CHAPTER

5
Matrices

5.1. Introduction
Matrices provide a means of storing large quantities of information in such a way that
each piece can be identified and manipulated, if necessary. A large systems of
linear equations can be expressed in matrix form which can be analysed and solved by
computer. The co-ordinate transfor- mations like translation, rotation, and magnification using
matrix algebra can be used in analysing the movement of robots. It is, therefore, necessary for the
computer engineers to learn the matrix algebra in order to apply them in many areas. It is with this
aim, that the present chapter is written. 5.2 Notation and Definition
A set of mn numbers, real or complex, arranged in a rectangular array of m rows and n
col- umns like
i1
912
ain

a21
a22
a2n

*****

aml am2
.....

ати

is called a matrix of order m × n (read as m by n). The numbers a11, 412, mxn matrix
are called elements or constituents.

mx
 Here a¡j
a constituting
amn

is the element in the

An mxn matrix is shortly denoted by [a¡¡]m x n or (a1)m x n° ith row and jth
column. A matrix is usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C,............. Thus an mxn matrix may be
expressed as
i = 1, 2,.........., m

A = [ay]mxn
j = 1, 2,............,n

Equality of Two Matrices

Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if (i) A and B have the same
order and (ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B. i.e., if A= [4]m x n
and B = [byl then A = B if and only if a, b, for all values of i and j
5.3. Types of Matrices
Square Matrix
=

A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, say n, is
called a square matrix of order n. The elements a,, (i =j) of a square matrix A are called diagonal elements
and their sum as trace of A denoted by tr. A =
|=|

a,.

147
148

Row Matrix and Column Matrix

DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS

A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix (or a row vector). [2, 4, 6] is a 1 × matrix
and [411, 912 ........] is a 1 x n row matrix.

A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix (or column vector). 4
 3
ΤΟΥ

IS a
6

a12

a21
3 x 1 column matrix and
is an n 1 column matrix.

anl

Null (or Zero) Matrix

A matrix of any order (rectangular or square) whose all elements are zero is called a null
matrix (or a zero matrix) and is denoted by O. For example,

trices of order 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 respectively.

Diagonal Matrix

[00] and
[0
8]
00
000

0
are null ma

A square matrix whose elements except those in the leading diagonal are zero is called a di- agonal matrix i.e., a =
0 for all i #j. For example,
ij

100
[2 07

05

g]
 and 0 3 0

005
are diagonal matrices of orders 2 and 3 respectively.

Scalar Matrix

A square matrix A = [aj]m is called a scalar matrix if (i) a¡¡ = 0 for all i ‡ j and
(ii) a1 = C
хи

for all i, where C 0. For example.

respectively.
300
20

02
and 0 3 0

00 3
are scalar matrices of order 2 and 3

Unit (or Identity) Matrix

A square matrix A = [a] x is called an identity or unit matrix if (i) a

= 0 for all ij and
(ii) a ¡¡
=

=
n

ij
1 for all i. The identity matrix of order n is denoted by I. For example. I2
100

I3 0 10
are unit matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
10
=

and

01

001
 Upper and Lower Triangular Matrix
i.e.

A square matrix A = [4,], is said to be an upper triangular matrix if a,, =

0 for all i>j. ¿¿. all elements below the main diagonal are zero.
A square matrix A = [4] is said to be a lower triangular matrix if a¡
all elements above the main diagonal are zero.
aij
= 0 for all i <jie.
MATRICES

If A=
1
3
0

05-3 and B =

00 4

lower triangular matrix.

5.4, Matrix Arithmetic

2 00
149

3 -2 0 then A is an upper triangular matrix and B is a

4
56

Matrices can be added, subtracted, and multiplied. They also possess many of the
algebraic properties of numbers. Matrix arithmetic is the study of these properties.
Addition of Matrices

Two matrices A = [a]m ×n and B =

and B = [bij]m
mx n

are said to be conformable for addition if they

are of the same order. The sum of the two matrices A and B is then defined as the matrix each of whose
elements is the sum of corresponding elements of A and B i.e.,
Le.

A + B = [a]m + [bij]m × n = [Cij]m ×n where c = a + b, for all i

and j. For example, if
xn

203

3]
A=
-

4 16

then A+B
=

20

3 -4
and B =

13
-4 -5

2+1 0+2
c¡¡ ij ij

3+0] [3 2 3
-4+3 1-4 6-5

Properties of Matrix Addition

=
 -1-3 1
entral To molts

(i) Commutativity: For any two matrices A and B of the same order,
=

A+ B B+ A

(ii) Associativity: If A, B and C are three matrices of the same order, then
(A + B) + C = A + (B+C)
(iii) Existence of additive Identity: The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition

A+0=A= 0 + A

mx n

(iv) Existence of additive inverse: For every matrix A = [a]m there exists a matrix
-A=[-am such that

Subtraction of Matrices
A+ (-A) = 0 = (-A) + A

For two matrices A and B of the same order, the difference A - B is defined to be the
sum A+(-B) of the two matrices A and (B) where (B) is the matrix obtained by multiplying every
element of B by - 1. Thus

If A = [4], and B = [bij]m × n°

mxn

A-B A+ (- B) then

ij
A-B = [Cmx where cab for all i and j. For example, if
4 0 3700
n

ij

2 5-37
A:
=

and B =
then
1 67
-5 0 2
 2-4 5-0-3-3
-2 5 -6
A-B=
=

1-(-5) 6-0
7-2
66
5

Multiplication of Matrices by a Scalar

If A = [a,,] be an m × n matrix and k be a scalar, then the matrix
obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is called the scalar
multiplication of A by k and is denoted by k A.
150

Thus, kA = [k a¡¡]m × n

For example, if
453
A=
and k = 2, then
24 6

4 53
8 10 6
kA
=

2
=

246 4 8 12

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Properties of Scalar Multiplication

n
If A = [a¡¡]m × ‚ B = [bij]mx n, are two matrices and k, I are
scalar, then the scalar multiplication has the following properties:
 (i) k (A + B) = kA + kB
(ii) (k+1) A = kA + lA
(iii) (kl) A = k (IA) = 1 (kA)
(v) IA = A
(iv) (−k) A = - (kA) = k (− A) (vi) (-1) A = - A
Multiplication of Matrices
Two matrices A and B are conformable for multiplication if and only if the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B. The product of the two matrices denoted by AB is
then defined as the matrix whose elements in the ith row and jth column is the algebraic sum of the
products of the elements in the ith row of A by the corresponding elements in the jth column of B. If A
is of order m×n and B is of order n × p, then the product AB is of order m × p.
Thus, if A = [a¡¡]m × „ and B = [bij]n × p3
n

then

AB =

[ij]m × p where
=

Сij
Σaik bkj
k=1

For example,
10
123
1x1+2×2+3x3
x21
=

012
0x1+1x2+2x3
3 2
1x0+2x1+3x2]
14 8
=

0x0+1x1+2×2
85

Properties of Matrix Multiplication

(i) Matrix multiplication is associative: If three matrices A, B and C are conformable
for
multiplication in the order A B C, then (A B) C = A (BC) = ABC.
(ii) Matrix multiplication is distributive with respect to addition of matrices: The
distributive
 property

A (B+C) = A B+AC

holds good for the matrices A, B and C, provided that they are
conformable for the product
and the sum.

(iii) Matrix multiplication in general is

non-commutative: A B B A, although both A B
and
B A may be defined.

(iv) If AB is a null matrix, that is, AB = O, it does

not necessarily mean that either A or B
should be null matrix.

For example, if

A=
B
4 4
1x1+1x(-1)
then AB:
1x(-1)+1×1
4x1+4x(-1) 4×(-1)+4×1
Here AB is a null matrix but A and B are not null
matrices.
=

0
MATRICES
161

(1) Powers of matrices: If A = [4,] is a square matrix, the product

AA can be defined by A2. Similarly, AAA can be denoted by A3 because using
the associative law, one can write
AAA = (A2) A = A (A2)
In general, AAA.............. times.
= A"
 (vi) If I is a unit matrix of order n, it has the property that it can commute
with every square
matrix of order n, i.e., if A is a square matrix of order n, then

Solved Examples
A = IA = AI

Example 1. Find x, y, z and t if 2

y

Solution. Given

From equality of matrices, we have

4 6

x
2
+3

[ ][ ]-·[ ]
2

2x 2z
=3
3

9 15

2]+[3-3]-[2
2y 2t 06

2x+3 2z-3
=
 12 18

9 15
=

2y+0 21+6 12 18

2x+3=9

x= 3
2z-3=15

z=9
2y=12 y=6
21+6=18

t=6

1 -2
37
102

Example 2. If A =
=

2
3
-1 and B =
012
"

find the products AB and BA and

-3
1
2
120

show that AB BA.

Solution.
1 -2 3
10 2

AB =
2
3 -1
012

-3
1
2
1
20
 =

1(1)-2(0)+3(1)
2(1)+3(0) -1(1)
1(0)-2(1)+3(2) 1(2)-2(2)+3(0)
2(0)+3(1)-1(2) 2(2)+3(2)-1(0)
-3(1)+1(0)+2(1) -3(0)+1(1)+2(2) -3(2)+1(2)+2(0)

4 4 -2

1 1 10

5
1

102
1 -2 3
and
BA
012 2 3 -1

120
-3 1 2
152

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

1(1)+0(2)+2(-3) 1(-2)+0(3)+2(1)
1(3)+0(−1)+2(2)] |0(1)+1(2)+2(-3)
0(-2)+1(3)+2(1) 0(3)+1(−1)+2(2)| 1(1)+2(2)+0(−3)
1(−2)+2(3)+0(1) 1(3)+2(-1)+0(2)
 -5 0 7
-

-4 5 3 This shows that AB BA.

