

View the magnetic flux lines

We will display the contours of the magnetic flux function. These contours are the magnetic
flux lines (lines that are everywhere parallel to the flux density vector). Close spacing of the
lines indicates a rapidly varying flux function which corresponds to a high value of flux density.

1. Before viewing the contour plot, switch back to the View window by clicking the View tab
located at the bottom of the window.
2. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
The Field page is displayed.

3. Select the Contour tab located near the bottom of the Field page.
4. In the Fields to display list, select Flux Function.
5. Select the Shaded tab.
6. At the top of the Fields to display list, select None.
7. At the bottom of the Field page, press Update View.
The contour plot should look like the following diagram.

Tip If the View window is not displaying the entire contour plot, click (View All)
on the View toolbar.

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Set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plot
This procedure will set the shaded plots to smooth instead of discrete, which is the default.

1. On the View menu, click Default Fields.

2. With the Examine Model tool still active, hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse
button to form a rectangular box around the sphere.

3. Release the mouse pointer.

The area enclosed by the rectangle is enlarged.
4. On the Project Bar, select the View tab.
5. From the View tree, click Shaded Plot.
6. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Shaded Plot Properties page appears.

7. Click the Styles tab and then from the Interpolation drop-down menu, select
"Smooth: Displays blended colors between field values".
8. Click OK.

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View the shaded plot of |B|
1. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
2. Select the Contour tab.
3. In the Fields to display list, select None.
4. Select the Shaded tab.
5. In the Fields to display list, select |B|.

6. Click .
7. The shaded plot is displayed with a color legend beside it.

Probe |B| in the sphere

The Field Probe feature allows you to probe for field values, using the mouse to pinpoint a
desired location over the solution. The field value and the global coordinates of its location are
displayed in the Status Bar. This information can also be written to the Text Output Bar.

To probe for field values using the mouse

1. On the Tools menu, click Field Probe to enable it.
2. Move the mouse (crosshairs) over the solution (as shown in the illustration above).
3. The field value and its specified location on the solution are displayed in the Status Bar.

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 4. Click the left mouse button over any area of the solution.
5. The Text Output Bar automatically opens (if it wasn’t already opened), and the x, y, and
z coordinates of the location on the solution are displayed along with the field value.

6. The example above shows the coordinates and |B| field values for several locations that
were clicked upon.

Save the model

You have now completed the magnetostatic version of the Spherical Shield.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you completed the steps in editing the basic Spherical Shield model for a
magnetostatic solution. The skills you learned include:

 Changing the material of a component

 Editing the properties of a coil
 Solving with the default options
 Viewing a Contour plot of the solution
 Viewing a Shaded plot of the solution
 Probing a Shaded plot using the Field Probe feature

Further exploration
In this tutorial, solution accuracy was helped by an increased mesh density around the sphere.
Other possible options include:

 Using Simcenter MAGNET’s adaption feature to automatically improve the mesh

 Raising the polynomial order of the entire model to 3 (or higher)
Please see the Help for more information on these features.

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Tutorial #5

2D Time-harmonic
Spherical shield
Introduction
In this tutorial, the spherical shield modeled in Tutorial #4 is updated with the following
properties:

 The material of the sphere is Aluminum 6061 with a conductivity of 2.538e7 S/m
 The source frequency is 400 Hz
After solving, the magnetic flux lines and the ohmic loss are viewed, and the B field magnitude
is probed at the center of the sphere.

Copy the basic model

1. On the File menu, click Open.
The Open dialog appears.
2. Navigate to the drive and directory that contains the Spherical Shield - Magnetostatic
model.
3. Select Spherical Shield – Magnetostatic.mn.
4. Click Open.
5. On the File menu, click Save As.
6. In the Save As dialog box, enter Spherical Shield - Time harmonic as the name of the
model.
7. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
8. Check the box Save without meshes and solutions.
9. Click Save As.

Create a new material

Note If you have already created Aluminum 6061 in Tutorial #1 (Cylindrical Shield -
Time-Harmonic tutorial), then you can skip this step and proceed to “Change the
material of the sphere”.

1. On the Tools menu, click New User Material.

2. On the General page, type the following data:

 Name: Aluminum 6061

 Display color: Click Display Color and select an appropriate color
3. Click Next.

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 4. On the Options page, select the following:

 Magnetic Permeability
 Electric Conductivity
5. Click the Next button to advance to the appropriate pages, enter the following values:

 Temperature (Celsius) = 20
 Relative Permeability = 1
 Coercivity (Amps/m) = 0
 Conductivity (Siemens/m) = 2.538e7
6. Once you have entered all the values, advance to the Confirmation page and click Finish
to create the new material.

Change the material of the sphere

1. On the Object page, select the Sphere component.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Sphere Properties dialog is displayed.
3. Select the Material tab.
4. In the Material drop-down list, select Aluminum 6061.

5. Click OK.
The material is applied to the component.
6. In the Object page, click the model name to deselect the sphere.

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Edit the coil properties
Since this problem is a time-harmonic one, we need to change the waveform type
from DC to AC.

1. On the Project bar, select the Coil tab.

The Coil page is displayed.
2. Select DC and double-click once, effectively changing the waveform type to AC.
Note Each double-click rotates to the next waveform type.

Double-click DC Coil page updated

Set the source frequency

1. On the Solve menu, click Set Solver Options.
The Set Solver Options dialog appears.
2. In the Source Frequency box, type 400.
The default unit is Hertz.

3. Click OK.

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Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Time-harmonic 2D.

The Time-harmonic 2D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly and automatically exits
when the solution is complete. The Results window then opens.

View the solution results

The following results will be reviewed in this section:

 The magnetic flux lines

 The time-averaged Ohmic loss dissipated in each conductor
 The B field magnitude in the sphere

View the magnetic flux lines

We will display the contours of the magnetic flux function. These contours are the magnetic
flux lines (lines that are everywhere parallel to the flux density vector).

1. Before viewing the contour plot, switch back to the View window by clicking the View tab
located at the bottom of the window.
2. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
The Field page is displayed.
3. Select the Contour tab (at the bottom of the Field page).
4. In the Fields to display list, select Flux Function at 0°.
5. Select the Shaded tab.
6. At the top of the Fields to display list, select None.

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 7. At the bottom of the Field page, press Update View.
The contour plot is displayed.

Tip If the View window is not displaying the entire contour plot, click (View All)
on the View toolbar.

View the time-averaged ohmic losses

Click the Results tab to switch back to the Results window.

1. Select the Ohmic Loss tab.

The Ohmic Loss page displays the time-averaged Ohmic loss for each conducting
component in the model.
2. If required, using the spin button provided, increase the Display precision to 15.

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December 2022
Set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plot
This procedure will set the shaded plots to smooth instead of discrete, which is the default.

1. On the View menu, click Default Fields.

2. With the Examine Model tool still active, hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse
button to form a rectangular box around the sphere.

3. Release the mouse pointer.

The area enclosed by the rectangle is enlarged.
4. On the Project Bar, select the View tab.
5. From the View tree, click Shaded Plot.
6. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Shaded Plot Properties page appears.

7. Click the Styles tab and then from the Interpolation drop-down menu, select
"Smooth: Displays blended colors between field values".
8. Click OK.

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View the shaded plot of RMS |B|
1. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
2. Select the Contour tab.
3. In the Fields to display list, select None.
4. Select the Shaded tab.
5. In the Fields to display list, select RMS |B|.
6. Click Update View.
7. The shaded plot is displayed with a color legend beside it.

Probe RMS |B| in the sphere

The Field Probe feature allows you to probe for field values, using the mouse to pinpoint a
desired location over the solution. The value is displayed in the Status Bar. You can also write
the selected value to the Text Output Bar, which displays the global coordinates of the model
along with the value.

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December 2022
To probe for field values using the mouse
1. On the Tools menu, click Field Probe to enable it.
2. Move the mouse (crosshairs) over the solution (as shown in the illustration above).
The field value and its specified location on the solution are displayed in the Status Bar.

3. Click the left mouse button over any area of the solution.
The Text Output Bar automatically opens (if it wasn’t already opened), and the x, y, and
z coordinates of the location on the solution are displayed along with the field value.

4. The example above shows the coordinates and |B| field values for several locations that
were clicked upon.

Save the model

You have now completed the time-harmonic version of the Spherical Shield.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you completed the steps in editing the Spherical Shield model for a time-
harmonic solution. The skills you learned include:

 Changing the material of a component

 Setting the source frequency
 Viewing a Contour plot of the solution
 Viewing the time-averaged Ohmic loss in a conductor
 Viewing a Shaded plot of the solution
 Probing a Shaded plot using the Field Probe feature

Further exploration
In this tutorial, solution accuracy was improved by increasing the mesh density around the
sphere. The solution accuracy could be further improved by also raising the polynomial order
of the entire model to 3.

Please see the Help for more information on changing the polynomial order.

8 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #5 – 2D Time-harmonic: Spherical Shield, 2212

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Tutorial #6

2D Transient with Motion

TEAM Problem 30
Modeling plan
The devices described in TEAM problem 301 are appropriate applications of the transient
solver. One of the devices described in TEAM problem 30 is a 3-phase induction machine.
Most of the analyses of this device can be done using the time-harmonic solver. While using
the time- harmonic solver is the most economical method and is preferred, there are
conditions that require the use of a transient solver. This tutorial intends to examine one or
more of these conditions and to demonstrate the steps for setting up a model, solving it, and
post-processing the solutions when a transient solver is used.

The following steps guide you through creating a half-model of the 3-phase induction machine
and analyzing it in Simcenter MAGNET.

Creating a new model

Opening a new model
 Start Simcenter MAGNET.
The Main window appears.
or
 If Simcenter MAGNET is already running, click New on the File menu to open a new
model.

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Name the model
Simcenter MAGNET assigns a temporary name to the model (e.g., Simcenter MAGNET 1)
every time a new model is opened. As long as the application remains open, each new model
number increments by one (e.g., if the new model you have opened is the fourth one in this
session, Simcenter MAGNET would assign the temporary name Simcenter MAGNET 4). You
give the model a permanent name when you save it.

1. On the File menu, click Save or Save As.

2. In the Save As dialog box, type Team Problem 30 as the name of the model.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

Setting up the working environment

Initial Settings
Each new model reverts to the Simcenter MAGNET default settings for the preferred units for
length, time, frequency, and temperature, and for how curves will be displayed in the view. For
our model, we are going to change only the preferred unit for length, and accept all the other
defaults.

1. From the Object page, select the model (i.e. Team Problem 30).
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
3. Select the Units tab.
4. From the Length drop-down list, select Centimeters.

5. Click OK.

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Build the geometric model for the Rotor, Rotor
ring, Stator, and Coils, and set up the problem

Draw the outlines of the rotor, rotor ring, and stator components
The outlines of these components are shown in the illustration below.

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December 2022
 1. In the procedure that follows, only an arc of unit radius is actually drawn. Using the Edge
Scaling feature, this arc is then duplicated to create arcs 1 through 5. Lines 1 and 2 are
drawn to conclude.
2. On the Tools menu, click Keyboard Input Bar.
3. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
Use of this feature resets the view automatically to include the model’s entire outline as it
is being drawn.
4. On the Draw menu, click Arc (Center, Start, End).
5. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw an arc of unit radius:
Center x, y 0, 0 Press ENTER

Start x, y 0, -1 Press ENTER

End x, y 0, 1 Press ENTER

6. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

7. Using the mouse pointer, select the arc you have just drawn.
8. On the Draw menu, click Scale Edges.
9. In the Scale factor text box, type 2, and select the option Apply the transformation to a
copy of the selection.
10. Click Apply.
11. Arc 1 is created.
12. Repeat steps 8 and 9 with scale factors of 3, 3.2, 5.2, and 5.7.
13. Arcs 2 through 5 are created.
14. Click Close.
15. Press Delete to remove the arc of unit radius.
16. On the Draw menu, click Line.
17. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw lines 1 and 2:
Start x, y 0, -5.7 Press ENTER
End x, y 0, 0 Press ENTER
End x, y 0, 5.7 Press ENTER, and then
ESC

4 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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Draw the outlines of the coil components
The outlines of these components are shown in the illustration below.

1. In the procedure that follows, only Line 3 is actually drawn. Using the Edge Rotation
feature, this line is duplicated to create lines 5 and 7, and using the Edge Mirroring
feature, lines 3, 5, and 7 are duplicated to create lines 8, 6, and 4.
2. Toggle the Keyboard Input bar to the Polar coordinate system.

3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following polar coordinates to draw Line 3:
Start r, theta 3.2, -82.5 Press ENTER
End r, theta 5.2, -82.5 Press ENTER, and then ESC
4. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.
5. Using the mouse pointer, select the line you have just drawn.
6. On the Draw menu, click Rotate Edges.
7. In the Rotation Angle text box, type 60, and select the following options:
 Number of copies  2
8. Click OK.
Two copies of the line are created: lines 5 and 7.

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 9. Holding down the CTRL key, use the mouse pointer to click lines 5 and 7 and add them
to the selection.
10. On the Draw menu, click Mirror Edges.
11. Type (1, 0) as the Direction of the mirror line (the X axis), and select the option Apply the
transformation to a copy of the selection.
12. Click OK.
Single copies of the lines are created: lines 8, 6, and 4.

Create new materials

For this problem, you will have to create three new materials in your material database.

1. On the Tools menu, click New User Material.

2. On the General page, specify the following:
 Name: Rotor Steel
 Display color: Click Display Color and select a dark grey
 Transparency: Optional
 Description: Optional
3. Click Next.
4. On the Options page, select the following:
 Magnetic: Permeability
 Electric: Conductivity
 Other: Mass Density
5. Using the Next button to advance to the appropriate pages, enter the following values:
 Temperature (Celsius) = 20 Press ENTER
 Relative Permeability = 30 Press ENTER
 Coercivity (Amps/m) = 0 Press ENTER
 Conductivity (Siemens/m) = 1.6e6 Press ENTER
 Mass Density (kg/m^3) = 7800 Press ENTER
6. Once you have entered all the values, advance to the Confirmation page and click Finish
to create the new material.

