Unit-1

SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

Sentences are of three kinds according to their structure.

1. A sentence which has only one subject followed by a finite verb in

the predicate part is known as the simple sentence.

Examples of simple sentences

a) Dogs bark.
b) The earth moves round the sun.
c) Harsha bought a pen.

Dogs, The earth and, Harsha are used as the Subjects in these sentences.

The predicate part of the sentences begins with the verb. The verbs in the Predicate parts
are Finite verbs as they show tense.

2. A sentence in which two independent clauses are joined by a

coordinator is known as a compound sentence.

Examples of compound sentences:-

a) Manisha is a teacher and her brother is a doctor.

b) The boy entered the room and came out after ten minutes.
c) He worked hard, but failed the examination.
d) Study hard, otherwise you will fail.

Each sentence has two clauses:-

Sentence (a) :-

I. Manisha is a teacher.
II. Her brother is a doctor.
(Co-ordinator -- and)

Sentence (b) :-

I. The boy entered the room.

II. The boy came out after ten minutes.
(Co-ordinator-- and)
Sentence (c) :-

I. He worked hard.
II. He failed the examination.
(Co-ordinator -- but)

Sentence (d) :-
I. Study hard.
II. You will fail.
(Co-ordinator -- otherwise)

Clause-1 Co-ordinator Clause-2

Subject Predicate Subject Predicate

a) Manisha is a teacher and her brother is a doctor
b) The boy entered the room and (he) came out after
ten minutes
c) He worked hard but (he) failed the
examination
d) (You) Study hard otherwise you will fail

3. A sentence which consists of a main clause (an independent clause) and one or more
subordinate(dependent) clause is known as a complex sentence.

Examples

a) Doctors claim that cancer is curable.

b) Students stood up when the teacher entered the classroom.
c) The teacher punished the student who told a lie.
d) Thieves left the place as soon as they saw the police.

Main or Independent Clause Sub-ordinate or Dependant Clause

a) Doctors claim that cancer is curable
b) Students stood up when the teacher entered the class room.
c) The teacher punished the student who told a lie.
d) Thieve left the place as soon as they saw the police

ACTIVITY-1
There are five simple sentences, three compound sentences and two complex sentences in the
following passage. Write, simple, compound or complex.

1. Life is a bed of thorns. SIMPLE

 2. It is never a bed of roses. SIMPLE
3. Man struggles hard to earn his living. SIMPLE
4. He runs after money and wants to enjoy power. COMPOUND
5. In the race for money and power he gets hurt. SIMPLE
6. Fears, worries and frustration hurt his mind. SIMPLE
7. He becomes restless and loses peace of mind. COMPOUND
8. He realises that money is not everything in life. COMPLEX
9. It gives temporary satisfaction, but robs him of peace and happiness in life. COMPOUND
10. What makes man happy is contentment. SIMPLE

ACTIVITY-2

Separate the subject from the Predicate in the following sentences.

1. He had no answer to my question.

2. Serpents move very fast.
3. Constant illness compelled him to discontinue his study.
4. Gardening, collecting stamps, drawing pictures, making paintings, catching fish,
taking photographs etc., are the examples of common hobbies.
5. The temporary sheds and stalls for the sellers in the market collapsed in the recent
rain.

The following are the main patterns of the simple sentences in English.

PATTERN-1

SV SUBJECT + VERB

Examples:
a) Fire burns.
b) Gold glitters.
c) The child cried.
d) The moon is shining.

PATTERN-2

SVO SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

Examples: a) The teacher praised the student

b) We bought a new car.
c) She sang a Meera bhajan.
d) Valmiki wrote the Ramayana.
PATTERN-3

SVOO SUBJECT + VERB + (INDIRECT) OBJECT+ (DIRECT) OBJECT

Examples:-

a) Grandma told me a fairy tale.

b) The postman gave me a letter.
c) His father bought him a laptop.
d) The teacher asked the students a simple question.

PATTERN-4

SVC SUBJECT + VERB+ COMPLEMENT

Examples

a) The child appears innocent.

b) She feels cold.
c) She looks beautiful.
d) Munabhai became a doctor.
e) Father is tried.

PATTERN-5

SVOC SUBJECT+ VERB + OBJECT+ COMPLEMENT

Examples

a) We elected Mr. Mohanty Chairman.

b) Noble deeds make a person immortal.
c) Modern scientists have proved the theory wrong.
d) Police found the man guilty.