54 1

then find A2 - 3A-131

25 2
X

}
25
Example 3. If A =
3 1

Solution. A2 = A× A =

23
[3 ;] ×
1

[3 ;] -
=

3A 3x

[3
25
[2x2+5x3 2x5+5×1
3x2+1x3 3x5+1x1

15
19
 ] = [ 15 ]
13x
9 16

13 07

3×[3 3] - [6 '5]. 131 =

13×[¦ ¦]-[;
1
93

19 15 6 15
0
=

ဒ
1

0 13

13 0
Now,
A2-3A-131 =
9
93
0 13

19-6-13 15-15-0
=

9-9-0 16-3-13]=[0]
=
[29
00

70
and A-B =
 [3]
5
Example 4. Find A and B if A + B =

Solution. Given
A+B =

[129]
7 0

[3 0
and
A-B = =
03

7 0
30
Adding (1) and (2)
2A =
25
03
10 0

28

110
5
A=
=

2
28
0
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get

2B

B
70
4

[ ]-69-6239-69
2 5 03

14 0
2

49-69
22 2
7-3 0-0

2-05-3

2
0
1

Example 5. If f (x) = x2 - 5x + 6, find ƒ (A), if A =

2
1
3
 1
-

Solution.
Given
f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6
-
+
... (1)

(2)
MATRICES

So,
f(A) = A2-5A + 61
2
0
2
0
1

Now, A2 =
2
1
3
2
1
3

1
-1
01
-1
0

[2x2+0x2+1x1
2x0+0x1+1x (−1)
2x1+0x3+1x0

2x2+1x2+3x1
2x0+1x1+3x(-1)
2x1+1x3+3x0

1x 2 + (−1)×2+0×1 1×0+(-1)×1+0×(−1)
1×1+(−1)× 3 + 0 × 0_

5 -1
 =

9 -2
5

.. f(A):
=

0 -1

5 -1

9-2

0
1

2
2
0 1 [1 0 0
5-52

-1 2
-
-

5 -1 2 10
=

9 -2

0
5-10
1
1 3+6010

5 15+060
-

-1 0
001

0
5
600

0 006

2-5+0
1
 -

5-15+0=
-1

-2-0+6
-5
-1 -2] 5 -5
5-10+6 -1-0+0

=9-10+0 -2-5+6

0-5+01+5-0

Example 6. Verify A (B+ C) = AB + AC when

A
12

· - ['} _2] · 3 -
[2
=

B
=

Solution.
1
-

-1-10

4 4

B+C =

A (B+ C)
=

0
3
 [2]+[
1

3
3

] · © - [(' ')
]-[ ]
212

2 4
24

Again

and
=

AB =
1x1+2×2 1x2+2×4
10

[3x1+(-1)x2 3x2 + (-1)x4]

 - [522]
1

3
1

69
2

2 3

1x1+2×3
[1×0+2×2

- [ix
AC =
[3x0+(-1)x2 3x1+(-1)x3]

3
-

[1x1+2×0 1x1+2×1
1

(3x1+(-1)x0 3x1 +
(-1)x1]-[32]
153
154
 AB+ AC
=

5.5. Transpose of a Matrix

4
1

· [27+63
-

4+1
7+3

[−2+ 3 0 + 2) =
[510]
= A (B+C).
0+2
2
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Let A = [a] be an m × n matrix. Then the transpose of A denoted by AT or A', is an n x m

matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and coloumns of A, i.e.,
A' =

[a]' = a;; for all i and j.

For example,
31

if A =

01
 34
—

27
then A' =
=

4
6
16 7
-

2
7

Properties of Transpose
Let A and B be two matrices, then

(i) (A')' = A
(ii) (A + B)'= A' + B', A and B being of the same order.
(iii) (kA)' = kA', k be any scalar (real or complex).
(iv) (AB)'= B'A', A and B being conformable for the product AB. Symmetric and
Skew symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if its transpose coincides with itself, i.e., A' = A. In other
words, a square matrix A = [a] is said to be symmetric if a = a,, for all integral
aji values of
i and j, e.g., if
Га

A= h
h g bf then A' = h
a h g hb f
g f f c
gfc
i.e., A' = A and hence A is the symmetric matrix.
Again, a square matrix A such that A' - A is said to be skew-symmetric. In other words, a
square matrix A is skew-symmetric if a=-a, for all integral values of i and j. It follows that 4 =-a,
for i=j, so that 2 a = 0, i.e., a = 0 which shows that all the diagonal elements of a skew- symmetric
matrix are zero.

The matrix A =
-

b
ii

ab
 ii

0 is a skew symmetric matrix.

WORD

C0

Example 7. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a

symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
Solution. Let A be any square matrix. Then we have

— (A + A') + (A - A)

Denoting (A + A') by P and (A+A')

by P and
(A - A') by Q, we have (A-A')
MATRICES

A = P+Q

Now,

P' --

{(A+A)}
1

= //
2

-
 112
{A' + (A')'}

{A' + A}

{A + A'}

=P

which follows that P is a symmetric matrix.

Also
Q'
=

{글(A-A)}'
{A' – (A')'}
-

-
{A' - A}

{A-A'}

-Q
155

((A')'=A)
 =

which follows that Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.

Thus, the square matrix A is expressable as the sum of a symmetric matrix
P and a skew- symmetric matrix Q.
Solved Examples
1
2
3 12
Example 8. If A =
and B =
3
1

4
4 05
5
0

B' denote the transpose matrix of A and B

respectively.

Solution. We have:
A
=

[
3

4
-

-1 2
 05
,

AB
verify that (AB)'= B' A', where A' and

3
4

5
0

1
2
3-12
==

3
4
4 05
5
0

3-3+10
6+4+0
4 10

-4+0+25 8-0+0
21
8

... (1)
and
4 21

(AB)'
=

10
8
156

34
Now
A' =
-1 0
9

B'
=
 1

2
3 57
-4 0
-

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

2
5

3 4
-1
35
Also
B'A' =
-1 0
2
-

4 0
25

-3-3+10 -4+0+25
=

-
6+4+0 8-0+0

25 ] = [
4 21

10 8
.. (2)
From (1) and (2), (AB)'= B'A', which verifies the result.
Example 9. Express the following matrix as a sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrix.

1 71

2 3 4

50 5

Solution. The transpose of the given matrix A, denoted by A', is given by

A' :
=

-1 2 5

730
 145

Now, the symmetric part of A is

။

1/2

1/2
(A + A'). Therefore,

17 1

2 3 4+

505
125

730

14 5

296

96
-

1 9/2 3
*

49/2 3
6410
3 2

Similarly, the skew-symmetric part of A is 12

(A – A'), i.e.,

12
-

-1 7 17

0
234-

505
 2

125

730

14 5

5
4
0 -5/2
2

1 7 17

234

505
2
-

-5
4=
5/2
0
2
4
4 0
2
-

-2
0

1
9/2 3
0
512
-

2
=

9/2
3
2+-5/2
0
2
3
2
5
2
-2
0
158
5.7. Determinants

The symbol
a b a, b,
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

consisting of four numbers a, a,, b1, b,

arranged in two rows and two
columns is called a determinant of second order or determinant of order
two. Its value is a,b2-ab which is called expansion of the determinant. The
numbers a1, b1, a2, b2 are called the elements of
the determinant.

a
bc
Similarly, the symbol a2 b2 C2 consisting of three rows and three columns is
called a
аз az bz cz
C3
determinant of order three or a determinant of third order.
The determinant of a square matrix A is the determinant which has got its elements of all
the elements of the matrix A in the same places. Let A =
a
b
be a square matrix of order 2.
a2

The determinant of A is defined as | A |=

b1
a2

Difference between a Matrix and Determinant

A matrix is an arrangement of numbers in which number of rows may not be equal to number of
columns. But a determinant must have equal number of rows and columns.
A matrix denotes representation and so it has no fixed value, while each determinant has a fixed
value.
 Minor and Cofactor
The minor of an element in a determinant is the determinant obtained by suppressing the row
and the column in which the particular element occurs. Evidently, the minor
determinant will be of the order one less than that of the original determinant.
In the determinant
a b1 az b2
atafanised

The minor of a1 = b2, the minor of a2 = b,, the minor of b1 = a, and the minor of b2
= a1.
Thus, in the determinant D
abc
=

a, b, c,

b2
the minor of
a
=

b3
C2

C3

az b2
az bz cz

= b2c3cb3; the minor of b

a2 c2

43
55
=

аzcz - сzaz

the minor of c
=
=
-

az bz
In a similar manner, we can find the minor of each of the remaining elements.

The co-factor of an element in a determinant is

equal to its minor with proper sign prefixed. In
 general, the cofactor of an element occuring in rth row and
sth column, is (-1)+s times its minor.
Thus, in the determinant D.
A1
= the cofactor of a, = (− 1)' + ' (minor of a,) = minor of
a,
MATRICES

B1
C1
= the cofactor of b1 = (-1) +2 (minor of b1) = − (minor of b1)
= the cofactor of c1 = (-1) + 3 (minor of c,) = minor of c
In a similar manner, we can find the cofactor of each of the remaining
elements.