6 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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 7. Repeat steps 1 through 6 using the data listed below:
Name: Rotor Aluminum Name: Stator Steel

Display color: Click Set Color Display color: Click Set Color
and select a medium grey and select a medium blue

Temperature (Celsius) = 20 Temperature (Celsius) = 20

Relative Permeability = 1 Relative Permeability = 30

Coercivity (Amps/m) = 0 Coercivity (Amps/m) = 0

Conductivity (Siemens/m) = 3.72e7 Mass density (kg/m^3) = 7800

Mass density (kg/m^3) = 2707

Make the rotor, rotor ring, stator, and coil components

The interior regions for these components are shown in the illustration below.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.

2. Select the interior region for Rotor from the outlines you have drawn.
3. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and specify the following:
 Name: Rotor
 Material: Rotor Steel
 Distance: 100 Centimeters

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December 2022
 4. Deselect the option Remove unnecessary vertices on the boundaries since the vertex at
the origin will be needed when we assign periodic boundary conditions later on in this
document.
5. Click OK.
6. Select the interior region for Rotor ring from the outlines you have drawn.
7. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and specify the following, keeping
the same distance:
 Name: Rotor ring
 Material: Rotor Aluminum
8. Reset the option Remove unnecessary vertices on the boundaries. We will leave it
selected for all other components.
9. Click OK.
10. Select the interior region for Stator from the outlines you have drawn.
11. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and specify the following:
 Name: Stator
 Material: Stator Steel
12. Click OK.
13. Select the interior region for Coil A from the outlines you have drawn.
14. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and specify the following:
 Name: Coil A
 Material: Copper: 5.77e7 Siemens/meter
15. Click OK.
16. Repeat steps 13 through 15 to make Coil B and Coil C.
17. On the File menu, click Save.

8 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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Draw the outlines of the air components
The outlines of these components are shown in the illustration below.

1. For this type of problem where the periodic boundary condition is used, it is necessary to
divide the air gap between the rotor and the stator. An air box surrounding the model is
also required to model the field leaking outside the device. This field will affect the
results since the stator has an unusually low permeability and is very thin.
2. On the Draw menu, click Arc (Center, Start, End).
3. Toggle the Keyboard Input bar to the Cartesian coordinate system.
4. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw arcs 6 and 7:
Center x, y 0, 0 Press ENTER
Start x, y 0, -3.1 Press ENTER
End x, y 0, 3.1 Press ENTER
Center x, y 0, 0 Press ENTER
Start x, y 0, -20 Press ENTER
End x, y 0, 20 Press ENTER
5. On the Draw menu, click Line.
6. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw Line 9:
Start x, y 0, 20 Press ENTER
End x, y 0, -20 Press ENTER, and then ESC

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December 2022
Make the air components
The interior regions for these components are shown in the illustration below.

1. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

2. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
regions for the Inner and Outer air gaps.
3. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
4. Select the interior region for Inner air gap from the outlines you have drawn.
5. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and specify the following:
 Name: Inner air gap
 Material: AIR
6. Click OK.
7. Repeat steps 4 through 6 to make Outer air gap.

8. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

9. Roll the mouse wheel down until the regions of the model that you see are similar to
what is shown in the illustration above.
10. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
11. Repeat steps 4 through 6 to make Winding air gap 1 to 4 and Outside airbox.

10 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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Make coils
1. From the Object page, select the Coil A component.
2. On the Model menu, click Make Simple Coil.
Coil#1 is created and listed in the Object page.
3. Repeating steps 1 and 2:
 Select Coil B and create Coil#2
 Select Coil C and create Coil#3
 Select Rotor and create Coil#4
 Select Rotor ring and create Coil#5
Note The rationale for making coils out of the Rotor and Rotor ring components is
that since only half of the components are modeled, and with the periodicity being
odd, we would expect no net current in either full component, but some net
current in each halved component. To allow for that behavior, a coil must be
made from each half-component so that its ends can be electrically shorted. This
would not be necessary if the entire device were modeled.

4. From the Object page, select Coil#4.

5. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Coil Properties dialog appears.
6. In the Coil Attributes page, do the following:
 for Type, select Solid
 for Source, select VoltageDriven

7. Click Apply.
8. Keeping the Coil property dialog open, select Coil#5 from the Object page.
9. Repeat step 6.
10. Click OK.

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December 2022
Delete the lines on the construction slice
We no longer need the construction slice lines that were used to create the components, so
we will proceed to remove them.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. On the Edit menu, click Delete.

Assign boundary conditions

A given side of the half model is equivalent to the other side as seen from the omitted half.
Therefore, we need to assign periodic boundary conditions to force the mesh nodes on both
sides of the half model to match.

1. On the View menu, click Wireframe Model.

2. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
3. On the View menu, click Rotate  Rotate Right.
4. Right-click on the Object tab and select Expand All to display all the faces in the Object
page.
5. Holding down the CTRL key, use the mouse pointer to click and select the following
surfaces from the Object page:
 Rotor,Face#5
 Rotor ring,Face#6
 Stator,Face#6
 Inner air gap,Face#6
 Outer air gap,Face#6
 Winding air gap 1,Face#6
 Outside airbox,Face#6

12 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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 6. On the Boundary menu, click Odd Periodic.
Note Odd Periodic is selected because our device has an odd number of poles.

7. At the bottom of the Periodic Data dialog, click Set Transformation.

8. In the Set Periodic Transformation dialog, click the Rotation angle check box, type 180 in
the text box, and click OK.

9. Verify that the Binary transformation information in the Periodic Data dialog is correct,
and then click OK.

10. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

Verify that the periodic conditions have been applied properly to your model. It should
look similar to the illustration below.

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December 2022
Modify the mesh
In the 2D finite element method of analysis, the solution domain is divided into a mesh of
triangular elements. The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the
size of the mesh elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing
rapidly, high accuracy requires smaller elements. One method of increasing the mesh density
is to set the maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component.
The following procedures will demonstrate this method.

The diagram below shows (in parentheses) the Maximum element size modifications that will
be applied to each component.

14 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
December 2022
View the initial mesh
Before changing the maximum element sizes, the default initial mesh can be viewed.

1. On the View menu, click Preset Views  Positive Z Axis.

2. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

3. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
model, excluding the Outside airbox (as shown to the right of the below illustration).

4. On the View menu, click Initial 2D Mesh.

The initial mesh appears in the View window. The initial mesh is displayed on the XY
plane, at Z=0.
The mesh should look like the left side of the illustration shown above.
5. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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December 2022
Set the maximum element size for each component
1. Right-click on the Object tab and select Collapse All to hide all the faces in the Object
page.
2. In the Object page, select the Rotor component.

3. On the Edit menu, click Properties.

The Properties dialog appears.
4. Select the Mesh tab.
5. Click the Maximum element size checkbox, and type 0.1 in the text box.

6. Click Apply.
Tip Clicking Apply, instead of OK, keeps the dialog open and allows us to proceed to
the next component without having to repeat step 2.

7. In the Object page, select the Rotor ring component.

Notice that the Properties dialog is now titled Rotor ring Properties.
8. Click the Maximum element size checkbox, and type 0.2 in the text box.
9. Click Apply.

16 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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 10. Repeat steps 7 through 9 with the following components and maximum element sizes:
Component Maximum element size

Stator 0.75 cm
Inner air gap 0.2 cm
Outer air gap 0.2 cm
Winding air gap 1 0.25 cm
Winding air gap 2 0.25 cm
Winding air gap 3 0.25 cm
Winding air gap 4 0.25 cm
11. Click Close.

View the changes to the mesh

1. In the Object bar, click on the model name to deselect all components.
2. On the View menu, click Initial 2D Mesh.
The initial mesh with the maximum element size modifications appears in the View
window and should look like the illustration shown below.

3. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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December 2022
Setting up the problem for locked-rotor analysis
In locked-rotor analysis, the torque is measured with the rotor in a locked position. This
condition can be analyzed using the time-harmonic solver.

Creating the circuit for locked-rotor analysis

Before doing this analysis, the driving circuitry should be defined. This is accomplished by
creating the following three circuits.

1. On the Window menu, click New Circuit Window.

The Circuit window opens with Coil#1 through Coil#5 appearing in the top left frame.
2. Place the cursor over Coil#1, and keeping the mouse button clicked, drag the coil to the
Circuit window. Repeat this step for Coil#2 and Coil#3, placing them as shown in the
illustration above.
3. Click and select Coil#2 in the Circuit window.

18 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
December 2022
 4. On the View menu, click Rotate  Rotate Clockwise. Repeat this step once more so
that Coil#2 is rotated 180 degrees.
5. On the Circuit menu, click Current Source.
6. In the Circuit window, click down and to the left of each coil to create the current source
components I1, I2, and I3.
7. On the Edit menu, click Select.
8. Holding down the CTRL key, click and select I1, I2, and I3.
9. On the Circuit menu, click Align Components  Align Center.
10. Holding down the CTRL key, click and select Coil#1, Coil#2, and Coil#3.
11. On the Circuit menu, click Align Components  Align Center.
12. On the Circuit menu, click Connection
13. Make connections between terminals according to the pattern shown on page 18. For
example, to connect I1 – Left Terminal to Coil#1 – T2:
 Click on I1 – Left Terminal
 Click 3 grid points below, where the connection angles to the right
 Click further right, where the connection angles up toward Coil#1 – T2
 Click on Coil#1 – T2
Note The connections must be made between terminals. It is impossible to connect a
terminal to a wire, or a wire to another wire.

Modifying the current source components

1. In the Object page, select I1.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Current Source (I1) Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Waveform tab.
4. In the Type drop-down list, select Sinusoidal.
5. Click the Φ checkbox to enable Phase in degrees and all preceding optional values.

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 6. Type in the numbers highlighted in the figure below.

7. Click the Value header to select the six data cells, and copy them to the clipboard using
CTRL-C.
8. Click Apply.
9. In the Object page, select I2.
10. Click the Φ checkbox to enable Phase in degrees and all preceding optional values.
11. Click the Value header, paste the numbers from the clipboard using Ctrl-V, and change
Φ to 120 degrees.
12. Click Apply.
13. Repeats steps 9 to 11 for I3, changing Φ to 240 degrees.
14. Click OK.
15. On the File menu, click Save.

16. Close the Circuit window.

20 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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Generating the Time-Harmonic field solution
Set the solving options
1. On the Solve menu, click Set Solver Options.
The Solver Options dialog appears.
2. Select 2 as the Polynomial order value, and accept all other default values, as shown in
the illustration below.

3. Click OK.

Solve the model

 On the Solve menu, click Time-Harmonic 2D.
The Time-Harmonic 2D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly, and then the Results
window opens.

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December 2022
Analyzing the results for locked-rotor analysis
In this section, we will examine the Results window and check the value of the torque for the
body that is made of the rotor and rotor ring – this is the locked-rotor torque. The theoretical
result is 3.826 Nm for a full model. In this tutorial, since we have only modeled half of the
device, the torque that Simcenter MAGNET calculates should be closer to half of that value,
i.e.1.913 Nm. This is the case as you can see below.
View the torque
To view the torque, open the Body Force page.

 Verify that the calculated value is 1.908 Nm.

View the magnetic flux lines

The magnetic flux lines are the contour plot of the Flux function field.

1. Before viewing the contour plot, switch back to the View window by clicking the View tab
located at the bottom of the window.
2. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
3. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
4. In the Fields to display list of the Contour page, make sure that Flux Function at 0° is
selected.
5. Select the Shaded tab.
6. At the top of the Fields to display list, select None.
7. At the bottom of the Field page, click Update View.
The contour plot should look similar to the illustration shown below.

22 Simcenter MAGNET Tutorial #6 – 2D Transient with Motion: TEAM Problem 30, 2212
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Setting up the problem for analysis of torque at a
speed of 200 rad/s
Whenever the velocity is constant, it is possible to use the time-harmonic solver by adjusting
the frequency of the supply to be the slip frequency. For this part of the tutorial, however, the
2D transient solver is used to solve the problem when the rotor has a constant velocity of 200
rad/s. As a result, a full transient analysis is provided from time zero to when the operation of
the induction machine has reached steady-state.

Making the motion component

For this procedure we will select the rotor, rotor ring, and inner air gap components to create a
motion component. The motion component is set to be velocity-driven with rotary motion type.
We will also set the velocity by specifying values for the position as a function of time.

1. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

2. In the Object page, holding down the CTRL key, click on the Rotor, Rotor ring, and
Inner air gap components.
All three components are selected.
3. On the Model menu, click Make Motion Component.
The Motion Component dialog appears.
4. In the General page, set the Source type as Velocity driven and the Motion type as
Rotary.

5. Select the Position tab, select Position based from the drop-down list, and then enter the
data shown below:

6. Click OK.

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Generating the Transient 2D with Motion field
solution
Set the Transient options
1. On the Solve menu, click Set Transient Options.
The Transient Options dialog appears.
2. Make sure that Fixed Interval is selected as the Time step method, and enter in the Time
column the values shown below:

3. Click OK.

Specifying how the current source waveforms are interpreted when

the Transient solver is started
1. In the Object page, select TEAM Problem 30.mn.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Model Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Parameters tab.
4. Scroll down to CurrentOnAtTransientStart and type No.

5. Click OK.

Solve the model

 On the Solve menu, click Transient 2D with Motion.
The Transient 2D with Motion Solver Progress dialog appears until the solution is
complete, and then the Results window is automatically displayed.

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Analyzing the results for torque at a speed of 200
rad/s
In this section, we will examine results for the motion component by selecting the entry for
magnetic torque and graphing the result. A graph is produced that displays the torque for the
rotor when it is rotating at 200 rad/s. The value of torque at steady state should be 3.253 Nm
for the half model.

Graph the magnetic torque

1. In the Results window, open the Motion page.
2. Select 100 ms from the Time drop-down list.

3. Using the mouse pointer, click anywhere inside the Magnetic Force/Torque data box
(i.e. 3.236611326963 N.m).
4. Click the Graph Selection button, located at the top of the Results window.
The graph should look like the illustration below.