ACTIVITY-3
The sentences in the following passage are in different patterns. Identify the pattern of each
sentence and mention the pattern against the respective sentence.

1) I have read theRamayana.

2) Maharshi Valmiki wrote this famous epic.
3) It deals with the life and work of lord Ramachandra.
4) He was the son of Dasaratha of Ayodhya.
5) It also tells us the story of Ravan, the demon king of Lanka .
6) People called Ramachandra Purushottam.
7) He was an incarnation of God.
 8) Ravan was a great politician.
9) Ramachandra, his wife Sita and brother Laxman went to forest.
10) King Dasaratha died.
11) Bharat became the king of Ayodhya.
12) But he respected his elder brother Ramachandra.
13) He regarded him God.
14) Ravan in disguise kidnapped Sita.
15) The bird Jatayu saw it.
16) It gave the two grieving brothers this news.
17) Ravan was very arrogant.
18) He did not listen to Ramachandra’s request.
19) He did not leave Sita.
20) Ramachandra invaded Lanka.
21) Bibhisan, Sugrib, Hanuman and their men helped Ramachandra.
22) Ramachandra killed Ravan and rescued Sita.

ACTIVITY-4

TASK FOR WRITING

Write a paragraph about how you celebrated your birthday. The sentences in the paragraph
should follow different sentence patterns.

ACIVITY-5

Write a letter to your friend telling him/ her about your visit to a historical place. Use all
types of sentences in the letter.

PATTERNS OF OTHER SENTENCE TYPES

Interrogative sentences:

Yes/No- Type Questions (The answer is either ‘yes’ or ‘no’.)

Example: Did you call me? (AUX + S +V+O)

Are you ready? (AUX + S + C)

Do you know him? (AUX +S + V +O)

‘Wh’ Type Questions (the answer contains information)

 Who is sitting there?

 What is your father’s name?
  When did the office open?
 How did the patient die?
 Where are you going?

Imperative Sentences

 Switch off the light. (V + O) (Instruction)

 Please take it. - (request)
 Close the door (order)
 Let’s go for a walk (suggestion)
 Rise early in the morning (advice)
 Pass me the salt (V + O + O) (Order)

In the above sentences, the verbs are used in their base form. The sentences can also be made
negative.

For example:
 Don’t tell a lie (order)
 Please, don’t insult your friend (request)
 Don’t do anything in haste. (Advice)
 Don’t jump into any early conclusion.

Exclamatory Sentences

Exclamatory sentences express ‘surprise’, ‘admiration’, ‘sorrow’, and other feelings

emphatically. Such sentences usually begin with ‘How’ or ‘What’. An exclamation mark (!)
is put at the end of the sentence.

Examples:
 What a beautiful flower it is !
 How fast time flies !
 What an excellent dancer she is !
 How excellently she dances !

Negative Sentences (Use of Negative Markers ‘not’ and ‘never’)

He cannot climb a tree.

She does not support her husband.
I don’t watch television.
Gopal doesn’t take fish.
She never takes tea.
Rahul has not eaten anything since the morning today.
 ACTIVITY- 6

Rewrite the following passage by changing the sentences into negatives.

The monitor of our class enjoys good health. He has a pleasing appearance. He is well-
dressed. He looks very smart. He is intelligent and well-behaved. He respects all the teachers.
He helps the class teachers in keeping discipline in the class. At the end of each period he
cleans the blackboard. He is friendly to all. All the teachers like him. All the students love
him dearly.

ACITVITY-7

Write ten sentences in column-A about what school students generally do on the day of
Ganesh Puja. Then in Column-B, write ten sentences about what the students did not do on
that day this year in a particular school.(One example is given for you)

Column-A Column-B
1 Students decorate the school campus. This year , the students of XYZ school did
not decorate the campus.
2

10

ACTIVITY-8

Write the questions to get the following sentences as answers. (the first one is done for you)

1. Everyone makes mistakes sometimes.(Ans:- Who doesn’t make mistakes? )

2. God will not forget to see the evil.
3. It is most proper to disobey the traffic rule.
 4. He saw me in the market .
5. He asked me for something.
6. The Prime Minister opened the Exhibition.
7. Dr. Panda gave this medicine.
8. Sanjay told the stories to Dhritarashtra.
9. No, he has not invited me.
10. I am his elder brother.
11. There are five big trees in our school campus.
12. Seven days make a week.
13. I never sleep in day time.
14. Father is not present at home now.
15. The dress looks gorgeous.
16. He is not a story teller.
17. I am not a little tired.
18. She doesn’t take tea.
19. She can’t speak, because she is a dumb
20. He asked why I came.

