Week Topics

s
1. Revision of JSS 2 work/ Resumption test
2. Athletics: Pole Vault
3. Athletics: Javelin
4. Pathogens, diseases and their prevention
5 Non-communicable diseases
6. Physical fitness and body conditioning programmes
7. Continuous Assessment/Midterm break
8. Puberty in boys and girls
9. Hockey Game
10. Career guidance, sports promotion agencies
11. Revision
12. Examination

First Term Scheme of work: PHE

Physical and Health Education

Topic: Athletics: Pole Vault
Pole Vault is a field event that involves jumping over a horizontally placed
obstacle with the aid of a long pole. The pole vaulter is expected to lift himself or
herself high with the pole from a single take-off to clear the bar.
Skills in Pole Vault
Pole vault consists of a series of body movements, from starting a run to clearing
the bar and landing safely on the landing area. The gradual building of body
energy that propels the vaulter up has to be done with accurate exactness in
order to achieve a successful vaulting. Pole vaulting is a highly technical sport.
Basically, the following are the phases in pole vault:
1. Grip
2. Pole-carrying
 3. Run-up
4. Take-off
5. Hang
6. Swing-up
7. Pull-up
8. Landing
9. Recovery
Grip: The process of gripping involves:
i. To grip the pole, over-grasp with one hand and under-grasp with the
other hand, that is, hold the pole firmly with the two hands.
ii. The right-hand is placed on top of the pole with the palm holding over
and the thumb kept outside, facing the carrier.
iii. The left-hand holds the lower end of the pole with the fingers wrapped
around it.
iv. The left-hand follows the opposite direction.
Pole-carrying (Carriage): The steps involved:
i. Carry the pole at the tail end.
ii. Carry it towards the right side of the body (if right-handed).
iii. Raise the pole up at the hip joint level.
iv. Do not sway the pole while running.
Run-up: The steps are:
i. Face the bar squarely and start the strides, holding the pole.
ii. Increase the speed with rhythmic strides and increase momentum
towards the pole plant.
iii. This ensures a smooth and effortless take-off like an aeroplane.
Take-off: The steps involved
i. When at high speed, take about three strides before take-off
ii. Progressively lower the pole towards the planting box and straighten
the pole in line with the box.
iii. Drive into the pole as it is planted in the box to achieve a powerful
forward and upward spring and so on.
Pole Vault equipment and Facilities
These are:
1. The two uprights
2. The crossbar
3. The support for the crossbar
4. The landing foam
5. The runway
6. The takeoff box
7. The vaulting pole
Rules and regulations of Pole Vault
1. The take-off of the vaulter should be from one foot.
2. Shifting the lower hand above the upper hand after leaving the ground (i.e.,
climbing the pole) is not allowed.
3. Touching the ground without first clearing the bar is not allowed.