5. On the File menu, click Save.

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Setting up the problem for analysis of the start-
up condition
In this analysis of the start-up condition, we will examine the rotor speed and torque as a
function of time.

Modifying the motion component

For the purpose of this analysis, we will need to set the motion component to be load-driven.
This means that the velocity of the motion component is not known and that it varies with time
as a result of the generated electromagnetic field.

1. In the Object page, select the Motion#1 component.

2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Motion Component dialog appears.
3. In the General page, set the Source Type as Load driven.

4. Click OK.

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Modifying the Transient options
In this procedure, we will change the Stop time to be 450 ms.; this will allow the rotor to reach
synchronous speed.

1. On the Solve menu, click Set Transient Options.

The Transient Options dialog appears.

2. Make sure that Fixed Interval is selected as the Time Step Method, and then make the
following modification for Stop Time:
 Start = 0 Milliseconds
 Stop = 450 Milliseconds
 Step = 1 Milliseconds
3. Click OK.

Solve the model

 On the Solve menu, click Transient 2D with Motion.
The Transient 2D with Motion Solver Progress dialog appears.

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Analyzing the results for rotor speed and torque
during start-up
Graph the speed and magnetic torque
The Results window is automatically displayed when the solution is complete. Once the
solution process is complete, it is possible to examine the speed and magnetic torque of the
rotor over the entire time, from standstill to synchronous speed.

1. In the Results window, open the Motion page.

2. Select 450 ms from the Time drop-down list.
3. Using the mouse pointer, click anywhere inside the Speed text box
(i.e., 21587.41535211 °/s).
Note This is equivalent to 377 rad/s, which is expected from this device.

4. Click the Graph Selection button, located at the top of the Results window.
This graph shows the speed of the rotor starting from zero, at time zero, and then
increasing until synchronous speed is reached. It should look similar to the illustration
below.

5. Switch back to the Results window by clicking the Results tab located at the bottom of
the window.

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 6. Using the mouse pointer, click anywhere inside the Net Force/Torque text box
(i.e., -0.02575224663791 N.m).
Note At 450 ms, the torque should be zero. The value (-0.02575224663791) is an
indication of numerical and round-off errors.

7. Click the Graph Selection button.

This graph displays the torque that the rotor experiences going through some initial
transient and then reaching a maximum before going to zero at synchronous speed. It
should look similar to the illustration below.

8. On the File menu, click Save.

9. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you completed the steps in creating a half model for time-harmonic and
transient solutions. The skills you learned include:

 Setting up the work environment by modifying initial settings and the viewing area.
 Building the geometric model using the Keyboard Input Bar.
 Transforming construction slice edges.
 Creating new user materials.
 Setting up the problem, which consists of making components and
 Creating coils, assigning boundary conditions, modifying the mesh, and creating circuits.
 Making a motion component.
 Generating the time-harmonic and transient field solutions using
 Simcenter MAGNET’s Time-Harmonic 2D and Transient 2D with Motion solvers.
 Analyzing the results, which includes:
 viewing the torque of the locked rotor and viewing its contour plot
 graphing the torque for the rotor when it is rotating at 200 rad/s
 graphing the speed and torque of the rotor during the start-up phase

References
1
Kent Davey, Induction Motor Analyses, International TEAM Workshop Problem 30

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Tutorial #7

3D Magnetostatic
Pot-core with a coil
Modeling plan
The pot-core is symmetrical about the X and Y-axes and also about the 45 degree X-Y
diagonal. Although these symmetry conditions allow for only one-eighth of the model to be
built, this tutorial models one-quarter of the pot-core (one-quarter of the model is easier to
visualize).

The pot-core is built from eight components. There is one additional component for the coil.
One final component forms an air box that surrounds the model. (The air box is not shown in
the diagram below.)

Open a new model

 Start Simcenter MAGNET.
If Simcenter MAGNET is already running, select New from the File menu to open a new
model.

Name the model

1. On the File menu, click Save As.
2. In the Save As dialog box, enter Pot-core with coil.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

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Set the model units
The Simcenter MAGNET default unit of measurement is meters. The pot-core will be modeled
in centimeters.

You can set centimeters to be preferred unit of measurement in all the Simcenter MAGNET
dialogs. This option is set in the General Model property page.

1. In the Object page of the Project bar, select the model (i.e. Pot-core with coil.mn).
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Properties dialog appears.
3. On the Units page, in the Length drop down list, select Centimeters.
4. Click OK.

Build the geometric model

The pot-core is built from eight components.

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Create the base of the pot-core
The first component forms the base of the pot-core.

Draw the geometry of the base

Drawing tools are located on the Draw toolbar and the Draw menu. Edges are drawn by using
the mouse pointer or by entering coordinates through the Keyboard Input bar. In this tutorial,
edges are drawn using the Keyboard Input bar.

The geometry for the base is shown in the diagram below.

1. If the Keyboard Input bar is not already displayed at the bottom of the Main window,
select Keyboard Input Bar on the Tools menu.

2. Make sure that (Cartesian) and (Absolute) are selected on the Keyboard
Input bar.

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

4. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
5. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for line 1.
Start coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 10.6, 0 Press ENTER
6. Press ESC.
7. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for line 2.
Start coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 10.6 Press ENTER
8. Press ESC.

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 9. On the Draw toolbar, click (Center, Start, End).
10. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates.
Center coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
Start coordinates 10.6, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 10.6 Press ENTER

Make the component

1. On the Selection toolbar, click (Select Construction Slice Surfaces tool).
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the base.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Base.
5. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
6. In the Distance box, enter 3.
7. Click OK to accept the settings.
8. Click Save.

Create the bottom pole

The next component is the base of the first pole of the pot-core.

The bottom pole begins at the ending surface of the base. The construction slice is moved to
the ending surface of the Base before the geometry is drawn.

Move the construction slice

1. On the Object page, select Base, Face#2 (End Face).

2. On the Draw toolbar, click (Move Construction Slice tool).

3. In the Move Construction Slice dialog box, make sure that To The Currently Selected
Surface is selected.
4. Click OK.

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Draw the geometry
1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line Drawing tool).
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for the polyline.
Start coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 5.5, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 5.5, 5.5 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 5.5 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
3. Press ESC.

Make the component

1. On the Selection toolbar, click (Select Construction Slice Surfaces tool).
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the construction slice surface of the bottom pole.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Bottom pole.
5. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
6. In the Distance box, enter 4.
7. Click OK.

Create the bottom pole tip

The bottom pole tip is the tapered tip of the bottom pole. The tip begins at the ending surface
of the bottom pole.

The pole tip is created in two steps. In the first step, a component is created from the surface
of the bottom pole. In the second step, the geometry of the new component is distorted.

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Make the component
1. On the Object page, select Bottom pole, Face#2 (End Face).

2. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

3. In the Name box, enter Bottom pole tip.
4. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
5. In the Distance box, enter 1.
6. Click OK.

Distort the shape of the bottom pole tip

The tip of the pole tapers inward from its starting surface to its ending surface. To create this
effect, the vertices of the ending surface are moved.

Move the construction slice

1. On the Object page, select Bottom pole tip, Face#2 (End face).

2. On the Draw toolbar, click (Move Construction Slice tool).

3. In the Move Construction Slice dialog box, make sure that To The Currently Selected
Surface is selected.
4. Click OK.

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Distort vertex (5.5, 5.5)
1. On the Model menu, click Distort Vertices.
The vertices of the model are displayed.
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 5.5, 5.5 (the original coordinate of the selected vertex)
and press ENTER.
The vertex is highlighted.
3. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 3.5, 3.5 (the new coordinate for the selected vertex) and
press ENTER.
The geometry of the model is updated.

Distort vertex (0, 5.5)

1. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 0, 5.5 (the original coordinate of the selected vertex) and
press ENTER.
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 0, 3.5 (the new coordinate for the selected vertex) and
press ENTER.

Distort vertex (5.5, 0)

1. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 5.5, 0 (the original coordinate of the selected vertex) and
press ENTER.
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 3.5, 0 (the new coordinate for the selected vertex) and
press ENTER.
3. On the File menu, click Save.

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Create the bridge between the pole tips
A square block bridges the gap between the pole tips.

Make the component

1. On the Object page, select Bottom pole tip, Face#2 (End Face).

2. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

3. In the Name box, enter Bridge.
4. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
5. In the Distance box, enter 3.
6. Click OK.

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Create the top pole tip
The next component is the second pole tip.

Make the component

1. On the Object page, select Bridge, Face#2 (End Face).

2. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

3. In the Name box, enter Top pole tip.
4. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
5. In the Distance box, enter 1.
6. Click OK.

Distort the shape of the top pole tip

1. Move the construction slice to the end surface of the Top pole tip [i.e. Face#2 (End
Face)].
2. On the Model menu, click Distort Vertices.
3. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 3.5, 3.5 (the original coordinate of the selected vertex)
and press ENTER.
4. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 5.5, 5.5 (the new coordinate for the selected vertex) and
press ENTER.
5. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 0, 3.5 and press ENTER.
6. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 0, 5.5 as the new coordinate and press ENTER.
7. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 3.5, 0 and press ENTER.
8. In the Keyboard Input bar, type 5.5, 0 as the new coordinate and press ENTER.
9. Select Save.
10. On the Edit menu, click Select.
The vertices are no longer displayed.

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Create the top pole
The top pole begins at the ending surface of the top pole tip.

Make the component

1. On the Object page, select Top pole tip, Face#2 (End Face).

2. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

3. In the Name box, enter Top pole.
4. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
5. In the Distance box, enter 4.
6. Click OK.

Delete Construction Slice edges

Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.

3. On the Standard Tools toolbar, click (Delete).

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Create the shell
The shell begins at the ending surface of the base.

Draw the geometry

1. Move the construction slice to the end face of the Base [i.e. Face#2 (End Face)].
2. On the Draw menu, click Line.
3. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
4. Draw the geometry using the following coordinates.
Line 1:

Start coordinates 10.6, 0

End coordinates 8.6, 0

Press ESC
Line 2:

Start coordinates 0, 10.6

End coordinates 0, 8.6

Press ESC

5. On the Draw menu, click Arc (Center, Start, End).

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 6. Draw the geometry using the following coordinates.
Arc 1:

Center coordinates 0, 0
Start coordinates 8.6, 0

End coordinates 0, 8.6

Arc 2:

Center coordinates 0, 0
Start coordinates 10.6, 0

End coordinates 0, 10.6

Make the component

1. On the Selection toolbar, click (Select Construction Slice Surfaces tool).
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the construction slice surface of the shell (the area
between the two arcs).

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Shell.
5. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
6. In the Distance box, enter 15.
7. Click OK.

Rotate the model

 On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XZ (-Y)].
The model should look like the diagram below.

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Create the cap
The ending surface of the cap is located at the same sweep path position as the ending
surface of the shell. The geometry of the cap can be drawn and then swept backwards (in the
negative Z direction). Notice that there is a slight air gap between the cap and the shell.

Draw the geometry

1. Move the construction slice to the end surface of Shell [i.e. Face#2 (End Face)].

2. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].

3. On the Draw menu, click Line.
4. Draw the geometry using the following coordinates.
Line 1:
Start coordinates 0, 0

End coordinates 8.5, 0

Press ESC

Line 2:
Start coordinates 0, 0

End coordinates 0, 8.5

Press ESC

5. On the Draw menu, click Arc (Center, Start, End).

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 6. Draw the geometry using the following coordinates.
Arc:

Center 0, 0
coordinates

Start coordinates 8.5, 0

End coordinates 0, 8.5

Make the component

1. On the Selection toolbar, click (Select Construction Slice Surfaces tool).
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the construction slice surface of the cap.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Cap.
5. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
6. In the Distance box, enter -2.
7. Click OK.
8. From the File menu, click Save.

Rotate the model

 On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XZ (-Y)].
The model should look like the diagram below.

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Create the excitation
In 3D, coils are created by selecting component surfaces (e.g. Face#1, Face#4) and then
selecting the Make Multi-Terminal Coil command. The method chosen to make the coil
depends on how the coil has been swept and how you want the current to flow in the coil.

Coil components can be swept in the direction of current flow, or swept in a direction normal to
the current flow.

In this model, the coil is built from one component. The current flow follows the direction
normal to the component sweep direction.

For more information on modeling simple and multi-terminal coils, please see the Help.

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Create the component of the coil
Delete Construction Slice edges
Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.

3. On the Standard Tools toolbar, click (Delete).

Hide the display of the shell

1. On the Object page, right-click the mouse pointer on Shell.
2. On the pop-up menu, toggle Visible.

Display a wireframe view

 On the View menu, click Wireframe model.
In a wireframe display, all the edges of a model are displayed without removing hidden
surfaces.

Set the view

 On the View menu, click Preset Views, and then click Positive Z Axis.

Draw the geometry

The geometry of the coil component is shown below.

1. Move the construction slice to the start face (Face#1) of the Bridge.
2. On the Draw menu, click Line.

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 3. Draw the geometry using the following coordinates.
Line 1:
Start coordinates 4, 3.5
End coordinates 4, 0
End coordinates 6, 0
End coordinates 6, 3.5 Press ESC

Line 2:
Start coordinates 3.5, 4
End coordinates 0, 4
End coordinates 0, 6
End coordinates 3.5, 6 Press ESC
4. On the Draw menu, click Arc (Center, Start, End).
5. Draw the geometry using the following coordinates.
Arc 1:
Center coordinates 3.5, 3.5
Start coordinates 4, 3.5
End coordinates 3.5, 4

Arc 2:
Center coordinates 3.5, 3.5
Start coordinates 6, 3.5
End coordinates 3.5, 6

Make the component

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click inside the geometric surface you have just created.
3. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line.
4. In the Name box, enter Coil component.
5. In the Material drop down list, select Copper: 5.77e7 Siemens/meter.
6. In the Distance box, enter 3.
7. Click OK.

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View the coil components
1. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].

2. After verifying the shape of the coil components, re-display the Shell.
3. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

4. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XZ (-Y)].