ACTIVITY-9

Frame exclamatory sentences for the following expressions. (the first one is solved for you.)

1. Night is very beautiful. (Ans :- How beautiful is night !)

2. She has an attractive face.
3. It is very stupid of me to forget your name.
4. It is a horrible accident.
5. He managed the event efficiently.
6. This is a beautiful park.

ACTIVITY-10
TASK FOR SPEAKING

Write a dialogue between two students about their preparation for the forthcoming
examination. Use different sentence-types (interrogatives, negatives, declaratives,
imperatives) in the dialogue.

You may use the following sentences at necessary points in the dialogue.

1. Oh !Well, it is a simple subject.

2. Oh ! No, it is really hard.
3. Yes ,it is interesting.
4. How sad ! I don’t remember these simple things.
5. No, I don’t like them.
6. How is that?
 7. Alas ! I have lost the class note
8. How can I?
9. What’s important in Time.
10. Oh yes, I like it
11. For Heaven’s sake, don’t say that
12. Its time taking. I have no time
13. Yea, easy questions first.
14. Don’t do so
15. Please tell me some important points only.
16. Best of luck.

COMPOUND SENTENCES

Co-ordinators or co-ordinating conjunctions are used to join two independent clauses in the
following compound sentences.
Co-ordinators Compound Sentences
1 and The students listen attentively and take notes carefully.
2 but He tried hard, but he failed. / Man proposes, but God
disposes.
3 yet He is illiterate, yet he is very polite.
4 still It is a holiday; still some officers have come to office.
5 or You may agree to the proposal or give your own.
6 so Mother is ill: so you find me in the kitchen.
7 nevertheless Father is tired, nevertheless he insists on hard work.
8 therefore The child is hungry, therefore it is crying.
9 otherwise Work hard, otherwise you will fail.
10 for I could not attend your call, for I was busy in office.
11 either..or Either you personally attend the function or send
somebody to represent you.
12 neither..nor A villain neither speaks truth nor accepts others words
are true.
13 not only..but also Ranjeeta not only dances well but also sings nicely.
14 nor He did not attend the reception, nor did he send any of
his family members to the occasion.

ACTIVITY-11

Make compound sentences by combining a clause from Coloumn-1 and another suitable
clause from Column-3 with an appropriate conjunction from column-2

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

He is outwardly strict, And Delivered the letter.
Work hard, But We stayed indoor.
United we stand, Nor Takes tea
Do, Still I decided to help you.
He is very ill, Yet Pretends madness.
The postman came, Either…or You will fail.
It rained heavily, Neither..nor Lenient at heart
He smokes cigarettes, Not only..but I shall fine you
also
I was angry with you Nevertheless He is honest
He is mad, Otherwise Keeps it
Do it, For Divided we fall
He is poor, so Die
He makes a promise, Therefore He takes rest
He is weak Or He works hard.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has two parts:

The main clause and the subordinate clause.

These parts are interchangeable. It means that a complex sentence may begin with either the
main clause or the subordinate clause. In some cases, the main clause is split by the
subordinate clause in the middle.

A) Main Clause
FIRST PART: Main clause/ SECOND PART: Subordinate
Independent clause Clause/Dependent Clause
You are the first man who heard the news.
I have nothing that I can offer.
You need not ask who I am.
I finished the answer as I had no time left.
It is true that all that glitters is not gold.
I know where he was born.
I do not know how he passed without hard work.
Nobody can say what will happen after hundred years.
I always wonder when I look at the vast sky.
Have you seen a fish which flies in the sky.
The more you read the more you learn.
Smita sang as if she were an expert playback singer.
Nobody will be allowed to enter the unless he has a ticket.
hall
Give me some water that I may drink.
The woman cried as loudly as she could.
He came oftener than we expected.
Tell me where you live.
This where I live.
Life is what we make it.
There is no meaning in what you say.
 B) Subordinate Clause in the beginning:
(First part) (Second part)
Subordinate clause/Dependant Clause Main Clause/Independent Clause
Though the load was light, it was too much for the old man.
As the decision has already been taken the arguments are useless
Though he got the news he was not happy
If you had not helped me icould not have done the work.
If you do not work hard you will fail.
Though I was angry i did not punish him.
Though he is poor he is honest.
Unless you work hard you cannot get success.