Method of Evaluating a
Determinant
159

The value of a determinant is obtained by evaluating a determinant and the

method of evaluat- ing a determinant is known as expansion. A determinant
can be expanded by any arbitrarily choosen row or column. The value of
the determinant remains same.
1. Determinant of order 1
The value of a determinant of order 1 is the element itself, i.e., | a1 = a,
2. Determinent of order 2
ab
The value of a determinat of order 2 is defined as
=

= a1b2-a2b1
a, b,
 3. Determinant of order 3
The value of a determinant is the sum of the product of elements of a row (or column)
with their corresponding cofactors. Thus, expanding D in terms of the first row.
abc

D= a2 b2 az bz аз вз
c2
=

a1A1 + b,B1 + c1C,

cz
C3

b2 C2
= a1
bz
C3

이어
a2 c2
a2 b2
+ G1
5
az cz
аз вз

=
-
-
-
-

a1 (b2c3 - c2b3) − b1 (a1⁄2o3 − c2а3) + c1 (a2b3 − b2az)

Example 12. Find the minors and cofactors of each element of 2nd row of the determinant (a) and
each element of 3rd column of the determinant (b) where
11 2 0

(a) 1 5 1
371
0 1 -1

(b) 20
5

24
6

Solution. Minors and cofactors of the elements of 2nd row of determinant given in (a) are
2.0
Minor of 1 =
 = 2, coffactor of 1 = (-1)2+1 (minor of 1) = -2
7
1

10
Minor of 5 =
= 1, cofactor of 5 = (-1)2+2 (minor of 5) 1
=

3 1

12
Minor of 1=
3 7

引
= 1, cofactor of 1 = (- 1)2 + 3 (minor of 1)=-1

Minors and cofactors of each element of 3rd column of determinant given in (b) are

2 4
20
Minor of -1=

0
Minor of 5 =
24
-

= 8, cofactor of (-1) = (- 1)1 + 3 (minor of 1) = 8

=-2, cofactor of 5 = (-1)2+3 (minor of 5) = 2

160

0
Minor of 6 =
20

DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS

= -2, cofactor of 6 = (- 1)3 + 3 (minor of 6) = − 2.

Example 13. Find the value of

123
 (i) 2 3 4
34 5

Solution.
(ii)
1 z -y

--

1
x

y Z1
N

(i) Let
D1
=

1 23

234

3 45

Expanding D, in terms of 1st row, we get

34
4
3x
23

D. = 1×|2 3|-2×|3
3|+3×|3 2|
=

4 5
5
4

(3 × 5-4 × 4) - 2 (2 × 53 × 4) + 3 (2 × 43 × 3)
-

1+4-3=0
 (ii) Let
D2
=

1
Z
-

Z
1x

1
-

yχ

Expanding D2 in terms of 1st row, we get

Properties
D2
=

1x

=
-

x1

(1 − x (− x)) − z
= (1 + x2) − z (− z
-

= 1 + x2 + z2 + xyz
= 1 + x2 + y2 + z2
-

Z x
Z
1

y 1
"

y
r

((− z). 1 − y . x) − y ((− z) (− x) − y . 1)

-
1
 − yx) − y (zx − y)
− xyz + y2

1. If the rows and columns of a determinant are interchanged, the value of the
determinant
remains unchanged.

a a2
02 a3
ab
For example,
a, b,
c,
=

b1 b2 bz
az bz
cz
C1 C2 C3

2. The interchange of any two rows (or columns) changes the sign of a
determinant without
altering its absolute value.

a b c1
a
b
c
For example,
az bz cz
a, b, c,
C2
az bz cz
az bz cz
3. If two rows (or two columns) in a determinant are identical, the value is equal to zero.
MATRICES

a1 b1 c1
i.e.,
a b c1
=

0
 a2 b2 c2
161,

4. If the elements of a row (or column) of a determinant are multiplied by a scalar, then the value
of the new determinant is equal to same scalar times the value of the original deter- minant.
a
bc
ka1
kb1
kc1
i.e., if D=
a2 b2 c2; D' =
a2
b2
C2 then D' kD.
=

аз az bz cz
аз вз
C3

5. If each element of any row (or column) of a determinant is the sum of two or more num- bers, then the
determinant is expressible as the sum of two or more determinants of the same order.

a1 + x1 b1 c1
D= a2+x2 b2 c2
az + xz bz cz
=

a b c x1 by c1
x1

a2 b2 c2+ x2 b2 c2
c2

az bz cz X3
xz bz cz
6. If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant be added the equi-multiplies of the corresponding
elements of one or more rows (or columns), then the value of the determi- nant is not changed.
abc
a1 + pb1 + qc1 b1 c
 i.e., if Da2 b2 c2
and D'a2+pb2 + qc2 b2 c2
a, b, c,
a3 + pbz + qc3 bz cz
where D' be the determinant obtained from D by adding p times the elements of the second column and
q times the elements of the third column to the corresponding elements of the first column. Then

Solved Examples
D' = D

Example 14. Evaluate the following determinants

523

(17 34

945
0 333 444
1 374 1893

(ii)-330 0 666
(iii) 1 372 1892
-444-660
0
1 371 1891

Solution. (1) Let

523

D= 7 3 4

=0
945

223
 334

44 5
applying C,→C, -C3

Since 1st and 2nd column are identical.

162

DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS
0
333
444

(ii) Let
D:
-333
0 666

-444
666 0

0
-333 - 444

333
0
-666
Changing rows into columns
444 666
0

0
333
444

=(-1)3-333
444-666
0 666
Taking out (-1) common from each row.
0

=-

D= 0
-D
 1 374 1893

(iii) Let
D=
1 372 1892

1 371 1891

143

122

111

1 4 3

0-2 -1

0-3-2
Applying C2 →C2 - 370 C1 and
C3 → C3-1890 C1

-
-

Applying R2 → R2 - R, and R ̧ → R2 − R1

1x [(-2) (-2)-(-1) (-3)] Expanding in terms of first column.

= 1

Example 15. Prove that

1
1
1

0.

B Y
= (α-B) (B - y) (ya)
 βγ για αβ
Solution. The given determinant
1 1 1

αBY
βγ για αβ
0
0
1

α-γ β(γ-α)
B-Y
Y
and

α(γ-β) αβ
Applying C→ C1 − C3 C2
→C2-Cj

0
0

Taking out (ay) common

= (α- y) (B-Y) ·
1
γ
from C, and (B-y) from C2
B
- α αβ
MATRICES
163

= (α − y) (B − y) · 1 ·

1
1

-B
α

= (ay) (By) (a + B)
=1

(a-B) (By) (ya). Hence proved.

5.8. Determinant of a Matrix
Expanding in terms of R,

If A = [a¡¡] be a square matrix of order n, then the determinant of [a]

of order n, is called the determinant of the square matrix A, denoted by |
A.
Singular and non-singular matrix. A square matrix A is said to be singular or
non-singular

according as | A = 0 or 0. For example,

21

35
21
is a non-singular matrix since
=7#0
35

whereas
23

46
23
is a singular matrix since
=

= 0.
4 6

Adjoint of a Matrix
If A = [a] be a square matrix of order n and A,, represents the cofactor of the element
a, in the determinant | A |, then the transpose of [A] is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A.

Thus, if A =
a11 912
421 422
......

ain
 a2n

anl

All A12
A21 A22
an2

*****

in A is

An An2
then the matrix formed by the cofactors of the elements
,

....

..... ann
A11 A21
Anl
Ain A2n
A12 A22
An2
The transpose of this matrix is adj A =

An A2n
Ann
Ann
Note: If A and B are nonsingular matrices of the same
order, then
=

(adj AB) (adj B) (adj A)

An important relation between a matrix A and its adjoint
If A be a square matrix of order n and I, the unit matrix of the same
order then
1

A (adj A) (adj A) A = |A|I

Let A = [a] be the square matrix of order n. Since the orders of A
and adj A are the same, therefore, they are conformable for product. Then
 Anl
911
412
......

an

921 422
a2n
A1 A12 A21 A22
......

An2
A (adj A)=

ani an2
ann An A2,
Ann

The element in the ith row and the jth column of A (adj. A) is
the scalar product of the elements
of the ith row of A and the
corresponding elements of the jth column of adj. A and is,
.......+ain Ajn | A | or 0 according as i = j or ij.
therefore, equal to a A+ aAp+.
164

|A|
0
0

0
|A|
0
Therefore,
A · (adj. A)
=

00
......

IAL

1
0
0

0
1
 0
=

|A|

|A|I.
00
1
......

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Similarly, it may be shown that (adj A) A = | A | I.

Hence,
A (adj A)
=

(adj A) A = | A | I.
Note: If A is a non singular square matrix of order n, then
(i) adj A| = |A|"-1
(ii) adj (adj A) = |A|" - 2 A.

Inverse of a Matrix

If A be a square matrix of order n and there exists another square matrix B of the same order
such that A B=BA=I where I is the unit matrix of order n, then B is called the inverse of A and is denoted
by A-1. Thus by definition,
AA-1
=

A-1 A = I

When the inverse of A exists, then A is said to be invertible.

Inverse of a matrix in terms of its adjoint
According to the definition, If A is an invertible matrix, then
AA-1 =
A1 A = I
Also, we have

A (adj A)
=

1
or
A

ad adj A
=

-(
(adj A) A = |A| I

)
adj A A
A=I

AA = A -1
From (1) and (2) it is obvious that

adj A and AA =
A

(adj A)
either of which lead to

1
A-1
adj A
|A|
.. (1)

(2)

(AT, adj )
 A
A

which gives the inverse of a square matrix A in terms of its adjoint.

Theorem 5.1. The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be
invertible is that A is non-singular, i.e., | A | 0.
To prove that the condition is necessary let us assume that A is a given
square matrix which
is invertible and let B be its inverse.
MATRICES

Then,
AB
=

Taking determinant of either side, we get

от

|AB| | I | |A||B|
=

I
165

(by definition of inverse)

which is only possible if neither of | A | and | B | is zero, i.e., if the matrices A and
B are non-singular or if | A
0.
To prove that the condition is sufficient, let us assume that | A | 0 and there exists a
matrix B such that

Then
 B

AB
=

|A|

A
1
adj A

1
adj A
|A|
1

|A|
(A adj A)

and similarly,
i.e..
1
AI
|A|
=

BA =
I

AB = BA= I

which shows that A has an inverse.