Week 2:
Topic: Basic Javelin Techniques
Javelin is a sport competition that involves throwing of an implement (javelin)
with one hand for distance over a horizontal surface. The competitor is called
javelin thrower.
The javelin consists of three parts, which are the shaft, a cord grip and a metal
head.
Equipment for Javelin Throw
These are:
1. The implement (javelin)
2. The red and white flag
3. The writing materials
4. The score sheets
5. The javelin pitch
6. The measuring tape
Basic skills and techniques
1. The Grip: The grip consists of grasping the javelin at the rear of the binding
so that the second finger encircles the shaft and barely touches the
extended thumb.
2. The Carriage: The javelin must point to the front and carried above the
shoulder with steady movement.
3. The run-up: the of the run-up is to enable the thrower to gather enough
speed and get into the throwing mood.
4. The Throw: The javelin is carried over the head, the metal end is pointing
forward and whole shaft lying along the direction of throw.
5. The Release: Javelin must be released when the left foot comes to the
ground.
6. The Recovery: This is when the thrower comes out from the rear sector.
The rules and regulations of Javelin event
1. The javelin must be held by the grip.
2. The tip of the metal must strike the ground before any other part of the
javelin to make a good throw.
3. No part of the body of the competitor should cross the arc to the landing
sector (scratch line)
4. All throws must fall within the landing sector for it to be valid.
5. If the javelin breaks while in the air, it shall not count as a trial.
6. A competitor is given three trials and the best is used to place him.
Week 3
Topic: Pathogens, Diseases and their Prevention
Pathogen: It is any organism or substance, capable of causing disease, such as
bacteria, virus, fungi etc.
Communicable Diseases:
These are diseases that can be contracted, either directly from an infected person
or indirectly from insects or animals called vectors. Examples are : measles,
mumps, pneumonia, cold, whooping cough, tuberculosis, malaria, poliomyelitis
etc.
1. Measles (Morbilli):
It is an acute and a highly contagious viral disease which produces small red spots
all over the body.
Nature of measles
It usually occurs more to children than adults. It a major cause of death among
children. The mode of spreading measles is through respiration.
2. Mumps (Parotitis):
This type of communicable disease affects the upper respiratory tract, especially
the salivary glands, causing fever and painful swelling of the neck, testicles and
ovary.
Nature of Mupms
It occurs more in children than in adults. Incubation period is between 18 and 28
days while isolation should be for 14 days. Mode of transmission is through direct
contact or respiration.
3. Pneumonia:
This is the disease of lower respiratory system which causes one or both lungs to
be swollen and filled with liquid.
Nature of Pneumonia:
Pneumonia affects the air sacs, causing pain in the chest and making breathing
difficult. Sudden change of weather, exposure to cold or inhalation of much dust
may cause the condition. Mode of transmission is also through respiration.
4. Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis):
It is an acute respiratory tract infection which affects the mucous membrane
lining the air passage.
Nature of whooping cough
Whooping cough is characterized by long-standing cough with loud noise. It is
common among children under five years of age. Whooping cough is transmitted
through direct or physical contact with an infected person or the materials used
by the patient or through droplets. The patient usually vomits at the end of the
long cough.
5. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium):
It is one of the most serious and widespread air-bone diseases in the world. It is
commonly called TB.
Nature of Tuberculosis
When a person is infected, it may take weeks, months or years for it to damage
the lungs. It sometimes manifest with dry, irritating or violent cough, with
reduced breathing efficiency and spitting of mucus with blood. Note that, almost
every patient of HIV/AIDS has tuberculosis as a secondary infection. The mode of
transmission is by inhaling dust containing the bacteria or droplets from an
infected patient or by kissing them.
6. Meningitis
It is an infectious disease that causes the tissues that surround the brain or spinal
cord to swell. It is caused by virus and bacteria. Meningitis is an airborne disease
7. Lassa fever (Lassa virus)
This is a highly communicable viral disease which is characterized by high fever
and muscular pains.
Nature of Lassa fever
The disease was named after Lassa village in Nigeria where it was first identified.
Lassa fever causes the patient to bleed to death. Rats are carrier of this infection
which spread from one person to another through air, food, water and so on.
Mode of transmission is by eating bush rat or food and water that is
contaminated with rat’s excreta or urine.
8. Poliomyelitis
It is a serious infectious viral disease which is common among children between
ages 1-5 years old. It is caused by either picornavirus or enterovirus.
Nature of Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis causes the swelling of the nerves of the backbones. When severe, it
results in permanent paralysis or deformity of the limbs. It is transmitted through
droplets from flies, water and food contaminated with the excreta and urine of an
infected person.
9. Cholera (Vibro Cholerae)
Cholera is a serious infection of the bowels or intestine which is characterized by
vomiting, diarrhoea and in acute cases, death.
Nature of Cholera
Cholera is an epidemic which affects the digestive system and disturbs the proper
functioning of the digestive tract. It affects all ages and can wipe away an entire
family or village if adequate measures are not provided. It is transmitted through
water or food that is contaminated with the excreta of an infected person,
droplets from flies, contact with articles used to care for the infected person.
10. Tetanus:
Tetanus is an acute infectious disease that enters the body through contaminated
wounds or cuts. It is also called lock jaw. The causative agents of tetanus are
clostridium tetani and bacillus tetani.
Nature of Tetanus
Tetanus affects the nerves, resulting in the sudden violent jerking of the body
(spasm). The disease is caused by microorganisms that live in the soil and are also
found in the droppings of animals.
Modes of transmission of tetanus
i. Soil contaminated with animal and sometimes human faeces getting
into fresh wound during time of injury.
ii. Dust from the street and refuse dump entering uncovered wound
especially when children are playing.
Evaluation:
1. Explain the nature of any five communicable diseases.
2. Discuss the modes of transmission of any two of the communicable
diseases mentioned above
3. List the causative agents of two communicable diseases.