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Create the coil
1. On the Object page, select Face#6 and Face #10 of the Coil component.

2. On the Model menu, click Make Multi-Terminal Coil.

The coil is listed in both the Object page and the Coil page.
3. Click on the (+) sign of Coil#1.
The components of the coil are displayed.

4. Click on the (+) sign of T1 and then select T1.

In the View window, the surface of T1 is highlighted.

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Change the current of the coil
In this problem, the coil should have 100 turns with 1 A per turn.

1. On the Project bar, select the Coil tab.

The Coil page appears.

2. On the Coil page, select Coil#1.

3. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Coil Attributes property page appears.
4. Do the following:

 In the Type dropdown list, select Stranded.

 In the Number of Turns text box, enter 100.

5. Select the Waveform tab and enter the following values for DC:
Amplitude: 1
6. Click OK.
The properties of the coil are updated on the Coil page.
7. Click Save.

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Delete Construction Slice edges
Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.

3. On the Standard Tools toolbar, click (Delete).

Modify the mesh

In the 3D finite element method of analysis, the model is divided into a mesh of tetrahedral-
shaped elements. Each element is defined by four vertices (nodes). The vector field inside
each element is represented by a polynomial with unknown coefficients. The finite element
analysis is the solution of the set of equations for the unknown coefficients.

The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the size of the mesh
elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing rapidly, high
accuracy requires small elements. One method of increasing mesh density is to set the
maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component. The
following procedure will demonstrate this method.

A maximum element size modification of 1.1 centimeters will be applied to each component
shown in the diagram below.

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View the initial mesh
Before changing the maximum element size, the default initial mesh can be viewed.

1. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XZ (-Y)].

2. On the View toolbar, click (View All).

3. On the View menu, click Initial 3D Mesh.
The initial mesh appears in the View window and should look like the following diagrams
(shown here in both the “Negative Y axis” and “Rotated” views).

4. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

Set the maximum element size for each component

1. In the Object page of the Project bar, begin by selecting the Base component.

2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.

The Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Mesh tab.

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 4. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 1.1 in the text box.

5. Click Apply.
Tip Clicking Apply, instead of OK, keeps the dialog open and allows us to proceed to
the next component without having to repeat steps 2 and 3.

6. In the Object page, select the Bottom pole component.

Notice that the text in the Properties dialog Title Bar has now changed to read
Bottom pole Properties.
7. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 1.1 in the text box.
8. Click Apply.
9. Repeat steps 6 through 8 for each of the remaining components (i.e. Bottom pole tip,
Bridge, Top pole tip, Top pole, Shell, and Cap).
10. Once all the Maximum element size modifications have been done, click OK.

View the changes to the mesh

1. On the View menu, click Initial 3D Mesh.
The modified initial mesh appears in the View window and should look like the following
diagrams (shown here in both the “Negative Y axis” and “Rotated” views).

2. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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Add a boundary condition
In this model, a tangential flux boundary is added around the pot-core. The boundary is
created by sweeping an air box around the pot-core. The default boundary condition,
tangential flux, is automatically applied to the outermost surfaces of the air box.

Create the air box

The starting surface of the air box begins 4 centimeters below the starting surface of the base.

Move the construction slice

1. From the Object page, select Face#1 (Start face) of the Base component.

2. On the Draw toolbar, click (Move Construction Slice tool).

The Move Construction Slice dialog appears.
3. Verify that To the currently selected surface is selected.
4. Click Apply.

Tip Clicking Apply, instead of OK, leaves the dialog open for the next step.

5. Select Along A Line.

6. In the Distance box, enter -4.

7. Click OK.

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Draw the geometry
The air box is shaped like a quarter-circle surrounding the pot-core.

1. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].

2. Draw the geometry using the following coordinates.
Line 1:
Start coordinates 0, 0
End coordinates 13.6, 0 Press ESC

Line 2:
Start coordinates 0, 0
End coordinates 0, 13.6 Press ESC

Arc (Center, Start, End):

Center coordinates 0, 0
Start coordinates 13.6, 0
End coordinates 0, 13.6

Make the component

The air box extends 4 centimeters past the top of the pot-core.

1. On the Selection toolbar, click (Select Construction Slice Surfaces tool).

2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the air box.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Air box.
5. In the Material drop down list, select AIR.
6. In the Distance box, enter 26.
7. Click OK.
8. On the File menu, click Save.

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Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Static 3D.
The Static 3D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly and then the Results window
opens.

Note Updates to the meshing algorithms may cause discrepancies between this
document’s screen captures and what is displayed in Simcenter MAGNET.

View the solution results

In this section, the following results are viewed:

 Shaded plot of |B| smoothed on the surface of the model and on a slice
 Arrow plot of B on the slice

Set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plot

This procedure will set the default for shaded plots to smooth instead of discrete, which is the
default.

1. On the View menu, click Default Fields.

2. On the Project Bar, select the View tab.
3. From the View tree, click Shaded Plot.
4. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Shaded Plot Properties page appears.

5. Click the Styles tab and then from the Interpolation drop-down menu, select
"Smooth: Displays blended colors between field values".
6. Click OK.

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View the shaded plot of |B| smoothed
1. On the View menu, click Preset Views, and then click Negative Y Axis.
2. On the Object page, select Air box, right click the mouse, and then click Visible.

The symbol next to the Air box component indicates that it is hidden.
3. Since |B| smoothed is the default field for shaded plots, it was already displayed in the
previous procedure (i.e. set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plot). The only
difference will be that the Air box is hidden from the display.

Rotate the model to view the plot from different perspectives.

Create a slice
In this example, the slice will be created based on a surface of the model.

1. On the Object page, select Base, Face#5.

2. On the Tools menu, click New Slice.
The Slice dialog box appears.

3. Make sure that Based on the currently selected surface is selected.

4. Select OK to create the slice.
Rotate the model. The shaded plot is automatically updated to display the slice.

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View an arrow plot of B
1. On the Field page, select the Arrow tab at the bottom of the Fields to Display box.
2. In the Fields to Display box, select |B|.
3. Press Update View.
The arrow plot is displayed on the shaded plot and slice.

Rotate the model to view the plot from different perspectives.

Save the model

You have now completed the pot-core tutorial.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you built and solved a pot-core with a coil. The skills you learned include:

 Moving the construction slice

 Distorting the shape of a component
 Building a coil
 Refining the mesh by changing the maximum element size
 Viewing a shaded plot and an arrow plot

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Tutorial #8

3D Time-harmonic
Bath plate
Modeling plan
The Bath plate is a conducting ladder with two holes symmetrically located at the center of the
plate. A 50 Hz current-carrying coil is positioned above the plate. The time-harmonic solver
computes the fields and induced eddy currents flowing in the conducting plate.

The plate is made of aluminum with a conductivity of s= 0.3278 x 108. The exciting ampere-
turns of the coil are 1260 at a frequency of 50 Hz.

The model is symmetric about the X and Y planes, so only one-quarter of the model needs to
be built and solved.

An air box is added that allows for the stray fields outside the Bath plate.

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Coil
The primary coil above the Bath plate is a closely wound toroidal coil. The coil is located 15
millimeters above the Bath plate. The position of the coil in relation to the Bath plate is shown
below.

Open a new model

 Start Simcenter MAGNET.

If Simcenter MAGNET is already running, select New from the File menu to open a new
model.

Name the model

1. On the File menu, click Save As.
2. In the Save As dialog box, enter Bath plate.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

Set the model units

The Simcenter MAGNET default unit of measurement is meters. The Bath plate will be
modeled in millimeters. You can set millimeters to be preferred unit of measurement in all the
Simcenter MAGNET dialogs. This option is set in the General Model property page.

1. In the Object page of the Project bar, select the model (i.e. Bath plate.mn).
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Properties dialog appears.
3. On the Units property page, in the Length drop down list, select Millimeters.
4. Click OK.

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Build the geometric model
The Bath plate is built from one component.

Draw the geometry

Drawing tools are located on the Draw toolbar and the Draw menu. Edges are drawn by using
the mouse pointer or by entering coordinates through the Keyboard Input bar.

1. If the Keyboard Input bar is not already displayed at the bottom of the Main window,
select Keyboard Input Bar on the Tools menu.

Make sure that (Cartesian) and (Absolute) are selected on the Keyboard
Input bar.

2. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

This option updates the display of the model to fit inside the View window.

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

4. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the plate.
Start coordinates 0, 35 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 55 Press ENTER
End coordinates 30, 55 Press ENTER
End coordinates 30, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 5 Press ENTER
End coordinates 20, 5 Press ENTER
End coordinates 20, 35 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 35 Press ENTER and then ESC

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Make the plate component
A new material will be added to the material library: aluminum with a conductivity of 0.3278e8.

1. On the Selection toolbar, click (Select Construction Slice Surfaces tool).

2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the plate.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Plate.
5. Click New Material.
For this problem, you will have to create a new material in your material database.
6. On the General page, enter the following data:

 Name: Aluminum 0.3278e8

 Display color: Click Display Color and select an appropriate color
 Transparency: Optional
 Description: Optional
 Categories: Optional
7. Click Next.
8. On the Options page, select the following:

 Magnetic Permeability
 Electric Conductivity
 Electric Permittivity
9. Using the Next button to advance to the appropriate pages, enter the following values:

 Temperature Celsius = 20
 Relative Permeability = 1
 Coercivity Amps/m = 0
 Conductivity Siemens/m = 0.3278e8
 Relative Permittivity = 1
10. Once you have entered all the values, click Finish in the Confirmation page to create the
new material.
11. From the Material drop down list, select Aluminum 0.3278e8.
12. In the Distance box, enter 6.35.
13. Click Ok to accept the settings.
14. On the File menu, click Save.

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Create the excitation
In this model, there is one current-driven coil. The coil is a quarter-circle 15 millimeters above
the plate.

Create the coil component

The geometry of the current-driven coil is shown below.

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Move the construction slice
The current-driven coil begins 15 millimeters above the end surface of the plate.

1. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].

2. On the Object page, select Plate, Face#2 (End Face).
3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Move Construction Slice tool).
4. Make sure the option To the Currently Selected Surface is selected.
5. Click Apply.
6. In the Move Construction Slice dialog, click Along A Line.
7. In the Distance box, enter 15.
8. Click OK.
Delete Construction Slice edges
Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.

3. On the Standard Tools toolbar, click (Delete).

Draw the geometry
1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Center, Start, End).
2. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for Arc 1:
Note Arcs are drawn in a counter-clockwise direction.
Center coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

Start coordinates 20, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 20 Press ENTER

3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for Arc 2.
Center coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

Start coordinates 40, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 40 Press ENTER

4. On the Draw toolbar, click the Line drawing tool .

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 5. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for Line 1.
Start coordinates 20, 0 Press ENTER

End coordinates 40, 0 Press ENTER and then ESC

6. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for Line 2.
Start coordinates 0, 20 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 40 Press ENTER and then ESC

Make the component

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the construction slice surface.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Current component.
5. In the Material drop down list, select Copper 5.77e7 Siemens/meter.
6. In the Distance box, enter 20.
7. Click OK to accept the settings.
8. Click Save.

Make the coil

1. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

2. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

3. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse pointer in one or more of the
following directions:

 Drag down to rotate the display downward.

 Drag up to rotate the display upward.
 Drag left to rotate the display toward the left.
 Drag right to rotate the display toward the right.

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 4. Release the mouse button once the display is rotated about the center of the model.

5. On the Object page, keeping the CTRL key pressed, select Face#4 and Face#6 of the
Current component.
6. On the Model menu, click Make Multi-Terminal Coil.
The coil is listed in the Object page as Coil#1.

Edit the properties of the coil

1. On the Coil page, select Coil#1, right-click and then select Properties.
The Coil Properties’ Coil Attributes page appears.
2. Do the following:

 In the Name box, enter Current-driven coil.

 In the Type dropdown list, select Stranded.
 In the No. of Turns text box, enter 1260.

3. Select the Waveform tab and enter the following values for AC:
Magnitude: 1
The current is 1 ampere per turn. The phase is 0 degrees.

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 4. Click OK.
The properties of the coil are updated on the Coil page.

5. Click Save.

Modify the mesh

In the 3D finite element method of analysis, the model is divided into a mesh of tetrahedral-
shaped elements. Each element is defined by four vertices (nodes). The vector field inside
each element is represented by a polynomial with unknown coefficients. The finite element
analysis is the solution of the set of equations for the unknown coefficients.

The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the size of the mesh
elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing rapidly, high
accuracy requires small elements. One method of increasing mesh density is to set the
maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component. The
following procedure will demonstrate this method.

A maximum element size modification of 5.5 and 8.5 millimeters will be applied to the Plate
and Current component, respectively.

Set the maximum element size for each component

1. In the Object page of the Project bar, begin by selecting the Plate component.

2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.

The Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Mesh tab.

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 4. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 5.5 in the text box.

5. Click Apply.
Tip Clicking Apply, instead of OK, keeps the dialog open and allows us to proceed to
the next component without having to repeat steps 2 and 3.

6. In the Object page, select Current component.

Notice that the text in the Properties dialog Title Bar has now changed to read
Current component Properties.
7. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 8.5 in the text box.
8. Click OK.

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Add a boundary condition
In this model, an air box is added around the Bath plate. The default boundary condition,
tangential flux, is automatically applied to the outermost surfaces of the air box.

Create the air box

The starting surface of the air box begins 179.5 millimeters below the starting surface of the
plate.

Move the construction slice

1. On the Preset View toolbar, click [Show XY (+Z)].
2. On the Object page, select Plate, Face#1 (Start Face).

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Move Construction Slice tool) .

4. Make sure that To The Currently Selected Surface is selected.
5. Click Apply.
Tip Clicking Apply, and not OK, keeps the dialog open for the next step.

6. Select Along A Line.

7. In the Distance box, enter -179.5.
8. Click OK.

Delete Construction Slice edges

Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. On the Standard Tools toolbar, click (Delete).

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Draw the geometry
The geometry of the air box is shown below.

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

2. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
3. From the Keyboard Input Bar, draw the air box using the coordinates shown above,
pressing ESC after the last coordinates have been entered.