Properties of Inverse Matrices

[1] The inverse of a matrix is unique.
Suppose, A be the given matrix and B and C are its two inverses.
Then,
 Now,

Also,
so that,
AB
=

BA = I

AC
=

CAI

CAB = C (AB) = CI = C
CAB
=

(CA) BIB = B
CAB B = C

i.e., B is not different from C.

=

Hence, the inverse of a matrix is unique, i.e., there exists only one inverse matrix to a given
matrix.

[ii] The inverse of the product of two matrices is the product of their
inverses in the reverse order, i.e., (AB) B'A'.
=

Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices of the same

order. Then, since matrix mul- tiplication is associative, we have, by
definition,
and
(B-1 A-1). (AB)
=

B (AA) B=B ' IB = B1 B = I

(AB) · (B-1 A-1) = A (BB-1) A = AIA-1 = AA-1 = 1

=

Thus, we obtain (BA) (AB) = (AB) (BA) I.

-1

Hence, BA is the inverse of AB,

(AB) = B-'A'
i.e.,

This is known as the law of reversal for

inverses.
166

DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS
Cor. 1. Since the inverse of AB exists, therefore, AB is non-singular. Cor. 2.
The above result may be generalised and we may have
[ABC ...... K]-' = K ...... C1 B-1 A-1.

[iii] The inverse of the transpose is the transpose of the

inverse, i.e., (A') = (A)', where A
is a non-singular matrix.
Since A is a non-singular square matrix, it implies that | A | 0 and A-1 exists.
Hence, | A' | = |A| 0, that is, A' is non-singular and (A')-1 exists.
Now,
AA-1
=

A1 A=I
Taking transpose,
(AA-1)'
=

(A-1 A)' = I
999
or

(A-1)' A'
=

A' (A-1)' = I
or

or
inverse of A'
=

(A-1)'
(A')-1
=

(A-1)'
Solved Examples
Example 16. Find the adjoint of

0
12
4 2
(i)
 13
(ii) 1
2
3
3
1
1

Solution. (i) Let A =

[13]
4 2
4 2
then |A|=
-1 3
-

13

= 12
The cofactors of the elements of | A | are
—

A11 = 3, A12 = (−1) = 1, A21

12
==

All A12 All A21 A21 A22

Now, adj A = transpose of
=

A12
[0 1 2
01
012
(ii) Let A = 1
3 11
›

The cofactors of the elements of | A | are

2 3 then |A|
=

1
2-3
=

3
1
1
A22
911 912
 a21 922

-2, A22
A22 = 4

911 912
3

-2
4

913

421 422 423

a31
432 433
1
23
1
3

All
=-

1,
1
1

A12
=

8,
3 1
[since (AB)'= B'A
 2

A13 -13
31-
5

21
0
– 6,
A23
3
3
1

02
0
2,
1
3
 A33
1

12
A21
=

12

2
1

A31

1231
=
=

1,
A22

A32
=

113 -

02

All A12 A 13 A22 A23

Now, adj A = tranpose of A21
A31
A32 A33
=

All A21 A31

A12 A22 A32
 A13 23
A33
-

= 8 -6
-

-5
3
MATRICES

Example 17. If A =
4

[2]
8
2
3
9

verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I.

23
911 412
Solution. Clearly
|A|=
=

4 8

The cofactors of the elements of | A | are

a21 922

3, A222 and | A |= 2 × 8-4 × 3 = 4

11

A1 = 8, A12 =-4, A21

A12
==

All
A12
11

All A21
Now, adj A = transpose of
A21
 A (adj A)
=

23

4 8
A12 A22

입사
8 -37
4 2
||

-3

4
2

[2x8+3x(-4) 2x(-3)+3×2]
4x8+8x(-4) 4x(-3)+8x2

4 0
10
=

= 4
= |A│I
04
01

8
323
Again,
(adj A) A =
X
4
248
Hence,
=

[8x2+(-3)×4 8x3+(-3)x8]
and (-4)x2+2x4

4
=4
1
(-4)×3+2×8] 2+1 2

[9-09-
[]
4

A (adj A) = (adj A) A= |A| I

Example 18. Find the inverse of

21

0
(i)
041
= |A|I

123

(ii) 1 3
3
124
totuler
Solution. (i)
a11
912
21

|A|
=
=

921
422
01

and, therefore, A-1 exists.

= 20, i.e., A is non-singular.

Now, the cofactors of the elements of | A | are

11
12

= 1, A12 =0, A21 1,

A22 = 2
1
A-1 =
1 A1 A21
adj A
|A|
AA12 A22

20
2
=

2
2

0
1
167
168

1223

DISCRETE
 MATHEMATIC

(ii)
a11
912 a13
a22 423
=

1333

а31
932 933
|A|= a21

=1

124

1 × (12-6)-2 (4-3) + 3 (2-3)= 10

So, A is non-singular and hence A-' exists. Now, the
cofactors of the elements of | A | are

All
11

A21

A31
=1

==

33

24

23

24

23

3
 33
3

6,
A12
=-

==

2,
A22
=

==

- 3,

1
A-1 =
(adj A)
|A|
A32

=
=

|A|
13

13

1 4
4

31
13
==

- 1,
A13
=

1
2
 = 1,
A23
=

= 0,
A33
=

13

33
13

A21 A31
A11 A21
A12 A22
A22 A32
A13 A23 A33
-

1
2

12

12

- || 3 | -
1
1

1
0
Example 19. If A =

Solution.

and
6 -2 3
-

6
-2
-3
1
-1 1 0
-11
0

1
0
1
-

1
0
1

[33]
and B =

·[3]
67
9

verify that (AB)-' = B-1 A-1.

 89

911 912
32
|A|
=

=1#0
a21 922
7 5

b:
b12
67
|B|
=
=

=−2 0
2*0
b21
b22
89

and
B.
11
1

= 9,

1
So, A and B are non-singular and hence A-1 and B-1 exist.
Now, the cofactors of elements of | A | and | B | are
All
=

5,
A12
A12 = -7,
1,
8,
=

B12
A-1
All A21
A21 B21
1-

2,
A22 = 3
1=
 -

2
7,
B22 = 6
(adj A)
=

|A|
A12 A22
7
3

1
1 B
9
7
and
B-1
(adj B)
B21
1
9
3=3

B
-2 B12 B22
2
2
2
-8
4
-3
-9/2 7/2
Now,
B-1 A-1
52
-

4
-3
-

7
3

45
49
21
39
9+
47
2
2
2
=

2
20+21
 -8-9
41
-17
MATRICES

Again
3
67
AB =
75
89

- [42
18+16
21+18
34 39

42+40
49+ 45
82 94

]
= C say)

34 39
|C|=
=

82 94

= 34 × 94 - 82 × 39 31963198 - 20

C is a non-singular matrix and, therefore, C-1 exists.

The cofactors of the elements of | C | are
=
-

= 94, C12 - 82, C21

C11 = 94,
11

C-1 = (adj C)
ICI
=
-

2 C12
 94
==
-

C21
C22

G
=

39, C22
C22 = 34

[-33-33]
[1
34
39
47
=

41
-17

Hence,
(AB)-1
=

39
-47
2
=

B-1 A-1.
41
-17
169
 1
2 27

Example 20. Show that A= 2 1 2 satisfies the equation A2-4A-51 = 0 and hence find A-'.
221

122
1 2.2

A2
Solution. A2 = AXA = 2
2
1
12 x 2 1 2

22 1 2 2 1

[1x1+2×2+2x2 1x2+2x1+2×2.1x2+2×2+2×1
=

2x1+1x2+2x2
 =

2x2+1x1+2×2 2x2+1x2+1x2

2x1+2×2+1x2 2×2+2x1+1x2 2x2+2x2+1x1

988

898

88 9

988
122
0

Now,
A2 - 4A - 51 =
8 9 8-4 2 1 2-50 10

22 1
889

9-4-5 8-8-0 8-8-0

001

000

000 = 0

000
8-8-0 9-4-5 8-8-0 3=
8-8-0 8-8-0 9-4-5

where O is a zero matrix of order 3.

170

Again
A2 - 4A - 51 = 0
Multiplying both sides of (1) by A', we get
A-1 (A2) - 4 (A- A) - 5 (A1 1) = 0
A (AA)-41 - SA1 = 0
(AA) A-41 - 5A-1 = 0
DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS
 A-41-SA-1 = 0
or

SA-1 = A-41
1
A-1 =
(A - 41)
5

i.e..
A-1

115
1 22

21 2

221
3
1

115
10 0
1
—

-4 0 1
0
1-4 2-0 2-07 -2-0 1-4 2-0
5
00
1
2-0 2-0 1-4

22

2
2

2
=

3
2
-

-3
22

2/
5
2/
5
 3/
5
1
2/
5
3/
5
2/
T
5
3/
5
2/
 5
2/
5
Example 21. Find a 2 x 2 matrix B such that

B
1 2

1
—

4
60
=

[68]
06

Solution. Given B
 C
60
=

4
06

C
(PA)

... (1)

and C =
4

c=[%]
6

06
or
BA

where A =

Post multiplying both sides of (1) by A1, we get

or
99
or

or

Here
(BA) A-1 B (AA)
=

C.A
=

CA
BI
=

CA-I
 B = CA-I

|A|
all 912
-

2
=4+2=6
921 922
4
Now, the cofactors of the elements of | A | are

Hence,
A1 = 4, A12=-1,
A21
A21 = 2, A22
1
A-1
1 [A1
adj A =
A21
42
|A|
6 A12 A22.
6

60
4
B = CA
06
-

1
X
1
42

1
-

1
42
MATRICES

123

A2 3 4
=

345
 1(15-16) - 2 (10-12) + 3 (8-9)=0

Hence, A-1 does not exist and the system has non-trivial solution. Assuming
z = k, the first two equations reduce to
x 2y
2x + 3x
=

=
-

3k

- 4k

These equations can be written in matrix form

181

get
-

3k
 4k

.. C-1 exists.
CX =
D

X = CID
C-1

2
x
where
C=
X=
D
23
y

12
19 =
=3-41
23

The cofactors of the elements of

Care
C11 = 3,
C12
=

1
:.