Week 4
Topic: Non-communicable Diseases
Non-communicable Diseases: They are diseases that cannot be transmitted from
person to person. They are noninfectious health conditions that cannot spread
from one person to another. They last for a long period of time. Non-
communicable diseases are also known as chronic diseases.
Causes of Non-communicable Diseases
They have many causes but are never caused by germs, bacteria or other living
organisms that attack the body. They are rather caused by:
 Atomic fallouts
 Chemical fallouts
 Physiological failure of the tissues
 Brain damage
 Congenital problems
 Dietary imbalance
 Malnutrition
 Heredity
 Endocrine/hormonal accident
1. Atomic fallouts: Deposition of radioactive particles on the earth surface,
released into the atmosphere as a result of nuclear explosion.
2. Chemical fallouts: Chemical agents such as nerve gas etc.
3. Physiological failures of tissues: Inability of the body tissues to work
properly.
4. Brain damage: Injury to the brain tissue impair its ability to function.
5. Congenital problems: This is also called congenital disorders, any
abnormalities of structure or function that may be present at birth.
6. Dietary imbalance: Not taking the classes of food in the right proportions.
7. Malnutrition: Lack of adequate nourishment
8. Heredity: This is the transmission of the physical genetic qualities of parents
to their offsprings.
Common Non-communicable Diseases, Causes and Prevention
Diseases Causes Prevention
Cardiovascular e.g heart Obesity, blood glucose, Regular exercise, regular
attack, stroke blood pressure medical checkups,
balanced diet
Cancer Exposure to ultraviolet Avoiding tobacco.
rays, genetic mutation Limiting alcohol
etc. consumption.
Chronic respiratory Heredity, smoking, Proper ventilation.
disease e.g asthma, environmental Good air quality
pulmonary, hypertension conditions e.g poor
ventilation
Diabetes High blood sugar, poor Balanced diet, regular
diet, lack of exercise, exercise
obesity, system
dysfunction.

General prevention of Non-communicable Diseases

1. Personal hygiene
2. Eat balanced diet
3. Regular check up
4. Regular exercise
5. Immunization
6. Drink water that is free from germs.
Evaluation:
1. Define Non-communicable Diseases
2. State any three communicable diseases, its causes and prevention
Week 6
Topic: Physical fitness and Body Conditioning Programmes
Physical fitness is the ability to perform or carry out daily activities without feeling
too tired and still reserve energy.
Components of physical fitness
There are two groups of physical fitness components:
 Health-related component:
This is concerned with the health status of an individual. They are essential for
survival regardless of a person’s sex, age, religion or occupation. They include:
 Muscular Strength
 Muscular Endurance
 Cardio-vascular Respiratory Endurance
 Flexibility

 Performance related components:

The abilities required by an individual to excel in various sporting activities. These
include:
 Agility
 Power
 Speed
 Neuro-muscular coordination
 Balance
Importance of Physical Fitness
1. It promotes blood circulation.
2. It improves stamina.
3. It helps to control obesity.
 4. It promotes sense of well-being.
5. The speed of recovery from illness is enhanced.
6. It adds to aesthetic value of the body.
7. It prevents both major and minor illnesses.
Evaluation:
1. The ability of an individual to perform his daily task is called ________. (a)
spiritual fitness (b) physical fitness (c) all-round fitness (d) special fitness
2. The following are performance related component of physical fitness
except __________ (a) agility (b) speed (c) agile (d) coordination
3. The health related component of physical fitness are as follows except
_______. (a) muscular strength (b) muscular endurance (c) flexibility (d)
coordination
4. One of the importance of physical fitness is ____________. (a) it promotes
blood circulation (b) it improves discomfort (c) it improves sense of well-
being (d) it adds to aesthetic value of the body
5. The ability to maintain stability at rest and during performance is called. (a)
speed (b) accuracy (c) agility (d) balance

Topic: Puberty in boys and girls

 Puberty: Is a developmental phase brought about by the actions of hormones
as part of maturing process. Puberty years start from 10/11 – 12 years for girls
and 12-14 years for boys. On the average puberty ends around 15-17 years for
girls and around 16-17 years of age for boys.