C) The Split Main Clause:

First Part of Main The Subordinate Clause The rest Part of the main
Clause Clause
People Who live in glass houses Should not throw stones.
The speaker Who was a learned man spoke about the nano
technology.
all the blessings we enjoy come from God.
A friend who helps you in time of is a real friend.
need
He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
Servants that are honest are trusted.

ACTIVITY-12

Pick out the complex sentences from the following passage. Then break up each of the
complex sentences into separate clauses. Mark the main clause as M.C and the subordinate
clause as Sub C. (the first one is solved for you.)

Gotipuas are boy dancers who dress as girls. They are the products of the ‘akhadas’ or
gymnasia which were set up by the King Ramachandra Deva in Puri. These akhadas provided
military training to young men who would protect the town and the temple from intruders.
The akhadas were like clubs, the main concern of which was gymnastics or the art of self-
defence. Those akhadas also served as nurseries where gotipua dancers were trained.
Gotipuas were also known as ‘akhadapilas’ because the boy dancers were generated by the
akhadasystem.There is another reason which explains the emergence of the gotipua tradition
in Odisha. There was a time when the Vaishnava religion did not approve of dancing by
women in temple. So, the practice of dancing by boys dressed as girls was introduced. The
gotipua dance had strong connection with what the maharis offered. The dance style of
gotipuas existed independently, although it had common roots with the dance style of the
maharis. The Odissi dance of today has grown from both these traditions, which are
associated with Raja Ramachandra Deva.
ANSWER:

1. Gotipuas are boy dancers----M.C

who dress as girls---------------Sub C

2. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.----------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.----------------------------------------------------------------------------

QUESTION-TAGS

Study the following sentences.

“It’s very hot, isn’t it?”

This sentence consists of a statement and a short question separated by a comma. The short
question is called a question tag.

The question tag is generally used in spoken English, and informal writing.

The Question Tag has two purposes:

1. To attract the attention of the listener and

2. To get the listener’s confirmation of the statement.

Rules of Question Tag:

1. A positive (affirmative) statement takes a negative tag.

2. A negative statement takes an affirmative or positive tag.

Examples:-

 It’s raining heavily, isn’t it?

 It’s not raining, is it?

 He doesn’t take tea, does he ?

 He takes tea, doesn’t he?

 You called me, didn’t you?

 You didn’t call me , did you?

 Shyam is not a dancer,is he?

 Shyam is a dancer, is he?
Pattern of the Question Tag when the statement is affirmative or positive:

Auxiliary+ n’t + Subject pronoun

Pattern of the Question Tag when the statement is negative:

Auxiliary + Subject pronoun

Other IMPORTANT POINTS about the formation of question tags:

I. The question tag is made up of an auxiliary and a subject.

II. The auxiliary is the same as in the statement.
III. A question tag is always separated from the statement by a comma.
IV. There are some semi-negative words which are used as negative markers in the
statements such statements take positive question tags.

Examples:

Few persons were absent, were they?

They hardly come here, do they?
I seldom take tea, do i?
She rarely visits the theatre, does she?

V. Imperative statements (both affirmative and negative)

Take will you? as the question tag.

Examples:-
Open the door, will you?
Don’t open the door, will you?(there is no change in the question tag.)

VI. Everybody or Everyone in the subject position in the statement is treated as plural for
the purpose of question-tag. So such statements take plural question tag.

Examples:-
Everybody condemns the matter, don’t they?
Everyone praised him, didn’t they?
VII. When the imperative statement implies suggestion, in “Let’s------ ” or “Let me---”
VIII. Pattern, the question tag is “shall we?” or “shall I”

Examples:
Let me drive your new car, shall I?
Let’s arrange a tea-party, shall we?

ACTIVITY-13

Rewrite the following, adding appropriate question tags.

1. It rained last night.

2. She doesn’t like to come here.
3. We are leaving tomorrow morning.
4. She likes to share her breakfast with friends.
5. This is a difficult problem.
6. This camera costs twenty eight thousand rupees.
7. The chief speaker gave an inspiring speech.
8. Everybody in the stadium cheered the player.
9. Remember to switch off the light and fans before leaving the room.
10. None of the spectators liked the show.
11. I am not happy.
12. I am prepared for the examination.
13. Everybody in the class shouted.
14. Let me read out the letter for you.
15. You need not worry about us.

PREPARATORY (DUMMY) “IT”

Study the following sentences.