Make the component

The air box extends 400 millimeters.

1. Make a component in a line from the surface of the Air box.

2. Sweep the component 400 millimeters.
3. Apply the material AIR.
4. In the Name box, type Air box.
5. Click Save.

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Rotate the model
Verify the position of the Bath plate in the air box by rotating the model.

1. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

2. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

3. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse pointer in one or more of the
following directions:

 Drag down to rotate the display downward.

 Drag up to rotate the display upward.
 Drag left to rotate the display toward the left.
 Drag right to rotate the display toward the right.
4. The display is rotated about the center of the model.
5. Release the mouse button.

Set the source frequency

The Bath plate is solved at 50 Hertz.

1. On the Solve menu, click Set Solver Options.

The Solver Options dialog appears.
2. In the Source Frequency text box, enter 50. Hertz is the default unit.

3. Click OK.
4. Click Save.

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Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Time-harmonic 3D.

The Time-harmonic 3D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly and the Results window
opens.

Note Updates to the meshing algorithms may cause discrepancies between this
document’s screen captures and what is displayed in Simcenter MAGNET.

View the solution results

In this section, the following results are viewed:
 Time-averaged ohmic loss dissipated in each conductor.
 Plotting Bz at 0', extracted along a contour and graphed.
View the time-averaged Ohmic loss
The Results window is automatically displayed when the solution is complete.

 Select the Ohmic Loss tab.

The Ohmic Loss page displays the time-averaged Ohmic loss in each conducting
component (i.e. the Plate and the Current Component) in the model.

Obtain Bz at 0' and graph the results

To obtain Bz at 0' for graphing, the following steps must be completed:
 Move construction slice.
 Update the field view to display B at 0'.
 Plot Bz at 0' on a graph.

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Move the construction slice
Since this is a 3D problem, we need to move the construction slice to an appropriate location
(in this case, 0.5 Millimeters above the plate), from where we can then define the segment to
create a graph.

1. Before moving the construction slice, switch back to the View window by clicking the
View tab located at the bottom of the window.
2. On the Object page, select Plate, Face#1 (Start Face).

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Move Construction Slice tool).

4. Make sure that To the Currently Selected Surface is selected.
5. Click Apply.
Tip Clicking Apply, and not OK, keeps the dialog open for the next step.

6. Select Along A Line.

7. In the Distance box, enter 6.85 Millimeters.
8. Click OK.

Update field view to display B at 0'

1. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
2. For both the Contour and Shaded plots (click the tabs at the bottom of the Field page), in
the Fields to Display list, select None.
3. Select the Arrow tab, and then in the Fields to Display list, select B at 0'.
4. At the bottom of the Field page, press Update View.

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Plotting Bz at 0' on a graph
In this procedure we are going to use the Simcenter MAGNET post-processing feature (Field
Line Graph) that allows us to define a line segment, extract the 1000 field values along that
segment, and then plot the field quantities on a graph.

Note Although not shown in this procedure, Field Arc Graph and Field Circle Graph
are also available for post-processing. Please refer to the Help for more
information.

1. On the Tools menu, click Field Line Graph.

2. If required, from the Tools menu, click Keyboard Input Bar.
3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the coordinates (0, 0) and (0, 55), pressing Enter after
each set of numbers.
Note If you prefer, you can also use the mouse to draw the line graphically.

4. The graph is automatically displayed in a new View window. Select the Z tab to view the
Z Component of B at 0' graph.

Save the model

You have now completed the Bath plate tutorial.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you built and solved the Bath plate. The skills you learned include:

 Creating a current-driven coil

 Setting the source frequency
 Viewing the time-averaged Ohmic loss.
 Obtaining and creating a graph of Bz at 0' along the contour

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Tutorial #9

3D Transient
Felix short cylinder
Modeling plan
The problem is comprised of a hollow conducting cylinder lying in a uniform field. An infinite
length stranded coil lying on either side of the cylinder provides the uniform field. The
magnetic field of the problem is perpendicular to the cylinder’s axis. The magnetic field decays
exponentially in time.

After solving, the shaded plot is viewed and animated. Once the animation is complete, the
stored energy of the system is graphed. Both the animation and the graph are viewed through
all the time steps.

Symmetry conditions allow for only one-eighth of the problem to be modeled. The model is
built from three components: a quarter-cylinder, a coil, and an air space that surrounds the two
other components. The geometry of the model is shown below.

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 After drawing, the geometry is swept into components and a coil is created from one of the
components.

Boundary conditions are applied to indicate symmetry. The Field Normal boundary condition is
applied to the top, bottom, and right surfaces of the air space. The default boundary condition,
Flux Tangential, is automatically applied to the remaining surfaces.

Tip The Field Normal boundary condition on the right surface of the air box
(representing the outside of the coil) forces the coil flux outside to infinity. If the
surface had the Flux Tangential boundary condition, the coil flux would be forced
to return inside the coil (which would give incorrect field values inside the coil).

The density of the mesh will be increased in the area of the cylinder to improve solution
accuracy.

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Open a new model
1. Start Simcenter MAGNET.
The Main window appears.
2. If Simcenter MAGNET is already running, select New from the File menu to open a new
model.
If you have already used Simcenter MAGNET, the window displays the settings that
were last active.

To maximize the window, click on the top right corner of the Simcenter MAGNET
Main window.

Name the model

1. On the File menu, click Save As.
2. In the Save As dialog box, enter Felix short cylinder as the name of the model.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

Set the preferred unit for time

The Simcenter MAGNET default unit for time is milliseconds. The Felix short cylinder time
steps will be measured in seconds. You can set seconds to be preferred unit for time in all the
Simcenter MAGNET dialogs. This option is set in the Model property page.

1. In the Object page of the Project bar, select the model (i.e. Felix short cylinder.mn).
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Properties dialog appears.
3. On the Units property page, in the Time drop down list, select Seconds.
4. Click OK.

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Build the geometric model
The geometry of the model is shown below.

Set the drawing area

The model will be drawn using the Keyboard Input bar, so the construction grid is not needed
and can be removed from the display. The drawing unit is meters (the Simcenter MAGNET
default).

 Turn off the display of the Construction Grid (if it is displayed).

If the grid is visible, toggle Construction Grid on the View menu.

Create the cylinder component

The quarter-cylinder has a wall thickness of .0127 meters and an inner radius of 0.05715
meters.

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Draw the cylinder
1. If the Keyboard Input bar is not already displayed at the bottom of the Main window,
select Keyboard Input Bar on the Tools menu.

2. Make sure that (Cartesian) and (Absolute) are selected on the Keyboard
Input bar.

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Center, Start, End).

4. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for the inner arc of the
cylinder.
Note Arcs are drawn in a counter-clockwise direction.

Center coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

Start coordinates 0.05715, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0.05715 Press ENTER
5. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for the outer arc of the
cylinder.
Center coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
Start coordinates 0.06985, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0.06985 Press ENTER

6. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

7. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the lines of the
cylinder.
Start coordinates 0, 0.05715 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0.06985 Press ENTER
Press ESC
8. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the lines of the
cylinder.
Start coordinates 0.05715, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.06985, 0 Press ENTER
Press ESC

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Make the component of the cylinder
1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the cylinder.
The surface is highlighted when selected.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Cylinder.
Note If you have already created the material called Aluminum 6061 in Tutorial #1
(Cylindrical Shield – 2D Time-Harmonic tutorial) or in Tutorial #5 (Spherical
Shield – 2D Time-Harmonic tutorial), please proceed to step 12. If not, proceed to
step 5.

5. Click New Material.

For this problem, you will have to create a new material in your material database.
Note If you have already created the material called Aluminum 6061 in Tutorial #1
(Cylindrical Shield – 2D Time-Harmonic tutorial) or in Tutorial #5 (Spherical
Shield – 2D Time-Harmonic tutorial), please proceed to step 12.

6. On the General page, enter the following data:

 Name: Aluminum 6061

 Display color: Click Display Color and select an appropriate color
 Transparency: Optional
 Description: Optional
 Categories: Optional
7. Click Next.

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 8. On the Options page, select the following:

 Magnetic Permeability
 Electric Conductivity
9. Using the Next button to advance to the appropriate pages, enter the following values:

 Temperature Celsius = 20
 Relative Permeability = 1
 Coercivity Amps/m = 0
 Conductivity Siemens/m = 2.538e7
10. Once you have entered all the values, click Finish in the Confirmation page to create the
new material.
11. From the Material drop down list, select Aluminum 6061.
12. In the Distance box, enter 0.1.
13. Click OK to accept the settings.
14. On the File menu, click Save.

Create the coil component

The geometry of the coil component is shown below.

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Draw the coil component

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

2. On the View toolbar, click (Update Automatically).

3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the coil.
Start coordinates 0.8, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.8, 0.78 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.78, 0.78 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.78, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.8, 0 Press ENTER

4. Press ESC.

Make the component of the coil

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the coil.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, type Coil component.
5. In the Material drop down list, select Copper: 5.77e7 Siemens/meter.
6. In the Distance box, type 0.2.
7. Click OK to accept the settings.
8. On the File menu, click Save.

Delete Construction Slice edges

Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.

3. On the Standard Tools toolbar, click (Delete).

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Create the air box component
The geometry of the air box is shown in the diagram below.

Draw the geometry of the air box

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line Drawing tool).

2. On the View toolbar, click (Update Automatically).

3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the air box.
Start coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.8, 0 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0.8, 0.78 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0.78 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, 0 Press ENTER

4. Press ESC to stop drawing.

Make the component of the air box

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer inside the surface of the air box.
The surface is highlighted when selected.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

4. In the Name box, enter Air box.
5. In the Material drop down list, select AIR.

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 6. In the Distance box, type 0.2.
7. Click OK to accept the settings.
8. On the File menu, click Save.

Modify the mesh

In the 3D finite element method of analysis, the model is divided into a mesh of tetrahedral-
shaped elements. Each element is defined by four vertices (nodes). The vector field inside
each element is represented by a polynomial with unknown coefficients. The finite element
analysis is the solution of the set of equations for the unknown coefficients.

The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the size of the mesh
elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing rapidly, high
accuracy requires small elements. One method of increasing mesh density is to set the
maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component. The
following procedure will demonstrate this method.

Set the maximum element size

1. In the Object page of the Project bar, select the Cylinder component.

2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.

The Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Mesh tab.
4. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.009 in the text box.

5. Click OK.

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Define boundary conditions
The Field Normal boundary condition is applied to three surfaces of the air box: the top,
bottom, and right surfaces. The default boundary condition, Flux Tangential, is automatically
applied to the remaining surfaces.

The Field Normal boundary condition constrains to zero the tangential component of the field.
The field is made normal (perpendicular) to the boundary. The Flux Tangential boundary
condition constrains to zero the normal component of the magnetic flux density. The flux is
made to flow tangential to (alongside) the boundary.

Apply the Field Normal boundary condition

The Object Page of the Project bar lists all of the objects of the model. You can select objects
using the Object page.

1. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

2. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse pointer in one or more of the
following directions:

 Drag down to rotate the display downward.

 Drag up to rotate the display upward.
 Drag left to rotate the display toward the left.
 Drag right to rotate the display toward the right.
3. Rotate the model to a 3D view (similar to the diagram below). This rotation displays the
surfaces to which the Field Normal boundary condition will be applied.

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 4. In the Object page, click the plus sign (+) beside Air box.
The surfaces of the component are displayed.
5. Click Face#4.

The surface is selected in the View window.

6. While holding down the CTRL key on your computer keyboard, also select Face#3 and
Face#5 of the Air box component.
The surfaces are selected in the View window.

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 Tip You can select multiple objects by holding down the SHIFT or CTRL keys while
clicking on additional objects. If you press CTRL while clicking on objects, you
can click on an object a second time to de-select it.

7. On the Boundary Condition toolbar, click (Field Normal).

The Field Normal boundary condition is applied to the selected surfaces.

8. On the File menu, click Save.

Create the coil

1. On the Object page, select Face#1(Start Face) and Face#2(End Face) of the Coil
component.

2. On the Model menu, click Make Multi-Terminal Coil.

The coil is listed in the Object page as Coil#1.
3. On the File menu, click Save.

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Edit the coil properties
1. On the Project bar, select the Coil tab.
The Coil page is displayed.
2. Select the name of the coil (Coil#1).
3. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Coil property dialog appears.
4. Do the following:

 In the Type dropdown list, select Stranded.

 In the Number Of Turns text box, enter 1000.

5. Click OK.
The coil page is automatically updated.

6. On the File menu, click Save.

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Set the source frequency and change the
polynomial order
The potential in each element of the mesh is modeled as a polynomial in the spatial
coordinates (x, y). In general, higher orders give greater accuracy, but involve greater solution
time. For 2D translational models, the default polynomial order is 1. In this tutorial, the order
will be changed to 2.

Note Both the source frequency and polynomial order can be set in the Solver Options
dialog, or in the Model property page (Solve tab), as well as setting the “Force all
materials to be linear” option.

1. On the Solve menu, click Set Solver Options.

The Set Solver Options dialog appears.
2. Select Yes for the “Change default material type to be linear” option.
3. In the Polynomial order box, select 2 from the drop-down list.
4. In the Source Frequency box, type 400.
The default unit is Hertz.

5. Click OK.

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Create a circuit
The circuit in this model consists of a current source with an exponential waveform and one
coil.

For transient analysis, the circuit must be defined in the Circuit window. Circuits are created
using the Circuit menu or the Circuit toolbars. In this tutorial, the three Circuit toolbars will be
used.

Display the Circuit toolbars

Note If the circuit toolbars are already displayed, please disregard this procedure.

1. On the Tools menu, click Customize Toolbars.

The Customize dialog is displayed.

2. From the Toolbars tab, select the following toolbars:

 Circuit Components
 Circuit Alignment
 Circuit Move
Note The toolbars are displayed as they are selected.

3. Click OK to close the Customize dialog and to save your changes.

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Create the circuit
1. On the Window menu, click New Circuit window.
A Circuit window opens. The left pane of the Circuit window displays the available coils
in the model.
Note The Circuit window in the following images has been minimized.