Adolescence: This is the time between the beginning of sexual maturation

(puberty) and adulthood. It is a time in which a person becomes “adult like” in
behavior. Adolescent is also the period of mental transition from childhood to
adulthood. It is considered to be between the periods of 14-19 years.
Adolescence is not just the experience of physical growth and changes only but
also emotional, social and mental changes and growth.

Physical changes

Physical changes are bodily transformations that are seen in boys and girls
during puberty stage. The noticeable external changes are as follow:

Puberty in boys

1. Enlargement of testicles.
2. Faster growth especially in height
3. Voice change by deepening
4. Night time ejaculation
5. Increase in size of penis, scrotum and testes
6. Broad shoulders and chest.
7. Hair growth in armpits, on the face and in the pubic area.
8. Pimples appear but later disappear
9. Acquisition of muscle mass
10. Distribution of body fat.

Puberty in girls

1. Growth of pubic hair

2. Pimples appear but later disappear
3. Production of eggs (ova)
4. Mensuration
5. Increase in hip size
 6. Clear or whitish vagina secretions
7. Hair growth in the armpits
8. Increase in the size of breasts
9. Premenstrual syndrome such as cramps in the lower back or bloating.
10. Development of high-pitched tiny voice.

Teenage pregnancy and its consequences

Teenage pregnancy is a situation that may occur between a male and a female
teenager who engage in an unprotected sex. This is so-called because the two
parties involved are not yet ready emotionally, financially and psychologically to
take up the responsibility of nurturing a child. However, if pregnancy occurs, it
will result to a lot of severe consequences.

The consequences of teenage pregnancy are:

1. It can lead to interruption in studies, making one a school dropout.

2. It can destroy the teenager’s future ambition or plan.
3. It can lead to unhappiness, frustration and depression.
4. It can lead the teenager into prostitution, drug abuse and other criminal
act if she is not well catered for.
5. It can render the teenager homeless if she is rejected by her parents or
guardians.
6. Opting for abortion may cause severe haemorrhage or death if not properly
done.
7. Children born out of unwanted pregnancy can end up being vagabonds or
criminals for lack of proper parental care.
8. Teenage pregnancy can lead to the development of Vesico Vaginal Fistula
(VVF) i.e leaking urine, or Recto Vaginal Fistula (RVF) i.e, leaking faeces,
throughout life because of tear on the inside of the vagina and anus during
labour or delivery.
Topic: Hockey Game
Hockey is a team game played with hockey sticks on a rectangular field. It is
played between two teams of eleven players and five substitutes on each side.

Facilities and equipment of Hockey Game

The facilities required for a hockey game include:

 Hockey pitch
 Goalposts
 Sideboards
 Backboards
 Flag posts
 Nets etc.
1. Hockey Stick: This is used for playing the game.
2. Hockey Ball: This is a hard round rubber used in playing the game.
3. Shoes/Boots and Socks: These are used for good grip on the ground when
running.
4. Shin Guards: It is used for protecting the shin.
5. Knee Cap: This is used for protecting the knees.
6. Clothing (Jersey and Shorts): Jersey is worn to cover the upper part of the
body while shorts cover from the waist down to knee.
7. Whistle: This is used for officiating during the game.
8. Flags and Flags Posts: These are used to indicate that the game is on.
9. Gloves: It is used by the goalkeeper to protect the hands.
10. Goalkeeper’s Pads: They used by the goalkeeper for protecting against
injuries from ball and stick.
11. Kickers: This is attached to the goalkeeper’s pad for kicking the ball.
 12. Face Mask: It is used by the goalkeeper to protect the face.
13. Chest Protector: This is used by the goalkeeper to protect the chest.

The diagram of the hockey stick

Basic skills and techniques of hockey

The fundamental skills and techniques of hockey games are: hitting, stopping,
dribbling, passing, flicking, pushing, tackling, goalkeeping and gathering.

1. Hitting: This is the act of striking the ball with the face of the hockey stick to
make it go a long distance towards the opponent’s goalpost.
2. Stopping: This is the act of putting an end to the movement of a passed
ball. The player can stop the ball while in motion on the ground or while on
a flight. Effective stopping gives chances to the player to be in possession of
the ball.
3. Dribbling: This is the act of moving the ball with the stick and keeping it in
close contact while avoiding the opponent.

