1

SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Kattankulathur

Department of Mathematics
21MAB101T - Calculus and Linear Algebra
Unit 1 - Matrices
Tutorial Sheet
S. No. Questions and Answers
PART-A  
1 0 −1
1. Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of the matrix A = 1 2 1 .
2 2 3
Ans:
The charactersitic equation of A is λ3 − 6λ2 + 11λ − 6 = 0.
Eigenvalues λ = 1  λ = 2  λ = 3 
1 2 1
Eigenvectors X1 = −1   X2 = −1
  X3 = −1

0 −2 −2
 
−2 2 3
2. Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of the matrix A =  2 1 −6.
−1 −2 0
Ans:
The charactersitic equation of A is λ3 + λ2 − 21λ − 45 = 0.
Eigenvalues λ = −3
  λ = −3
  λ = 5 
0 3 1
Eigenvectors X1 = 3 X2 = 0 X3 =  2 
2 1 −1
 
1 0 3
3. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find A−1 where A = 2 1 −1.
1 −1 1
Ans:
is λ3 − 3λ2− λ + 9 = 0. 
The charactersitic equation of A  
4 −3 6 0 3 3
A−1 = −1 2
9 (A − 3A − I), A = 3
2  2 4, A−1 = −1 9
3 2 −7.
 0 −2 5 3 −1 −1
3 −1 1
4. Diagonalise the matrix A = −1 5 −1 by an orthogonal transformation.
1 −1 3
Ans:
The charactersitic equation of A is λ3 − 11λ2 + 36λ − 36 = 0.
Eigenvalues λ = 2  λ =3  λ = 6 
1 1 1
Eigenvectors X1 =  0  X2 = 1 X3 = −2
−1 1 1
 2

√1 √1 √1 √2 √3 √6
   
2 3 6 2 3 6
The normalization of matrix N =  0
 √1 − √26 
, AN =  0
 √3 −√ 12 
3 3 6
− √12 √1
3
√1
6
− √22 √3
3
√6
6
 
2 0 0
D = N T AN = 0 3 0.
0 0 6  
1 −2
5. Find the Eigenvalues of the matrix . Hence form the matrix whose
−5 4
Eigenvalues are 16 and −1.
Ans:
The charactersitic equation of A is λ2 − 5λ − 6 = 0.
Hence, the Eigenvalues are −1, 6.
1 −1
The matrixwhose  Eigenvalues are 6 and −1 is A .
4 2
A−1 = −16 5 1
PART-B  
2 −1 2
1. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and hence find A4 , where A = −1 2 −1.
1 −1 2
Ans:
3 2
The charactersitic
 equation
  is λ − 6λ + 8λ− 3 = 0.
of A
7 −6 9 29 −28 38
2   3
A = −5 6 −6 , A = −22 23 −28 
5 −5 7 22 −22 29
A4 = 6A3 + 8A2 + 3A =⇒ A4 = 28A2 − 45A + 18I
124 −123 162
A4 = −95 96 −123
95 −95 124
2. Reduce the quadratic form 3x21 + 2x22 + 3x23 − 2x1 x2 − 2x2 x3 into a canonical form
by an orthogonal reduction, and hence find the rank, index, signature, and nature of
the quadratic form.
Ans:  
3 −1 0
The matrix of the quadratic form is A = −1 2 −1.
0 −1 3
The charactersitic equation of A is λ3 − 8λ2 + 19λ − 12 = 0.
Eigenvalues λ =1  λ = 3  λ = 4 
1 1 1
Eigenvectors X1 = 2 X2 =  0  X3 = −1
1 −1 1

√1 √1 √1 √1 √3 √4
   
6 2 3 6 2 3
 √2 0 − √13   √2 0 − √43 
The normalization of matrix N =  6 , AN =  6 
√1 − √12 √1 √1 − √32 √4
6 3 6 3
 
1 0 0
D = N T AN = 0 3 0, canonical form (C.F) is y12 + 3y22 + 4y32 .
0 0 4
Rank=3, index=3, signature=3. Since, C.F contains positive terms.
Hence, the quadratic form is said to be positive definite.
 3

3. Reduce the quadratic form 2x21 + x22 + x23 + 2x1 x2 − 2x1 x3 − 4x2 x3 into a canonical
form by an orthogonal reduction, and hence find the rank, index, signature, and nature
of the quadratic form.
Ans:  
2 1 −1
The matrix of the quadratic form is A =  1 1 −2.
−1 −2 1
The charactersitic equation of A is λ3 − 4λ2 − λ + 4 = 0.
Eigenvalues λ = −1
  λ = 1  λ = 4 
0 2 1
Eigenvectors X1 = 1 X2 = −1 X3 =  1 
1 1 −1

√2 √1 √2 √4
   
0 6 3
0 6 3
The normalization of matrix N =  √12 − √16 √1  − √1 − √16 √4 
, AN = 

3  2 3 
√1 √1 − √13 − √12 √1 − √43
2 6 6
 
−1 0 0
D = N T AN =  0 1 0, canonical form (C.F) is −y12 + y22 + 4y32 .
0 0 4
Rank=3, index=2, signature=2-1=1. Since, C.F contains positive terms.
Hence, the quadratic form is said to be indefinite.