2. On the Circuit Components toolbar, click (Current Source).

If the Circuit Components toolbar is “grayed out”, click the mouse pointer in the right
pane of the Circuit window. The right pane must be highlighted before the Circuit
toolbars are active.
Tip The Circuit tools are also available on the Circuit menu. For example, to add a
current source to the circuit, select Current Source on the Circuit menu.
3. Click the mouse pointer in the right pane of the Circuit window.
A current source is added to the window.

4. Select the coil in the left pane of the window, and then drag the coil to the right pane.
If necessary, re-size the window by dragging on an edge of the window.

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 5. Select the coil and the current source with the mouse pointer.
Tip Press the SHIFT key on your keyboard while selecting the components.

6. On the Circuit Align toolbar, click (Align Center).

The components are aligned at the position of the last selected component.

7. On the Circuit Components toolbar, click (Connection).

The Connection tool is used to add connections (wires) between the circuit components.
8. Click the mouse pointer on the right terminal of the current source to begin drawing the
connection. Continue drawing the connection as shown in the diagram below.
Tip Connections are drawn in the same way as lines are drawn.

9. End the connection on the right terminal of the coil.

10. Draw a second connection as shown in the following diagram.

11. On the File menu, click Save.

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Set the start, stop and step times
The values of t1, Td2, and t2 are based on the value of the step. To obtain an accurate preview
of the waveform, the step value should be set before the waveform properties.

The start, stop, and step times are defined in the Set Transient Options dialog.

1. On the Solve menu, click Set Transient Options.

The Transient Options dialog appears.

2. Make sure that Fixed Interval is selected as the Time Step method and seconds as the
unit for time, and then make the following modifications for Time:

 Start = 0.12 Seconds

 Stop = 0.24 Seconds
 Step = 0.005 Seconds
3. Click OK.

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Edit the waveform
1. In the right pane of the Circuit window, right-click the current source.
2. On the pop-up menu, click Properties.
The Current Source (I1) property page appears.
3. Select the Waveform tab.
The Waveform property page is displayed.
4. In the Type drop-down list, select Exponential.
5. Click the t2 checkbox to enable the fall time constant and all preceding optional values.
6. Insert the following values in the appropriate box:
 V1  0
 V2  98.19
 Td1  0
 𝑡1  0.12
 Td2  0.12
 𝑡2  0.0397
7. Click Apply.
The waveform is displayed in the property page.
Note Note that the waveform is displayed from the start time of 0.12 seconds.

8. Click Close.
9. On the File menu, click Save.

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Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Transient 3D.

The Transient 3D Solver Progress dialog appears briefly and then the Results window
opens.

Note Updates to the meshing algorithms may cause discrepancies between this
document’s screen captures and what is displayed in Simcenter MAGNET.

View the solution results

The following results will be reviewed in this section:

 The shaded plot at the first time step

 An animation of the shaded plot across time
 The instantaneous ohmic loss at the last time step of each conducting component
 A graph of the instantaneous ohmic loss across time
Note Before any results can be viewed, you will need to create a new slice and hide the
Air box and Cylinder components.

Create a new slice

1. Before creating a new slice, switch back to the View window by clicking the View tab

located at the bottom of the window.

2. From the Tools menu, click New Slice.
3. Select the “Based on the point-normal definition of a plane” option, and enter the
following data:

 Point in the slice: (0, 0, 0)

 Normal of the slice: (0, 0, 1)
4. Click OK.

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Hide components
1. From the Object page, select Cylinder, Air box, and Boundary Conditions#1(FN).
2. On the Edit menu, click Toggle Visibility of Selected Components.
The symbol appearing next to each component object indicates that they are hidden.

Set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plot

This procedure will set the default for shaded plots to smooth instead of discrete, which is the
default.

1. On the View menu, click Default Fields.

2. On the Project Bar, select the View tab.
3. From the View tree, click Shaded Plot.
4. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Shaded Plot Properties page appears.
5. Click the Styles tab and then from the Interpolation drop-down menu, select
"Smooth: Displays blended colors between field values".
6. Click OK.

View the shaded plot

The shaded plot displays shaded lines of the flux density. These shaded lines are the
magnitude of the flux density.

1. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.

The Field page opens.

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 2. Select the Shaded tab (at the bottom of the Field page).
3. In the Fields To Display list, select |B| smoothed (should already be selected since it is
the default).
4. In the Time drop down list, make sure 0.12 is selected (the first time step).
Tip To change the default time unit, use the General Model property page (in the
Object page, right-click the name of the model, then select Properties). In the
Preferred Units for Time drop down list, select the default unit. The unit can be
seconds, milliseconds, or microseconds.
5. At the bottom of the Field page, press Update View.
The shaded plot is displayed.

Animate the shaded plot

An animation is a series of “snapshots”, or frames, that are viewed as a moving image.

1. On the Object page, select Cylinder.

2. On the Edit menu, click Toggle Visibility of Selected Components.
The Cylinder component is visible.

3. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model) and hold down the CTRL key and the
left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the cylinder to enlarge the area
around it.

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 4. On the Field page, click (Animate button).
Please wait a moment while the animation is created. When the animation is complete,
an Animation window appears. The animation automatically plays in a loop. Use the
Animation Control toolbar to control the playing of the animation.

Note The Animation Control toolbar may be hidden from view. If this is the case,
maximize the Animation window by double-clicking on its title bar. The
Animation Control toolbar should now be visible.

5. Click (Stop) when you are finished viewing the animation.

Save the animation

1. On the File menu, click Save.
The Save As dialog box appears.
2. In the File Name text box, type Felix short cylinder.
The animation extension (.ban) is automatically added.
3. In the Save As dialog, click Save.
The animation is saved.
4. On the File menu, click Close.
The Animation window closes.

View the stored energy

Click the Results tab located at the bottom of the window to display the Results.

1. Select the Energy tab.

The Energy page of the Post Processing bar displays the stored energy in the system.
2. From the Time drop down list, select 0.24s.

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Graph the energy across time
1. Click the mouse pointer in the Instantaneous Magnetic Energy value (i.e.
1.157269061928).
2. Press the Graph Selection button.
A new graph window appears. Re-size the window as necessary by dragging on its
edges.

Save the model

You have now completed designing and analyzing the Felix short cylinder model.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you completed the steps in editing the Felix short cylinder for a transient
solution. The skills you learned include:

 Creating a new material

 Creating a circuit
 Defining an exponential waveform
 Viewing a shaded plot
 Animating a shaded plot
 Viewing the stored energy in the system
 Graphing the energy across time.

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Tutorial #10

3D Parameterization
C-core with a rotating block
Modeling plan
This tutorial builds and solves a C-core with a rotating block. Using Simcenter MAGNET’s
parameterization feature, the rotating block is solved at eight positions: 0, 45, 90, 135, 180,
225, 270, and 315 degrees.

The geometry of the C-core and the permanent magnet is drawn using the mouse pointer. The
geometry is then swept into 3D components and filled with a material. The rotating block is
parameterized and eight models are created.

After solving the model, the shaded plot is viewed on a slice through the model. The shaded
plot is then animated across the solutions.

Open a new model

1. Start Simcenter MAGNET.
The Main window appears.
2. If Simcenter MAGNET is already running, select New from the File menu to open a new
model.
If you have already used Simcenter MAGNET, the window displays the settings that
were last active.

Click on the top right corner of the Simcenter MAGNET Main window to maximize
the window.

Name the model

1. On the File menu, click Save As.
2. In the Save As dialog box, enter C-core with a rotating block as the name of the
model.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

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Set the maximum element size
1. In the Object page of the Project bar, select the model (i.e. C-core with a rotating
block.mn).
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Mesh tab.
4. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.6 in the text box.
5. Click OK.

Build the geometric model

The C-core with a rotating block is built from four components. Two components form the C-
core. The permanent magnet and the rotating block form the third and fourth component.

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Draw the geometry of the C-core
Drawing tools are located on the Draw toolbar and the Draw menu. Edges are drawn by using
the mouse pointer or by entering coordinates through the keyboard. In this tutorial, edges are
drawn using the mouse pointer.

Set the drawing space

The geometry is drawn using the Snap to Grid drawing aid. When Snap to Grid is selected,
the points drawn by the mouse pointer are snapped, or pulled, to the construction grid points.

1. Make sure the Construction Grid is displayed.

If the grid is not visible, select Construction Grid on the View menu.
2. On the View menu, click Set Construction Grid.
The Set Construction Grid dialog appears.
3. On the Set Construction Grid dialog, enter the following:

 Minimum X and Y text boxes: -20.

 Maximum X and Y text boxes: 20.
4. Click OK on the Set Construction Grid dialog.
5. On the Draw menu, make sure that SnapMode is set to Grid.

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Draw the geometry
The geometry of the C-core is shown in the diagram below.

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

2. Using the mouse pointer, place the coordinates using the above diagram and the status
bar (shown below) as guides.

Note To stop drawing, press ESC.

When you are finished drawing the C-core, the geometry should look like the following
diagram.

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Make the components of the C-core
Three-dimensional components can now be made from the surfaces of the C-core.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.

2. Hold down the Shift key and click the mouse pointer inside the top and bottom surfaces,
respectively, of the C-core.
The surfaces are highlighted when selected.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

The Make Component In A Line dialog box appears.

4. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000.
5. In the Distance box, enter 1.
6. Click OK to accept the settings.
7. On the File menu, click Save.
The components are created.
8. Rename the components, using the Properties page (i.e. General tab/Name):

 Component#1 to Core upper half

 Component#2 to Core lower half

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Make the component of the permanent magnet
1. Click the mouse pointer inside the construction surface of the permanent magnet.

2. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

3. In the Name box, enter Permanent Magnet.
4. In the Material drop down list, select PM10: Br 1.0 mur 1.0.
5. In the Material Direction Type drop down list, select Uniform (default).
6. In the Direction text box, enter (0, 1, 0) (default).
7. In the Distance box, enter 1.
8. Click OK to accept the settings.
9. Click Save.

Create the rotating block

Draw the geometry
The geometry of the rotating block is now added to the C-core.

1. If the Keyboard Input bar is not already displayed at the bottom of the Main window, click
Keyboard Input Bar on the Tools menu.

2. Make sure that (Cartesian) and (Absolute) are selected on the Keyboard
Input bar.

3. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).

4. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates for the polyline.
Start coordinates -1, 1.6 Press ENTER
End coordinates -1, -1.6 Press ENTER
End coordinates 1, -1.6 Press ENTER
End coordinates 1, 1.6 Press ENTER
End coordinates -1, 1.6 Press ENTER and then ESC

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 The model should look like the diagram below.

Make the component of the rotating block

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click the mouse pointer in the surface of the rotating block.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

The Make Component in a Line dialog box appears.
4. In the Name text box, enter Rotor.
5. In the Material drop down list, select MU3: Relative permeability 1000 (now located
under Model Materials since it has already been assigned previously in this model).
6. In the Distance box, enter 1.
7. Click OK to accept the settings.
The component is created.

8. Click Save.

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Add a boundary condition by creating an air box
Each model needs a definition of where its boundary in space exists and how the magnetic
flux will flow in relation to this boundary.

In this model, a tangential flux boundary will be added around the C-core. This boundary
forces the magnetic flux lines to flow tangential to the boundary.

The boundary is created by sweeping an air box around the C-core. The default boundary
condition, tangential flux, is automatically applied to the outermost surfaces of the air box.

Move the construction slice

The air box begins below the starting surfaces of the C-core.

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Move Construction Slice tool).

The Move Construction Slice dialog appears.

2. Make sure Along A Line is selected.

3. In the Distance box, enter -6.
4. Click OK.

Draw the geometry

1. On the Draw toolbar, click (Line drawing tool).
2. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates:
Start coordinates -18, 12 Press ENTER
End coordinates 8, 12 Press ENTER
End coordinates 8, -12 Press ENTER
End coordinates -18, -12 Press ENTER
End coordinates -18, 12 Press ENTER and then ESC

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 The model should look like the diagram below, with the C-core centered in the air box.

Make the component

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Click in the surface of the air box.

3. On the Model toolbar, click (Make Component in a Line tool).

The Make Component in a Line dialog appears.

4. In the Name box, enter Air box.

5. In the Material drop down list, make sure AIR is selected.
6. In the Distance box, enter 13.
7. Select the “Ignore holes (useful for air regions)” checkbox.
This feature eliminates the need to delete the construction slice edges before
extruding the Air box.
8. Click OK.
9. Click Save.

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Parameterize the rotating block
A user-defined parameter will be created to rotate the block at eight positions: 0, 45, 90, 135,
180, 225, 270, and 315 degrees. User-defined parameters are created in the Model
parameters page and are available for use throughout the model.

The user-defined parameter will then be used as an expression in the Component property
page.

Create a user-defined parameter

1. In the Object page, click the model (i.e. C-core with a rotating block.mn).
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Properties dialog appears.
3. Select the Parameters tab.
The model’s Parameters page appears.

4. In the Parameters page, use the scroll bar to display an empty line.
5. In the Parameter column of the empty line, enter RotorAngle.

Note Make sure you do not add any spaces before, between, or after the words.
6. Click the mouse pointer in the Type column.
A drop down list appears.
7. Choose Number from the drop down list.
8. In the Expression column, type the following: 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315.
9. Click Apply.
Clicking Apply leaves the dialog box open for the next procedure, which is to use the
RotorAngle parameter as an expression in the Rotor component’s property.

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Apply the user-defined parameter
The position of the rotor is parameterized in the Rotor component’s property page.

Open the Component property page

1. With the Parameters page still open from the previous procedure, select Rotor on the
Object page.
Note The Rotor Properties dialog now has focus.

2. Use the scroll bar on the right side of the page to scroll down to the RotationAngle
parameter.

3. In the Expression column of the RotationAngle parameter, enter %RotorAngle%deg.

Note The user-defined parameter name must be prefaced by the “%” character. The
default rotation unit is radians. The expression “%deg” specifies degrees as the
rotation unit.