C-1
(adj C)
ICI
= 1
-

2,
=

2, C21

C11 C21

[92 922 =
C22

2
=

-2
From relation (1),
3
2
X=
2
-
-
-

3k

4k
3
2

1
2

9k-8k
-8kes
6k + 4k

]-[-2]
k

2k
... (1)

x=k, y = -2k, z=k. Putting these values of x, y and z in L.H.S. of the third equation, we

3k+ 4 (− 2k) + 5k = 0 = R.H.S.

Therefore, the solution is x = k, y = - 2k, z = k.
5.11. Rank of a Matrix
A matrix A is said to be of rank r if at least one minor of A of order r is non-zero,
while all minors of order (r + 1) are zero.
The rank r of a matrix A is denoted symbolically by
Rank (A) = r or p (A) = r.
We know that any determinant can be expressed in terms of determinants
of next lower order. As such if all minors of order (r+ 1) are zero then all minors
of order (r+ 2) and higher orders (if any) are also zero. Thus, the rank of A is the
order of its highest non-zero minor.
Since as a result of elementary operations the zero or non-zero
character of a minor is not changed, the rank of a matrix remains unaltered by
these operations.
From the definition of the rank of a matrix it follows that
(i) The rank of a non-singular matrix of order n is n. If the matrix is
singular its rank is less
than n.

(ii) The rank of an m × n matrix can at most be equal to the smaller of

numbers m and n but
it may be less.
182

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
(iii) If there is a non-zero minor of order r, then rank is > r.
(iv) The rank of a null matrix is zero and the rank of a non-zero matrix is ≥ 1.
(v) The rank of I, = n.
In practice, while determining the rank of a matrix, we may start
with the largest order minor or minors. If they are all zero we go to the minors of
next lower order and so on till we get a non- zero minor. The order of that minor is the rank of the
given matrix.
Example 35. Determine the rank of the matrices

(i)
123

4 05
 112

(ii) 2 0 1 011
1010 (iii) 2111
1 101
023

(iv) 0 4 6
069

Solution. (i) It is a 2 × 3 matrix, therefore, the rank cannot exceed 2.

Since
-

12

40
= 80, the rank is 2.

(ii) Let A denotes the given matrix. Then A 0. Hence, p(A) = 3.

(iii) Let B denotes the given matrix. Evidently, each of the four determinants of four square
submatrices of order 3 is zero, but the determinant of the submatrix of order 2.
10

21

is non-zero and hence p(B) = 2.

(iv) Obviously, the given matrix is singular, therefore, rank is less than 3. Also each of the nine
minors of order 2 is zero. Hence, the rank is less than 2.
Since it is a non-zero matrix, the rank is 1.
To find the rank of a matrix from definition, lot of computational work is involved because we
have to evaluate several determinants. To overcome this difficulty, elementary
transformations may be used to simplify the procedure of search for a non-zero minor matrix.
Row-reduced Echelon Form
A matrix is said to be in row-reduced echelon form, if
(i) the first non-zero element of every non-zero row is 1, called the leading 1
(ii) each column containing the leading 1 has all other elements zero
(iii) the non-zero rows occur above the zero rows, if any
(iv) the leading 1 of any row must belong to a column, to the
right of the column to which
the leading 1 of the previous row belongs.
For example,

0 1 1 01
 00010

00000

is in the row-reduced echelon form, but the matrix

is not.
000

110

001
MATRICES

The column reduced echelon form can be defined

in an analogous way.
183

It follows readily from the definition that the rank of a matrix

is equal to the number of non-
zero rows in its row-reduced
echelon form.
Example 36. Reduce the following matrix in the
row-reduced echelon form:
2 4 -2 2

1 2 -3 0

3 6-4 3

Solution. The given matrix

2 4 -2 2

A1 2 -3 0
=

36
-

-4 3
~

1 2 -3 0
340
 -2.2
by R12
24

36
1

4 3

1 2 -3 0

00 4 2
21

by R2 (-2) and R3, (-3)

00 5 3

12
3 0

1
00
1

by R2
2

(
00
53

12
-

30

1
00
1
2
by R32 (-5)

000

1 2 -3 0

00 1
by R, (2)
2

00 0 1

Since the number of non-zero row is 3, p (A) = 3.

Normal Form

Every non-zero matrix A of rank r, can be reduced by a sequence of

elementary transforma-
tions, to the form

0
called the normal form of A.
... (1)

Cor. Since each elementary

transformation can be affected by
pre-multiplication or post-mul- tiplication with a
suitable elementary matrix and each elementary matrix is
non-singular, therefore, we have the following result:
Corresponding to every matrix A of rank r, there exist
non-singular matrices P and Q such
that PAQ equals (1).
184

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
respectively.
If A be a m × n matrix, then P and Q are square matrices of orders m and n
Example 37. Reduce to the normal form and hence determine the rank of the
matrix
021

242

121

Solution. Let A denotes the given matrix. Then

121

A=
 242
by R11
13

021

121
?

242
by C13
021

121

24
2
by R21 (-2) and R3, (− 1)
31
12
0

12
1

00
0

by C21 (-2) and C31 (− 1)

00
-

10 0
~

00
0

by R23 and C23

00
-

1
1
2
=

1
2.3

, find non-singular matrices P and Q such that

0 -1
1

which is the required normal form. So, p(A) = 2.

 Example 38. For the matrix A =

PAQ is in the normal form.

Solution. We write A = IAI, i.e.,
1
1 27
1
2
3

0
-

-1
100
100

010A0 1 0 applying C2 → C2-C,, C, → C1 - 2C,

001
001

We shall affect every elementary row (column) transformation of

the product by subjecting
the prefactor (post factor) of A to the same.
1 0

0 -1
-

1
10 07 1 -1
2
010A0
A0 1 0
001
0
0
1

applying R, R, -R
MATRICES
185

10
0
1 10
1
-

1
-

011
-1 0 0 A 0
 1
0

applying C, → C, - C2
0
-

1 -1
00 1
0
01

1
00
100
1
-1

0
10
=

-1
10A0
1
applying R,→ R3 + R2
0 -1 0
-

100

010

000
-

which is the required normal form.

00 1
0
0
0

100
1
1
—

-1
10A0
1 -1

1
11
0
0
1
 100
11
-

Hence, P =
1 0 and Q
=

05
1

111
0
0
1

Consistency of a System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Consider the following system of m linear algebraic equations in n unknowns:

911+1+912+2+
A 21 +1 + A22+2
400

+ a1x = b1
n

+
+

a2nxn = b2
R1
amit; + am2x 2 + ... + a mm2 n = bm
mn

This system can be represented in the matrix form as AX = B, where

A
X=
B=

639-0-0
[am] am2
amn

The matrix A is called the coefficient matrix, X is the matrix of unknowns and B is the
matrix
of the constants.
 If B = 0, a zero matrix, the system is called a system of homogeneous
linear equations; oth- erwise, the system is called a system of linear non-homogeneous
equations.
If the constants B's are appended to the coefficient matrix as a last column,
the resulting matrix is known as the augmented matrix as shown below. The
augmented matrix is denoted by [A, B]
of [A B]

i.e.,
...

[A, B]= 421

911 912
922 a2n b2
an b

amil am2
...

amn b
The necessary and sufficient condition for the consistency of a system
of linear non-homogeneous equations
is provided by a theorem, called
Rouches's theorem, which we state below without proof.
Rouche's Theorem
The system of equations AX = B is consistent, if and only if
the coefficient matrix A and the augmented matrix [A, B] are of
the same rank.
Thus, to discuss the consistency of the equations AX =
B (m equations in n unknowns), the
following procedure is
adopted:
5

200

Problem Set 5.1

 MATRICES PROBLEM SET

1. Write down the order of the following matrices

DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS

10 07
3

(i) [20]
(ii)
2
(iii)
4 2 3 657
(iv) [2]
(v)
023

(i + j)2
(i) a1 =
2
400

2. If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it
has 13 elements? 3. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix A = [a] whose elements a,, is given by
(i − j)2
(ii) aij
=

(i −2 j)2
(iii) a ij
=

(iv) ajj
=

1-31+ j\
2
4. Construct a 3 x 4 matrix whose elements are
i

(i) a1 = i + j
(ii) a = i.j
(iii) 2i
(iv) aj
=

13 4
1
72
5. Are the following matrices equal? A =
B
230
4 97

0
-

(i)
=

2-1
41-6
3
7

26

Xy
(iii) 3
=

x 6
+
4

x+x]
Z
-1 2t
z+1
3
6. Find x, y, z and which satisfy the matrix equation.
x+3 2y+z
y+z
9-t 8-t

[3 + = x+; ] - [9 -
; : - ;]
 7-1 6-z
=

x+y x+y

[+]-[10]
(ii)