I. To carry the argument too far is easy.

II. It is easy to carry the argument too far.

In the sentence (i), the subject is “to carry the argument too far”. This is an infinitive phrase.
In the sentence (ii) the subject is ‘It’. The construction with preparatory it is preferred when
the subject is an infinitive phrase.

The following sentences follow the pattern of preparatory ‘It’ construction.

 It is easy to learn Hindi.

 It is not good to spend money unnecessarily.
 It is impossible to live without water.
 It is risky to ride without a helmet.
 It takes five minutes to reach the market.
 It is kind of you to help us.

Dummy ‘It’ is also preferred when the subject is a clause. Look at the following sentences.
 I. It is true that the river Mahanadi is going to be dried.
II. That the river Mahanadi is going to be dried is true.

‘It’ construction is preferred for the purpose of emphasis.

Examples:
i. It was in the lawns that the party was held.
ii. It is her purse that she is looking for.
iii. It was in the evening that the accident occurred.

ACTIVITY-14

Rewrite the following sentences using the preparatory ‘It’

1. To satisfy the customer is difficult

2. To try again could be useless.
3. To behave like this is disgraceful.
4. To see you again was so nice.
5. To believe him was wrong.
6. To find a suitable job is not easy.
7. To keep quiet is wise.
8. To take a decision in critical situation is not easy.
9. To advise others is easy.
10. To put the sermons into action is difficult.

ACTIVITY-15
Rewrite the following sentences using the dummy it as the subject.

1. That he will help us is unlikely.

2. That the Chief Minister has resigned is a rumour.
3. That she refused the offer of a good job is doubtful.
4. That your wife left you is strange.
5. That you did not attend the party is unfortunate.

ACTIVITY-16

Provide due answers to the queries in the following questions. The answers should be given
in the pattern of preparatory ‘It’ construction.( the first one is done for you.)

1. Who was it that you were talking to?(Ans- It was Neha that I was talking to)
2. What was it that they staged last evening?
3. Who disturbed you in reading?
 4. What is the film she has acted in?
5. When did the last Nabakalebar take place?

SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH ADVERB

Look at the following sentence:

i) Seldom does a barking dog bite.

The sentence can be rewritten as :

ii) A barking dog seldom bites.

In the first sentence, an adverb takes the front position and hence there has been a inversion
of the position of the subject and the verb.

There are some adverbs such as:

 Hardly
 Scarcely
 Never
 Rarely
 Seldom
They are known as semi-negative adverbs. When they are used in the beginnings, the
sentences follow the inverse-structure like the sentence (i)

ACTIVITY-17
Rewrite the following sentences using the adverbs in the front position.

a) Ashok rarely visits his relations.

b) Snigdha never likes non-vegetarian food.
c) Chandan hardly writes to his father.
d) I have never seen such a temple.
e) Kalhandi district scarcely gets good rainfall.
f) Newspapers seldom publish unbiased views.
g) Swami Padmananda has never come out of his ashram during the last twenty years.
h) They occasionally call on us.
i) The man has never approached me.
j) India will in no circumstances attack Pakistan.
k) The superintendent seldom comes to hostel.
l) She often arrives late for the class.
m) I have hardly heard such nonsense.
n) I shall on no account be held responsible.
GIVING SHORT ANSWERS

Study the following short answers to simple ‘Yes/No’ type questions.

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

Are you tired? Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Did you call me? Yes , I did.
No, I didn’t.
Can you do it? Yes, I can.
No, I can’t.

Do you have a pen? Yes , I have.

No, I don’t have.

The pattern of short answer is:

Yes+ Pronoun + Auxiliary.

Or No + Pronoun + Auxiliary + N’t(not)

ACTIVITY-18

Answer the following questions, first in the affirmative and then in the negative.

1. Did he meet you?

2. Are you angry?
3. Do you like fish?
4. Can you swim?
5. Do you smoke?
6. Do you know her?
7. Is he mad?
8. Do you remember the story?
9. Is it a fact?

ADDITION WITHOUT REPETITION

Study the following sentences.

This year I went to see the Baliyatra.

This year Gopal went to see the Baliyatra.
This year Suman went to see the Baliyatra.
Repetition is a fault in style. It causes annoyance in the readers.
Now read the below:

This year I went to see the Baliyatra. So did Gopal and Suman.

A) Affirmative additions to affirmative statements:

The Pattern:-- So + Auxiliary +Subject

Examples:

I booked tickets and enjoyed moving in a merry-go-round. So did Gopal and Suman.

The headmaster was late for the school. So were the other teachers.