4. Press TAB.
5. Click OK.

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View the instantiated models
The instantiated models are viewed in the Problem page of the Project bar.

1. On the Project bar, select the Problem tab.

The Problem page appears. (The angle is expressed in radians in the Problem page.)

2. Click (Problem 2 tab) in the second row of the Problem page.

The row is highlighted.

3. In the Problem page, click (Update View button).

The View window is updated to display Problem 2.

4. In the Problem page, click the Problem 1 tab, and then click the Update View button
The View window is updated to redisplay Problem 1.

Delete Construction Slice edges

Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.

3. On the Standard Tools toolbar, click (Delete).

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Modify the mesh
In the 3D finite element method of analysis, the model is divided into a mesh of tetrahedral-
shaped elements. Each element is defined by four vertices (nodes). The vector field inside
each element is represented by a polynomial with unknown coefficients. The finite element
analysis is the solution of the set of equations for the unknown coefficients.

The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the size of the mesh
elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing rapidly, high
accuracy requires small elements. One method of increasing mesh density is to set the
maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component. The
following procedure will demonstrate this method.

Note Maximum element size modifications (in parentheses) will be applied to each
component face shown in the diagram below.

View the initial mesh

Before changing the maximum element size, the default initial mesh can be viewed. For this
exercise, the Air box component will be hidden from the display so that the C-core is more
easily viewed.

1. In the Object page, select Air box.

2. Click the right mouse button.
A pop-up menu appears.

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 3. On the pop-up menu, toggle Visible so that the check mark disappears.

On the Object page, a symbol is displayed next to the Air box component.

4. On the View toolbar, click (Automatic View All).

5. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

6. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse pointer in one or more of the
following directions:

 Drag down to rotate the display downward.

 Drag up to rotate the display upward.
 Drag left to rotate the display toward the left.
 Drag right to rotate the display toward the right.
7. Release the mouse button once the display is rotated so that it looks similar to the
illustration below. The model is displayed as a wireframe during the rotation.
8. On the View menu, click Initial 3D Mesh.
The initial mesh appears in the View window.

9. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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Set the maximum element size for each component
1. Place the cursor over the Object tab of the Project bar, right-click and then select
Expand All.
The Object tree is expanded to show the numerous faces that make up each
component.
2. In the Object page, select Face#6 of the Core upper half component.

3. On the Edit menu, click Properties.

The Properties dialog appears.
4. Select the Mesh tab.
5. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.25 in the text box.

6. Click Apply.
Tip Clicking Apply, instead of OK, keeps the dialog open and allows us to proceed to
the next component faces without having to repeat steps 3 and 4.

7. In the Object page, select Face#7 of the Core upper half component.
Notice that the text in the Properties dialog Title Bar has now changed to read
Face#7 Properties.
8. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.1 in the text box.

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 9. Click Apply.
10. Repeat steps 7 through 9 for each of the remaining component faces, assigning the
following values:
Component face Maximum element size
Core upper half Face#8 0.4m

Core lower half Face#4 0.4m

Core lower half Face#5 0.1m
Core lower half Face#6 0.25m

Rotor Face#3 0.1m

Rotor Face#4 0.25m
Rotor Face#5 0.1m
Rotor Face#6 0.25m
11. Once all the Maximum element size modifications have been done, click OK.

View the changes to the mesh

1. On the View menu, click Initial 3D Mesh.
The modified initial mesh appears in the View window and should look like the following
illustration.

2. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

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Collapse the Object tree and make the Air box component visible
Now that the model is ready to be solved, we will make the Air box component visible again.

1. Place the cursor over the Object tab of the Project bar, right-click and then
select Collapse All.
The Object tree is collapsed to show only the components of the model.
2. In the Object page, select Air box.
3. Click the right mouse button.
A pop-up menu appears.

4. On the pop-up menu, toggle Visible so that the green check mark re-appears.

Solve
 On the Solve menu, click Static 3D.

The Static 3D Solver Progress dialog is displayed for a few minutes and, once the
solution is complete, the Results window opens.

Note Updates to the meshing algorithms may cause discrepancies between this
document’s screen captures and what is displayed in Simcenter MAGNET.

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View the solution results
In this section, the force and torque on the rotating block is displayed in the Results window. A
graph of the Z-component of the torque on the rotating block is created.

The shaded plot of |B| smoothed is viewed for Problem 3. An animation of the shaded plot
over the eight solutions is created and viewed.

View the force on the rotating block

The Results window is automatically displayed when the solution is complete.

1. Select the Body Force tab on the Results window.

The Force page appears.
2. On the Problem ID drop down list, select Problem 3.
In Problem 3, the rotor is positioned at 90 degrees.
The Force values for Problem 3 are displayed. (The values may differ slightly depending
on your computer.)

Graph the Z-component of the torque

1. Click the mouse pointer in the Z component of the torque vector entry for the Rotor
(highlighted in the image above).

2. Click (Graph Selection button).

3. Switch back to the View window by clicking the "View 1" tab
located at the bottom of the window.

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View the shaded plot on a slice
Make a slice
1. On the Tools menu, click New Slice.
The Slice dialog box appears.

2. In the Point in the slice text box, enter (0, 0, 0.5).

The point in the slice is described in global (3D) coordinates.
3. In the Normal of the slice text box, enter (0, 0, 1).
This vector describes the plane perpendicular to the slice.
4. Click OK.
There is no need to set the X-axis in this case.

Hide the display of all the components

The shaded plot is visible on the surface of all the components toggled visible in the Object
page. In this case, every component should be hidden from the display so that the slice is
more easily viewed.

1. In the Object page, select Core Upper Half, Core Lower Half, Permanent magnet, Rotor,
and Air box.
Tip Press the SHIFT key on your keyboard while selecting the components.

2. Click the right mouse button.

A pop-up menu appears.
3. On the pop-up menu, toggle Visible so that the check mark disappears.
On the Object page, a red X is displayed next to all the components.
All components are hidden from the display.

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Set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plot
This procedure will set the default for shaded plots to smooth instead of discrete, which is the
default.

1. On the View menu, click Default Fields.

2. On the Project Bar, select the View tab.
3. From the View tree, click Shaded Plot.
4. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Shaded Plot Properties page appears.

5. Click the Styles tab and then from the Interpolation drop-down menu, select
"Smooth: Displays blended colors between field values".
6. Click OK.
View the shaded plot
1. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
The Field page opens.
2. From the Problem ID drop-down box, select 3.
3. Select the Shaded tab.
4. In the Fields to display list, make sure that |B| smoothed is selected.
|B| smoothed is the default field.
5. Click the Update View button (near the bottom of the Field page).
The shaded plot on the slice is displayed. A color legend is displayed next to the shaded
plot.

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 Animate the shaded plot
An animation is a series of “snapshots”, or frames, that are viewed as a moving image.

Note The color legend that is displayed during the animation represents the range of
field values over the entire animation.

1. On the Field page, click (Animate button).

Please wait a moment while the animation is created. When the animation is complete,
an Animation window appears. The animation automatically plays in a loop. Use the
Animation Control toolbar to control the playing of the animation.

2. Click the Stop button when you are finished viewing the animation.

Save the animation

1. On the File menu, click Save.
The Save As dialog box appears.
2. In the File Name text box, enter C-core with rotating block.
The animation extension (.ban) is automatically added.
3. Click Save.
The animation is saved.
4. On the File menu, click Close.
The Animation window closes.

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Save the model
You have now completed the tutorial.

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. On the File menu, click Close.

Summary
In this tutorial, you parameterized the position of a component and viewed post- processing
results across multiple solutions. The skills you learned include:

 Creating a user-defined parameter

 Rotating the geometric position of a component using parameterization
 Viewing instantiations of a model
 Viewing force and torque on a body
 Graphing the Z component of torque over multiple solutions
 Creating an animation of the shaded plot over multiple solutions

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Tutorial #11

3D Transient with Motion

Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
Modeling plan
The stepper motor used in this tutorial is made of a stator with eccentric pole faces and a rotor
made of samarium cobalt permanent magnet that is magnetized in a fixed direction. The rotor
rotates in steps of 180 degrees. Each step in the rotor is due to a short pulse from a current
source. To obtain a unidirectional motion, the current pulse is alternating. In this tutorial, the
response due to one pulse is examined. The damping due to bearing friction is taken into
account in this simulation. Since there is a geometric and electromagnetic symmetry, only half
of the device needs to be modeled. It should be noted that it is also possible to reduce the size
of the problem further by modeling one side of the stator and rotor, and applying a periodic
boundary condition. However, in this tutorial, we have not taken advantage of this symmetry
condition.

Rotor
Stator Shaft

Coil component

Creating a new model

Opening a new model
 From your desktop, double-click the Simcenter MAGNET icon.

The Main window appears.

or

 If Simcenter MAGNET is already running, on the File menu, click New to open a new
model.

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Name the model
By default, Simcenter MAGNET assigns a name to the model (e.g., Simcenter MAGNET1)
every time a new model is opened. As long as the application remains open, each new model
number increments by one (e.g., if the new model you have opened is the fourth one in this
session, Simcenter MAGNET would assign the name Simcenter MAGNET4). You can choose
to retain this name, although it is recommended that you give the model a distinct name.

1. On the File menu, click Save As.

2. In the Save As dialog box, enter PM Stepper Motor as the name of the model.
3. Choose the drive and directory where you want to place the model.
4. Click Save As.

Setting up the working environment

Initial Settings
Each new model reverts to the Simcenter MAGNET default settings for the preferred units for
length, time, frequency, and temperature. For our model, we are going to change only the
preferred units for length to Millimeters and accept all the other defaults.

1. On the Tools menu, click Set Units.

The Default Units dialog appears.
2. From the Length drop down list, select Millimeters.
3. Click OK.

Set view to update automatically

Use of this feature resets the view automatically to include all of the model’s geometry, as it is
being drawn.

 On the View menu, click Update Automatically.

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Build the geometric model and set up the problem for
the Rotor, Stator, Air box, and the Coil
Draw the geometric model of the rotor
Incorporated into this geometric model of the rotor is the slot for the shaft of the Stepper
Motor.
Rotor

Notch
in the
slot

Slot for
the
shaft
1. On the Tools menu, click Keyboard Input Bar.
2. On the Draw menu, click Circle (Center, Radius).
3. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the Rotor:
Center point 0, 0 Press ENTER
Point on the radius of the circle 0.75, 0 Press ENTER
4. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the slot for the shaft:
Center point 0, 0 Press ENTER
Point on the radius of the circle 0.1, 0 Press ENTER
5. On the Draw menu, click Line.
6. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the notch in the shaft:
Start coordinates -0.02, 0.05 Press ENTER
mid coordinates -0.02, 0.13 Press ENTER
mid coordinates 0.02, 0.13 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0.02, 0.05 Press ENTER, and then ESC

7. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

8. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
Rotor slot’s circle and the notch’s lines.
9. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

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 10. Keeping the mouse button clicked, drag the cursor to form a rectangle around the Rotor
slot’s circle and the notch’s lines.
All of the Construction Slice edges are selected.
11. On the Draw menu, click Segment Edges.
All of the edges that share coordinates are segmented.
12. Keeping the CTRL button down, click the interior edges as shown in the Before
illustration.

Before After

13. On the Edit menu, click Delete.

Make the Rotor component

1. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
2. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
3. Select the interior region of the geometric model you have drawn, as shown below.

4. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and enter the following values:

 Name: Rotor
 Material: Samarium Cobalt
 Material Direction:
 Type: Uniform
 Direction: (0,0,1)
 Distance 0.2 Millimeters
5. Click OK.

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Delete Construction Slice edges
Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. Press the Delete key.

Setting the Rotor’s magnetization direction in the initial position

1. From the Object page, select the Rotor component.
2. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
3. Select the Parameters tab.
4. Scroll down to MaterialDirection parameter.
5. In the Expression column, type [cos(67%deg), sin(67%deg), 0] and then press TAB.

6. Click OK.

Draw the geometric model of the Stator

Arc 2 Arc 1
Line 2 Line 1

1. On the Draw menu, click Arc (Center, Start, End).

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 2. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw Arcs 1 and 2:
Arc 1
Center coordinates 0, -0.035 Press ENTER

Start coordinates 0, -1.135 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, 1.065 Press ENTER

Arc 2

Center coordinates 0, 0.035 Press ENTER

Start coordinates 0, 1.135 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0, -1.065 Press ENTER

3. On the Draw menu, click Line.

4. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the Lines 1 and 2:
Line 1

Start coordinates 0.01, 1.265 Press ENTER

mid coordinates 9, 1.265 Press ENTER

mid coordinates 9, -4.435 Press ENTER

mid coordinates -9, -4.435 Press ENTER

mid coordinates -9, 1.335 Press ENTER

End coordinates -0.01, 1.335 Press ENTER, and then ESC

Line 2

Start coordinates 0.01, -1.335 Press ENTER

mid coordinates 6, -1.335 Press ENTER

mid coordinates 6, -3.035 Press ENTER

mid coordinates -6, -3.035 Press ENTER
mid coordinates -6, -1.265 Press ENTER

End coordinates -0.01, -1.265 Press ENTER, and then ESC

5. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

6. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
arcs surrounding the Rotor component.
7. On the Draw menu, click Line.

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 8. The next step that is needed to complete the geometric modeling of the Stator -- drawing
two lines (Line 3 and Line 4) that serve to create a closed surface -- is accomplished by
entering, in the Keyboard Input bar, the following coordinates:

Line 4 Line 3
Line 3

Start coordinates 0.01, -1.335 Press ENTER

End coordinates 0.01, 1.265 Press ENTER, and then ESC

Line 4

Start coordinates -0.01, -1.265 Press ENTER

End coordinates -0.01, 1.335 Press ENTER, and then ESC

9. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

10. Keeping the mouse button clicked, drag the cursor to form a rectangle around the arcs
surrounding the Rotor component.
All of the Construction Slice edges are selected.
11. On the Draw menu, click Segment Edges.
All of the edges that share coordinates are segmented.
12. Keeping the CTRL button down, click the interior edges as shown in the Before
illustration.