(iv)
2x-y 2z+1

X x-2 3 2z
Z 6
(v) [2 3 -4] + [x y z]=[6 -8 2]

7. Find A + B
(vi)
=

бу
x 2y
18z y+2 6z

2 16
60
(1) A =
B:
=

023
2
1
60
12

(ii) A7 2
B=
=

0i

83
1
5

1
2 -3

(iii) A= 5

8. If A =
02

0 -1 1
 2 5
1
3 -1 2

B
=

4 25

203

00

[2 2]. B - [6 -2]. C
- [-9; 2]
0 7

(i) 2A + 3B + 4C

[23] - [20]
9. If A =

(1) A-2B
B
(ii) A-B
-1
find

(iii) 3A-2B

and C =
5 4

23
find

(ii) B-4C
(iii) A-2B + 3C
10. Use the matrices below to find the indicated expression
[2 2 3 4
A=
0
2

(i) 2A-3C
1 -2 0
B
305
C
 5
12
2
13

(ii) (A+B) - 2C
(iii) 3A + 4 (B+ C)
(iv) 2 (A-B)-C
MATRICES
11. Find the matrix X
(i) X +

(ii) X +

[
-

4 6

-3 8

3 5
=

3
6

5
7

81 [6 2 3

-1 4 7

101

(iii) X+0 10

(iv) 2X-3

(v)

12
12

24

(vi) Find
100
-
=

4 88

213
 =

323

4 34

2
=2
-X

2
10

1 -1 2

[1-3] =
-

0
= X-3

matrix X such that 3A-2B + X = 0, where

4 2
2
A=
B
=

3
3 2

12. Find X and Y

1
05
(i) X+Y=
X-Y=
20
06

10 5
10 1

(ii) X+Y=012
X-Y= 2 10
9

001
505

1 0 21
1
4 4

(iii) X+Y= 2
"

2 2 X-Y= 4 2
0
 12
-1 -1 2

1
20
2
-

15

(iv) X+2Y =
6-3 3
"

5
3 1
12
201
13. If A=

(i)
B=
2X Y 2 -1 6

C
 []-
A+0=0+A=A
=

0
and O=
00

[ ].
prove

(ii) A+ (-A) = (-A) + A=0

14. Find the additive inverse of each one of the

following matrices
(iii) A+ (B+C) = (A + B) + C

(i) A= [6]
-

1 5 61

(ii) B=
0
12
(iii) C=

c-[-2 1-3]
2

-3
23
Problem Set 5.2

1. Use the matrices below

perform the indicated operations.
3
1 04
1
123
3

B
=
 C
4
D
0
1 2 and E
-1 4
-2
4
2
0
2
0-1 1
(i) AB
(v) El2
(ii) BC
(vi) (2E) B
(iii) (D+13) C (vii) - SE+A
(iv) (DC) B
(viii) 3CB+ 4D
202

2. Compute A2 and A3 if A =

[ J
¡2
-1

1
3. If A =
2
-

に
3
4. If A=
-

-1
1

and B
then AB
=1

show that A2-5A+ 710

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
 BA and hence (A + B)2 = A2 + B2.

1
a

5. If A=
B
and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, find a and b.
2
-

Го
1

6. If A=0
3
4, show that A2 = I
3 -3
4

7. Write the following as a single matrix

2 -15

[1-2 2 3]
0
2 4-[2-5
5 71
-7
-5 0

cos 20 sin 20
8. If A=
find A2.

37
(i) A =
-3 -2

5
(ii) A =
67
9. Compute AB and BA and show that AB BA

=
 2
14

(1
17
34
and B

and B
=

2 -17
(iii) A=
and B
=

<-1 2
1

(iv) A =
23 4

123

-1 1 2
13 0

and B =
-1 2 1

001

[1 2 3
1
11

(V) A=4
5 6 and B-

789
=

2
13

1
2 3

10. Express (A+B)2 as a matrix where

2 3
37
A=
B
9
 65
40

11. If possible, find matrix A such that

Ο
A
2
-
-

1 0

12. Find x if [2x-1]

2
= [7].
3
MATRICES

10 2

13. Find x if [1 1 x] 0 2 1
210

14. Find x and y if[x y]

= 0.

23
= [6 10].

4 2
15. If A=

21
-

find (A – 21) (A – 31).

-

2
31
TO -1
0
1

16. If A= 2
-1 1
and B =
0
1

2 -1 1
 0

12
21
17. If A =
B=
and C =
-

23
23

(i) (AB) C = A (BC)

18. If A=
3
-

3
prove that AB = 0.

121

· [ ]. B-[3]. C-[¦ 9]
В=
02

(i) A (B+C)= AB+ AC

19. Find x and y such that
ly
10

12

J
20
verify that

(ii) A (B+C) = AB + AC.

Verify that

(ii) A (BC) = (AB) C.

 =

0
2 -1

-3
x
8
+

3 -2
12
51
20. If A=
=

and B= 0
-1
4
-1 3
—

-4
51
-

-1
0

find, where possible A + B, AB and BA. State with reasons where the
operations are not possible. 21. Show that AB = BA in each of the following cases
cos α- sin a
cos B-sin B
(i) A =
B
sin a
cos a

sin B cos B
-

23
13

(ii) A=-1 2 -1

-6 9 4

2 1 07
-

(iii) A=0 -2 1
B=
2
2 -1

30
 2
1

B:
=

1
2 -2
"

1
01
2 -1
-

22. Find the matrix A such that

23. Find a 2 × 2 matrix B such that

5
16
A =
2

409
7 2

B
=

06
203
204
DISCRETE MATHEMATIC
10
24. If A =
7

and 12
=

01

ງ.
10
find k so thatA2 = 8A + kl2.

23
25. Show that the matrix A =
satisfies the equation A3 - 4A2 + A = 0.
 2

cos
sin 0
0

26. If F (0)=sin e
sin
cos 0 0
cos 0, show that F (0) F (4) = F (0 + 6).
0
0
1

hg
X

27. Verify that (AB) C = A (BC) where A = [x y z]; B = h bf and C =

=

8f c

28. Suppose that the matrices U =

S=
and R
=

S
S
Z

and connected by the relation

USU = R. Obtain the equation which must be satisfied by the matrix elements u, s and c. Hence, elimi- nate u and
deduce that c2+s2 = 1.
1
2
29. If A=
4 -3
,f(x) = 2x3-4x+5 and g (x) = x2 + 2x - 11, find ƒ (A) and g (A).
[2
30. If f(x) = x2-5x+6 and A = 2
1
01

13

-1 0
-

1 -1 -31

then show that ƒ (A) = -1 -1 -10

|

-5 4 4
 31. If A=
12

-2
find A2 and determine scalars a, b, such that I aA + bA2 = 0.

Problem Set 5.3

1. Verify that (AB)'= B' A', where

1 41
23
3
(i) A=0 5
and B
=

10
(ii) A=
1
-

7
and B[157]
67
-2

4
37
0-1
5
(iii) A =
1
and B
23
1
0
6
3
-

4
(iv) A
=

3
2

31
and B =
=

1 2

20
7
1

127
10
12
2 3 0
(v) A= 2 3
and B
12 2
(vi) B
 210
and A=
=

34
0
1 3
30
2

4 5
0

2
3
2. If A=
5
7

3. If A =

[
4. IFA- [2
If A=
4

9
2
, then verify that (A2)'= (A')2.

-3 1
B
=

− 2 3] and B = {};
verify that (A + B)' = A' + B'.

3 -2 4

1
3
, verify that (A+B)'= A' + B'.
-

MATRICES

5. Given A
=

2
 1
30

-1 5

97
0-2 37
and B
=

1
02

COS O
0
sin 0

6. If A =
01
9

sin 0 0
cos 0
find AB' and BA'.

0 prove that AA' = A'A = I.

7. Express the matrices as a sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix,

where
-1 1 7 1
05
-

-3

(i)
234
(ii)
11
1

505
4 5
9

1 20
8. If A =
find AA' and A' A.
3 -1 4

Problem Set 5.4

34
(iii)
1 -1
 205

1. If A =

C
1
and B
=

10

[
0
be two Boolean matrices, find (i) A v B (ii) AB.
0

1
10
10
100
2. Compute
X
01
in both regular and Boolean arithmetic.
011
1
1
010

110
10 0

and B =
3. Let A=101
 000

(ii) AB (iii) BA (iv) A2.

4. In Boolean arithmetic compute A2 and A3 = A2A for
1
0 0 be Boolean matrices. Find the Boolean matrices (i) A v B
011

001

A=
1
00

110

Now compute A" for successively higher values of n until one can predict the entries
for A".
Problem Set 5.5

1. Find | A | if A is given by:

2
-

-3
(i)
49

1 53
(ii)
43

69
(iii)
COS X

sin x
- sin x

COS X

2 -1 3
43 1 6

(v)
ર
6 4 16
(vi)
35 7 4

85
8
17 3 2
(iv) 2 6 2
 37 1

2. Find all the minors of the elements in the

determinants.
42
(i)
3
5

(ii)
40

7
8
2
-2 3

(iii)
1
45

2
1
-

3
4 31

(iv) 3 2
215
206

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
3. Write the cofactors of the second column of the following determinants and
hence evaluate:

(i)
3 2

56
2
3
(ii)
6
8
521
2 -2
-

(iii)
14 5

2
1 -3
(iv) 3 0 2 813

4. Without expanding, show that each of the following determinants

vanishes:
313
210

(i) 0 1 0
(ii)
34 1
121
4 20

x+y y +z
z+x
9
9
12

(iv)
Σ
x
y
(v)
3 -4
1
1
1
1
9 12

1
@
w2
43
1
6

(iii) 35 7 4 17 3 2

265 240 219

(vi) 240 225 198 219 198 181

(vii) @ w2 1
(1, w, w2 are the cube roots of unity).
1
ய

5. Find the values of the following:

0a b

a
b 0
(i) boa
12 22 32 (ii) 22 32 42 32 42 52
1
 x yz

(iii) 1 y
ZX

1Z
xy

1ab
0

ab2 ac2
(iv)
-a
1

(v) a2b 0 bc2

४
a
a

(vi) a
५
a
-b
-c 1
a2c b2c
0
a
a
x

6. Without expanding the determinants, prove that

bcy b
(i) X
y
Z
10
x a

46
r
X y
=

P 9r
a
b
P 9r

123

(ii) 2 3 4
12

345
1a
bc
10

111
 10 -1
(iii) 1 b
ca
1=

1
с
ab

Problem Set 5.6

1. Find the adjoint of the following matrices:

(i)

123

(iv) 3-2 1
42 1
1 a a2

1 b b2

1
с

c2

COS X
sin x
(ii)
- sin x
(iii)
COS X

[63]
2

do
0
1
0
(v)
0 d2
0
(vi)
34
5
0
0 dz
0 -6
7
 In each case, verify the theorem A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I.
MATRICES

2. (1) If A =

-[23]
1
and B =

21
2

(ii) Compute the adjoint of A =

COS α - sin a 0
1
prove that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).