There are two ways of dribbling, which are:

i. Straight dribble
ii. Indian zigzag dribble
4. Passing: This is the intentional movement of ball from one player to
another member of the team in order to move it to an opponent’s
goalpost. There are four types of passing, which are:
 Scoop pass
 Flick pass
 Drive pass
 Push pass
i. Scoop Pass: This is the act of lifting the ball off the ground, in form of
shoveling with the toe of the stick. It is used for passing the ball over an
opponent to a team member.
 ii. Flick Pass: This a quick, sudden movement of the stick to slightly lift the
ball off the ground to a teammate. It is used for shooting when deep in
the circle.
iii. Drive Pass: It is a hard hit on the ball to propel it to a long distance. It
allows for hard stroke passing.
iv. Push pass: This is the act of moving the ball on the ground with the
stick. It is used for short accurate passes.
5. Flicking: This is the quick, sudden pass of the ball to a team-mate.
6. Pushing: This is the act of moving the ball on the ground towards a team-
mate, using the stick.
7. Tackling: This is the act of trying to dispossess an opponent of the ball
legally.
8. Goalkeeping: This is the act of stopping a ball from getting between the
goalposts, through the goal line and under the crossbar. The goalkeeper
uses the stick and kickers to stop ground ball and the arms, hands and the
body for air shots.
9. Gathering: This involves collecting the ball from the opponent. It may be in
the air or on the ground.

Rules and Regulations of Hockey Game

The basic rules and regulations of hockey include:

1. The game begins with a coin toss.

2. This is then followed by a centre pass.
3. The game has eleven (11 players) in each team at a time.
4. Each team is allowed a total of 16 players.
5. A bully is used to re-start a game.
6. Hockey game lasts seventy (70) minutes; made up of two periods of 35
minutes each. There is half time of 5-10 minutes.
7. The goal can only be scored from the striking circle.
8. The goalkeeper is allowed to kick the ball with legs within the circle.
9. The field players use only flat side of the head of the stick to play and stop
the ball.
10. A penalty is awarded if the defender commits a foul within the striking
circle.
 11. The ball must remain on the ground when playing, except when scooping
or flicking to a team-mate.

Career Guidance in Physical and Health Education

A career is defined as a chosen profession in which
someone acquires skill or education to do as a job in
order to earn a living. It could also be said to be the
progress and actions taken by a person throughout a
lifetime. A career is composed of the positions held, titles
earned and the years of experience.
Career guidance is the process or act of counselling
someone on which career or occupation to choose in life.
Career opportunities in Physical and Health Education
Career opportunities refer to specialized areas within a
profession which practitioners can choose as lifetime
practice.
Career opportunities in Physical Education
S/N Career opportunities Sports specialist
1. Sports officiating, Specialist officiating,
refereeing referee and umpire
2. Sports coaching Coach
3. Sports marketing Sports marketer
4. Sports journalism or Sports journalist or
commentating commentator

5. Sports physiotherapy Sports physiotherapist

6. Sports psychology Sports psychologist
7. Sports facility Sports facility manager

Career opportunities in Health Education

S/N Career opportunities Health specialists
1. School health teaching Health teacher or
lecturer
2. Medical social work Medical social worker
3. Health information Health information
management manager
4. Health counselling Health counsellor
 5. Health journalism Health journalist
6. Public health statistics Public health statistician
7. Editing and publishing of Health materials editor
health materials or publisher

Sports Promotion Agencies and Bodies in Nigeria

Sports promotion agencies are organized bodies that
support and encourage sports in Nigeria. They arrange
and advertise sports programmes and events. The
bodies, amongst other things, organize seminars and
workshops for stakeholders in sports. The following are
some of the sports promoting agencies and bodies in
Nigeria:
1. Athletics Federation of Nigeria (AFN)
2. Badminton Federation of Nigeria (BFN)
3. Cricket Federation of Nigeria (CFN)
4. Gymnastics Federation of Nigeria (GFN)
5. Handball Federation of Nigeria (HFN)
6. Karate Federation of Nigeria (KFN)
7. Nigeria Basketball Federation (NBF)
8. Nigeria Boxing Federation (NBF)
9. Nigeria Chess Federation (NCF)
10. Nigeria Table Tennis Federation (NTTF)