Before After
13. On the Edit menu, click Delete.
14. On the File menu, click Save.

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Make the Stator component
1. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.
2. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
3. Select the interior region of the geometric model you have drawn, as shown below.

4. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and enter the following values:

 Name: Stator
 Material: CR10: Cold rolled 1010 steel
 Distance 0.2 Millimeters
5. Click OK.

Delete Construction Slice edges

Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. Press the Delete key.

Move the construction slice

Before drawing the geometry of the next component, the construction slice must be moved.

1. On the Object page, select Stator, Face#10.

2. On the Draw menu, click Move Construction Slice.
3. In the Move Construction Slice dialog box, make sure that To The Currently Selected
Surface is selected.
4. Click OK.
5. On the Draw menu, click Move Construction Slice.
6. In the Move Construction Slice dialog box, select Along a line and then type 0.5 in the
Distance text box.
7. Click OK.

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Draw the geometric model of the Coil component

Arc 1

Line 1
Arc 2

1. On the View menu, click Wireframe Model.

2. On the View menu, click Preset Views, and then click Positive X Axis.
3. On the Draw menu, click Arc (Center, Start, End).
4. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw Arcs 1 and 2:
Arc 1
Center coordinates 0, -3.735 Press ENTER
Start coordinates 0, -4.635 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, -2.835 Press ENTER
Arc 2
Center coordinates 0, -3.735 Press ENTER
Start coordinates 0, -5.435 Press ENTER
End coordinates 0, -2.035 Press ENTER

Note To complete the geometric modeling of the Coil component-- drawing a line
(Line 1) that serves to create a closed surface for the two arcs that were just drawn
-- is accomplished by the steps that follow:

5. On the Draw menu, click Line.

6. On the Draw menu, click Snap Modes, and then click Endpoint.
7. Using the mouse pointer, click once at each endpoint of Arc 2.
8. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

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 9. Keeping the mouse button clicked, drag the cursor to form a rectangle around the two
arcs and the line.
All of the Construction Slice edges are selected.
10. On the Draw menu, click Segment Edges.
All of the edges that share coordinates are segmented.
11. Click the interior edge as shown in the “Before” illustration.
12. On the Edit menu, click Delete.

Before After

Make the Coil component

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Select the interior region of the geometric model you have drawn, as shown below.

3. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and enter the following values:

 Name: Coil component

 Material: Copper: 5.77e7 Siemens/meter
 Distance 11.0 Millimeters
4. Click OK.

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Delete Construction Slice edges
Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.

1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.

2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. Press the Delete key.

Resetting the construction slice position

Before drawing the geometry of the next component, the construction slice must be reset to its
original position.

1. On the Object page, select Rotor, Face#1 (Start Face).

2. On the Draw menu, click Move Construction Slice.
3. In the Move Construction Slice dialog box, make sure that To The Currently Selected
Surface is selected.
4. Click OK.

Draw the geometric model of the Air box component

Air box

1. On the View menu, click Update Automatically.

2. On the View menu, click Solid Model.
3. On the View menu, click Preset Views, and then click Positive Z Axis.
4. On the Draw menu, click Line.
5. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates:
Start coordinates -12, 4 Press ENTER
mid coordinates 12, 4 Press ENTER
mid coordinates 12, -8 Press ENTER
mid coordinates -12, -8 Press ENTER
End coordinates -12, 4 Press ENTER, and then ESC

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Make the Air box component
1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.
2. Select the interior region of the geometric model you have drawn.
3. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and enter the following values:
 Name: Air box
 Material: AIR
 Distance 4.0 Millimeters
4. Click OK.

Delete Construction Slice edges

Since the edges on the construction slice remain even after being swept into a component, we
must remove them before proceeding to the next step of the tutorial.
1. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Edges.
2. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
3. Press the Delete key.

Make the coil

1. From the Object page, click on the (+) sign of Coil component.
The faces of the component are displayed.
2. Keeping the CTRL key down, select Face#4 and Face#6 of the Coil component.

3. On the Model menu, click Make Multi-Terminal Coil.

Coil#1 is created and listed in the Object page.
4. From the Object page, select Coil#1.
5. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Coil Properties dialog appears.
6. In the Coil Attributes page, do the following:
 for Type, select Stranded
 for No. of Turns, type 10000
 for Source, select CurrentDriven

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 7. Select the Waveform tab and do the following:

 for Type, select Piecewise linear

 enter the following values:
Time (s) Value
1 0 0
2 1e-006 0.0006
3 0.004 0.0006
4 0.004001 0
5 0.01 0
8. Click OK.

Make the motion component

For the purpose of this analysis, we will need to set the motion component to be load driven.
This means that the velocity of the motion component is not known and that it varies with time
as a result of the generated electromagnetic field.

1. From the Object page, select Rotor.

2. On the Model menu, click Make Motion Component.
Motion#1 is created and listed in the Object page, and the Motion Component dialog
appears.
3. Select the Parameters tab.
4. Scroll down to FrictionViscousCoefficient parameter (highlighted in the image above).
5. In the Expression column, type 6.6e-10 and then press TAB.
This load represents the bearing friction.
6. Click OK to accept all other defaults.
The motion component (Source type: Load Driven / Motion type: Rotary) is created.

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Create a Remesh Region component
Creating this component re-meshes the region surrounding the moving component. Re-
meshing this relatively small and simple region is quick, and with this approach, no additional
constraint equations need to be solved, which keeps solution times short and memory
requirements low.
Remesh Rotor
region

Stator

1. On the Draw menu, click Circle (Center, Radius).

2. In the Keyboard Input bar, enter the following coordinates to draw the Remesh Region:
Center point 0, 0 Press ENTER

Point on the radius of the circle 1, 0 Press ENTER

3. On the Edit menu, click Select Construction Slice Surfaces.

4. Select the interior region of the geometric model you have drawn, as shown below.

5. On the Model menu, click Make Component in a Line, and enter the following values:

 Name: Remesh Region

 Material: AIR
 Distance: 0.3 Millimeters
6. Click OK.

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Modify the mesh
In the 3D finite element method of analysis, the model is divided into a mesh of tetrahedral-
shaped elements. Each element is defined by four vertices (nodes). The vector field inside
each element is represented by a polynomial with unknown coefficients. The finite element
analysis is the solution of the set of equations for the unknown coefficients.

The accuracy of the solution depends upon the nature of the field and the size of the mesh
elements. In regions where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing rapidly, high
accuracy requires small elements. One method of increasing mesh density is to set the
maximum element size for a component volume or specific faces of a component. The
following procedure will demonstrate this method.

The maximum element size modifications for this model are shown in the diagram below.

Apply a Maximum Element Size of 0.07 Apply a Maximum Element Size of 0.04 mm
mm to the Rotor component. to Faces 6, 7, 8 and Faces 14, 15, 16 of the
Stator component. Note The appropriate faces
are highlighted in the illustration to provide a
visual cue.

Apply a Maximum Element Size of 0.8

Apply a Maximum Element Size of 0.1 mm to the Stator component.
mm to the Remesh Region component.
Note Before changing the maximum element size, the default 3D initial mesh can be
viewed. For the purpose of this exercise only, we will hide the Air box component
to allow an unobstructed view of the mesh.

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 1. Select Air box from the Object page.
2. Right-click and then click Visible.
The component is hidden from view. A red “X” appears by the Air box component’s
name in the Object page.
3. On the View menu, click Preset Views, and then Negative Z Axis.

4. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

5. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
Rotor and Remesh Region, including the part of the Stator that envelops these two
components.
6. On the View menu, click Initial 3D Mesh.
The initial 3D mesh appears in the View window. The mesh should look like the
illustration shown below.

7. On the View menu, click Solid Model.

8. Select the Rotor component in the Object page.
9. On the Edit menu, click Properties, and then select the Mesh tab.
10. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.07 in the text box.
11. Click Apply.
12. Select the Stator component in the Object page.
13. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.8 in the text box.
14. Click Apply.
15. Select the Remesh Region component in the Object page.
16. Click inside the Maximum element size checkbox, and then type 0.1 in the text box.
17. Click OK.

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 18. From the Object page, click on the (+) sign of Stator.
The faces of the Stator component are displayed.

19. Select Face#6 of the Stator component.

20. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Face Properties dialog appears.
21. Select the Mesh tab.
22. Make sure that the Maximum element size checkbox is checked, and then type 0.04 in
the text box.
23. Click Apply.
24. Keeping the Face Properties dialog open, select Face#7 of the Stator component and
repeat steps 22 and 23. Do the same for Face#8, Face#14, Face#15, and Face#16.
25. Click OK to close the Face Properties dialog.
26. On the View menu, click Initial 3D Mesh.
The initial 3D mesh (with the modifications) appears in the View window and should look
like the illustration shown below.

27. On the View menu, click Solid model.

28. On the Object page, toggle the visibility of the Air box component so that it is visible.
(Right-click the component and toggle Visible on the pop-up menu.).
The check symbol next to the Air box component indicates that it is visible.

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Generating the Transient 3D with Motion field
solution
Set the Transient options
1. On the Solve menu, click Set Transient Options.
The Set Transient Options dialog appears.
2. Make sure that Fixed Interval is selected as the Time Step Method, and then make the
following modifications for Time:

 Start = 0 Milliseconds
 Stop = 18 Milliseconds
 Step = 0.2 Milliseconds
3. Click OK.

Solve the model

 On the Solve menu, click Transient 3D with Motion.

The Transient 3D with Motion Solver Progress dialog appears. The solving process for
this particular problem may take some time to complete.

Note Updates to the meshing algorithms may cause discrepancies between this
document’s screen captures and what is displayed in Simcenter MAGNET.

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Analyzing the results
In this section, we will examine results for the motion component by selecting the entries for
position, magnetic torque, velocity, and acceleration, and graphing the results for each one. In
addition, we will create an animation of the shaded plot of |B| with a view that is focused on
the motion component.

Once the solution process is complete, it is possible to examine the speed and magnetic
torque of the rotor over the entire time, from standstill to synchronous speed.

Graph the position, magnetic torque, velocity, and acceleration of the

motion component
The Results window is automatically displayed when the solution is complete. The results in
the illustration below are those from the first time-step (0 ms).

1. In the Results window, open the Motion page.

2. Using the mouse pointer, click anywhere inside the Position text box (i.e. 0 °).

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 3. Click the Graph Selection button, located at the top of the Results window.
The graph should look like the illustration on the next page.

Note Each time that a graph is generated, a new window containing the chart
automatically opens. To graph more results (as the following steps require) you
must switch back to the Results window each time by clicking the Results tab
located at the bottom of the window.

4. Using the mouse pointer, click anywhere inside the Magnetic Force/Torque text box
(i.e. - -1.558427559201e-07 N.m).
5. Click the Graph Selection button.
The graph should look like the illustration below.

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 6. Return to the Results tab. Using the mouse pointer, click anywhere inside the Speed
text box (i.e. 0 deg/s).
7. Click the Graph Selection button.
The graph should look like the illustration below.

8. Return to the Results tab. Using the mouse pointer, click anywhere inside the
Acceleration text box (i.e. - -10847393.36337 °/s²).
9. Click the Graph Selection button.
The graph should look like the illustration below.

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Set the color interpolation and style of the shaded plot
This procedure will set the default for shaded plots to smooth instead of discrete, which is the
default.

1. On the View menu, click Default Fields.

2. On the Project Bar, select the View tab.
3. From the View tree, click Shaded Plot.
4. On the Edit menu, click Properties.
The Shaded Plot Properties page appears.

5. Click the Styles tab and then from the Interpolation drop-down menu, select
"Smooth: Displays blended colors between field values".
6. Click OK.

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View the shaded plot
The shaded plot displays shaded lines of the flux density. These shaded lines are the
magnitude of the flux density. Hiding the Air box component allows us an unobstructed view of
the mesh.

Note If the view is already zoomed-in around the rotor, you can skip steps 4 and 5.
1. Before viewing the shaded plot, switch back to the View window by clicking the View tab
located at the bottom of the window.
2. Select Air box from the Object page.
3. Right-click and then click Visible.
The component is hidden from view. A red “X” appears by the Air box component’s
name in the Object page.
4. On the View menu, click Preset Views, and then Negative Z Axis.

5. On the View toolbar, click (Examine Model).

6. Hold down the CTRL key and the left mouse button to form a rectangular box around the
Rotor and Remesh Region, including the part of the Stator that envelops these two
components.
7. On the Project bar, select the Field tab.
The Field page opens.
8. Click the shaded plot tab (at the bottom of the Field page).
9. In the Fields to Display list, select |B|.
10. At the bottom of the Field page, press Update View.
The shaded plot is displayed. (This may take a moment.)

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Animate the shaded plot
An animation is a series of “snapshots”, or frames, that are viewed as a moving image.

1. On the Field page, click (Animate button).

Please wait a moment while the animation is created. When the animation is complete,
an Animation window appears. The animation automatically plays in a loop. Use the
Animation Control toolbar to control the playing of the animation.

Note The Animation Control toolbar may be hidden from view. If this is the case,
maximize the Animation window by double-clicking on its title bar. The
Animation Control toolbar should now be visible.

2. Click the Stop button when you are finished viewing the animation.

Save the animation

1. On the File menu, click Save.
The Save As dialog box appears.
2. In the File Name text box, enter PM Stepper Motor.
The animation extension .ban is automatically added.
3. Click Save.
The animation is saved.
4. On the File menu, click Close.
The Animation window closes.

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Summary
In this tutorial, you completed the steps in creating a model for a transient solution. The skills
you learned include:

 Setting up the work environment by modifying initial settings and the viewing area.
 Building the geometric model using the Keyboard Input Bar.
 Setting up the problem -- this consists of making components and coils, and
modifying the mesh.
 Making a motion component along with a Remesh Region component.
 Generating the transient field solution using Simcenter MAGNET’s Transient 3D
with Motion solver.
 Analyzing the results, which includes:
 graphing the position, magnetic torque, velocity, and acceleration of the motion
component
 creating an animation of the shaded plot of |B|

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