Dahibara-Aludam tastes delicious. So do Thunkapuri and Chicken Pakoda.

B) Negative additions to negative statements:

The pattern:-
(Nor/Neither)+ Auxiliary + Subject.
Examples:
Father does not take tea. Nor does my mother
I can’t speak Hindi. Nor my sister.
Gopal was not present. Neither was Suman.
C) Negative additions to affirmative statements:
The pattern: But + Subject + Auxiliary + (n’t/not).
Examples:
I can speak Hindi. But my sister can’t.
Some people obey the traffic rules. But some others don’t.
He knows how to swim. But his brother doesn’t.

D) Affirmative additions to negative statements:

The Pattern:- But + Subject + Auxiliary.
Examples:-

You don’t know Smita. But I do.

Smita Does not know how to cook. But her husband does.
Father doesn’t read the Gita. But my mother does.

ACTIVITY-19

Rewrite the following sentences avoiding repetition.

1. Mother cooks well. Father also cooks well.

2. Sulagna is a good dancer. You are a good dancer.
3. I like her. He likes her too.
4. Anup bought a new car. My brother also bought a new car.
 5. Gagan is going to the market. I am going to the market too.
6. Nutan is a good singer. Her sister is not a good singer.
7. Our previous servant was not faithful. The present servant is also not faithful.
8. Sonali went to the party. I did not go to the party.
9. My great grandfather was a priest. My grandfather was also priest.
10. My mother does not cook. My mother cooks.
11. I won a gold medal. My brother won a gold medal too.
12. My brother can play chess. But I can’t play chess.
13. I don’t like orange. My parents don’t like Oranges.
14. India is a secular country. Pakistan is not a secular country.

TOO/SO/ENOUGH

1 too + (Adjective/Adverb) + ‘to’ infinitive

2 so +(Adjective/Adverb) + ‘that’ clause
3 (Adjective/Adverb) + enough + ‘to’ infinitive

Study the following sentences and look at their construction patterns

Pattern-1:

Subject + Verb too +(Adjective/Adverb) to-infinitive, etc

1 He is too weak to walk
2 He is too lazy to work
3 My son is too young to go to school.
4 The child talks too fast to be understood.
5 She worked too slowly to finish her
homework.

Pattern-2:

Subject + Verb so + (adjective/adverb) ‘that’ clause

1 He is so weak that he can’t walk.
2 He is so lazy that he can’t work.
3 My son is so young that he can’t go to school.
4 The child talks so fast that it can’t be understood.
5 She worked so slowly that she couldn’t finish her
homework.

Pattern-3:

Subject+ Verb (Adjective/Adverb) enough to-infinitive, etc

1 She is strong enough to lift the box
2 He is clever enough to understand
the track.
3 The police ran fast enough to catch the
 thief.
4 she is old enough to understand
the meaning.

ACTIVITY-20

Rewrite the following sentences without using ‘too’:

1. It is too hot to work.

2. The news is too good to be true.
3. The guest is too impatient to wait.
4. I am too poor to afford for my son’s education.
5. The problem is too difficult to solve.
6. It is too attractive an offer to reject.
7. He reached the station too late to catch the train.

ACTIVITY-21

Rewrite the following sentences using ‘too’

1. The sun is so hot for us that we cannot go out at present.

2. The fact is so evident that it does not require a proof.
3. I was so late that I could not hear the first speech.
4. He is so honest that he will not accept a bribe.
5. Mihir is so proud that he cannot learn.

ACTIVITY-22
Combine the sentences using ‘enough’:

1. He is very strong. He can lift the iron box.

2. Susant was hit very hard. He was knocked down.
3. He is very tall. He can touch the ceiling.
4. The boy is very clever. He can understand my non-verbal hints.
5. The burglar ran very fast. He could escape the police.

IF-CLAUSES: CLAUSES EXPRESSING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONDITION

A) Some if- sentences express universal truth or scientific facts or general validity..
Examples:
If you heat iron, it expands.
‘If’-clause + (a comma) + main clause.
The above sentence can be written by changing the positions of the clause. No comma is used
after the main clause.

Example:-
Main clause + ‘If ’ -Clause

Reversing the positions of the main clause and if-clause does not harm the meaning of
the sentences.

The Pattern:-

‘If’ Clause Main Clause

The verb is simple present tense form. the verb in simple present tense form.

B) Some if-sentences express that a particular action (mentioned in the if-clause) may or
may not produce a result(mentioned in the Main Clause). Here, the result is probable
or more possible or likely to happen. This is called real condition.