[3]
2

5
and verify that A adj A = | A | I.

(iii) If A= sin a
cos a 0
·

verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) · | A | I3.

0
0
1

3. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following matrices:

(i)

[33]
(ii)

[
2
 2
3
5

4
(iii)
7
(iv)
1 -1
-1
2
2
3
-

(v) 4
3
0
1

3
-

-3 4

123
10k
0
-1
2
-1 4
4
(vi) 0 1
010
(vii) 0
0 -1
(viii)
-3
01

001
1
0
0
-1
12

2 -1 1
1
2
5

(ix) 2 1 3
(x) 3
0 -1
(xi)
1 -1 -1
 3 21
2
6
0
2
3 -1

41
23
4. Find A if A
=

3 2
91

5. Find the matrix X for which

, prove that (adj A)-1 = (adj A-1).

13

0
1
X=

2
6. If A =
4

-]
6

3
0
and B =
verify that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.
1

4
7. If A =
2

2 1

If A-[3] and B-[5]. verify that

(AB)`' = B-1 A-,
8. If =
5
=

3 4
9. Obtain a square matrix X of order 2, which satisfies the matrix equation CX
- AB = 0, given that
21

03
A

^- [ ])]. B- [ 2
C=

]). c-[-¦ ¦
0

10. If AB
22 6

11 3
4
and A =
find B.
7 2

II. If A
2
3
=

3
5

12. If A=

13. If A=
=

2
1

verify that A2 = 7A-I and hence find A.

, verify that A2+3A+ 41 = 0 and hence find A-

then show that A2 - 4A + 31 = 0 and hence find A.

207
208

14. If A =
 13
2

3 4

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
find A. Find the values of the constants a and b such that A+ aA-1 = bl.

15. What condition must a and ẞ satisfy if the matrix A =

pose = inverse)?

16. Show that D=P-1 CP is a diagonal matrix, if C

=

[
αβ
βα
has the property AT A (i.e., trans

4 2
1
2
=

and P:
=

-1
-

1 -1 11
17. If A= 2 -1 0
find A2 and A-1 and show thatA2 = A-1.
9

100

11 2
1
2
01
18. If A193
19 3 and B =
=2
3
-1
-1, verify that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.
14 2
1
-

1
 3

32
19. If A=
and B =
75
67

89
verify that (AB)-' = B−1 A-1.

Problem Set 5.7

Compute the inverse of the following matrices by using elementary row transformation :
25
3
7
23
1.
2.
3 4
3.
1
2
1
6

36
31
4.
52
0
To 1 21
2 34
1
-1 2
20
-

5.
123
4 31
7.
0
2 -3
8.
5
1
0
3 11
124
3 -2
4
01
3
123
01

23 2
10
 10
334
1
10

Problem Set 5.8

1. Solve the system of equations by matrix method:

(1)
x-2y-4=0
-3x+5y+7=0
(iv) 4x-3y= ||
3x + 7y=-1

(vii) x + y + z = 3
x + 2y + 3z = 4 x + 4y + 9z = 6 (x) x+y-2z =
3 2x y + z=0 3x + y z = 8
(xiii) 2x-y-z=7
3x+y-z = 7 x+y=z=3
(ii) 5x + 2y = 3 3x + 2y = 5 (v) x + 2y =
| 3x + y = 4

(viii) x+4y+ 3z = 1
2x+5y + 4z = 4 x-3y-2z=5
(xi) 2x + 3y+3z = 5
x-2y + z = -4 3x-y-2z=
3
(iii) 3x+4y-5=0 x-y+3=0 (vi) x+y+z = 6
x-y+2z=5 3x + y + z = 8 (ix) 2xy + 3z = 8

−x + 2y + z = 4 3x + y 4z = 0 (xii)
3x-4y+2x=-1 2x + 3y+5z = 7
= 2
x + z
MATRICES

2 2. If
A3
5
3

12
1

x + 2y − z = 6.
3. IfA 2-1
—

209

find A-1 and hence solve the system of equations 2x+5y + 3z = 9, 3x + y + 2z = 3,

1
1
17

3
find A-1 and hence solve the system of equations x + y + z = 4, 2x - y + 3z = 1, 3x
32
-

+2y-z = 1.
Show that each one of the following system of equations is inconsistent :
(i) x-2y= 5.
- 2x + 4y = 6
(iii) 2x-3y+7z = 5
-

3x + y 3z=13
2r+ 19y47z = 32
(ii) 2x-5y = 4
6x-15y = 10
(iv) 5x + 2y - 7z = 7
3x +
y- 3z=5 2x+y-4z 10
=

5. Show that each of the following system of equations is consistent and have infinite solutions, solve them.
(i) 5x-5y=4
4x-10y=8

(iii)
x-2y + z =
- 2x + y + z =
1

x + y −2z=-2
(ii) x+5y = 3
2x + 10y=6
(iv) x-3y-8z+ 10 = 0
3x + y-4z 2x+5y+6z-13=0
6. Solve the following system of homogenous equations:
(i) 3x-5y+4z = 0
2xy + 3z= 0 2x + y + 2z = 0
(iv) x + y + z = 0 x-y-5z=0
x + 2y +4z = 0
(ii) x+y-2z= 0
2x + y-3z= 0 5x+4y-9z0

iv) x + 3y-2z = 0
2x - y+ 4z = 0
x-lly + 14z = 0
7. For what value of k the system has non-trivial solution.

2 -1 3

8. If A= 1
3 2

3 -4 -1
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y+ kz = 0
7x+13y+19z = 0
=

=0

(iii) 2x + 3y - 3z = 0 3x-3y+ z = 0 3x-2y-3z0

find A-1. Using A-1, solve the following system of linear equations

41

9. If A = 3

5
Problem Set 5.9
-

6
2xy + 3z= 13, x + 3y+2z = 1, 3x-4y-z = 8.

2, find A-'. Using A-, solve the following system of linear equations
2

1
0

4x-y-6z=2,
3x+2y+2z = 2,
5x - y = 6.

1. Reduce the following matrices into row-reduced echelon form and

find their ranks.
13 4 5
(a) 3 9 12 9
13 4 1
6
5 1 37

(b)
0
3
2 2

6
-5 -1 4
210

23
-1 0

(c)
1 -1

1
20

2-10
(d)
-

1212

010
1

1203

2. Reduce the following matrices into normal form and find their ranks.
•
 DISCRETE
MATHEMATICS

1 0 27
1
4
32

(a) 0 1 0
201
(b) 2 1
2
1
1
(c)
2102

1010

2
-

2
-

1
1
22

3. (a) Find the value of λ, if the equations

x+y-z = 10
x-y+2z 20
=

have a unique solution.

λx-y+4z = 30
−y+4z

(b) Find the values of the parameters 2 and u for which the system of equation
=

x+y+ z 6
x + 2y + 3z = 10

x + 2y + λz = μ
has (i) unique solution (ii) no solution (iii) infinite solution.
4. Investigate for consistency of the following equations and if possible find the solutions:
 (a) 2x-3y+7z = 5,
(b) 4x-2y+6z= 8, (c) 5x + 3y+7z = 4, (d) x +
2y + 3z = 14, (e) 2x + 3y + z = 11,
(1)x−5y + 3z = −1, (g) 4x-2y+6z= 8,

Problem Set 5.10

==

1,
3x+y-3z = 13,

x+y-3z = 3x+26y+2z = 9, 2x − y + 5z
= 15, x + y + z = 6, 2x-y-z = 5,

x + y −3z = − 1,

1. Define eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix.

2. Prove that A and AT have the same eigenvalues.
2x + 19y-47z = 32
15x − 3y + 9z = 21842 15x-3y+9z=21
7x + 2y + 10z = 5 2y+4z - 3x = 13
5x - y + 10z = 34

5x-7y+z = 2 15x-3y+9z = 21

3. Show that the two matrices A and P-1 AP have the same characteristic root.
4. Find the characteristic equation and the eigenvalues for each matrix.
(a)
04

0
(b)

[
Го з
3 8
5
(c)
4

[1 2 4
30

(e) 0 1 0
の 02
cos sin
0
 (g)
021
sin
5 0
cos

5. Determine the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the following matrices :

(a)

3 14

(e) 0 20
005
(d)