Example:- if we catch the train at 8 A.M, we shall reach the place before lunch time.

POINT-TO-NOTE

Here, catching train at 8 A.M is the action and reaching the place before lunch time is the
result which is desired. The result is probable or more possible (not guaranteed). Our desire
may or may not be fulfilled.

The Pattern:-

‘if’ Clause Main Clause

the verb in simple present tense form (will/shall/can/may)+ Verb

Examples:

1 If it rains , we’ll stay at home.

2 If you study hard, you will get a first division.
3 If anybody finds my money, I shall give him/her a reward.
4 If you tease a beast in a zoo, it may react dangerously.
5 If the postman doesn’t find he will take the letter back to the post office.
the addressees house,
6 If you agree, we shall have a dinner at the New Plaza.

C) There are some Improbable or Imaginary conditions. We often wish some improbable
things to happen. This is called unreal condition.

Examples:

If I were a bird, I could fly in the sky.(it is imaginary and unreal. A man can’t be a bird.)
The Pattern:

If Clause Main Clause

the verb in past subjunctive form or in simple (would/could/should/might)+ Verb
past tense form.

Examples:

1 if I were the Chief Minister, I would abolish tax on fuel.

2 if I were Obama, I could annex the whole of Pakistan and Bangladesh
with India.
3 if you were a millionaire, how would you spend your money?

D) There are some conditions which say that something did not happen because a
condition was not fulfilled.

Examples:

i) if Pakistan had won the Kargil war, the whole of Jammu and Kashmir would have
gone to her territory.
ii) If you had tried again, you could have succeeded.
iii) If the man had not teased the beast, it would not attacked him.

POINTS TO NOTE:

Sentence Which condition was not what did not happen as the
fulfilled final result
i) Pakistan did not win the the whole of the Jammu and
Kargil war. Kashmir did not go to
Pakistan territory.
ii) you did not try again you did not succeed.
iii) the man teased the beast the beast attacked the man.

This is called unfulfilled condition.

The Pattern:

‘If’ Clause Main Clause

The verb takes the past tense form. (would/should/could/might) + have + (past
principal form of the verb.)
Examples:-

1. If you had not reminded me, I would have forgotten to pay my fees.
2. If the patient had taken the medicines regularly, he would not have fallen seriously ill.
3. If you had driven carefully, you could have escaped the accident.
 ACTIVITY-23

Study the following pairs of sentences. In each pair, you’ll find a condition and its result.
Determine the type of condition and mention it against each pair.

Write either universal or Real or Imaginary or Unfulfilled.

1. You didn’t invite Rahim to your birthday. So, he didn’t invite you to his birthday.
2. It is impossible on my part to become an elephant. So, how can I possess a trunk?
3. I didn’t notice my son’s mistake. So I didn’t check him.
4. Light falls on a mirror. There is reflection of light.
5. You look at mirror. You see your own face.
6. Walk fast. You can reach the destination in time.
7. Shyam had a degree. So he got a job easily.
8. No one watered the flowers. So they died.
9. Put your bike under double lock. Nobody can steal it.
10. Wishes are not horses. Beggars can never ride horses merely by wishing to do so.

ACITIVITY-24
Convert each pair of sentences in the Activity-23 into a single conditional sentence.

ACTIVITY-25

Given below are some if-Clause under Column –A and some main clauses under Column-B.
Match if-Clause with an appropriate main clause so as to form a conditional sentence.

A B
1 if men became animals, it will bite you.
2 if you studied hard, we could have visited more spots.
3 if you hit the dog, he would plead for peace and non-violence.
4 if Kohli scores a century, you could see your name at the top.
5 if we had had time, vessels would be my paper boats.
6 if rivers became ponds, the earth would be a forest.
7 if Gandhi were alive today, India can beat the world team.

SENTENCES IN PASSIVE STRUCTURE

Study the following sentences:

Subject Verb Object

ACTIVE: Rashmi opened the window.
PASSIVE: The window was opened by Rashmi.
IMPORTANT POINTS about PASSIVE:

1. In active voice, the subject is the doer or actor.

2. In passive voice, the subject is acted upon.
3. Only transitive verbs (the verbs having their objects) can be changed from active into
passive.
4. The voice of an intransitive verb(the verb having no object) can never be changed.

RULES FOR PASSIVE

Rule-1: The object of the verb in Active voice becomes the subject of the verb in passive
voice.

Rule-2: The subject of the verb in the Active voice becomes the object in the passive voice.

Rule-3: The preposition ‘by’ is used before the object in the passive voice.

Rule-4: The main verb in the passive voice is changed into its past participle form and is
preceded by the necessary form of ‘be’.

Rule-5: In case of two objects in active voice, the personal object remains an object in
passive.

Example:

Active: Father gave me a pen.

(Personal object) (Impersonal object)

Passive: I was given a pen by my father.

(The subject derived from personal object.) (Remains as a object.)

Rule-6: the pronoun in the subject position in active voice takes the objective form when used
as the object in the passive voice.

Example:

Active: He insulted Gopal.

Passive: Gopal was insulted by him.(here, him is the objective form of the pronoun He.)

Active: I called Gopal.

Passive: Gopal was called by me.

VERB PATTERNS IN PASSIVE VOICE

Tense Auxiliary form of “be” Past Participle form of the main

verb(a transitive verb only)
Simple, am done
present and is caught
simple past are killed
was driven
were sung
chosen
present am given
progressive is written
are + being read
past was bought
progressive were sold
cut
present has built
perfect have taught
+ been spoken
past perfect had torn
taken
future will put
shall seen
can heard
may + be told
should smeared
would boiled
could closed
kept
changed

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE STRUCTURE

The Pattern: let+ object+ be+ past participle of the verb

Active Passive
Do this work Let this work be done.
Open the door Let the door be opened.
Tell him to go. Let him be told to go.
Switch off the light. Let the light be switched off.

LET in Active and Passive

Active Passive
Let him buy the camera. Let a camera be bought by him.
Let us forget the matter. Let the matter be forgotten.
Yes/No Questions in passive Voice.

Active Passive
Do you take tea? Is tea taken by you?
Did you meet the man? Was the man met by you?
Have you written the report? Has the report been written by you?
Has the boy done it? Has it been done by the boy?

Wh-questions in Passive voice

Active Passive
Whom did you call? Who was called by you?
Who gave you chocolate? By whom were you given chocolate?
Which pen do you want? Which pen is wanted by you?
Why did he scold you? Why were you scolded by him?
How do you make it? How is it made by you?
What do you want What is wanted by you?

PASSIVE of Infinitives( To + verb)

Active Passive
There is no time to waste. There is no time to wasted.
You have to admit it. It has to be admitted by you.
There are many things to do. There are many things to be done.

PASSIVE voice of a transitive verb with two objects.

Active Passive
Father gave me a book 1. I was given a book by father.
2. A book was given to me by father.
Mr Das Teaches us History. 1. We are taught History by Mr.Das
2. History is taught to us by Mr.Das.
The Teacher told us a story. 1. We were told a story by the teacher.
2. A story was told to us by the teacher.

ACTIVITY-26

Put the following sentences into the passive.

1. I found the pen and kept it in the school bag.

2. I asked him to wait.
3. They bought a new house and repaired it.
 4. Father paid my fees.
5. Why do you need an assistant?
6. Do you take coffee?
7. The doctor declared the person unfit.
8. He didn’t invite his friend to the feast.
9. He cancelled the meeting.
10. Tell me the fact.
11. Keep it as a secret.
12. Government has banned the sale of wine.
13. I am expecting a registered parcel.
14. The student could not answer the question.
15. I answered five questions.
16. I am to make a telephone call.
17. How can you solve this problem?
18. Who stole my pen?
19. Baljeet offered me a job.
20. Had you not insulted him?

ACTIVITY-27

Rewrite the following sentences in Active voice.

1. The thief was caught by the police.

2. The house was bought and then repaired.
3. What is said by her?
4. The bicycle is being repaired.
5. Let the vegetables be cut.
6. Mr. Panda was elected Secretary.
7. This may please be done.
8. Water is polluted by chemicals and other wastes from factories.

ACTIVITY-28

Use passive voice and describe the process of making tea, you can begin the paragraph with
the following sentence.

A number of steps are to be followed to prepare a cup of tea. At first,...................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
 ACTIVITY-29

Write a letter to your younger brother describing him how he can iron his dress and
polish his shoes himself. Use passive voice as far practicable.

ACTIVITY-30

You have visited a post office where the post master, clerks, runners, and other persons do
various types of office work and deliver service to the public. Write a paragraph about the
different activities done by different people there use passive voice as far as practicable.

ACTIVITY-31

TASK FOR SPEAKING

You know how to cook twice. Now tell your friend the process how rice is cooked. Use
Passive voice while explaining the process.