521
5 4 (b)
2
5
01

(c) 2 5 5 1
(d) 0-2 0
2 15
1 05

2
0
6
2
21

S
-1
2 -1 (g)
0
G

-1 2
22
2
3

2
-1
3
MATRICES

6. Compute the eigenvalues and the

corresponding eigenvectors of the following
system:
10x + 2x2 + x3 = λx1
λχι
2x, +10x2+x3 = λx2
2x + x2+10x3 = λx3

7. State Cayley-Hamilton theorem and give its

two uses. 8. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and
find the inverse of
211

1
2
1

(a)

12
14
(b)
23

[33]
(c) 0
1
-1

3 -1

1
1 1
0
01

(e)
 3 10

3
-

214
(d) 1
2 -3

2 -1

9. Show that A
=

31
satisfies the equation A2-2A-51 = 0. Hence, evaluate A-1 and solve equations
=

3
x + 2y 3x + y = 4

10. Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find A3, given that A

(ii) 3 × 1
-1 3
=

24

ANSWERS 5.1

(iii) 2×3
(iv) 3x3
(v) 1X1
2. 12 × 1, 1 × 12, 2 × 6, 6x 2, 3 x 4 and 3 x 4; 13 x 1 and 1 x 13.
1. (i) 1 x 2

9
2
0
2
3. (i)
(ii)

212
8
19

(iii)
22

02
1
 (iv)

112
2

5/2

113
2/3
112
1

23 4 5

4. (i) 3 4 5 6
(ii)
4567
1234

2468 36912
2222

44 4 4 (iii)
(iv)
21

6666
3

3/2
ANSWERS 5.2
1
32

4
 1/2
314
6 10
6 42
9

1. (i)
-1 10 -1
11
5
(ii)
(iii)
82
(iv)
1 20
6

-416 -8
13 -9
45
7
4 -18

10 30 37

2.
(v)
4
8 4 22
(vi)
(vii)
-

2
4 32 16

0
-
 [
]
5. a=1, b = 4
7. [-21 15 -10]

2
1

8.
cos 40 sin 40
125 100
11.
-sin 40 cos 40
10.
100 125
2
14
7
(viii)
15 16
50
- 20
-

-6 20
-8
212

12. x = 4
13. x=-2
4
33
26
15.
19.
04
5'
5

28
1
20. A+B is not defined, AB =
BA not defined.
-23
-5 15

4 2
23.

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
14. x=3, y= 1
 24. K=-7
1
22.
3
-

13
52
28.. 1 + us = c, u + u2s + u = − s
29. f(A)=
,g (A) = 0
104 -117

31. a=-
5

ANSWERS 5.3

1
9/2 3
0
6
5. AB' =
17

[1-3]
5/2-1
2
6 17
BA':
=

9
7. (i) 9/2
3
2
+-5/2
0
2
-2
9
32
5
2
-2
0

0
 3 1/2
0
2 -7/2
3
-3/2
(ii)
-5/2
3 1
3
+
-2
0
-2
(iii)
+
-3/2
5/2
1/2 3
0
9
7/2
2
0

10
-

1
12

8. AA' =

A-[126].
5
A'A= -1

12
1

5 -4

-4
16

1. (4)

10

3. (10
ANSWERS 5.4

(ii)
1
 0

0
2. (i)
1
2
(ii)
1

0
1

00
01
10
(ii) 1
1 00
11
(iii)
010
(iv)
1
1

10
1
010
1
1

1 10
0

4. A 2
=

00 1

10
A3
1
0
"

1
I
AS
=

ANSWERS 5.5

1. (1) 30
(if) 18
(iii)
1

2. (i) 5, 3, 2, 4 (ii) 8, 7, 0, 4
(iii)

(iv)13, 1,5; 14, 18,-2; 13, 7, 9

(iv) 0
A" = As, n≥5
 (v) - 182
17,-13,-7; 3, 12, 6; 22, 7, 10
(vi) 0
MATRICES

3. (i)-5, 3; 8
5. (i) a3 +b3
(iv) 1 + a2 + b2 + c2
(ii) - 6, 2; 34 (ii) -8
(v) 2a3b3c3
(iii) 13, 12, -7; -81 (iii) (x-y) (y-z) (z - x) (vi) (x - a)2 (x + 2a)
ANSWERS 5.6
(iv) 7, 7, -7; 7
213

COS X
- sin x
5
-

1. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
sin x
COS X
-

[d2d3
0
0

(v)
0
d3d1
0
(vi)
21 7
-

00
djdz
- 18
 268

-8

64
-

4
4
8
2

(iv)
1
11
8

14
6
—

-8

5 -2
2. (ii) adj A =
-

7
-3
5

3. (i)
(ii) 2 2

3/2
4
17
3
1
2
1
(iii)
(iv)
-1
-11
6
23
7
-

-1 3
27
2
1
5
1
-3

0
1
-

1
0
-k
0
01
 1
-

6
1
1
(v) 4-3
4
(vi) 0
01
0
(vii)
-1
00
(viii)
5
-

8 14
19
3 -3 4
001
0
-1
0
3
1
3

54 3
6
6
1
4
17
3
1
1
1
(ix)
7
-

-8
3
(x)
2
-

-2 5
(xi)
-1
-11
6
12
32
27
1
4
-

3
18
14 3
5
1
-

3
 -1
2
5.
3
G

[1]
6
33
9
9.
10.
0
3
-

- 110
-30

5
3
12
12
11.
12.
13.
3 2
42
1
31 2

14.

23/2
1/3

1.
1; a=-2, b = 5

2
0
01

15. a2+ B2 =
=

1
17.
0 -1 2

1
-1 1
 ANSWERS 5.7

1-4
-5
2
7
2.
3.
23-1
1

-2
1
1

2/3
110
3
2
4.
2
3

5.
2

112
3

-12
 3
MI
N
11
24
5/
2
-10
-

4
20
 1
6.

15
15
4 -14
7.
92
-3

-5
1
6
61
-

3 -1
6
1-5
8.
-15
6 -5
9.
2
54
10.

5 22
-3
3

11
21
2-
 12
12
12
-1
2
1

2
214
 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

1. (i) x = − 6, y = -5

(iv) x = 2, y = − 1

(vii) x = 2, y = 1, z=0
8

(x) x = 5, y = 5
916
5,
5
ANSWERS 5.8

(ii) x=-1,y=4

(v) x =
7

15
(viii) x=3, y=-2, z=2
(xi) x=1,y= 2, z = ~ 1
(iii) x=-1, y = 2

(vi) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

(ix) x = 2, y = 2, z=2

(xii) x = 3, y=2, z=-|

(xiii) x = 2, y = −1, z=-2

1
5 11
71
5 and x = 1, y = 2, z = − 1.
1
2. A-1 =
 5 -5
30
5
1-13

-4 and x=-1, y = 3, z = 2.
5
3

1
3. A=
11
4
13
7
1
-3

5. (1) x=
4+5k

2
,y=k

(iii) x=k-1, y = k − 1, z= k
6. (i) x=1lk, y=k, z=-7k
(iii) Trivial solution, x = y = z=0

8k
10
(v) x = -
7
k, y=
7,2 = k
(ii) x = 3-5k, y = k

(iv) x = -1 + 2k, y = 3-2k, z=k (ii) x=y=z=k

(iv) x = 2k, y = – 3k, z = k

7. k=4
5 13
11
 1
8. A-I =
7 -11
− 1]; x =
36
=1,y=-2, z=3
-13
5
7

2 6
-10

10 30 -26; x=1,y=-1, z=
9. A
36
-13 -1
11

12

1. (a) 2
2. 3,2,3
(b) 3
3. (a) λ #5
ANSWERS 5.9

(c) 2
(d) 3

3. (b) (i) 23 unique solution

(iii) 2. = 3, μ = 10 infinite solution
(ii) λ = 3, μ ± 10, no solution

4. (a) inconsistent
(b) x=1,y=3k-2, z=k
7
16
3
k

(c) x
k,
11
11
11 11
 (d) x = 1, y = 2, z=3
(e) x = 3, y=1, z=2
(g) x = 1, y = 3k-2, z=k
inconsistent
MATRICES
215

4. (a) 22-4=0; 2 =±2

(c) 22-42-21 = 0; 2 = 7,-3
-

(e) (1 − 2)3 = 0; λ = 1, 1, 1
-
-

ANSWERS 5.10

(g) (cos 0 − 2)2 — sin2 0 = 0; λ = cos 0+ sin

5. (a) 1; [k, OJT
(b) 1, 6; [k, – k]T, [k, 4k]T
(b) 22-82-9=0; 2=9,-1 (d) 22-22-3=0; 2=3,-1
() (2-2) (3-2) (− 1 − 2) = 0; λ = 1, 3, 2

3
(c) 3, 4, 8;
kk k
2

(d)-2, 4, 6; [0 k
(e) 2, 3, 5; [k -k
(†1) 2, 2 + √2, 2 − √2 ;
0], [k
O], [k
0
9

[k k -3k], [k_k_k]TM.

0 k]T, [k 0 k]T
-
 0], [2k 0 kJT

[−k
0
k]1, [k
√1⁄2k
k]T, [O O O]TM
(g) 2, 2, 8; [k 0 -2k], [k
2k
0], [2k
-k
- k]T.
6. 8, 9, 13; [-3k 2k 2k], [k
k
−3k], [3k k
k]T.
1 -3 4
8. (a)
0
3
3
16
3
1

4
1

9. A-1
=

15
-1
2

3
-

5 2

3
-

(d) -9 1
11
-5 3 1
; x = 1,y=1 10.
(b)
36
(c)
3
2
-1
-

-2
7
9
3 -7 -1
5
4 1
17
4
(e)
15
-12 2
3

50
0

19 57

38 76